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VI
CH AP TE R 5: C HA PT ER 6:
I G N E OU S E N V IRON M ENT S 106 VO LC ANO ES AND VO L CA NIC
HAZARDS 138
5.1 What Textures Do Igneous Rocks Display? 108
5.2 How Are Igneous Rocks Classified? 110 6.1 What Is and Is Not a Volcano? 140
5.3 What Are Some Other Igneous Rocks? 112 6.2 What Controls the Style of Eruption? 142
5.4 How Do Temperature and Pressure 6.3 What Features Characterize Basaltic Volcanoes? 144
Vary Inside Earth? 114 6.4 How Do Shield Volcanoes Form? 146
VII
C HA PT ER 8:
DEF O RMAT IO N A ND
METAMO RPHIS M 204
CH AP TE R 7:
SE D IM E N TA RY E N V IRO NMENT S 8.1 How Do Rocks Respond to Stress? 206
A N D ROCKS 170 8.2 How Do Rocks Respond to Changes in Stress,
Temperature, and Fluids? 208
7.1 What Sedimentary Environments Occur on Land? 172 8.3 How Do Rocks Fracture? 210
7.2 What Sedimentary Environments Are 8.4 What Are Different Types of Faults? 212
Near Shorelines and in Oceans? 174 8.5 What Are Folds and How Are They Shaped? 214
7.3 Where Do Clasts Come From? 176 8.6 What Are Some Metamorphic Features? 216
7.4 What Are the Characteristics of 8.7 What Are Some Common Metamorphic Rocks? 218
Clastic Sediments? 178 8.8 How Does Metamorphism Occur? 220
7.5 What Types of Rocks Do Clastic Sediments Form? 180 8.9 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? 222
7.6 What Are Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks and 8.10 What Processes Occur in Extensional
How Do They Form? 182 and Strike-Slip Settings? 224
7.7 Why Do Sedimentary Rocks Have Layers? 184 8.11 How Are Different Structures
7.8 Where Do Breccia and Conglomerate Form? 186 and Metamorphic Features Related? 226
VIII
IX
C HA PT ER 13:
CLIMAT E, WEAT HE R , A ND
T HEIR INF LUENCE S O N GE O L O GY 364
CH AP TE R 12 :
E A RTH Q U A KE S A N D E ART H’S
13.1 What Causes Winds? 366
I N T E RIOR 326
13.2 Why Does It Rain and Snow? 368
13.3 How Do Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other
12.1 What Is an Earthquake? 328
Storms Develop? 370
12.2 How Does Faulting Cause Earthquakes? 330
13.4 How Do Ocean Currents Influence Climate? 372
13.5 What Causes Short-Term Climatic Variations? 374
13.6 What Controls the Location of Rain Forests? 376
13.7 What Are Deserts and How Do They Form? 378
13.8 How Does Wind Transport Material? 380
13.9 What Features Are Common in Deserts? 382
13.10 What Is the Evidence for Climate Change? 384
13.11 What Factors Influence Climate Change? 386
13.12 What Is the Relationship Among Climate,
12.3 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur? 332 Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution? 388
12.4 What Causes Earthquakes Along 13.13 How Does Geology Influence Ecology? 390
Plate Boundaries and Within Plates? 334 13.14 CONNECTIONS: What Occurred During
12.5 How Do Earthquake Waves Travel? 336 the Hurricane Seasons of 2004 and 2005? 392
12.6 How Do We Determine the Location and 13.15 INVESTIGATION: What Kinds of Climate
Size of an Earthquake? 338 and Weather Would Occur in This Place? 394
14.1 What Are Glaciers? 398 15.1 What Physical Processes Affect Rocks
14.2 How Do Glaciers Form, Move, and Vanish? 400 Near the Surface? 438
14.3 What Happens When Glaciers Erode 15.2 How Do Chemical Processes Affect Rocks
into the Landscape? 402 Near the Surface? 440
14.4 What Features Do Glacial Sediments Form? 404 15.3 How Do Different Rocks and Minerals Weather? 442
15.4 What Factors Influence Weathering? 444
15.5 How Does Soil Form? 446
15.6 Why Is Soil Important to Society? 448
15.7 What Controls the Stability of Slopes? 450
15.8 How Do Slopes Fail? 452
15.9 How Does Material on Slopes Fall and Slide? 454
15.10 How Does Material Flow Down Slopes? 456
15.11 Where Do Slope Failures Occur in the U.S.? 458
15.12 How Do We Study Slope Failures
and Assess the Risk for Future Events? 460
15.13 CONNECTIONS: What Is Happening
with the Slumgullion Landslide in Colorado? 462
15.14 INVESTIGATION: Which Areas Have
