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By the People comes from the Gettysburg Address. Standing on the battlefield at
Gettysburg, PresidentAbrahamLincoln delivered what may be the most memorable
presidential address in American history-defining American government as a
government "ofthe people, by the people,Jor the people." Here is the full address.

our score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

F continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the

proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a
great battle-field ofthat war. We have come to dedicate a portion ofthat
field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can
not hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here
to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining
before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
About the Authors xviii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxv
PART IV POLICYMAKING
PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 17 Public Policymaking and Budgeting 520

1 The Spirit of American Politics 2 18 Foreign Policy 556

2 The Ideas That Shape America 22

3 The Constitution 56 APPENDIX I

The Declaration of Independence A-1
4 Federalism and Nationalism 98
APPENDIX II
5 Civil Liberties 124 The Constitution of the United States
of America A-3
6 The Struggle for Civil Rights 158
APPENDIX III
The Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10,
PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR and51 A-20
Public Opinion 198
7
Glossary G-1
8 Political Participation 220 Notes N-1
Credits C-1
Media, Technology, and Government 248
9 Index I-1
1o Campaigns and Elections 278 Presidential Elections, Congressional
Control, 1789-2016 Insert
11 Political Parties 314

12 Interest Groups 344

PART Ill POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

13 Congress 372

14 The Presidency 410

15 Bureaucracy 448

16 The Judicial Branch 480

vii
 About the Authors xviii The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 27

Preface xix Self-Rule 29

One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 29
Acknowledgments xxv Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 30
A Mixed System 31
PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS Limited Government 32
The Origins of Limited Government 32
And Yet ... the United States Has a Big
I The Spirit of American Politics 2 Government 33

Who Governs? 5 Limits on Government Action 34

When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO GOVERNS? 7
Government 35
How Does American Politics Work? 7 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
SELF-RULE VERSUS LIMITED
Ideas 7 GOVERNMENT 36
Institutions 8
Individualism 36
Interests 9
Community Versus Individualism 37
Individuals 10
The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity
History 10
and Discord 38
What Does Government Do? 11 COMPARING NATIONS 2.1 : Should Government Take Care
Context: Government in Society 11 of the Poor? 38
No Big Government! 12 Golden Opportunity 38
What Government Does 13 Social Conflict 39
A Chronic Problem 14 Who We Are: Ind ividualism and Sol idarity? 39
The Hidden Government 14 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS
COMPARING NATIONS 1.1: U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened SOLIDARITY 40
Than Other Advanced Countries 15
The Best of Government 15
The American Dream 41
Spreading the Dream 41
Who Are We? 17 Challenging the Dream 41
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? GETTING ENGAGED IN POLITICS- Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? 41
OR NOT 18
Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong
INFO/DATA Changing Face of America: Percentage Values? 42
ofTotal U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, COMPARING NATIONS 2.2: Social Mobility Around
1960-2060 19 the World 43

Conclusion: Your Turn 20 Equality 44

Three Types of Equality 44
Chapter Summary 20 Study Questions 21
INFO/DATA In the United States, Fewer Believe There Is
"Opportunity to Get Ahead" 45
2 The Ideas That Shape America 22 How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much? 46
Opportunity or Outcome? 47
A Nation ofldeas 23
I BYTHE NUMBERS American Ideas 24 Religion 48
Still a Religious Country 49
Liberty 25
So Many Religions 49
"The Land of the Free" 26
Politics of Religion 50
The Two Sides of Liberty 26
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE How Do Ideas Affect Politics? 51
LIBERTY 27 Ideas in American Culture 52
viii
 Ideas in Pol itica l Institutions 52
Culture or Institutions? 53
Conclusion: Culture and Institutions,
Together 54
Chapter Summary 54 Study Questions 55
3 The Constitution 56
I BYTHE NUMBERS The Constitution 58
The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 59
COMPARING NATIONS U The U.S. Constitution
in Comparative Context 59
Why the Colonists Revolted 61
The Colonial Complaint: Representation 61
The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 62
The Stamp Tax and the First Hints
of Independence 63
The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 63
The Boston Tea Party 64
Revolution! 64
A Long Legacy 65
The Declaration of Independence 65
The Principle: "We Hold Th ese Truth s ... " 65
Grievances 67
The First American Government: The Articles
of Confederation 67
Independent States 68
The National Government 68
Some Success . 68
... And Some Problems 69
IIIII WHAT DO YOUTH INK? YOUR ADVICE IS NEEDED 70
The First Step: Annapolis Convention 70
Secrecy 70
The Constitutional Convention 72
1. How Much Power to the People? 72
2. National Government Versus State
Government 73
3. Big States Versus Small States 74
The Virginia Plan 74
The New Jersey Plan 75
The Connecticut Compromise 75
4. The President 76
Committee or Individual? 76
The Electoral College 76
The President: Too Strong or Too Weak? 77
5. Separation of Powers 78
6. " A Principle of Wh ich We Were Ashamed" 79
The Three -Fifths Compromise 79
The Slave Trade 80
Fugitive Slaves 81
"The National Calamity" 81
An Overview of the Constitution 82
Preamble 82
Article 1: Congress 82
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
HAVE WE ACHIEVED
THE CONSTITUTION'S GOALS TODAY? 83
Article 2: The President 83
COMPAR ING NATIONS 3.2: The U.S. Government Is Different
from Most Democracies 84
Article 3: The Courts 85
Article 4: Relations Between the States 85
Article 5: Amendments 85
Article 6: The Law of the Land 86
Article 7: Ratification 86
The Missing Articles 86
Ratification 86
The Anti-Federalists 87
The Federal ists 87
Two Strong Arguments 88
A Very Close Vote 88
A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 90
Changing the Constitution 91
The Bi ll of Rights 91
The Seventeen Amendments 93
The Constitution Today 93
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
HOW STRICTLY SHOULD WE
INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION? 94
INFO/DATA Limits to Free Speech? Most Americans Say
"No!" 9S
Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still
Work? 96
Chapter Summary 96 Study Questions 97
4 Federalism and Nationalism 98
Forging Federalism 100
I BY THE NUMBERS Federalism 101
Who Holds Government Authority? 103
Advantages of State-Level Policy 103
The Advantages of National Policy 104
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
PRESERVING LOCAL VALUES
OR CONTINUING A TERRIBLE INJUSTICE? 105
How Federalism Works 106
The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 106
The Constitution Empowers National Authority 107
The Constitution Protects State Authority 107
The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power 107
Dual Federalism (1789-1933) 109
Cooperative Federalism (1933-1981) 110
New Federalism 111
Progressive Federalism 112
Education 112
Hea/thcare 112
Issues in Federalism Today 113
Unfunded Mandates 113
The Problems We Face: How Government Grows 113
Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing th e Federal
Government 114
On Both Sides of the Issue 114
In a Nutshell: Our Three-Dimensional Political
Chess 115
INFO/DATA Regulatory Policies Differ by State 116
ix
 Federal ism in the Courts 117 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 152
Nationalism, American Style 119 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? END THE DEATH PENALTY? 153

