(eBook PDF) Precalculus: Concepts

Through Functions, A Unit Circle

Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-precalculus-concepts-through-functions
-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-4th-edition/
 PRECALCULUS
CONCEPTS THROUGH FUNCTIONS
Fourth Edition A Unit Circle
Approach to
Trigonometry

Sullivan
Sullivan
 This page intentionally left blank

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

 FOURTH EDITION

Precalculus
CONCEPTS THROUGH FUNCTIONS
A Unit Circle Approach To Trigonometry

Michael Sullivan
Chicago State University

Michael Sullivan, III

Joliet Junior College

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 5 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 Director, Portfolio Management, Collegiate Math: Anne Kelly
Senior Editor: Dawn Murrin
Editorial Administrator: Joseph Colella
Manager, Courseware QA: Mary Durnwald
Director, Production & Digital Studio, Mathematics & Statistics:
Ruth Berry
Producer, Production & Digital Studio, Mathematics & Statistics:
Marielle Guiney
Manager, Content Development: Kristina Evans
Senior Content Developer: Megan M. Burns
Managing Producer: Scott Disanno
Content Producer: Peggy McMahon
Product Marketing Director: Erin Kelly
Product Marketer for Precalculus: Stacey Sveum
Product Marketing Assistant: Shannon McCormack
Field Marketing Manager: Peggy Lucas
Field Marketing Assistant: Adrianna Valencia
Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere
Manager, Rights and Permissions: Gina Cheselka
Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville, LSC Communications
Cover Design, Text Design, Production Coordination,
Composition, and Illustrations: Cenveo® Publisher Services
Cover Image: © Shutterstock, Inc.

Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in
the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in
a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request
forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights &
Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Attributions of third party content appear on page C-1, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.
MICROSOFT® AND WINDOWS® ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF THE MICROSOFT CORPORATION IN
THE U.S.A. AND OTHER COUNTRIES. SCREEN SHOTS AND ICONS REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM THE
MICROSOFT CORPORATION. THIS BOOK IS NOT SPONSORED OR ENDORSED BY OR AFFILIATED WITH THE
MICROSOFT CORPORATION. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
ABOUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE SERVICES FOR ANY PURPOSE. ALL SUCH DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS
HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS WITH REGARD TO THIS INFORMATION, INCLUDING
ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT AND/
OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
PERFORMANCE OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM THE SERVICES. THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
CONTAINED HEREIN COULD INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE
PERIODICALLY ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAY
MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT(S) AND/OR THE PROGRAM(S) DESCRIBED HEREIN AT
ANY TIME. PARTIAL SCREEN SHOTS MAY BE VIEWED IN FULL WITHIN THE SOFTWARE VERSION SPECIFIED.

PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and MYLAB™ MATH are exclusive trademarks owned
by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work
are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos
or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are
not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s
products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson
Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors.
The student edition of this book has been cataloged by the Library of Congress as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sullivan, Michael, 1942- author. | Sullivan, Michael, III, 1967- author
Title: Precalculus : concepts through functions : a unit circle approach to trigonometry /
Michael Sullivan, Chicago State University, Michael Sullivan, III, Joliet Junior College.
Description: Boston : Pearson, [2019] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017039770 | ISBN 0134686977
Subjects: LCSH: Functions–Textbooks. | Trigonometry–Textbooks. |
Graphic calculators–Textbooks. | Precalculus–Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QA331.3 .S924 2019 | DDC 516.24–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039770
1—17

ISBN 10: 0-134-68697-7

ISBN 13: 978-0-134-68697-4

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 6 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 For Michael S., Kevin, and Marissa (Sullivan)
Shannon, Patrick, and Ryan (Murphy)
Maeve, Sean, and Nolan (Sullivan)
Kaleigh, Billy, and Timmy (O’Hara)
The Next Generation

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 7 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 This page intentionally left blank

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

 Contents
To the Student xix

Three Distinct Series xx

The Concepts through Functions Series xxi

Preface to the Instructor xxii

Resources for Success xxviii

Applications Index xxx

F Foundations: A Prelude to Functions 1

F.1 The Distance and Midpoint Formulas 2
Use the Distance Formula • Use the Midpoint Formula

F.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry 9

Graph Equations by Plotting Points • Find Intercepts from a Graph • Find
Intercepts from an Equation • Test an Equation for Symmetry • Know How
to Graph Key Equations

F.3 Lines 19
Calculate and Interpret the Slope of a Line • Graph Lines Given a Point
and the Slope • Find the Equation of a Vertical Line • Use the Point-Slope
Form of a Line; Identify Horizontal Lines • Write the Equation of a Line in
Slope-Intercept Form • Identify the Slope and y-Intercept of a Line from
Its Equation • Find the Equation of a Line Given Two Points • Graph Lines
Written in General Form Using Intercepts • Find Equations of Parallel Lines
• Find Equations of Perpendicular Lines

F.4 Circles 34
Write the Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle • Graph a Circle
• Work with the General Form of the Equation of a Circle

Chapter Project 42

1 Functions and Their Graphs 43

1.1 Functions 44
Determine Whether a Relation Represents a Function • Find the Value of a
Function • Find the Difference Quotient of a Function • Find the Domain of a
Function Defined by an Equation • Form the Sum, Difference, Product, and
Quotient of Two Functions

1.2 The Graph of a Function 59

Identify the Graph of a Function • Obtain Information from or about the
Graph of a Function

1.3 Properties of Functions 68

Determine Even and Odd Functions from a Graph • Determine Even and
Odd Functions from the Equation • Use a Graph to Determine Where a
Function is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant • Use a Graph to Locate Local
Maxima and Local Minima • Use a Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum
and the Absolute Minimum • Use a Graphing Utility to Approximate Local
Maxima and Local Minima and to Determine Where a Function is Increasing
or Decreasing • Find the Average Rate of Change of a Function

ix

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 9 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 x CONTENTS

1.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-defined Functions 82

Graph the Functions Listed in the Library of Functions • Graph
Piecewise-defined Functions

1.5 Graphing Techniques: Transformations 93

Graph Functions Using Vertical and Horizontal Shifts • Graph Functions
Using Compressions and Stretches • Graph Functions Using Reflections
about the x-Axis and the y-Axis

1.6 Mathematical Models: Building Functions 106

Build and Analyze Functions

1.7 Building Mathematical Models Using Variation 111

Construct a Model Using Direct Variation • Construct a Model Using
Inverse Variation • Construct a Model Using Joint or Combined Variation

Chapter Review 117

Chapter Test 121

Chapter Projects 122

2 Linear and Quadratic Functions 124

2.1 Properties of Linear Functions and Linear Models 125
Graph Linear Functions • Use Average Rate of Change to Identify Linear
Functions • Determine Whether a Linear Function Is Increasing, Decreasing,
or Constant • Find the Zero of a Linear Function • Build Linear Models
from Verbal Descriptions

2.2 Building Linear Models from Data 136

Draw and Interpret Scatter Diagrams • Distinguish between Linear and
Nonlinear Relations • Use a Graphing Utility to Find the Line of Best Fit