14.5 What Features Are Peripheral to Glaciers? 406 the Highest Risk of Slope Failure? 464
14.6 What Is the Evidence for Past Glaciations? 408
14.7 What Happened During Past Ice Ages? 410
14.8 What Starts and Stops Glacial Episodes? 412
14.9 What Processes Occur Along Shorelines? 414
14.10 What Causes High Tides and Low Tides? 416
14.11 How Do Waves Form and Propagate? 418
14.12 How Is Material Eroded, Transported,
and Deposited Along Shorelines? 420
14.13 What Landforms Occur Along Shorelines? 422
14.14 What Are Some Challenges of Living
Along Shorelines? 424
14.15 How Do Geologists Assess the Relative
Risks of Different Stretches of Coastline? 426
14.16 What Happens When Sea Level Changes? 428 C HA PT ER 16:
14.17 What Causes Changes in Sea Level? 430 S T REAMS AND FL O O D ING 466
14.18 CONNECTIONS: What Would Happen to Sea
Level if the Ice in West Antarctica Melted? 432 16.1 What Are River Systems? 468
14.19 INVESTIGATION: How Could Global Warming 16.2 How Do Streams Transport Sediment
or a Glacial Period Affect North America? 434 and Erode Their Channels? 470
XI
XII
CH AP TE R 19 :
G E O LOG Y OF THE SOL AR S YS T EM 558
Glossary G-1
19.1 How Do We Explore Other Planets and Moons? 560 Credits C-1
19.2 Why Is Each Planet and Moon Different? 562 Index I-1
19.3 What Is the Geology of the Inner Planets? 564 Shaded-Relief Map of the United States I-18
19.4 What Is the Geology of Our Moon? 566 Tapestry of Time Map of North America Inside Back Cover
19.5 What Is Observed on Jupiter and Its Moons? 568
19.6 What Is Observed on Saturn and Its Moons? 570
19.7 What Is the Geology of the Outer Planets
and Their Moons? 572
19.8 CONNECTIONS: What Have We Learned
About Mars? 574
19.9 INVESTIGATION: How and When Did Geologic
Features on This Alien World Form? 576
XIII
XIV
CHAPTER
15
We a t h e r i n g , S o i l , a n d U n s t a b l e S l o p e s 437
A
satellite image taken in 2000. The debris flow is a slurry of water and debris,
white areas are clouds and the 15.00.a1 including mud, sand, gravel, pebbles, boul-
purple areas are cities. The ders, vegetation, and even cars and small
Caribbean Sea is in the buildings. Debris flows can move at speeds up to
foreground. 16 m/s (36 mph). In December 1999, two storms
dumped as much as 1.1 m (42 in.) of rain on the
coastal mountains of Venezuela. The rain loosened
Caracas soil on the steep hillsides, causing many land-
Caracas slides and debris flows that coalesced in the steep
canyons and raced downhill toward the cities
built on the alluvial fans.
Cordillera de la Costa In Caraballeda, the debris flows carried boul-
Landslide ders up to 10 m (33 ft) in diameter and weighing
Scars 300 to 400 tons each. The debris flows and flash
Landslide floods raced across the city, flattening cars and
Scars smashing houses, buildings, and bridges. They
left behind a jumble of boulders and other debris
along the path of destruction through the city.
After the event, USGS geologists went into
the area to investigate what had happened and
15.00.a2 Caraballeda, Venezuela why. They documented the types of material
that were carried by the debris flows, mapped
the extent of the flows, and measured boulders
Caracas Airport (▼) to investigate processes that occurred dur-
ing the event. When the geologists examined
Caribbean Sea what lay beneath the foundations of destroyed
Caraballeda houses, they discovered that much of the city had
Caribbean Sea been built on older debris flows. These depos-
Alluvial Fan
its should have provided a warning of what was
to come.
15.0
down the canyons and deposited along the mountain front. damage is visible as the light-colored strip through the center of town. city caused by the debris
flows and flash floods.
What are some potential hazards of living next to steep moun- How can loss of life and destruction of property by debris flows and
tain slopes, especially in a city built on an active alluvial fan? landslides be avoided or at least minimized?