The Rise of American Nationalism 119
America 's Weak National Government 119
COMPARING NATIONS 4.1, Government Spending
as a Proportion of Gross Domestic Product 120
Size 120
Authority 120
Independence 121
Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Liberty 154
Contacts with Forbidden Groups 154
Survei llance 155
Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties 156
Chapter Summary 156 Study Questions 157

Conclusion: Who Are We? 122

Chapter Summary 122 Study Questions 123 6 The Struggle for Civil Rights 158
Winning Rights: The Political Process 160
Seven Steps to Political Equality 160
5 Civil Liberties 124 I BYTHE NUMBERS Civi l Rights 161
The Rise of Civil Liberties 126 How the Courts Review Cases 162
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 126 Suspect Categories 162
I BYTHE NUMBERS Civi l Liberties 127 Quasi-Suspect Categories 162
The Purpose of Civil Liberties 128 Nonsuspect Categories 163
The Slow Rise of Rights 128 Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against
Privacy 129 Slavery 163
Penumbras and Emanations 129 The Clash over Slavery 163
Roe v. Wade 131 Abolition 164
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THERE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY? 132 Economics 164
Politics 164
Planned Parenthood v. Casey 132
Dred Scott v. Sandford 165
Sexuality Between Consenting Adults 133
The Second American Found ing: A New Birth
Clash ing Principles 133
of Freedom? 165
Freedom of Religion 134 Freedom Fails 166
The Establ ishment Clause 134
The Fight for Racial Equality 168
Free Exercise of Re ligion 135
Two Types of Discrimination 168
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
MAY THE CHRISTIAN YOUTH CLUB
The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins 168
MEET IN SCHOOL? 136
The Courts 169
Freedom of Speech 137 The Civil Rights Movement 170
A Preferred Position 137 Congress and th e Civi l Rights Act 171
Pol itical Speech 138 Divisions in the Movement 172
COMPARING NATIONS H Civil Liberties Around The Post Civil Rights Era 173
the World 138
Affirmative Action in the Workplace 173
TESTYDURSELF, The Simpsons Versus the First
Affirmative Action in Education 174
Amendment-Wh ich Do You Know Better? 139
Symbol ic Speech 140 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
HIGHER EDUCATION
ANDAFFIRMATIVEACTION 174
Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 140
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS 141 Women's Rights 175
Limited Protections: Student Speech 142 Suffrage 175
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 177
Freedom of the Press 143
COMPARING NATIONS H Percentage of Women in National
Prior Restraint 143 Legislatures: Selected Countries 17B
Obscenity 144 Equal Rights Amendment 179
Li bel 145 The Courts 179
The Right to Bear Arms 146 Progress for Women-But How Much? 180
A Relic of the Revol ution? 146 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? REPRODUCTIVE POLITICS 180
The Palladium of All Liberti es? 146
Hispanics 181
INFO/DATA Guns on Campus 147
Challenging Discrimination 181
The Rights of the Accused 148 The Politics of Immigration 182
The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 148 Ancient Fears 182
The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 150 Three Categories 182
The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 151 Undocumented Immigrants 183
X
 Language Controversy: Speak English! 184
Political Mobilization 184
Asian Americans 186
Anti-Asian Discrim ination 186
Political Mobilization 187
Native Americans 187
The Lost Way of Life 188
Indians and the Federal Government
Social Problems and Politics 189
Native Americans and the Courts 189
Groups Without Special Protection 190
People with Disabilities 190
Sexual Orientation 191
Gender Identity 191
The Fight for Civil Rights Goes On 192
Voting Rights Today 192
Economic and Social Rights Today 193
Health 193
Income 193
INFO/DATA Political Equality: Voter Turnout Rates
by Race and Ethnicity 194
Incarceration 195
Conclusion: Civil Rights .. . By the People 195
Chapter Summary 196 Study Questions 197
PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
7 Public Opinion 198
Sources of Public Opinion 200
I BYTHE NUMBERS Public Opinion 201
Political Socialization 201
Parents and Friends 202
Education 202
Gender 202
Race 202
Religion 203
Life Events 203
Party 203
Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 204
Elite Influence 204
Wars and Other Focusing Events 205
Measuring Public Opinion 206
Early Polling Bloopers 206
Polling 101 206
The Random Sample 206
INFO/DATA Surveys Face Growing Difficulty Reaching
and Persuading Potential Respondents 207
Sampling Frame 208
Refining the Sample 208
Timing 208
Wording 208
COMPARING NATIONS 7.1: Top Global Threats: Poll ing
Around the World 209
Lies, Damn Lies, and Polls 209
Technology and Effor 209
Sampling Error and Response Bias 210
How Did They Do? 210
.TALKING POLITICS TYPES OF POLLS 211
Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 211
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? CALLING THE ELECTION
EARLY? 212
188
Public Opinion in a Democracy 212
Ignorant Masses 213
The Rational Public 213
IIIIII WHATOOYOUTHINK? CAN WE TRUST THE PUBLIC? 214
Public Opinion and Governing 215
Do the People Know What They Want? 215
How Do the People Communicate Their
Desires? 216