2.3 Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros 144

Find the Zeros of a Quadratic Function by Factoring • Find the Zeros of a
Quadratic Function Using the Square Root Method • Find the Zeros of a
Quadratic Function by Completing the Square • Find the Zeros of a Quadratic
Function Using the Quadratic Formula • Find the Point of Intersection of Two
Functions • Solve Equations That Are Quadratic in Form

2.4 Properties of Quadratic Functions 155

Graph a Quadratic Function Using Transformations • Identify the Vertex
and Axis of Symmetry of a Quadratic Function • Graph a Quadratic
Function Using Its Vertex, Axis, and Intercepts • Find a Quadratic
Function Given Its Vertex and One Other Point • Find the Maximum or
Minimum Value of a Quadratic Function

2.5 Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions 167

Solve Inequalities Involving a Quadratic Function

2.6 Building Quadratic Models from Verbal

Descriptions and from Data 171
Build Quadratic Models from Verbal Descriptions • Build Quadratic Models
from Data

2.7 Complex Zeros of a Quadratic Function 181

Find the Complex Zeros of a Quadratic Function

2.8 Equations and Inequalities Involving the Absolute

Value Function 185
Solve Absolute Value Equations • Solve Absolute Value Inequalities

Chapter Review 190

Chapter Test 193

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 10 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xi

Cumulative Review 194

Chapter Projects 195

3 Polynomial and Rational Functions 197

3.1 Polynomial Functions and Models 198
Identify Polynomial Functions and Their Degree • Graph Polynomial
Functions Using Transformations • Identify the Real Zeros of a Polynomial
Function and Their Multiplicity • Analyze the Graph of a Polynomial
Function • Build Cubic Models from Data

3.2 The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function 219

Use the Remainder and Factor Theorems • Use Descartes’ Rule of Signs to
Determine the Number of Positive and the Number of Negative Real Zeros
of a Polynomial Function • Use the Rational Zeros Theorem to List the
Potential Rational Zeros of a Polynomial Function • Find the Real Zeros of
a Polynomial Function • Solve Polynomial Equations • Use the Theorem for
Bounds on Zeros • Use the Intermediate Value Theorem

3.3 Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 234

Use the Conjugate Pairs Theorem • Find a Polynomial Function with
Specified Zeros • Find the Complex Zeros of a Polynomial Function

3.4 Properties of Rational Functions 240

Find the Domain of a Rational Function • Find the Vertical Asymptotes
of a Rational Function • Find the Horizontal or Oblique Asymptote of a
Rational Function

3.5 The Graph of a Rational Function 251

Analyze the Graph of a Rational Function • Solve Applied Problems
Involving Rational Functions

3.6 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 266

Solve Polynomial Inequalities • Solve Rational Inequalities

Chapter Review 273

Chapter Test 277

Cumulative Review 277

Chapter Projects 278

4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 280

4.1 Composite Functions 281
Form a Composite Function • Find the Domain of a Composite Function

4.2 One-to-One Functions; Inverse Functions 289

Determine Whether a Function Is One-to-One • Determine the Inverse of a
Function Defined by a Map or a Set of Ordered Pairs • Obtain the Graph of
the Inverse Function from the Graph of the Function • Find the Inverse of a
Function Defined by an Equation

4.3 Exponential Functions 302

Evaluate Exponential Functions • Graph Exponential Functions • Define
the Number e • Solve Exponential Equations

4.4 Logarithmic Functions 318

Change Exponential Statements to Logarithmic Statements and Logarithmic
Statements to Exponential Statements • Evaluate Logarithmic Expressions
• Determine the Domain of a Logarithmic Function • Graph Logarithmic
Functions • Solve Logarithmic Equations

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 11 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xii CONTENTS

4.5 Properties of Logarithms 332

Work with Properties of Logarithms • Write a Logarithmic Expression as
a Sum or Difference of Logarithms • Write a Logarithmic Expression as a
Single Logarithm • Evaluate a Logarithm Whose Base Is Neither 10 Nor e
• Graph a Logarithmic Function Whose Base Is Neither 10 Nor e

4.6 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations 341

Solve Logarithmic Equations • Solve Exponential Equations • Solve
Logarithmic and Exponential Equations Using a Graphing Utility

4.7 Financial Models 349

Determine the Future Value of a Lump Sum of Money • Calculate Effective
Rates of Return • Determine the Present Value of a Lump Sum of Money
• Determine the Rate of Interest or the Time Required to Double a Lump
Sum of Money

4.8 Exponential Growth and Decay Models; Newton’s Law;

Logistic Growth and Decay Models 359
Find Equations of Populations That Obey the Law of Uninhibited Growth
• Find Equations of Populations That Obey the Law of Decay • Use
Newton’s Law of Cooling • Use Logistic Models

4.9 Building Exponential, Logarithmic, and Logistic

Models from Data 369
Build an Exponential Model from Data • Build a Logarithmic Model from
Data • Build a Logistic Model from Data

Chapter Review 378

Chapter Test 383

Cumulative Review 384

Chapter Projects 385

5 Trigonometric Functions 386

5.1 Angles and Their Measure 387
Convert between Decimal and Degree, Minute, Second Measures for Angles
• Find the Length of an Arc of a Circle • Convert from Degrees to Radians
and from Radians to Degrees • Find the Area of a Sector of a Circle • Find
the Linear Speed of an Object Traveling in Circular Motion

5.2 Trigonometric Functions: Unit Circle Approach 401

Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions Using a Point on
the Unit Circle • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions
of p/4 = 45° • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of
p/6 = 30° and p/3 = 60° • Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric
Functions for Integer Multiples of p/6 = 30°, p/4 = 45°, and p/3 = 60°
• Use a Calculator to Approximate the Value of a Trigonometric Function
• Use a Circle of Radius r to Evaluate the Trigonometric Functions

5.3 Properties of the Trigonometric Functions 418

Determine the Domain and the Range of the Trigonometric Functions
• Determine the Period of the Trigonometric Functions • Determine the
Signs of the Trigonometric Functions in a Given Quadrant • Find the Values
of the Trigonometric Functions Using Fundamental Identities • Find the
Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions of an Angle Given One of the
Functions and the Quadrant of the Angle • Use Even-Odd Properties to
Find the Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions

5.4 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions 433

Graph Functions of the Form y = A sin (vx) Using Transformations • Graph
Functions of the Form y = A cos (vx) Using Transformations • Determine the
Amplitude and Period of Sinusoidal Functions • Graph Sinusoidal Functions
Using Key Points • Find an Equation for a Sinusoidal Graph

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 12 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xiii

5.5 Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant,

and Secant Functions 448
Graph Functions of the Form y = A tan(vx) + B and y = A cot (vx) + B
• Graph Functions of the Form y = A csc (vx) + B and y = A sec (vx) + B

5.6 Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting 456

Graph Sinusoidal Functions of the Form y = A sin (vx - f) + B
• Build Sinusoidal Models from Data