15.00.a3
436
XV
Scott R. Linneman
Western Washington University
Past President, National Association of Geoscience Teachers
New experiences from the environment enter the Input from the senses is filtered and transferred into two
brain via the senses. Images, for example, come different types of working memory, a visual area for im-
in through the eyes, and sounds enter the ears. ages and a phonetic area for words. Each type
of working memory has a very limited
capacity to hold new information.
XVI
memory, holds information that our 3.4 What Happens at Divergent Boundaries?
minds are actively processing, and AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES, Earth’s tectonic plates diverge (move apart). Ridges are the sites of many small to
moderate-sized earthquakes and much submarine volcanism. On the continents, divergent motion can split a
long-term memory stores informa- continent into two pieces, forming a new ocean basin as the pieces move apart.
XVII
Tidal Flat
Coastal Dunes
Beac
h
07.02.a3 Boracay, Philippines
◀ The water near the
shoreline may be sheltered
by a reef or islands. The
sheltered water, called a
Lagoon
lagoon, is commonly shal- Delta
low, quiet, and perhaps
warm. The near-shore
parts of lagoons contain
sand and mud derived from ▲ In addition to the parts of deltas overlapping the shore,
Reef submarine deltas extend in some places for tens of kilometers
land, whereas the outer
parts may have sand and offshore. The muddy or sandy front of the delta may be unsta-
Continental Shelf Submarine Delta ble and material can slide or tumble down the slope, sending
pieces of coral eroded from
a reef. sediment into deeper water.
07.02.a4 Red Sea, Egypt
Where ocean water is shal- Lagoon
low, warm, and clear, coral Other accumulations of sand rise above the shallow coastal
and other marine creatures Barrie waters as long, narrow islands, called barrier islands. Most
r Islan
construct reefs (◀), which ds barrier islands, such as the one below, are only hundreds of
can parallel the coast, Continental Slope meters wide. The areas between barrier islands and the shore-
encircle islands, or form line are commonly shallow lagoons or saltwater marshes. ▼
irregular mounds and
platforms. Reefs typically
protect the shoreline from
the energetic, big waves
of the deeper ocean.
Deep Seafloor
7.2
cold environment that commonly is several kilometers
incised by branching submarine canyons (not shown
beneath the surface. It generally receives less sediment than areas ✓ Sketch and describe the main sedimentary
here) that funnel sediment toward deeper waters. environments in oceanic and near-shore environments.
closer to land, and its sediment is dominated by fine, windblown dust
and by remains of mostly single-celled marine organisms. 07.02.a8 Santa Rosa Island, FL
XVIII
XIX
This book consists of two-page spreads, most of which are further concept of cognitive load (Sweller, 1994) has profound implica-
subdivided into sections. Research has shown that because of our tions for student learning during lectures and while reading text-
limited amount of working memory, much new information is lost books. Two-page spreads and sections help prevent cognitive
if it is not incorporated into long-term memory. Many students overload by providing natural breaks that allow students to stop
keep reading and highlighting their way through a textbook with- and consolidate the new information before moving on.
out stopping to integrate the new information into their mental
framework. New information simply displaces existing informa-
tion in working memory before it is learned and retained. This Before You Leave This Page
Be Able To
154 Vo l c a n o e s a n d Vo l c a n i c H a z a r d s 155
6.9 How Do Volcanic Domes Form? What Types of Rocks and Landscapes Characterize Domes?
Most volcanic domes consist of andesite, rhyolite, or rocks with a composition between andesite and rhyolite.
✓ Describe the characteristics of a
MANY VOLCANIC AREAS CONTAIN DOME-SHAPED HILLS called volcanic domes. The domes form when
volcanic dome.
They are distinctive features when they form and harden, and even after they have been partially eroded. They
viscous lava mounds up above and around a vent. When domes collapse, they sometimes release deadly consist of solidified lava that has several different textures, and typically they are associated with pyroclastic
pyroclastic flows that rush downhill at hundreds of kilometers an hour. Volcanic domes form distinctive rocks rocks and other debris that formed when the dome partially collapsed or was blown apart.
and features in the landscape.