Do Leaders Respond to Public Opin ion? 216
Conclusion: Government by the People 218
Chapter Summary 218 Study Questions 219
8 Political Participation 220
How We Participate 222
Traditional Participation 222
Voting 222
I BYTHE NUMBERS Political Participation 223
Electoral Activities 224
Political Voice 224
Civic Voluntarism 225
Direct Act ion 225
IIIIII WHATOOYOUTHINK? WOULD YOU HAVE
PROTESTED? 226
Civil Disobedience 226
An Underlying Question 226
Why People Get Involved 227
Background: Age, Wea lth, and Education 228
Age 228
Wealth 228
Education 228
Race 228
INFO/DATA Higher Engagement and Ideology 229
Friends, Family, and Social Capita l 230
.TALKING POLITICS HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US 231
Political Mobilization 232
Government Beneficiaries 232
Context 232
What Discourages Political Participation? 233
COMPARING NATIONS 8.1: Voter Turnout in Selected
Countries 234
Alienation 234
Institutional Barriers 235
COMPARING NATIONS 8.2: Trust in Government 236
Complacency 237
Sh ifting Mobilization Patterns 238
xi
 New Avenues for Participation: The Internet,
Social Media, and the Millennia! Generation 238
Scenario 1: Reboot ing Democracy 239
Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic
Re naissance 240
Does Social Media Increase Politica l
Part icipation? 240
How the Mi llen nia! Generation Part icipates 242
Conclusion 244
. WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD VOTING BE REQUIRED
BY LAW? 245
Chapter Summary 246 Study Questions 246
9 Media, Technology,
and Government 248
I BYTHE NUMBERS The Med ia 251
Media and American Democracy 251
Providing Information 251
Watch ing Pol itica l Leaders 252
Shaping t he Pol it ical Age nda 252
U.S. Media Today: Traditional Formats Are
Declining 254
Where People Go for News 254
Newspapers and Magazines: Rise and Decline
The First Mass Media 255
Should We Worry? 256
Rad io Holds Steady 257
Te levision: From News to Infotainment
The Rise of Cable 258
Infotainment 258
The Rise of the New Media 259
Is the Media Biased? 261
Reporters Are Democrats 261
Prof its Drive the News Industry 262
Drama Delivers Audiences 262
Sex and Scanda l 264
Investigative "Bias" 264
The Fairness Bias 265
How Governments Shape the Media 265
The First Amendment Protects Print Media
from Regulation 265
Regu lating Broadcasters 266
Protecting Competition 267
Media Around the World 267
INFO/DATA Media Consolidation 268
Govern ment-Owned Stations 269
The Rise of Commercial Media 269
COMPARING NATIONS 9.1: Censorsh ip Under Pressure?
Censorship 270
American Media in the World 270
Understanding the Media in Context: War,
Terrorism, and U.S. Elections 271
Covering Wars and Terrorism 271
xii
The Campa ign as Drama 272
Candidate Profiles 273
Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media
World 274
. WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOES THE MEDIA ENHANCE
DEMOCRACY? 275
Chapter Summary 276 Study Questions 277
IO Campaigns and Elections 278
I BYTHE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections 281
How Democratic Are American Elections? 282
Frequent and Fixed Elections 282
COMPARING NATIONS 10.1: Election Timetables for National
Government 282
Over 520,000 Elected Officials 283
Financing Campa igns: The New Inequal ity? 284
Too Much Money? 284
. WHAT DO YOU THINK? TOO MANY ELECTED
POSITIONS? 285
Democracy for the Rich? 285
Major Donors: Easier to Give 286
INFO/DATA Money in Elections: The New Rules 287
Presidential Campaigns and Elections 288
255 Who Runs for President? 288
The Three Phases of Presidential Elections 290
Winn ing the Nom inati on 290
. WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHY IOWA AND NEW
257 HAMPSHIRE? 291
Organ izing th e Convention 292
The General Election 293
Winn ing Presidential Elections 294
Economic Outlook 294
Demographics 294
War and Foreign Policy 295
Domestic Issues 295
The Campaign Organization 295
Who Won and Why 296
Predicting Presidential Elections 296
Congressional Elections 297
Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 298
The Power of Incumbency 299
Congressional Elect ion Resu lts 301
Redrawing the Li nes: The Art
of the Gerrymander 302
Nonpartisan Dist rict ing and Minority
Represe ntati on 304
Congressional Campaigns 305
The Rise of Cand idate-Centered Elections 305
270 How to Run for Congress 306
Key 1: Money 306
Key 2: Organization 306
.TALKING POLITICS CAMPAIGN LINGO 307
Key 3: Strategy 307
Key 4: Message 308
 Conclusion: Reforming American Elections 309 Party in the Electorate 335
The Big Tent 335
Chapter Summary 312 Study Questions 313
.TALKING POLITICS PARTY ICONS AND SYMBOLS 336

Party Competition ... and Partisansh ip 336

11 Political Parties 314
Political Parties and U.S. Government 317
What t he Parties Do 3 17
Parties Champion Ideas 317
Parties Select Candidates 317
Parties Mobilize the Voters 317
I BYTHE NUMBERS Political Parties 318
Parties Organize Governing Activity After
the Election 31B
Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political
Process 31B
Parties Rise Again 336
Competition and Partisanship Intensifies 337
INFO/DATA Party Control by St at e 338
. WHAT DO YOU THIN K? PARTISANSHIP 339
Conclusion: A Party System Ripe
for Reform? 340
1. Proportional Representation 340
2. Reduce the Baffiers to Third-Party Competition
in Elections 340
3. Reduce Partisanship in Government 341