Chapter Review 468

Chapter Test 473

Cumulative Review 474

Chapter Projects 475

6 Analytic Trigonometry 477

6.1 The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions 478
Find the Exact Value of an Inverse Sine Function • Find an Approximate
Value of an Inverse Sine Function • Use Properties of Inverse Functions
to Find Exact Values of Certain Composite Functions • Find the Inverse
Function of a Trigonometric Function • Solve Equations Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

6.2 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued) 491

Find the Exact Value of Expressions Involving the Inverse Sine, Cosine, and
Tangent Functions • Define the Inverse Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent
Functions • Use a Calculator to Evaluate sec-1 x, csc-1 x, and cot-1 x • Write
a Trigonometric Expression as an Algebraic Expression

6.3 Trigonometric Equations 497

Solve Equations Involving a Single Trigonometric Function • Solve
Trigonometric Equations Using a Calculator • Solve Trigonometric Equations
Quadratic in Form • Solve Trigonometric Equations Using Fundamental
Identities • Solve Trigonometric Equations Using a Graphing Utility

6.4 Trigonometric Identities 507

Use Algebra to Simplify Trigonometric Expressions • Establish Identities

6.5 Sum and Difference Formulas 515

Use Sum and Difference Formulas to Find Exact Values • Use Sum and
Difference Formulas to Establish Identities • Use Sum and Difference
Formulas Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions • Solve Trigonometric
Equations Linear in Sine and Cosine

6.6 Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas 528

Use Double-angle Formulas to Find Exact Values • Use Double-angle
Formulas to Establish Identities • Use Half-angle Formulas to Find Exact
Values

6.7 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas 538

Express Products as Sums • Express Sums as Products

Chapter Review 542

Chapter Test 546

Cumulative Review 546

Chapter Projects 547

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 13 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xiv CONTENTS

7 Applications of Trigonometric Functions 548

7.1 Right Triangle Trigonometry; Applications 549
Find the Value of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles Using Right
Triangles • Use the Complementary Angle Theorem • Solve Right Triangles
• Solve Applied Problems

7.2 The Law of Sines 562

Solve SAA or ASA Triangles • Solve SSA Triangles • Solve Applied
Problems

7.3 The Law of Cosines 572

Solve SAS Triangles • Solve SSS Triangles • Solve Applied Problems

7.4 Area of a Triangle 579

Find the Area of SAS Triangles • Find the Area of SSS Triangles

7.5 Simple Harmonic Motion; Damped Motion; Combining Waves 586

Build a Model for an Object in Simple Harmonic Motion • Analyze Simple
Harmonic Motion • Analyze an Object in Damped Motion • Graph the Sum
of Two Functions

Chapter Review 595

Chapter Test 598

Cumulative Review 599

Chapter Projects 599

8 Polar Coordinates; Vectors 601

8.1 Polar Coordinates 602
Plot Points Using Polar Coordinates • Convert from Polar Coordinates to
Rectangular Coordinates • Convert from Rectangular Coordinates to Polar
Coordinates • Transform Equations between Polar and Rectangular Forms

8.2 Polar Equations and Graphs 611

Identify and Graph Polar Equations by Converting to Rectangular
Equations • Test Polar Equations for Symmetry • Graph Polar Equations by
Plotting Points

8.3 The Complex Plane; De Moivre’s Theorem 626

Plot Points in the Complex Plane • Convert a Complex Number between
Rectangular Form and Polar Form • Find Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form • Use De Moivre’s Theorem • Find
Complex Roots

8.4 Vectors 634

Graph Vectors • Find a Position Vector • Add and Subtract Vectors
Algebraically • Find a Scalar Multiple and the Magnitude of a Vector • Find
a Unit Vector • Find a Vector from Its Direction and Magnitude • Model
with Vectors

8.5 The Dot Product 648

Find the Dot Product of Two Vectors • Find the Angle between Two Vectors
• Determine Whether Two Vectors Are Parallel • Determine Whether Two
Vectors Are Orthogonal • Decompose a Vector into Two Orthogonal Vectors
• Compute Work

8.6 Vectors in Space 655

Find the Distance between Two Points in Space • Find Position Vectors in
Space • Perform Operations on Vectors • Find the Dot Product • Find the
Angle between Two Vectors • Find the Direction Angles of a Vector

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 14 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xv

8.7 The Cross Product 665

Find the Cross Product of Two Vectors • Know Algebraic Properties of the
Cross Product • Know Geometric Properties of the Cross Product • Find a
Vector Orthogonal to Two Given Vectors • Find the Area of a Parallelogram

Chapter Review 671

Chapter Test 674

Cumulative Review 675

Chapter Projects 675

9 Analytic Geometry 676

9.1 Conics 677
Know the Names of the Conics

9.2 The Parabola 678

Analyze Parabolas with Vertex at the Origin • Analyze Parabolas with
Vertex at (h, k) • Solve Applied Problems Involving Parabolas

9.3 The Ellipse 687

Analyze Ellipses with Center at the Origin • Analyze Ellipses with Center at
(h, k) • Solve Applied Problems Involving Ellipses

9.4 The Hyperbola 698

Analyze Hyperbolas with Center at the Origin • Find the Asymptotes of
a Hyperbola • Analyze Hyperbolas with Center at (h, k) • Solve Applied
Problems Involving Hyperbolas

9.5 Rotation of Axes; General Form of a Conic 710

Identify a Conic • Use a Rotation of Axes to Transform Equations • Analyze an
Equation Using Rotation of Axes • Identify Conics without a Rotation of Axes

9.6 Polar Equations of Conics 718

Analyze and Graph Polar Equations of Conics • Convert the Polar Equation
of a Conic to a Rectangular Equation

9.7 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 724

Graph Parametric Equations • Find a Rectangular Equation for a Curve
Defined Parametrically • Use Time as a Parameter in Parametric Equations
• Find Parametric Equations for Curves Defined by Rectangular Equations

Chapter Review 737

Chapter Test 739

Cumulative Review 740

Chapter Projects 741

10 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 742

10.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination 743
Solve Systems of Equations by Substitution • Solve Systems of Equations
by Elimination • Identify Inconsistent Systems of Equations Containing
Two Variables • Express the Solution of a System of Dependent Equations
Containing Two Variables • Solve Systems of Three Equations Containing
Three Variables • Identify Inconsistent Systems of Equations Containing
Three Variables • Express the Solution of a System of Dependent Equations
Containing Three Variables

10.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices 758

Write the Augmented Matrix of a System of Linear Equations • Write the
System of Equations from the Augmented Matrix • Perform Row Operations on
a Matrix • Solve a System of Linear Equations Using Matrices

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 15 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xvi CONTENTS

10.3 Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants 773

Evaluate 2 by 2 Determinants • Use Cramer’s Rule to Solve a System of Two
Equations Containing Two Variables • Evaluate 3 by 3 Determinants
• Use Cramer’s Rule to Solve a System of Three Equations Containing Three
Variables • Know Properties of Determinants