XX
rey7668x_c06_136_167.indd 155 8/17/09 3:53:50 PM
Two-page spreads are organized into 19 chapters that are arranged tectonics, after students have gained an understanding of rocks,
into five major groups: (1) introduction to Earth and the science structures, and geologic time from earlier chapters. We have also
of geology, (2) earth materials and the processes that form them, incorporated a small component of historical geology, including
(3) geologic time and tectonic systems, (4) climate and surface evolution of the continents and ocean basins.
processes, and (5) capstone chapters on resources and planetary
geology. The first three chapters provide an overview of geology, the Next, we briefly discuss weather and climate (chapter 13) to pro-
scientific approach to geology, and plate tectonics—a unifying theme vide a backdrop for subsequent chapters on surface processes and
interwoven throughout the rest of the book. The next five chapters to introduce timely topics, such as hurricanes and climate change.
cover earth materials, including minerals (chapter 4), different fami- This chapter also discusses deserts, drought, and rain forests.
lies of rocks and structures (chapters 5–8), and the processes that Glaciers, shorelines, and sea-level changes are integrated into a
form or modify rocks. Unlike many geology books, Exploring Geol- single chapter (chapter 14) to present a system approach to earth
ogy begins the discussion of earth materials with an examination processes and to emphasize the interplay between glaciations, sea
of landscapes—something students can relate to—as a lead-in to level, and the character of the shoreline. Chapter 15 focuses on
rocks, then to minerals, and finally to atoms, the most abstract topic weathering, soils, and slope stability; chapter 16 presents streams
in geology books. The sedimentary environments chapter includes and flooding; and chapter 17 covers surface-water and groundwater
a brief introduction to weathering, setting the stage for the discus- resources and groundwater-related problems.
sion of clastic sediments but saving a more detailed discussion of
We consider the last two chapters to be capstones, integrating and
weathering and soils for the part of the book that deals with surficial
applying previous topics to enable students to understand energy and
processes. Also, this book integrates the closely related topics of
mineral resources (chapter 18) and planetary geology (chapter 19).
metamorphism and deformation into a single chapter.
These two chapters give students and instructors an opportunity to
After earth materials, we cover the principles of geologic time, see how an understanding of rock types, rock-forming processes,
emphasizing how geologists reconstruct Earth’s history (chapter 9). geologic structures, geologic time, and the flow of water and other
We then move on to ocean basins, mountains and basins, and earth- fluids can help us understand important resources and the surfaces
quakes (chapters 10–12), all of which integrate and apply informa- of other planetary bodies. The late placement of both chapters
tion about rocks, structures, geologic time, and plate tectonics. allows a more comprehensive treatment of these topics than would
These chapters provide important details about aspects of plate be possible if they were incorporated into earlier chapters.
XXI
GAINS
◀ 3. Probably the most recognized western part of the aquifer
water over millions of years
features of caves are stalactites What Is the Setting of the Ogallala Aquifer? receives much less precipi-
500
can form a network of inter- Pumping Springs Rivers Storage
connected caves and tunnels in and stalagmites, which are formed tation (rain, snow, and hail) 0
Recharge
LOSSES
the limestone. If the water table when calcium-rich water dripping 4. As mineral-rich water drips from the than the eastern part.
from the roof evaporates and roof and flows from the walls, it leaves 1. The Ogallala aquifer, also called 3. The aquifer is named -500
falls, groundwater drains out of
leaves calcium carbonate behind. behind coatings, ribbons (▶), and straw- the High Plains aquifer, covers much for the Ogallala Group, the
the tunnels and dries out part 4. Collapse of the roof of a cave may produce a -1000
Stalactites hang tight from the like tubes. The water can accumulate of the High Plains area in the center of main geologic formation in
of the cave system. If the roof of sinkhole at the surface. The one shown here (▲) Predevelopment
roof. Stalagmites form when water in underground pools on the floor of the United States. The lightly shaded the aquifer. The formation Areas of the aquifer that -1500
the cave collapses, the cave can be formed in 1981 and destroyed cars and buildings in 2000
drips to the floor, building mounds the cave, precipitating rims of cream- area on this map shows the outline was named by a geologist receive the least precipita-
exposed to the air. Caves range in size Winter Park, Florida, where the underlying bedrock 2050
upward. colored travertine along their edges. of the main part of the aquifer. The in the early 1900s after the tion — the southwestern -2000
from miniscule to huge. The is limestone. The collapse resulted from lowering of the Area of
aquifer forms an irregularly shaped small Nebraskan town of parts — are also those pre-
Mammoth Cave System (Kentucky) is the lon- water table, which removed the water that helped support Ogallala The amount taken out of the As the aquifer dewaters
north-south belt from South Dakota Ogallala. dicted to go dry by 2050.