Two-Party America 319 Chapter Summary 341 Stu dy Q u estions 342

COMPARING NATIONS IU Organizing Electora l/Governing
Systems 320
Th ird Parties in American Politics 32 1
12 Interest Groups 344
Amer ica's Part y Syst ems: Origins
and Change 322
I BYTHE NUMBERS Interest Groups 346

Beginni ngs: First Party System (1789-1828) 323 Interest-Group Roles in American Politics 347
Rise: Second Part y System (1828-1860) 324 Informing Members 347
War and Reconstruction: Third Party System Communicating Members' Views 348
(1860-1896) 325 Mobi lizing the Public 348
Busi ness and Reform: Fourth Party System What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? 349
(1896-1932) 326
Types of Interest Groups 351
Depression and the New Dea l: Fifth Party System
(1933-1968) 327 Economic Groups 351
Citizen or Public Interest Groups 352
. WHATDO YOU THINK? DOES THE 2016 ELECTION SUGGEST
A NEW PARTY SYSTEM? 328 Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying 353

The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equa l Interest Groups Past and Present 354
Strength (1969-Present) 328 1960s Advocacy Explosion 354
Why the Party Period Matters 329 COMPARING NATIONSIH The Spread of American-Style
Lobbying 355
Party Identi fication ... and Ideas 330
Young and Plugged In 355
Bui ldi ng Party Ident ification 330
The Power of Party Attachment 331 Interest-Group Lobbyists i n Act ion 355
Voting/Participation 331 The Mu ltiple Roles of Lobbyists 356
. WHAT DO YOU THINK? PERSONALITY AND PARTY 331 Researchers 356

Filtering 332 Witnesses 356

Ideology 332 Position Takers 356

Republican Factions 332 Coalition Builders 356

Religious Traditionalists 332 Social Butterflies 356

Libertarians 332 Grassroots Campaign Builders 357

Conservative Populists 333 Three Types of Group Representatives 357
Neoconservatives 333 .TALKINGPOLITICS WASHINGTON LOBBYING 357
Fiscal Conservatives 333 Nonprofits Don't Lobby? 358
Moderates 333
I nterest Groups and t he Federal Branch es
Democrati c Fact ions 333
of Government 358
Progressives 333
Rise of the Issue Network 359
The Civil Rights Caucus 333
Interest Groups and the Courts 360
Organized Labor 334
Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations 360
'Third Way" Proponents 334
Filing Amicus Curiae ("Friend of Court") Briefs 360
Deficit Hawks 334
Sponsoring Litigation 361
Organizing the Parties 334
The Party Bureaucracy 334 Interest Groups and Power 361
Party in Government 335 Interest Group Spend ing 362

xiii
 INFO/DATA Interest Group Campaign Spending: Sector
Totals, 2015-2016 364
Regu lating Interest Groups 365
A r e Interest Grou ps Bad or Good
for America? 366
Fou r Concerns About Interest Groups 366
1. Corruption 366
2. Division and Demosclerosis 366
3. Accountability 367
4. Restricted Access 367
Four Defenses of Interest Groups 367
1. More Democratic Representation 368
2. Communication and Information 368
3. Mobilizing and Organizing the Public 3 68
Ill WHATDO YOU THINK!
HOW MUCH INFLUENCE SHOULD
INTEREST GROUPS HAVE IN AMERICAN
GOVERNMENT? 369
4. Stability 369
Legislative Pol icymakin g 392
Drafting a Bi ll 392
Submitting t he Bill 393
Comm ittee Act ion 394
1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics 394
2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor
Consideration 395
3. Committees Also Kill Legislation 396
4 . Committees Exercise Oversight 396
Floor Actio n 396
Getting to the Floor 396
On the Floor 397
The Vote 398
Confe rence Committee 399
President ial Actio n: Separated Powers Revisited 399
Why I s Congress So Unpopu lar? 401
Part isan Polarization in Congress 401
INFO/DATA Historic Partisan Polarization 402

Conclusion: I n ter est -Group Influence Ill WHAT DDYDU THINK! IS A PARTISAN CONGRESS A GOOD
THING? 404
Revi sit ed 370
Divided Govern ment 404
C h apter Su m m ar y 370 Study Quest i ons 371
Som e Popul ar Reforms-And Their Limits 405
Limit Lobbyist s 405
Educate t he Public 406
PART Ill POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
The Real World of Democracy 407