10.4 Matrix Algebra 783

Find the Sum and Difference of Two Matrices • Find Scalar Multiples of a
Matrix • Find the Product of Two Matrices • Find the Inverse of a Matrix
Solve a System of Linear Equations Using an Inverse Matrix

10.5 Partial Fraction Decomposition 800

Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has Only Nonrepeated Linear Factors
• Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has Repeated Linear Factors • Decompose
P/Q, Where Q Has a Nonrepeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor •
Decompose P/Q, Where Q Has a Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor

10.6 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 808

Solve a System of Nonlinear Equations Using Substitution • Solve a System
of Nonlinear Equations Using Elimination

10.7 Systems of Inequalities 817

Graph an Inequality • Graph a System of Inequalities

10.8 Linear Programming 824

Set up a Linear Programming Problem • Solve a Linear Programming
Problem

Chapter Review 831

Chapter Test 835

Cumulative Review 836

Chapter Projects 836

11 Sequences; Induction; the Binomial Theorem 838

11.1 Sequences 839
Write the First Several Terms of a Sequence • Write the Terms of a Sequence
Defined by a Recursive Formula • Use Summation Notation • Find the Sum
of a Sequence

11.2 Arithmetic Sequences 849

Determine Whether a Sequence Is Arithmetic • Find a Formula for an
Arithmetic Sequence • Find the Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence

11.3 Geometric Sequences; Geometric Series 855

Determine Whether a Sequence Is Geometric • Find a Formula for a
Geometric Sequence • Find the Sum of a Geometric Sequence • Determine
Whether a Geometric Series Converges or Diverges • Solve Annuity
Problems

11.4 Mathematical Induction 866

Prove Statements Using Mathematical Induction

11.5 The Binomial Theorem 870

n
Evaluate a b • Use the Binomial Theorem
j

Chapter Review 877

Chapter Test 879

Cumulative Review 879

Chapter Projects 880

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 16 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 CONTENTS xvii

12 Counting and Probability 881

12.1 Counting 882
Find All the Subsets of a Set • Count the Number of Elements in a Set
• Solve Counting Problems Using the Multiplication Principle

12.2 Permutations and Combinations 887

Solve Counting Problems Using Permutations Involving n Distinct Objects
• Solve Counting Problems Using Combinations • Solve Counting Problems
Using Permutations Involving n Nondistinct Objects

12.3 Probability 896

Construct Probability Models • Compute Probabilities of Equally Likely
Outcomes • Find Probabilities of the Union of Two Events • Use the
Complement Rule to Find Probabilities

Chapter Review 906

Chapter Test 908

Cumulative Review 908

Chapter Projects 909

13 A Preview of Calculus: The Limit, Derivative,

and Integral of a Function 910
13.1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs 911
Find a Limit Using a Table • Find a Limit Using a Graph

13.2 Algebra Techniques for Finding Limits 916

Find the Limit of a Sum, a Difference, and a Product • Find the Limit of
a Polynomial • Find the Limit of a Power or a Root • Find the Limit of a
Quotient • Find the Limit of an Average Rate of Change

13.3 One-sided Limits; Continuous Functions 923

Find the One-sided Limits of a Function • Determine Whether
a Function Is Continuous

13.4 The Tangent Problem; The Derivative 930

Find an Equation of the Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function • Find the
Derivative of a Function • Find Instantaneous Rates of Change • Find the
Instantaneous Velocity of a Particle

13.5 The Area Problem; The Integral 938

Approximate the Area Under the Graph of a Function • Approximate
Integrals Using a Graphing Utility

Chapter Review 945

Chapter Test 947

Chapter Projects 948

A Review A1
A.1 Algebra Essentials A1
Work with Sets • Graph Inequalities • Find Distance on the Real Number
Line • Evaluate Algebraic Expressions • Determine the Domain of a
Variable • Use the Laws of Exponents • Evaluate Square Roots • Use a
Calculator to Evaluate Exponents

A.2 Geometry Essentials A14

Use the Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse • Know Geometry
Formulas • Understand Congruent Triangles and Similar Triangles

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 17 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 xviii CONTENTS

A.3 Polynomials A23

Recognize Monomials • Recognize Polynomials • Add and Subtract
Polynomials • Multiply Polynomials • Know Formulas for Special
Products • Divide Polynomials Using Long Division • Work with
Polynomials in Two Variables

A.4 Factoring Polynomials A33

Factor the Difference of Two Squares and the Sum and Difference of Two
Cubes • Factor Perfect Squares • Factor a Second-Degree Polynomial:
x2 + Bx + C • Factor by Grouping • Factor a Second-Degree Polynomial:
Ax2 + Bx + C, A ≠ 1 • Complete the Square

A.5 Synthetic Division A43

Divide Polynomials Using Synthetic Division

A.6 Rational Expressions A47

Reduce a Rational Expression to Lowest Terms • Multiply and Divide
Rational Expressions • Add and Subtract Rational Expressions • Use the
Least Common Multiple Method • Simplify Complex Rational Expressions

A.7 nth Roots; Rational Exponents A57

Work with nth Roots • Simplify Radicals • Rationalize Denominators
• Simplify Expressions with Rational Exponents

A.8 Solving Equations A66

Solve Linear Equations • Solve Rational Equations • Solve Equations by
Factoring • Solve Radical Equations

A.9 Problem Solving: Interest, Mixture, Uniform Motion,

Constant Rate Job Applications A75
Translate Verbal Descriptions into Mathematical Expressions • Solve
Interest Problems • Solve Mixture Problems • Solve Uniform Motion
Problems • Solve Constant Rate Job Problems

A.10 Interval Notation; Solving Inequalities A84

Use Interval Notation • Use Properties of Inequalities • Solve Inequalities
• Solve Combined Inequalities

A.11 Complex Numbers A92

Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Complex Numbers

B Graphing Utilities B1
B.1 The Viewing Rectangle B1

B.2 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Equations B3

B.3 Using a Graphing Utility to Locate Intercepts and Check

for Symmetry B5

B.4 Using a Graphing Utility to Solve Equations B6

B.5 Square Screens B8

B.6 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Inequalities B9

B.7 Using a Graphing Utility to Solve Systems of Linear Equations B9

B.8 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph a Polar Equation B11

B.9 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Parametric Equations B11

Answers AN1

Photo Credits C1

Subject Index I1

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 18 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 To the Student
As you begin, you may feel anxious about the number of theorems, definitions,
procedures, and equations. You may wonder if you can learn it all in time. Don’t worry,
your concerns are normal. This textbook was written with you in mind. If you attend
class, work hard, and read and study this book, you will build the knowledge and skills
you need to be successful. Here’s how you can use the book to your benefit.

Read Carefully
When you get busy, it’s easy to skip reading and go right to the problems. Don’t . . . the
book has a large number of examples and clear explanations to help you break down
the mathematics into easy-to-understand steps. Reading will provide you with a clearer
understanding, beyond simple memorization. Read before class (not after) so you can
ask questions about anything you didn’t understand. You’ll be amazed at how much
more you’ll get out of class if you do this.