gest in the world, over 570 km (340 mi) long. the roof of the cave in limestone beneath the area. aquifer by pumping, springs, it compacts, which causes
Carlsbad Caverns
17.06.a1 and Wyoming through Nebraska, Aquifer
Colorado, Kansas, the panhandles and inflow into rivers greatly a decrease in porosity
Before You Leave This Page of Oklahoma and Texas, and eastern 4. Much of the Ogallala exceeds the recharge, so most and a loss of pore space
A
bout 260 million years ago, Carlsbad, it at the surface. Groundwater dripped and New Mexico. Group consists of sediment parts of the aquifer are being (in which to store water).
What Other Features Form in Dissolved Limestone Terrains? New Mexico, was an area covered trickled into the partially dry cave, where it Be Able To
deposited by rivers and dewatered. This cannot be undone.
17.11.b1
17.06.b1 Guilin, China 17.06.b2 Havasu Creek, AZ
by a shallow inland sea. A huge reef, deposited calcium carbonate to construct wind during the last half
lush with sea life, thrived in this warm the cave’s famous formations. ✓ Summarize the character and of the Cenozoic, mostly
◀ Karst Topography — Many limestone terrains exhibit a
water, tropical environment. Eventually the 17.06.mtb1 Carlsbad Caverns, NM
formation of caves, sinkholes, karst between 19 and 5 million How Has Overpumping Affected Water Levels in the Ogallala Aquifer?
distinctive topography, called karst topography. Karst is topography, and travertine along
topography characterized by sinkholes, caves, limestone sea retreated, leaving the reef buried under 2. The Ogallala aquifer covers about years ago. Braided rivers The USGS estimates that the aquifer contains 3.2 billion acre-feet of water. That is enough to cover the entire
streams. 450,000 km2 (174,000 mi2) and is cur- carried abundant sediment
pillars, some poorly organized drainage patterns, and other sedimentary layers. lower 48 states with 1.7 feet of water. How much has overpumping affected the aquifer’s water levels, and what
rently the largest source of ground- eastward from the Rocky
disappearing streams. While buried, the limestone was dis- ✓ Briefly summarize how stalactites, Mountains, spreading over will happen to the region and to the country if large parts of the aquifer dry up?
water in the country. It provides
solved by water rich in sulfuric acid gener- stalagmites, and flowstone form.
▶ Travertine — When limestone dissolves in groundwater, 30% of all groundwater used for irriga- the landscape and deposit- This map shows the thickness (in feet) of the This map shows how many feet the water table Future Predictions — It is uncertain what will
17.6
Be Able To
geology impacts society and another two-page spread that specifi- unconfined aquifer.
2000 West
80 km (50 mi) 2050
6. The irregular base of the aquifer is an unconformity that reflects erosion of the land before deposition of the aquifer.
East
17.11.a2
totally depleted by 2050 (no
purple).
✓ Summarize the water balance for the
aquifer and how water levels have
changed in the last several decades.
522
XXII
17.12 Who Polluted Surface Water and 6. Bedrock units cross the land-
scape in a series of north-south
7. A north-south ridge
is composed of sand-
17.12.a2
Stratigraphic Section
Gravel – Unconsolidated sand and gravel in the lower
response to comments by reviewers and students. We describe
Groundwater in This Place? stripes, parallel to the strike of the stone, called the lower parts of the valley
SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER IN THIS AREA are contaminated. You will use the geology of the
area, along with elevations of the water table and chemical analyses of the contaminated water, to determine
rock layers. One of the north-south
valleys contains several large coal
mines and a coal-burning, electri-
cal-generating plant. An unsub-
stantiated rumor says that one of
sandstone. Slidetown, a
new town on this ridge,
is not a possible source
of the contamination
because it was built too
Upper Sandstone – Well-sorted, permeable sandstone
Upper Shale – Impermeable, with coal
Use the available information to complete the following steps, 10. The tables below list water-table elevations in meters and
entering your answers on the worksheet or online. 17.12.a1 concentrations of contamination in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
for each of the lettered wells (A–P). This table also lists the con-
1. This figure shows geologic features, rivers, springs, and human-
constructed features, including a series of wells (lettered A through
P). Observe the distribution of rock units, sediment, rivers, springs,
and other features on the landscape. Compare these observations
with the cross sections on the sides of the terrain to interpret how
centration of contamination in samples from four springs (S1–S4)
and eight river segments (R1–R8). The location of each sample
site is marked on the figure. Wells M, N, and P are deep wells,
drilled into the Sinkerton Limestone aquifer at depth, although
they first encountered water at a shallow depth. The chemical
CHAPTER 3 gained two new spreads: the continental-drift two-
samples from these wells were collected from deep waters.