Conclusion: Con gress and the C h allenge

13 Congress 372 of Governing 407
Introdu cing Con gress 374 C h ap ter Summary 408 Study Q u estions 409
I BYTHE NUMBERS Congress 375
Two Houses, Different Styles 376
The House and Senate Each Have Unique Roles 377
14 The Presidency 410
Ill WHAT DO YOU TH INK! SENATE FILIBUSTERS 377
D efin i n g t h e Presidency 412
Congr essi onal Rep resentation 378
I BYTHE NUMBERS The Presidency 4 13
Does Congress Refl ect America? 378
Defined by Controversy 413
Ill WHAT DO YOU THINK! WHO REALLY REPRESENTS The President's Powers 4 14
YOU ? 379
COMPARING NATI ONS 14.1 : Chief Executives' Power 416
Trustees and Delegates 380
Is t h e Presidency Too Power ful? 4 16
Do the Right Thing 380
Do What the People Want 381 An Imperial Presidency? 4 16
A Weak Office? 417
Ill WHATDO YOU THINK!
TWO VIEWS
OF REPRESENTATION 381 What Presidents Do 418
Commander in Chief 419
Getting to Con gress-And Staying There 382
Top Diplomat 420
The Permanent Ca mpaign 382
The First Legislator 422
Home Style: Back in t he District 383
Recommending Measures 422
A Govern ment of Strangers 383
State of the Union 422
Con gress at W o r k 384 Presidential "Batting Average" 422
The City on th e Hill 384 Veto 424
.TALKING POLITICS CAPITOL HILL BUZZWORDS 385 Signing Statements 425
Mi nnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership 386 Chief Bureaucrat 425
House Leadersh ip 387 Appointments 425
Senate Leadership 388 Executive Orders 425
Committees: Workhorses of Congress 388 INFO/DATA Executive Orders Issued by Each President,
The Enduring Power of Committees 389 Per Day in Office 426
Leadership and Assignments 391 Econom ist in Chief 427
COMPARINGNATIONSIU A Unique U.S. System 39 1 The Head of State 427
xiv
 Party Leader 428 Bureaucrat ic Pathologies 455
The Bu lly Pul pit: Introducing Ideas 428 The Democratic Dilemma 457
The Impossible Job 429
W hat Bureaucracies Do 457
Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure Ru le- Maki ng 458
in the Oval Office 430 Im plement at ion 459
Managing th e Pu blic 430 How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 460
Approval Ratings 43 1
.TALKING POLITICS BUREAUCRACY BUZZWORDS 461
III WHATDDYDUTHINK? RANKING THE PRESIDENT 431
The Cabinet Departments 461
Presidential Greatness 432 The Challenge of Governing 461
Greatn ess in Context : The Rise and Fall of Pol itical
COMPARING NATIONS 15.1: Parliamentary Systems 463
Orders 435
The Rotating Bureaucracy 464
Step 1: A New Order Rises 435
The Cabinet and Diversity 465
Step 2: The Order Refreshed 435
Other Agencies 466
Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles 436
Executive Agencies 466
The Personal Presidency 436 Independent Regulatory Commissions 466
Presidential St yle 436 INFO/DATA The Formation of Regulatory
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? THE PRESIDENT IN ACTION 437 Commissions 467
The Burden of t he Office 438 An Army of Their Own 46B
Private Contractors 469
The President's Team: A Tour
of the White House 439 Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? 470
The Politi cal Solar System : Presidential The People 470
Appointments 439 The President 470
The Vice President 439 Congress 471
The Cabinet 440 Interest Groups 472
The Execut ive Office of the President 441 Burea ucrat ic Autonomy 472
The Office of Management and Budget (OMBJ 442 Democracy Revisited 473
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEAJ 442
Reforming the Bureaucracy 474
The National Security Council (NSCJ 442
Critiques 474
The Heart of Power: The White House Offi ce
Cost 474
(WHO) 443
Inertia 474
.TALKING POLITICS SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING Public Mistrust 475
INSIDER 443
Reforming the Bureaucracy 475
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
DO PRESIDENTS NEED SUCH Open Up the System 475
A LARGE STAFF? 444 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
SHOULD WE PRIVATIZE MORE
The First Spouse 444 GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS? 476
Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office Reinventing Government 476
on Earth? 445 Privatization 476

Chapter Summary 446 Study Questions 447 Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You 477
Chapter Summary 478 Study Questions 479

