D.T.

H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

;fdflhs ljjfb / åGb

4Gb s] xf] <
• åGbsf] zflJbs cy{ emu8f, dgd'6fj, dgf]dflnGo,
• s'g} ljifo jf k|;+udf /xg] km/s dtnfO{ sfo{:yndf ljleGg ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf g} åGb ,
• åGb ljz]iftM ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ck¥of{Kttf jf ltgsf] cljj]sL ljt/0f, clwsf/sf] c:ki6tf, ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm jf
;d"xsf] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs bjbjfsf] l:yltdf ;[hgf xg],
• cefj, s'07f, O{iof{ h:tf gsf/fTds cj:yfdf d"n?kdf åGbsf] ;[hgf x'g] ePtfklg åGb kl/jlt{t ;+:sf/, dfGotf /
ljrf/sf] pkh ,
• ;+u7gfTds ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] åGb ;[hgfTds zlQm ,
• åGb d"No / nIo ljrsf] j:t'k/s c;+uttfsf] l:ylt xf] / c?sf] nIo k|flKtdf hfgfhfg x:tIf]k ug]{ cfr/0f ,
• kl/jlt{t d"No, dfGotf, ljrf/, ;+:sf/ / k4tLsf] kl/b[iodf JolQmut, ;fd"lxs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+u7lgs clwkTo,
jr{Zj jf k|efj /fVg] qmddf b]lvg] k|ltåGbLtf,
• ;+u7g jf ;dfhdf dfgjLo ljz]iftf cg';f/ g} c?sf] cuf8L t'ngfTds ?kdf ;jn, ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L, j}ejzfnL
jGg] rfxgf dflg; leq x'ls{/x]sf] x'G5
• dfgjzf:qLx?sf] b[li6df åGb ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf ljrsf] lje]b,
• cy{zf:qLsf dtfg';f/ åGb b"n{e ;|f]tx?sf] jfF8kmfF8df x'g] k|ltikwf{sf] pkh,
• dgf]j]Qfx?sf] wf/0ffdf åGb ;fd"lxs / JolQmut lxtsf] kl/lwdf /x]sf] lje]b,
• /fhlgtL1sf] wf/0ffdf /fhgLlts ;f]rdf /xg] leGgtf g} åGb xf] .
• JolQmx? jf ;d"x?sf] jLrdf x'g] ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s :jfy{, b[i6Lsf]0f jf j'emfO{sf] leGgtfsf]
sf/0fn] ;[lht cj:yf xf] .

;fdflhs 4Gb
• ;dfhsf gful/sx?sf ljr, ;dfhdf pknJw ;|f]t, ;fwg /cj;/sf] jfF8kmfF8df c;dfgtf x'bfF ;[hgf x'g] dfgl;s /
zfl//Ls c;Gt'i6L g} ;fdflhs ljjfb xf] .
• ;dfhdf /x]sf leGg ju{, hft, hftLsf ljrdf klxrfgsf lgldQ x'g] cGt{;+3{if,
• ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf ;dfhsf JolQmx?sf ljr wfld{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts clei6 k'/f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf x'g]
cGt{;+3if{,
• 4Gb ;dfhsf] g};{lus ljz]iftf,
• ;dfhdf /x]sf gful/sx?sf ljrdf /xg] ljljwtf ;txdf k|s6 ul/g] tl/sf .
• ;fdflhs ljjfbsf ljz]iftfx? M
➢ ljljwtfsf] pkh,
➢ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts leGgtf;+u lgb]{lzt ePsf] ljifo,
➢ cl:tTj;+u ;DjlGwt ljifo,
➢ JolQmut ;d"x / ;+u7gfTds ?kdf k|ltljlDjt x'g],
➢ cGt gx'g] t/ ?kfGt/0f x'g] ljifo,
➢ ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/ .
D.T.H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

➢ jlu{o c;dfgtf,
➢ ck/fwsf] ljBdfgtf,
➢ /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs cx+dtf,
➢ lje]bsf/L gLlt,
➢ hftLo / wfld{s leGgtf, cfbL .