17.12
sequence of relatively (right to left), parallel flow through the subsur-
of contamination, and draw a circle around one such well. to the regional slope of S2 0 R2 20 R6 0
unconsolidated and weakly cemented sand face, following limestone
7. Devise a plan to remediate the groundwater contamination by drill- and gravel. The deepest part of the basin has the land. All rocks below and other permeable units, S3 0 R3 0 R7 5
ing wells in front of the plume of contamination; mark these on the been downdropped by normal faults, one of the water table are satu- instead of passing horizon-
map with the letter R. which is buried beneath the gravel. rated with groundwater. tally through impermeable S4 0 R4 0 R8 5
ones, like shale.
524
XXIII
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
And when hee is once entred to[1805] rule the [beastly]
rout,
Although hee would, he can no way get out:
Hee may bee sure none will to him resorte,
But such as are the vile and rascall sorte:
All honest men, as well the most as lest,
To tast of treason will vtterly detest.
31.
Then let him way how long hee can bee sure,
Where fayth nor frendship may no while endure:
Hee whom hee trusteth most, to gayne a grote
Will fall him from, and assay[1806] to cut his throate:
Among the knaues and slaues where vice is rooted,
There is no other frendship to bee looked.
32.
33.
They lose their lands and goods, their childe and wife
With sorrowe and shame shall leade a wofull lyfe:
If hee bee slayne in fielde hee dyeth accurst,
Which of all wrecks wee should accompt the worst:
And hee that dyeth defending his liege lord
Is blist, and blist agayne by God’s owne worde.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Therefore the rebell is accurst and mad,
That hopeth[1811] for that which rebell neuer had:
Who trusting still to tales doth hang in hope,
Tyll at the last hee hang fast by the rope,
For though that tales bee tolde that hope might feede,
Such foolishe hope hath still vnhappy speede.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
And when wee had prepared euery thing,
Wee went to Tawnton with all our prouision,
And there we slewe the prouost of Penryn,
For that on the subsedy hee sate in commission:[1833]
Hee was not wise, nor yet of great discretion,
That durst approche his enmies in their rage,
When wit nor reason coulde their yre asswage.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
[This] my lorde and wee the captaynes of the west,
Tooke [our] inne at Newgate, fast in fetters tide,
Where after tryall[1845] wee had but litle rest:
My lorde through London was drawne on a slide,
To Tower hill, where with an[1846] axe hee dyde,
Clad in his [coate] armour painted all in paper,
Torne[1847] and reuersed[1848] in spite of his behauer.
[1849]
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Wherefore, good Baldwine, do[1859] thou record my
name,
To bee ensample to[1860] such as credit lyes,
Or thrist to sucke the sugred cup of fame,
Or doe attempt agaynst their prince to ryse:
And charge them all to keepe within their syse:
Who doth assay to wrest beyond his strength,
Let him be sure hee shall repent at length.
68.
Maister Cauyll.[1864]
[“It is pity,” quoth[1865] one, “that the meeter is no better, seeing
the matter is so good: you may do very well to helpe it, and a lytle
filing would make it formal.” “The author him selfe,” quoth[1866] I,
“could haue done that, but hee would not, and hath desired me that it
may passe in such rude sort as you haue heard it: for hee obserueth
therein a double decorum both of the Smith, and of himselfe: for hee
thinketh it not meete for the Smith to speake, nor for himselfe to write
in any exact kinde of meeter.” “Well,” sayd another, “the matter is
notable to teach al people, as well officers as subiects, to consider
their estates, and to liue in loue and obedience to the highest
powers, whatsoeuer they bee, whome God either by birth, law,
succession, or vniuersall election, doth or shall aucthorise in his
owne roume to execute his lawes and iustice among any people or
nation. For by all these meanes God placeth his deputies. And in my
iudgement there is no meane so good eyther for the common quiet
of the people, or for God’s free choise, as the naturall order of
enheritaunce by lineall discent: for so it is left in God’s handes, to
creat in the wombe what prince hee thinketh meetest for his
purposes: the people also knowe their princes, and therefore the
more gladly and willingly receiue and obay them. And although some
realmes, more carefull then wise, haue entailed theire crowne to the
heire male, thinking it not meete for the feminine sexe to beare the
royall office: yet if they consider all circumstaunces, and the chiefest
vses of a prince in a realme, they shall see how they are deceiued.