15 Bureaucracy 4 48
I BYTHE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy 45 1 16 The Judicial Branch 480
How the Bureaucracy Grew 451
W ho Are We? A Nation of Laws ...
Birth of th e Bureaucracy 45 1
War 452
and Lawyers 482
Em bracing the Law-and Lawsuits 482
Morality 452
Economics 452
I BY THE NUMBERS The U.S. Jud iciary 483
Declining Trust 483
Geography 453
Cou rts in American Cu lture 484
Race!Ethnicity 453
COMPARING NATIONS 16.1: Number of Lawyers,
The Bureaucratic Model 453
Per Capita 484
Hierarchy 453
Division of Labor 454 Organizing the Judicial Branch 485
Fixed Routines 454 Divided We Rul e 485
Equal Rules for All 455 State and Loca l Courts 486
Technical Qualifications 455 Judicial Selection 486
XV
 . . WHAT DO YOU THINK! HOW SHOULD STATES SELECT Term Limits 517
THEIR JUDGES? 487
Conclusion: Democracy and the Courts 517
Federal Courts 487
Specialized Courts 489 Chapter Summary 518 Study Questions 518
Diversity in the Federal Jud iciary 489
. . WHAT DO YOU THINK! IDENTITY ON THE BENCH 490
PART IV POLICYMAKING
The Court's Role 491
Judicial Review 491
Activism Versus Restraint 492 17 Public Policymaking
The Judicial Process 494 and Budgeting 520
Too Much Power? 494
COMPARING NATIONS 16.2, Power of the Judiciary 495 Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy)
... Or Still the "Least Dangerous" Branch? 495 Stages 522
The Supreme Court and How It Operates 496 I BYTHE NUMBERS U.S. Publ ic Policy 523
1. Agenda Setting 523
Hearing Cases 497
2. Framing 524
Selecting Cases, Formal Requirements 497
3. Pol icy Formation 525
Selecting Cases, Informal Factors 498
Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante 525
Conference Sessions and Written Decisions 499
From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics 527
Supreme Court Clerks 500
4. Policy Implementation 528
Confirmation Battles 500
Rule-Making Revisited 52B
Judicial Decision Making and Reform 503 Top-Down Delivery 529
The Role of Law 503 Bottom-Up Delivery 530
Ideology and Partisanship 503 5. Policy Evaluation and Feedback 531
INFO/DATA How Americans View the Supreme Court: Ex Post Policy Evaluations 532
Liberal or Conservative? S05 A Case in Point Gang Violence 532
Collegiality and Peer Pressure 506 Policy Feedback 533
Institutional Concerns 506 U.S. Social Policy 534
Nineteen Cases You Should Know 507 Wars and Social Policy 534
1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 507 Old-Age Insurance, Social Security 535
2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 507 Unemployment Benefits 536
3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) 508 Hea lth and Disability, Medicare/Med icaid 536
4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 508 . . WHAT DO YOU THINK! SHOULD WE REFORM SOCIAL
5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad SECURITY AND MEDICARE? 537
(1886) 509
6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 509
Economic Policymaking: Fiscal and Monetary
7. Lochner v. New York (1905) 509 Policy 539
8. Muller v. Oregon (1908) 510 Fiscal Policy 539
9. Schenck v. United States (1919) 510 Monetary Policy 540
10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones Economic Policymaking: The Federal Budget
and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) 510
Process 541
11. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) 511
President's Budget Proposa l 541
12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 511
INFO/DATA The Federal Budget in Context S43
13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 511
14. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 512 Congressional Budget Resolution 544
15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 512 COMPARING NATIONS lH Budget Pol icymak ing 544
16. Roe v. Wade (1973) 512 Reign of the Card ina ls, Appropriations Committee
Action 545
17. U.S. v. Nixon (1974) 513
18. Bush v. Gore (2000) 513 Making Good Policy 547
19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Moral Policies' Justice or Democracy? 547
Sebelius (2012) 514 Economically Efficient Policies 548
. . WHAT DO YOU THINK! NAME ANOTHER LANDMARK Capital ism Goes to the Movies 549
CASE S14
Reforming U.S. Policymaking 550
The Nineteen Cases-and t he Power
Systemic Reform 550
of the Court 515
Policy Entrepreneurs 551
Criticizing the Judiciary 515 Eight Steps to Successful Policy Reform 551
Critiqu ing the Judiciary 515 Have Passion 551
Ideas for Reform, More Resources 516 Act with Speed 551
xvi
 Bring a Plan 552 The President 574
Mind the Symbols 552 The State Department 574
Have a Philosophy 552 The Department of Defense 575
Go Public 552 . TA LKING POLITICS SOUND LIKE A FOREIGN- POLICY
Know the Rules 552 PRO 575
Learn How to Lose 552 Intelligence 576
Conclusion: Policy Matters 553 The National Security Council 576
Other Executive Agencies 576
Chapter Summary 553 Study Questions 554
INFO/DATA Are You a Global Citizen? 577
Interest Groups and the Public 578
18 Foreign Policy 556 Success or Fragmentation? 578
Adding All ofit Up: Grand Strategies in U.S.
American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 1:
History 580
Security 558
Standing Alone (1918-1939) 580
Military Primacy 558
The Cold War (1945-1991) 580
COMPARING NATIONS lU Military Spending
The New World Order (1989-2001) 582
Worldwide 558
The War on Terror (2001-Present) 582
I BYTHE NUMBERS Foreign Policy 559
Basis for Primacy: Realism 559 IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? TERRORISTS AND THE RULE
OF LAW 583
A Different View: Liberalism 560
Soft Power 561 Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy 584
Foreign Aid and National Sec urity 562
COMPARING NATIONS 18.2: Official Development Assistance
Chapter Summary 586 Study Questions 587
(ODA) Expenditures 562
American Foreign-Policy Goal No.2:
Prosperity 563 APPENDIX I
Economic Superpower or Nation in Decline? 563 The Declaration oflndependence A-1
Free Trade 564
Challenges to Free Trade 565 APPENDIX II
.TALKING POLITICS TALK LIKE AN INTERNATIONAL The Constitution of the United States
TRADER 566 of America A-3
Energy 566
Economic Weapons 566 APPENDIX III
The Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10,
Foreign-Policy Goal No.3: Spreading American
and51 A-20
Ideals 567
American Exceptionalism 568
The View from Abroad 568 Glossary G-1
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL? 568
Notes N-1
Foreign-Policy Perspectives 569
Credits C-1
Engage t he World? Isolationism Versus
Intervention 569 Index I-1
Go It Alone or Act with Others? 571
Presidential Elections, Congressional
Four Approaches 571
Control, 1789-2016 Insert
IIIII WHAT DO YOU THINK?
FOREIGN-POLICY
PERSPECTIVES 572

Who Makes Foreign Policy? 573

Congress 573

xvii
 JAMES MORONE (BA, Middlebury College, MA
and PhD, University of Chicago) is the John Hazen White
Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at Brown
University and five-time winner of the Hazeltine Citation
for outstanding teacher of the year. Dr. Marone, an award-
winning author, has published ten books, including The
Heart of Power (2009, a "New York Times Notable Book"),
Hellfire Nation (2003, nominated for a Pulitzer Prize), and
The Democratic Wish (1990, winner of the American Political
Science Association's Kammerer Award for the best book
on American politics). He has written over 1SO articles and
essays, and has commented on politics in the New York
Times, the London Review of Books, and the American Pros-
pect. Dr. Marone has been elected to the National Academy
of Medicine and the National Academy of Social Insurance.
He has served as president of the politics and history sec-
tion of the American Political Science Association and the
New England Political Science Association. He also has
served on the board of editors for eight scholarly journals.