Use the Features

We use many different methods in the classroom to communicate. Those methods, when
incorporated into the book, are called “features.” The features serve many purposes,
from providing timely review of material you learned before (just when you need it),
to providing organized review sessions to help you prepare for quizzes and tests. Take
advantage of the features and you will master the material.
To make this easier, we’ve provided a brief guide to getting the most from this
book. Refer to the “Prepare for Class,” “Practice,” and “Review” on pages i–iii.
Spend fifteen minutes reviewing the guide and familiarizing yourself with the
features by flipping to the page numbers provided. Then, as you read, use them. This
is the best way to make the most of your textbook.
Please do not hesitate to contact us, through Pearson Education, with any
questions, suggestions, or comments that would improve this text. We look forward
to hearing from you, and good luck with all of your studies.

Best Wishes!
Michael Sullivan
Michael Sullivan, III

xix

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 19 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 Three Distinct Series
Students have different goals, learning styles, and levels of preparation. Instructors have
different teaching philosophies, styles, and techniques. Rather than write one series to fit
all, the Sullivans have written three distinct series. All share the same goal—to develop a
high level of mathematical understanding and an appreciation for the way mathematics
can describe the world around us. The manner of reaching that goal, however, differs
from series to series.

Concepts through Functions Series, Fourth Edition

This series differs from the others, utilizing a functions approach that serves as the
organizing principle tying concepts together. Functions are introduced early in various
formats. This approach supports the Rule of Four, which states that functions are
represented symbolically, numerically, graphically, and verbally. Each chapter introduces
a new type of function and then develops all concepts pertaining to that particular
function. The solutions of equations and inequalities, instead of being developed as
stand-alone topics, are developed in the context of the underlying functions. Graphing
utility coverage is optional and can be included or excluded at the discretion of the
instructor: College Algebra; Precalculus, with a Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry;
Precalculus, with a Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry.

Contemporary Series, Tenth Edition

The Contemporary Series is the most traditional in approach yet modern in its treatment
of precalculus mathematics. Graphing utility coverage is optional and can be included
or excluded at the discretion of the instructor: College Algebra, Algebra & Trigonometry,
Trigonometry, Precalculus.

Enhanced with Graphing Utilities Series,

Seventh Edition
This series provides a thorough integration of graphing utilities into topics, allowing
students to explore mathematical concepts and foreshadow ideas usually studied in later
courses. Using technology, the approach to solving certain problems differs from the
Concepts or Contemporary Series, while the emphasis on understanding concepts and
building strong skills does not: College Algebra, Algebra & Trigonometry, Precalculus.

xx

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 20 05/10/17 2:38 PM

 The Concepts through Functions
Series
College Algebra
This text provides an approach to college algebra that introduces functions early
(Chapter 1). All material is presented through the eyes of a function. So, rather than
have a chapter dedicated to review, the material is presented from a function point of
view. For example, rather than reviewing the various approaches to solving quadratic
equations, students are asked to find the zeros of a quadratic function or the x-intercepts
of a quadratic function. This allows for review of the concepts, but also requires students
to solve equations in the form f1x2 = 0, which foreshadows solving f ′1x2 = 0 in
calculus. Graphing calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but optional. Examples that
utilize graphing technology are clearly marked with an icon. Exercises that require
graphing technology are indicated with an icon and the problem number is green.
After completing the material in this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
trigonometry, finite mathematics, and business calculus.

Precalculus: A Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry

This text contains all the material in College Algebra, but also develops the trigonometric
functions using a right triangle approach and showing how it relates to the unit circle
approach. Graphing techniques are emphasized, including a thorough discussion of
polar coordinates, parametric equations, and conics using polar coordinates. Graphing
calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but is optional. The final chapter provides an
introduction to calculus, with a discussion of the limit, the derivative, and the integral
of a function. After completing this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
engineering calculus, business calculus, and finite mathematics.

Precalculus: A Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry

This text contains all the material in College Algebra, but also develops the trigonometric
functions using a unit circle approach and showing how it relates to the right triangle
approach. Graphing techniques are emphasized, including a thorough discussion of
polar coordinates, parametric equations, and conics using polar coordinates. Graphing
calculator and Desmos usage is provided, but is optional. The final chapter provides an
introduction to calculus, with a discussion of the limit, the derivative, and the integral
of a function. After completing this text, a student will be adequately prepared for
engineering calculus, business calculus, and finite mathematics.

xxi

A01_SULL9975_04_AIE_FM_ppi-xxix.indd 21 05/10/17 2:38 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
America, Weir Mitchell. The greatest work on hysteria is the treatise
of Briquet.6
6 Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l'Hystérie, par le Dr. P. Briquet, 1859.

Mitchell7 has organized into a scientific system a valuable method of

treating hysteria, and has given to the world a series of studies of
some types of the affection best or only seen in the United States.
7 Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and
Hysteria, and Clinical Lecture on Diseases of the Nervous System, especially in
Women.

Among other American monographs on hysteria and allied subjects

worthy of note are the contributions of Shaffer on The Hysterical
Element in Orthopædic Surgery;8 Seguin's essay on Hysterical
Symptoms in Organic Nervous Affections;9 Beard's volume on
Nervous Exhaustion;10 the chapters on Hysterical Insanity, etc. in
Hammond's text-books;11 and the papers of G. L. Walton12 on
Hystero-epilepsy. Spitzka, Mann, Hughes, and Kiernan have made
important contributions to the psychical aspects of the subject in
various American medical journals.
8 The Hysterical Element in Orthopædic Surgery, by Newlin M. Shaffer, M.D., New
York, 1880.

9 Archives of Neurology and Electrology, for May, 1875, and Opera Minora, p. 180.

10 A Practical Treatise on Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia), by George M. Beard,

A.M., M.D., New York, 1880.

11 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System, and A Treatise on Insanity in its

Medical Relations.

12 Brain, vol. v. p. 458, Jan., 1883; Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. xi. p.
425, July, 1884.
During the last five years I have published a number of articles and
lectures on the subject of hysteria and hystero-epilepsy, some of
which have been freely used in the preparation of this and the
succeeding sections.13 My first paper on hystero-epilepsy, in the
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, was written to strongly
direct the attention of the American profession to the subject as
studied in France. It was in large part a translation from the works of
Charcot, Richer, and Bourneville, with, however, notes of some
observed cases.
13 “Hystero-epilepsy,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1881.

“Epileptoid Varieties of Hystero-epilepsy,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases,

October, 1882.

“Illustrations of Local Hysteria,” Polyclinic, vol. i., Nos. 3 and 4, September 15,
October 15, 1883.

“Clinical Lecture on the Treatment of Hysterical Paralysis by Rest, Massage, and

Electricity,” Med. and Surg. Reporter, vol. 1. p. 168, February 9, 1884.

“Clinical Lecture on the Differential Diagnosis of Organic from Hysterical

Hemianæsthesia, etc.,” ibid. vol. 1. p. 233, 265, February 23, March 1, 1884.