For princes are God’s lieutenauntes or deputies, to see God’s lawes
executed among theire subiects, not to rule according to their owne
lustes or deuises, but by the prescript of God’s lawes: so that the
chiefest poynt of a prince’s office consisteth in obedience to God and
to his ordinaunces, and what shoulde let but that a woman may bee
as obedient vnto God, as a man? The second poynt of a prince’s
office is to prouide for the impotent, nedy, and helples, as widowes,
orphanes, lame, and decrepite persons: and seing women are by
nature tender harted, milde and pitifull, who may better then they
discharge this duty? Yea but a woman lacketh courage, boldnesse,
and stomacke, to withstand the aduersarie, and so are her subiects
an open spoyle to their enemies. Debora, Iaell, Iudith, Thomeris, and
other doe proue the contrary. But graunt it were so: what harme were
that, seing victory consisteth not in witte or force, but in God’s
pleasure.[1867] I am sure that whatsoeuer prince doth his duty in
obaying God, and causing iustice to bee ministred according to
God’s lawes, shall not only lacke warre (bee hee man, woman, or
childe) but also bee a terroure to all other princes. And if God suffer
any at any time to be assayled, it is for the destruction of the
assayler, whether he bee rebell or forayne foe, and to the honour
and profit of the vertuous prince, in whose behalfe, rather then hee
shall miscary, God himselfe will fight with enfections and
earthquakes from the lande and waters, and with stormes and
lightenings from the ayre and skies. Moe warres haue bene sought
through the wilfull and hauty courages of kings, and greater
destructions happened to realmes therby, then by any other meanes.
And as for wisdome and pollicy, seing it consisteth in following the
counsayle of many godly, learned, and long experienced heades, it
were better to haue a woman, who considering her owne weaknes
and inability, should be ruled thereby, then a man which presuming
vpon his owne fond brayne, will heare no aduise saue his owne. You
muse peraduenture wherefore I say this. The franticke heades which
disable our queene, because shee is a woman, and our king
because hee is a straunger, to bee our princes and cheife
gouernours, hath caused mee to say thus mutch. For whatsoeuer
man, woman, or childe, is by the consent of the whole realme
established in the royall seate, so it haue not bene iniuriously
procured by rygour of sworde and open force, but quietly by tytle,
either of enheritaunce, succession, lawfull bequest, common consent
or election, is vndoubtedly chosen by God to bee his deputye: and
whosoeuer resisteth any suche, resisteth agaynste God himselfe,
and is a ranke traytour and rebell, and shalbe sure to prosper as well
as the blacke Smith and other suche haue done. All resist that
wilfully breake any lawe, not being agaynst God’s lawe, made by
common consent for the wealthe of the realme, and commaunded to
be kept by the authority of the prince: or that deny to pay such
duties, as by consent of the high court of parliament, are appointed
to the prince, for the defence and preseruation of the realme.” “You
haue saide very truly herein,” quoth[1868] I, “and I trust this terrible
example of the blacke Smith, will put all men in minde of their duties,
and teach them to bee obedient to all good lawes, and lawfull
contributions. The scriptures do forbyd vs to rebell, or forcibly to
withstand princes, though they commaund vniust things: yet in any
case wee may not doe them: but receiue quietly at the prince’s hand
whatsoeuer punishment God shall suffer to bee layd vpon vs for our
refusall. God will suffer none of his to bee tempted aboue their
strength.”[1869] This talke thus being ended: “I was willed my
maisters,” quoth I, “by maister Holinshed, to bring sir Nicholas Burdet
vnto you.” “Were you?” quoth they: “on his word we will heare what
he sayes.” “Read it, I pray you,” quod one. “You must thinke then,”
quoth I, “that you see him all wounded as he was slaine at Pontoise,
to say as foloweth.”]
How the Valiant Knight Sir Nicholas
Burdet, Chiefe Butler of Normandy,
was slayne at Pontoise, Anno 1441.
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