ROGAN KERSH (BA, Wake Forest University, MA

and PhD, Yale University) is provost and professor of politi-
cal science at Wake Forest University. A leading scholar in
American political science, Dr. Kersh is best known for his
work on health reform, obesity politics, and interest
groups/lobbying. As a political science faculty member at
Syracuse from 1996 to 2006, he won three different teach-
ing awards; from 2006 to 2012, as associate dean of New
York University's Wagner School of Public Service, he won
both the Wagner and NYU's teaching awards, as well as
the Martin Luther King Jr. Award for scholarship, teaching,
and university service. Dr. Kersh has published two books
and more than fifty academic articles and has provided
commentary on U.S. politics for dozens of different media
outlets including CNN, Newsweek, and the New York Times.
He was president of the American Political Science Asso-
ciation's organized section on health politics and policy in
2011-2012 and is an elected fellow of the National Acad-
xviii
emy of Public Administration.
At first, they came in small numbers: one child, two children, a few huddled together.
Then a surge: In the spring and summer of 2014, more than 63,000 unaccompa-
nied minors crossed the Mexican border into the United States. The exhausted
children-mostly from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador-faced poverty and
violence at home. Their exodus was a humanitarian tragedy. But it was also a political
problem.
Conservative critics of the Barack Obama administration slammed the White
House for not acting sooner to stem the tide and for being "soft on immigration."
Donald Trump launched his long-shot presidential bid, a year later, with a tough
attack on undocumented migrants. From the left, another set of voices condemned
the president for not providing services to children whose families were so desper-
ate they would send them alone across dangerous ground to an uncertain destiny.
Whatever course the administration took, it faced angry rebukes.
As partisans traded insults and pundits criticized the government's mistakes,
something remarkable happened: Americans of all backgrounds-urban and rural,
churched and secular, liberal and conservative-came together to help the children.
College students and local residents joined to hand out medical kits and food pack-
ets. Lawyers flew in to offer free legal assistance in securing asylum. Church leaders
created makeshift shelters and organized short-term housing among the congre-
gants. One bishop in San Antonio, Texas, said the crisis had deepened his prayer
life. This is a classic story that runs right through American history: People pull
together in the face of troubled times.

Help or Clash?
That's the United States in a nutshell. People pitch in. This is a nation ofjoiners and xix
helpers and activists. It always has been. Visitors in the nineteenth century were
XX Preface

astonished by the nation's civic spirit. To this day Americans form book groups,
organize car washes to raise money for good causes, stack sandbags during floods,
send checks to the Red Cross, support the military, and insist that the government
help those who need help. "We are inevitably our brother's keeper because we are
our brother's brother," wrote Martin Luther King. "Whatever affects one directly
affects all indirectly."'
But that's only one side of the story. Stream a news show and what do you see?
Fights! A few years ago, one of us (Jim) was about to go on a news show to discuss the
fallout after singer Janet Jackson inadvertently (and very briefly) went X-rated during
the Super Bowl halftime show. Jim was scheduled alongside another commentator who
was very agitated about Jackson's behavior and believed that it signaled the decline of
America. Jim told the producer that, after exploring our different views, it would be
great if we could find some common ground. No way, retorted the producer, who ex-
plained her ideal closing shot: You1l be shouting over each other on a split screen while
the host coolly ends the segment by saying, "We'll have to leave it there for now, but feel-
ings run high and we1l be hearing a lot more on this topic." Unfortunately, searching for
common ground does not draw an audience like people screaming onscreen.
The producer was demonstrating another side of America: rugged individual-
ists who push their own views and self-interests. Individualism is also an
all-American story. Its origins lie in a frontier culture that expected everyone to
watch out for themselves. This is the America that resents anyone-especially the
government-telling people what to do.
Which is the real America? They both are. Sometimes this is a land of coopera-
tion, sometimes a nation of competition. American politics, as you will see, reflects
both views.

By the People?
We picked the book's title-By the People-because Lincoln's phrase raises the
deepest question in American politics: Who has the power? Or to put it more point-
edly, do the people rule in this day and age? Democracy is a constant struggle; it is
an aspiration, a wish, a quest. In every chapter we'll ask how well Americans are
living up to Lincoln's ideal. Does the new media (Chapter 9) or the contemporary
Congress (Chapter 13) or the bureaucracy (Chapter 15) or state government (Chap-
ter 4) support or subvert government by the people? We'll present the details-and
let you decide whether we should press for reform or leave things alone.
We'll be straight with you: We won't pretend there was a golden age in some
imaginary past. After all, the United States has been home to political machines
that enthusiastically stole votes, maintains an Electoral College designed to dis-
tort the people's vote for president, and governs through an elaborate system of
checks and balances that blunts the popular will. (Again, you'll soon see two sides
to each of these features of American government.) At the same time, you'll read
about bold popular movements and unexpected electoral surges that changed the
face of the nation. In many ways, these are the most exciting moments in Ameri-
can history. They spring up at unexpected times, inspiring ordinary people to
achieve great things. Does Donald Trump's election signify such a surge? Or are
the protest movements that have sprung up the larger agent of change? Read on
and you'll be able to answer those questions-and many more.

' Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967) 181.
 Preface xxi

Who Are We?

Here's Jim's very first political memory: My parents were watching TV, and as soon
as I walked into the room I could see that my mother was trying hard not to cry.
''What's going on?" I asked my parents nervously. My dad-a proud Republican who
had fought in World War II -said, "Well, the U.S. had a racial problem, but that man
there, he's going to get us past it." "That man there" was Martin Luther King Jr.,
giving one of the most famous speeches in American history: "I have a dream," said
King, that "my four little children will one day live in a country where they will not
be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." My mother
had been born in Poland and her near tears reflected pride in her new nation-and
the uplifting aspirations of that August day.
Both of us grew up thinking about the dream-and about the nation that
dreams it. America is constantly changing, constantly new. In every chapter we'll
ask the same question: Who are we? We'll explore a lot of different answers.
Four themes are especially important in this book. Race touches everything in
the United States, from the Constitution (Chapter 3) to our political parties (Chap-
ter 11). The nation rose up out ofboth freedom and slavery; race quickly became one
of the great crucibles of American liberty. Likewise, immigration includes some of
history's saddest passages involving the mistreatment of recent arrivals. And yet we
are a nation of immigrants that continues to welcome the world's "huddled masses
yearning to breathe free"-the famous words long associated with the Statue of
Liberty. More than a fifth of all the emigrants around the globe come to the United
States every year. Race and immigration are tied up in another powerful topic:
gender and sexuality. From women in Congress to same-sex marriage, from teen
pregnancy to abortion, we'll show how negotiating an answer to "Who are we?"
always puts an emphasis on questions of gender and sexuality. Finally, we're espe-
cially interested in American generations, and more specifically the attitudes and
contributions of today's young people, the millennia! generation. If you're one of
them, the future belongs to you. This book is an owner's manual for the government
that you're going to inherit. We'll have much to say about you as we go along.
The most important thing about all these categories is not their history, or the
ways they've influenced voting behavior, or how the courts treat them-although
we'll cover all those topics. Rather, what matters most about American politics are
the opportunities to get involved. As you'll see, groups and individuals can and do
make a difference in a nation that is always evolving. We hope our book inspires you
to actively participate in making the American future.