“Clinical Lecture on Spinal Traumatisms and Pseudo-Traumatisms,” Polyclinic, vol. i.

No. 9, March 15, 1884.

“A Case of Nymphomania, with Hystero-epilepsy, etc.,” Medical Times, vol. xv. p. 534,
April 18, 1885.

“Hystero-epilepsy in the Male, etc.,” Medical Times, vol. xv. p. 648, May 30, 1885.

“Some Forms of Myelitis, their Diagnosis from each Other and from Hysterical
Paraplegia,” Medical News, vol. xlvii., Nos. 7 and 8, August 15 and 22, 1885.

“Clinical Lecture on Acute Mania and Hysterical Mania,” Medical Times, vol. xvi. p.
153, November 28, 1885.
PATHOLOGY.—Strictly speaking, hysteria cannot be regarded as
having a morbid anatomy. In an often-quoted case of Charcot's,14 an
old hystero-epileptic woman, affected for ten years with hysterical
contracture of all the limbs, sclerosis of the lateral columns was
found after death. On several occasions this woman experienced
temporary remissions of the contracture, but after a last seizure it
became permanent. This is one of the few reported cases showing
organic lesion; and this was doubtless secondary or a complication.
In a typical case of hystero-epilepsy at the Philadelphia Hospital, a
report of which was made by Dr. J. Guiteras,15 the patient, a young
woman, died subsequently while in my wards. Autopsy and
microscopical examination revealed an irregularly diffused sclerosis,
chiefly occupying the parieto-occipital region of both cerebral
hemispheres. Undoubtedly, as suggested by Charcot, in some of the
grave forms of hysteria either the brain or spinal cord is the seat of
temporary modification, which in time may give place to permanent
material changes. Old cases of chronic hysteria in all probability may
develop a secondary degeneration of the cerebro-spinal nerve-
tracts, or even degeneration of the nerve-centres themselves may
possibly sometimes occur. Two cases now and for a long time under
observation further indicate the truth of this position. One, which has
been reported both by H. C. Wood16 and myself,17 is a case of
hysterical rhythmical chorea in a young woman. Although the
hysterical nature of her original trouble cannot be doubted, she now
has contractures of all the extremities, which seem to have an
organic basis. The other patient is a woman who has reached middle
life; she has several times temporarily recovered from what was
diagnosticated as hysterical paraplegia, in one instance the recovery
lasting for months. Now, after more than four years, she has not
recovered from her last relapse. Contractures, chiefly in the form of
flexure, have developed, and she has every appearance of organic
trouble, probably sclerosis or secondary degeneration of the lateral
columns.
14 Leçons sur les Maladies du Système nerveux.

15 Philadelphia Medical Times, 1878-79, ix. 224-227.

 16 Ibid., vol. xi. p. 321, Feb. 26, 1881.

17 Ibid., vol. xii. p. 97, Nov. 19, 1881.

Briquet18 reviews the various hypotheses which have been held as to

the pathological anatomy of hysteria, giving a valuable summary of
the autopsies upon supposed hysterical cases up to the time of the
publication of his treatise in 1859. About the sixteenth century,
Rislau, Diemerbroeck, and Th. Bonet sought to establish a relation
between lesions of the genital organs met with in the bodies of
hysterical women and the affection from which they suffered. About
1620, Ch. Lepois believed that he had established the existence of
certain alterations of the brain in cases of hysteria. Hochstetter and
Willis toward the beginning of the present century arrived at similar
conclusions. That researches into the state of the genital organs
have chiefly occupied those investigating hysteria is shown by the
writings of Pujol, Broussais, Lovyer-Villermay, and, above all, by
those of Piorry, Landouzy, Schutzenberger, and Duchesne-Duparc.
Georget, Brachet, Girard, Gendrin, Bouillaud, Forget, and Lelut,
about the fourth or fifth decades of the present century, made
numerous autopsies on those dying when hysterical phenomena
were in full activity, and concluded that the genital organs of these
individuals revealed nothing in particular. This, in brief, is also the
conclusion of Briquet. Jeanne d'Albret, the mother of Henry IV., who
was all her life subject to hysterical headache, had her brain
examined after death, but absolutely nothing was found. Vesalius
made an autopsy with equally negative results on a woman who died
from strangulation in an hysterical attack. Royer-Collard also found
nothing in an old hysteric. Briquet believed—and I fully accord with
this view—that in some of the cases of Ch. Lepois, Hochstetter, and
Willis diseases such as chronic meningitis were present with the
hysteria. He concludes that anatomy does not show anything
positive as to the seat or nature of hysteria, except the suspicion of a
certain degree of congestion in various parts of the brain.
18 Op. cit.
While, however, hysteria may not have a morbid anatomy, it, like
every other disease, has, in a correct sense, a pathology.

The ancients saw only the uterus when regarding hysteria.

Hippocrates described the hysterical paroxysm and its
accompanying disorders under the name of strangulation of the
uterus. The ancients generally supposed that the disease originated
in the ascent of the uterus to the diaphragm and throat. They
believed that this accommodating organ could wander at will
throughout the body, doing all manner of mischief. Hippocrates
asserted that it was the origin of six hundred evils and innumerable
calamities.

According to Sydenham,19 the disorders which are termed “hysterical

in women and hypochondriac in men arise from irregular motions of
the animal spirits, whence they are hurried with violence and too
copiously to a particular part, occasioning convulsions and pain
when they exert their force upon parts of delicate sensation, and
destroying the functions of the respective organs which they enter
into, and of those also whence they came; both being highly injured
by this unequal distribution, which quite perverts the economy of
nature.” Speaking of the strangulation of the womb, or fits of the
mother, he says: “In this case the spirits, being copiously collected in
the lower belly and rushing with violence to the fauces, occasion
convulsions in all the parts through which they pass, puffing up the
belly like a ball.”
19 The Entire Works of Dr. Thomas Sydenham, newly made English from the
Originals, etc., by John Swan, M.D., London, 1763, pp. 416, 417.

After a time, the idea that the uterus was the exclusive seat of
hysteria was in large measure supplanted by the view that the sexual
organs in general were concerned in the production of hysterical
phenomena. Romberg defined hysteria as a “reflex neurosis caused
by genital irritation.” Woodbury20 concludes as late as 1876 that only
where the pathological source of hysterical symptoms resides in the
uterus or ovaries, cases may, with some show of propriety, be
termed hysterical; and where the uterus and organs associated with
it in function are not in a morbid condition no symptoms can be
correctly called hysterical.
20 Medical and Surgical Reporter, December 2, 1876.

Bridges,21 another American writer, in a paper on the pathology of

hysteria, says that hysteria does not occur most frequently in women
with diseased wombs, but in those whose sexual systems, by
pampering and other processes, are abnormally developed and
sensitive. He makes the same point with reference to the male sex.
Sometimes, however, besides the emotional state in the male, there
is actual disease of the sexual organs, caused by abuse or over-
indulgence. Uterine disease and hysteria are sometimes like results
of one cause, and not respectively cause and effect: women are
hysterical oftener than men because the uterine function in woman's
physiology plays a more important part in the production of
emotional diseases than any organ of the male sex.
21 Chicago Medical Examiner, 1872, xiii. 193-199.