åGbsf cGo sf/0fx?M

• JolQmut dtleGgtf / dxTjfsfFIff,
• ;+rf/sf] Go"gtf tyf ck{ofKttf,
• ;+/rgfut lje]b,
• k|lqmofut c;xhtf, cfbL .
;}4flGts cfwf/df åGbsf sf/0fx?
• Community Relations Theory
• Positional Negotiation Theory
• Human Needs Theory
• Identity Theory
• Intercultural Misunderstanding Theory
• Conflict Transformation Theory
;fdlhs 4Gbsf txx?
• JolQmut tx
• ;d"xut tx
• ;+u7gfTds tx
• /fli6||o tx,
• cGt/f{li6|\o tx .
• ;fdflhs 4Gb k|s6 x'g] tl/sfx?M
➢ JolQmut Pj+ ;d"xut dtleGgtf,
➢ ;fdflhs k|lt/f]w,
➢ cfGbf]ng, h'n';,
➢ /fHosf] e"ldsf / /fHo ;+oGq k|lt cj1f,
➢ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng,
➢ lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng .
Stages of Conflict
• Pre-conflict,
• Confrontation,
• Crisis,
• Outcome,
• Post-Conflict
D.T.H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

;fdflhs åGbsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?

• n}lus kIf,
• /fhgLlts ;fldKotf / ;xof]u,
• ck]Iff,
• cj:yf,
• zlQm,
• ;fdflhs Jojxf/,
• pko'Qm cj:yf klxNofpg ;Sg] ;Lk,
• ;+rf/ ;Lk,
• ;fdflhs ;r]tgf / lqmoflzntf,
• cg'ej .

Approaches of Social Conflict

• Traditional,
• Behavioral
• Interactive

;fdflhs åGbsf ;sf/fTds kIfx?

• ;sf/fTds k|ltikwf{sf] dfWod,
• ;fdflhs ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t,
• ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/,
• gful/s ;r]tgf / lqmoflzntf clej[l4 ug]{ dfWod,
• ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/,
• ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] lxt ;Dj4{g ug]{ dfWod,
• gful/s lzIff clej[l4 ug]{ dfWod,
• ;[hglzntf / gjk|j{tgnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ pkof]uL,
• ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts jx'njfbsf] cfwf/,
• k'gMljt/0ffTds Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ dfWod,

;fdflhs 4Gbsf gsf/fTds kIf

• JolQmut :jfy{ / lxtdf tlNng x'g] k|j[lQ j9g],
• gsf/fTds efjgf j9g],
• ;fdflhs ;DjGw / ;lxi0f'tfdf k|lts"n k|efj,
• ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotfdf x|f;,
• :jfy{sf] 4Gbsf] ;+efjgf,
D.T.H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

• ljsf; lqmofsnfkdf c;xhtf,

• /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf ;F+:s[lts kIfdf k|lts"ntf,
• ;fdflhs c/fhstfsf] ;+efjgf,
• lx+;fsf] ;+efjgf, cfbL .

åGb Joj:yfkg
• åGb ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhsf] pkh xf] eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;nfO{ ljj]rgf ug]{ / To;sf] ;lx 9+un] k|of]u ul/
;dfhsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbnfpg] sfo{,
• ;fdflhs åGbsf] jlu{s/0f,To;sf] pTkltsf] sf/0fsf] ljj]rgf / To:sf] ;dfwfgsf ;lx pkfo kQf nufpg],
• åGbnfO{ bjfpg', j]jf:tf ug'{ jf kG5fpg' eGbf To:sf] ;d"lrt 9+un] Joj:yfkg ul/ ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf
ljsf; ug]{ gLlt tyf k|lqmofsf] cjnDjg ug]{ .

;fdflhs åGb Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx?

• jftf{,
• dWo:ytf,
• ;fdflhs lqmoflzntf,
• ;+jfb,
• ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;~rfng,
• ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x,
• lje]b / ljs[ltsf] cGTo,
• dfgj clwsf/sf] k|j4{g,
• Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf,
• klxrfg / x}l;otsf] ;+/If0f,cfbL .
• ;fdflhs 4Gb ;dfwfgsf ljleGg /0fgLlt Pj+ tl/sfx?
➢ /fhgLlts /0fgLlt,
➢ s'6gLlts /0fgLlt,
➢ cfly{s /0fgLlt,
➢ Goflos tyf sfg"gL /0fgLlt,
➢ dfgjclwsf/sf] /0fgLlt,
➢ ;+rf/ k|of]usf] /0fgLlt,
➢ /fHosf t];|f] ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?sf] k|of]u ug]{ /0fgLlt .

;fdflhs åGb Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx?

• Competetative ,
• Collaborating,
• Accommodating,
D.T.H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

• Avoiding,
• Compromising
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfksx?sf] ;fdflhs 4Gb Joj:yfkgdf /xg] eldsf
• Mediator- Facilitating for resolution by using reasoning, persuasion and
suggestion.
• Arbitrator- Dictating an agreement in a conflicting situation as the authority.
• Conciliator- A trusted third party providing informal communication link
between the parties of the conflict.
• Consultant- An independent or impartial third party skilled in conflict
management, who attempts to facilitate creative/ innovative problem solving
through communication and analysis.