How Government Works

We won't oversell the role of individuals. People's ability to advance political change
is always shaped by the way the government is organized and operates. From the
very start, this book emphasizes the unusual structure of American government.
Begin with a Constitution full of checks and balances, add a multilayered fed-
eralism, develop a chaotic public administration (President Franklin Roosevelt
cheerfully called the uproar a three-ring circus), spin off functions to the private
sector (especially during wars), complexify Congress (thirty-one different commit-
tees and subcommittees tried to claim jurisdiction over just one national health
insurance proposal), and inject state and federal courts into every cranny of the
system. Then throw the entire apparatus open to any interest group that shows up.
xxii Preface

The twenty-first century adds a 24/ 7 news cycle with commentary all the time and
from every angle.
Thrn to foreign policy, where high principles contend with tough-minded real-
ism in a fractious world. When the most formidable military in human history is
mustered into action, watch presidential power expand so rapidly that it sets off
international debates about whether the great republic is morphing into an empire.

In Short
As you read this book, you'll repeatedly encounter four questions:
Who governs? This is the question of democracy and power-or, as we
phrased it earlier: Is this government by the people? And if and where it falls
short, how might we refresh our democracy?
How does American politics work? Our job is to make you think like a
political scientist. What does that involve? You'll learn in the next chapter-
and throughout the book.
What does government do? You can't answer the first two questions if you
don't know what the courts or the White House or Congress or interest
groups actually do-and how they do it.
Who are we? Americans endlessly debate America's identity. We are
students, businesspeople, Hispanics, seniors, Texans, environmentalists,
gays, Republicans, Democrats, Christians, Muslims, military families-and
the list goes on. Sometimes it adds up to one united people; at other times
we're left to wonder how to get along. Either way, American politics rises up
from -and shapes-a cacophony of identities and interests.

Changes to the Third Edition

In this new edition, we have,
Analyzed recent seismic events that have shaken up our institutions, ideas,
and interests alongside new and updated statistics and figures in each chap-
ter to track slower moving, but influential, trends.
Analyzed the raucous 2016 primary and general election season.
Explored the Black Lives Matter movement that reached into campuses
where students engaged in an active questioning of First Amendment rights.
Assessed the Tea Party's breaching of the Republican Party and changes
within both parties.
Considered the ramifications of the unexpected death of a justice that
left the fate of a deeply divided Supreme Court in the hands of the first
Republican majority in eight years.
Examined the dissolution of nation-states in the Middle East with the
outbreak of a Sunni-Shia regional war.
Added an entirely new section on how federalism evolved during the Obama
administration, using the term progressive federalism to indicate the in-
creased tendency to set goals at the national level but rely on states to im-
plement these goals, whether related to education, healthcare, or other
policy areas.
 Preface xxiii

Provided updated and new statistics on the growing income gap and its po-
litical ramifications including a new graph showing that the middle class is
losing ground relative to upper and lower classes, an analysis of current views
of the American Dream, and assessment of the NAFTA and TTIP debates.
Incorporated new data on millennia! trends regarding party affiliation, at-
titudes, and involvement in the types of participation.
Added coverage of government-sponsored cyberwarfare.
Revised terrorism coverage extensively alongside new discussions of the role
of the media and the handling of recent terrorist attacks in light of bureau-
cratic pathologies and updated discussions on contact with forbidden
groups, the reauthorization of the Patriot Act, and the ending of the NSA's
collection of telecommunication data.
Added new section on in-depth analysis of how far we have come in granting
civil rights by examining voting rights, income, poverty rates, health, life ex-
pectancy, and incarceration rates. This highlights the Supreme Court ruling
on the Voting Rights Act and voter turnout.
Switched the order of Chapters 7 and 8 to better integrate concepts of politi-
cal socialization and public opinion shifts into our understanding of trends
in political participation.

Getting Involved
By the People is a new approach to courses in American government. The book
displays U.S. politics and government in all its glory, messiness, and power. Like
every textbook, this one informs our readers. But, as we hope you can already see,
we don't describe government (or ideas about government) as inert and fixed.
What's exciting about American politics, like the nation itself, is how fast it changes.
And the constant, endless arguments about what it is and what it should be next.
Our aim is to get you engaged-whether you already love politics, are a complete
newcomer to government, or whether you are a newcomer to the United States
itself. In the pages that follow, we'll bring American government to life. Get ready
to start a great debate ... about your future.
One final word: We've been working out the story line for this book throughout
our teaching careers. We've taught everything from very large lectures to small
seminars. Like all teachers, we've learned through trial and error. We've worked
hard to pack this book with the stories, questions, and features that all our students
have found effective. That spirit-the lessons we've learned in the classroom-
animates everything that follows.

Ensuring Student Success

Oxford University Press offers instructors and students a comprehensive ancillary
package for qualified adopters of By the People.

Dashboard with LeaP (www.oup.com/us/dashboard) is Oxford Univer-

sity Press's nationally hosted learning management system. Designed to
offer students and instructors maximum flexibility, numerous assessment
options, a variety of interactive content organized by chapter, and adaptive
learning tools, this learning management system offers best in-class,
cutting-edge functionality
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
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