The truth would seem simply to be, that, as the uterus and ovaries
are the most important female organs, they are therefore a frequent
source of reflex irritation in hysterical patients.

Seguin22 adopts with some reservation Brown-Séquard's hypothesis

that cerebral lesions produce the symptoms which point out their
existence, not by destroying organs of the brain, but by setting up
irritations which arrest (inhibit) the functions of other parts of the
encephalon. He says that he finds no difficulty in believing that the
same symptom may exist as well without as with a brain lesion. “In
typical hysteria the functions of parts of the encephalon included in
the right hemisphere, or in physiological relation with it, are inhibited
by a peripheral irritation starting from a diseased or disordered
sexual apparatus or other part; and in case of organic cerebral
disease the same inhibitory action is produced. In both kinds of
cases we may have loss of rational control over the emotions, loss of
voluntary power over one-half of the body, and loss of sensibility in
the same part.”
 22 “On Hysterical Symptoms in Organic Nervous Affections,” Archives of Electrology
and Neurology, for May, 1875.

Simply as a matter of passing interest, the attempt of Dupuy23 to

frame a pathology of hysteria is worthy of attention. According to
him, every local hysterical phenomenon is dependent upon an
abnormal state of either lateral half of the upper part of the pons
varolii. The centres of the pons, he holds, are perhaps merely
passive in the process, only becoming organically implicated when
various forms of permanent contractures and paralyses ensue.
23 Medical Record, New York, 1876, ii. 251.

The pathology of hysteria must be considered with reference to the

explanation of the exact condition of the cerebro-spinal axis during
the existence of certain special grave phenomena of hysteria, such
as hemianæsthesia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, and contractures.

What is the probable state of the nerve-centres and tracts during

these hysterical manifestations? If, for example, in a case of
hysterical hemianæsthesia it is admitted that the brain of the other
side of the body is somehow implicated, although temporarily, what
is the probable condition of this half of the brain? Is the cerebral
change vascular or is it dynamic? If vascular, is the state one of
vaso-motor spasm or one of paresis, or are there alternating
conditions of spasm and paresis? Are true congestions or anaæmias
present? If the condition is dynamic, what is its nature? Is it
molecular? and if molecular in what does it consist? Is it possible to
say absolutely what the pathological condition is in a disorder in
which autopsies are obtained only by accident, and even when
obtained the probabilities are that with fleeting life depart the
changes that are sought to be determined?

Two hypotheses, the vaso-motor and the dynamic, chiefly hold sway.
The vaso-motor, attractive because of its apparent simplicity, has
been well set forth by Walton,24 who contends that while it may not
be competent to easily explain all hysterical symptoms, it will best
explain some of the major manifestations of hysteria—for example,
hemianæsthesia. Hemianæsthesia, he argues, may appear and
disappear suddenly; it may be transferred from one side of the body
to another in a few seconds; so blood-vessels can dilate as in a
blush, or contract as in the pallor of fear, in an instant. In fainting the
higher cerebral functions are suspended, presumably because of
vaso-motor changes; therefore the sudden loss of function of one-
half of the brain-centres, seen sometimes in hysterical hemiplegia
and hemianæsthesia, may easily be imagined to be the result of an
instantaneous and more or less complete contraction of cortical
blood-vessels on that side. Neurotic patients have a peculiarly
irritable vaso-motor nervous system. He records a case seen in
consultation with H. W. Bradford. The patient had a right-sided
hemianæsthesia, including the special senses, the sight in the left
eye being almost wanting. The fundus of the right eye was normal;
the left showed an extreme contractility of the retinal blood-vessels
under ophthalmoscopic examination; these contracted to one-third
their calibre, and the patient was unable to have the examination
continued. The explanation offered is, that spasm of the blood-
vessels on the surface of the left cerebral hemisphere had caused,
by modification of the cortical cells, a right-sided hemianæsthesia,
including the sight, and by reaching the meninges a left-sided spastic
migraine, and by extending to the fundus of the left eye an
intermittent retinal ischæmia.
24 Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. xi., July, 1884, p. 424 et seq.

The vaso-motor hypothesis is held by Rosenthal,25 who, however,

wrongly gives the spinal cord the preponderating part in the
production of the symptoms. According to this author, the
anæsthesia and analgesia present in hysteria conform to the law as
established by Voigt with regard to the distribution of the cutaneous
nerves. The sensory nerves form at the periphery a sort of mosaic
corresponding to an analogous arrangement in the spinal cord. “It is
evident,” he says, “that the peripheral disorders in hysteria merely
represent an exact reproduction of the central changes, and that the
latter are situated, in great part, in the spinal cord.” He attributes a
large part of the symptoms of hysteria to a congenital or acquired
want of resistance of the vaso-motor nervous system. “Motor
hysterical disorders are also due in the beginning to a simple
functional hyperæmia, but in certain forms the chronic hyperæmia
may lead to an inflammatory process which may terminate (as in
Charcot's case) in secondary changes in the columns of the cord
and nerve-roots.” When the brain is involved in hysteria, he holds
that the most serious symptoms must be attributed to reflex spasms
of the cerebral arteries and to the consequent cerebral anæmia.
25 “A Clinical Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System,” by M. Rosenthal, Vienna,
translated by L. Putzel, M.D., vol. ii. Wood's Library, New York, 1879.

The dynamic pathology of hysteria is probably believed in by most

physicians, and yet it is difficult to explain. Thus, Briquet26 says that
hysteria manifests itself by derangement of the nervous action, and
what is called nervous influence is something like electricity. It is
simply the result of undulations analogous to those which produce
heat and light; in other words, it is a mode of movement. Wilks27
compares some of the conditions found in hysteria to a watch not
going; it may be thought to be seriously damaged in its internal
machinery, yet on looking into it there is found a perfect instrument
that only needs winding up. As regards the brain being for a time
functionless, the possibility of this is admitted by all, as in sleep or
after concussion. He mentions the case of a young girl who had
been assaulted, and had complete paralysis of motion and
sensation. The shock had suspended for a time the operations of her
brain, and organic life only remained. We have only to suppose that
half of the brain is in this way affected to account for all the
phenomena of hemianæsthesia.
26 Op. cit.

27 Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, delivered at Guy's Hospital, by

Samuel Wilks, M.D., F. R. S., Philada., 1883.

According to the dynamic view, the central nervous system is at fault

in some way which cannot be demonstrated to the eye or by any of
our present instruments of research. The changes are supposed to
be molecular or protoplasmic, rather than vaso-motor or vascular.

As innervation and circulation go hand in hand or closely follow each

other, my own view is that both vaso-motor and molecular changes,
temporary in character, probably occur in the central nervous system
in grave hysterical cases.