• ;fdlhs 4Gbsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x?

– g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf
• /fHosf] k"gM;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo /fHosf] lgdf{0f,
• gful/s xs / bfloTjsf] Joj:yfsf dfWodjf6 ;j}sf] clwsf/sf] /Iff,
• ljleGg k|sf/sf lje]b / c;dfgftfsf] cGTo ug]{ k|ltj4tf,
• df}lns xs dfk{mt gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] k|of;,
• /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLlt dfk{mt ;fdflhs 4Gbsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ cfwf/,
• pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g,
• ljleGg hft, hftL, efiff, efifLsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ;lxt ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cfwf/df /fHo ;+rfngsf] k|ltj4tf

• ;fdlhs 4Gbsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x?

– g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf
• /fHosf] k"gM;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo /fHosf] lgdf{0f,
• gful/s xs / bfloTjsf] Joj:yfsf dfWodjf6 ;j}sf] clwsf/sf] /Iff,
• ljleGg k|sf/sf lje]b / c;dfgftfsf] cGTo ug]{ k|ltj4tf,
• df}lns xs dfk{mt gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] k|of;,
• /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLlt dfk{mt ;fdflhs 4Gbsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ cfwf/,
• pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g,
• ljleGg hft, hftL, efiff, efifLsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ;lxt ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cfwf/df /fHo ;+rfngsf] k|ltj4tf .
D.T.H Online Education Service Sisir Kumar Dhungana

– cfjlws of]hgf
• ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ;dGoflos ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf] ljsf;,
• nlIft ;d"xx?sf nflu ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / ;dfgtfsf sfo{qmdx?,
• n}+lus tyf hftLo lxF;f Go"gLs/0f hf]8 lbO{Psf],
• 4Gb k|efljtx?nfO{ ;xof]u cfbL .
• ;fdflhs 4Gb Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/g' h?/L x'G5 M
– ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ /fHo ;+rfng k|lqmofdf cfTd;ft ug]{,
– ;fdflhs P]Soj4tf,
– n}lu+s / hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo,
– ;fdflhs kl/jt{g,
– ;fdflhs ljsf;sf P]h]08f pk/ /fhgLlts :t/df ;xdtL,
– ;fdflhs ljsf;df nufgL clej[l4,
– bLuf] ljsf;sf] dfGotfsf] cjnDjg,
– nlIot ju{ s]Gb|Lt ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng,
– d'nk|jfxLs/0f,
– ;fdflhs kl/rfng,
– Jofj;flos / ;Lkd"ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
– ufFp / zx/, wgL / ul/jjLrsf] vf8n sd ug]{ cfly{s Joj:yf,
– ;fdflhs ;'wf/ gLltdf cy{k"0f{ hg;xeflutf,
– ;xeflutfd"ns / ;dfj]zL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / cEof; .

• 4Gbsf] kl/efiff ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ?kfGt/0f ug{ s] s:tf] Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 < wf/0ff
k|:tt ug{xf]; .
• g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / ;LdfGtLs/0fjf/] ljZn]if0f ub}{ o;n] l;{hgf u/]sf] 4Gbsf]
klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] ug{knf{ <
• ;fdflhs 4Gbsf] kl/ro lb+b} g]kfndf b]lvb}+ cfPsf] ;fdlhs 4Gbsf] k|dv sf/0fx? s] s] xg <
• ;fdflhs 4Gb eGgfn] s] je\mgxG5 < ;fdflhs 4Gbsf sf/0fx? klxrfg ub}{ o:tf] 4Gb Joj:yfkgsf pkfojf/] ;emfj
lbg xf];\ .
• ;fdflhs 4Gbsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx? pNn]v ub}{ g]kfnsf] nfdf] cfGtl/s 4Gbn] ;[hgf u/]sf ;sf/fTds kIfx?sf]
jf/]df rrf{ ug{xf]; .
• ;fdflhs 4Gb Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?sf jf/]df hfgsf/L lbb}{ g]kfndf tL pkfox? s] slt pkof]u ePsf] 7fGgxG5 <
• ;fdflhs ljjfbsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x? rrf{ ug{xf]; . ;fy}, tL k|of;x?sf] k|efjsf/Ltf s]
s:tf] /x]sf] kfpgxG5 < n]Vgxf]; .