Whatever the temporary conditions are, it is evident, on the one

hand, that they are not states of simple anæmia or congestion, and,
on the other hand, that they are not inflammations or atrophies.
Patients with hysterical manifestations of the gravest kind as a rule
are free for a time from their harassing and distressing symptoms.
This could not be if these symptoms were due to lesions of an
organic nature. Sudden recoveries also could not be accounted for if
the changes were organic.

Lloyd28 contends that most hysterical symptoms, if not all, are due to
abnormal states of consciousness. The development of this idea
constitutes his argument for the recognition of the disease as a true
psychosis. In the reflex action, not only of the lower spinal cord and
ganglia of special sensation, but of the highest centres of the brain,
he sees the explanation of many of the characteristics of hysteria. In
other words, he finds that the sphere of the disease is more
especially in the automatic action of the brain and cord.
28 Op. cit.

Dercum and Parker29 have published the results of a series of

experiments on the artificial induction of convulsive seizures which
bear upon this discussion of the pathology of hysteria. The
experiments were performed by subjecting one or a group of
muscles to a constant and precise effort, the attention being at the
same time concentrated on some train of thought. The position most
frequently adopted was the following: The subject being seated, the
tips of the fingers of one or both hands were placed upon the surface
of the table, so as to give merely a faint sense of contact—i.e. the
fingers were not allowed to rest upon the table, but were held by a
constant muscular effort barely in contact with it.
29 Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. xi., October, 1884, pp. 579-588.

Tremors commenced in the hands; these became magnified into

rapid, irregular movements which passed from one limb or part to
another until the subject was thrown into strong general convulsions.
Opisthotonos, emprosthotonos, and the most bizarre contortions
were produced in various degrees. No disturbances of sensation
were at any time present. Disturbances of respiration and phonation
were often present in a severe seizure, and the circulatory apparatus
was profoundly affected. A flow of tears, and occasionally profuse
perspiration, were sometimes induced. After severe seizures large
quantities of pale urine were passed. The reflexes were distinctly
exaggerated. No unconsciousness was ever observed, but a
progressive abeyance or paresis of the will. Nitrite of amyl seemed to
arrest the convulsive seizures at once.

In attempting to explain these phenomena Dercum and Parker refer

to the induction of Spencer as to the universality of the rhythm of
motion. Through the whole nervous system of every healthy animal a
constant rhythmical interchange of motion takes place. What might
be called nervous equilibration results. In man the will modifies and
controls the action of the nervous system; it assists in maintaining
nervous equilibrium when it is threatened. The will being withdrawn
from the nervo-muscular apparatus, and this being subjected to
strain, a disturbance takes place. This same explanation may be
applied to some of the convulsive and other phenomena of hysteria.

Comparing and analyzing the various views, it may be concluded

with reference to the pathology of hysteria as follows:

(1) The anatomical changes in hysteria are temporary.

(2) These changes may be at any level of the cerebro-spinal axis,

but most commonly and most extensively cerebral.
(3) They are both dynamic and vascular: the dynamic are of some
undemonstrable molecular character; the vascular are either spastic
or paretic, most frequently the former.

(4) The psychical element enters in that, either, on the one hand,
violent mental stimuli which originate in the cerebral hemispheres
are transmitted to vaso-motor conductors,30 or, on the other hand,
psychical passivity or torpor permits the undue activity of the lower
nervous levels.
30 Rosenthal.

ETIOLOGY.—Heredity has much to do with the development of

hysteria. It is not that it is so frequently transmitted directly after its
own kind, but this disorder in one generation generally indicates the
existence of some ancestral nervous, mental, or diathetic affection.

Briquet31 has shown that of hysterical women who have daughters,

more than half transmit the disease to one or several of these, and,
again, that rather more than half of the daughters of the latter also
become hysterical. Amann, according to Jolly,32 has stated that in
208 cases of hysteria he proved with certainty an hereditary
tendency 165 times—that is, in 76 per cent. This is too big to be true.
31 Op. cit.

32 Ziemssen's Cyclopædia of the Practice of Medicine, vol. xiv., American translation.

Briquet has also made some careful investigations into the subject of
the health of infants born of hysterical mothers. The investigations
were based upon a study of 240 hysterical women, with whom he
compared 240 other patients affected with such diseases as fever,
phthisis, cancer, diseases of the heart, liver, and kidneys, but without
any hysterical symptoms. In brief, the result of his investigations was
that children born of hysterical mothers die more frequently and at a
younger age than those who are born of mothers not hysterical.
The relation of hysteria to certain morbid constitutional states has
long been recognized, particularly its connection with the tubercular
diathesis. This has been shown by numerous observers, especially
among the French. The most valuable recent contribution is that of
Grasset,33 who believes that a direct connection can be traced
between the tubercular diathesis and hysteria. When the relations of
hysteria to the scrofulous and tubercular diathesis are spoken of by
him, it is not meant that hysterical subjects have tubercles in the
lungs, but that these diatheses are found in various generations, and
that among some subjects of the hereditary series the constitutional
states manifest themselves as hysteria. It is not the evidences of
hysteria with pulmonary and other tuberculous conditions that he is
considering, but that hysteria may be, and often is, a manifestation of
the tubercular diathesis. Two cases may present themselves: in one
the neurosis is the only manifestation of the diathesis; in the other, it
is continued in the same subject along with the other diathetic
manifestations. In demonstration of his thesis he concludes with a
series of most interesting cases, which he arranges into two groups.
In the first, hysteria is the only manifestation of the tubercular
diathesis; in the second, are simultaneous pulmonary and hysterical
manifestations. In the first group he has arrayed eight personal
observations and seventeen derived from various authors; in the
second he has two personal and seventeen compiled observations.
33 “The Relation of Hysteria with the Scrofulous and the Tubercular Diathesis,” by J.
Grasset, Brain, Jan., April, and July, 1884.

Personal experience and observation go far to confirm the views of

Grasset, although I recognize fully the strength of the objection of
Brachat and Dubois and others that, phthisis being such a common
complaint, it might be demonstrated by statistics that it was related to
almost any disease. Not only hysteria, but other neuroses or
psychoses, have a close connection with the tubercular diathesis.

Among the insane and idiotic and among epileptics phthisis is of

frequent occurrence. At the Pennsylvania Training School for
Feeble-minded Children the frequency of phthisis among the
inmates of the institution is one of the most striking clinical facts. The
insane of our asylums die of pulmonary troubles oftener almost than
of any other disease. The fact that hysteria is met with in the robust
and vigorous does not invalidate the position taken, for the robust
and vigorous who are not hysterical are not infrequently found in the
descendants of the tuberculous.

Laycock34 believed that the gouty diathesis was particularly liable to

give rise to the hysterical paroxysm or to irregular forms of hysteria.
Gairdner, quoted by Handfield Jones,35 supports this view.
34 A Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women, by Thomas Laycock, M.D.,
London, 1840.

35 Studies on Functional Nervous Disorders.

Gout in England plays a greater part in the production of nervous

and other disorders than in this country, but even here its
instrumentality is too often overlooked. In Philadelphia are many
families, some of them of English origin, in which gout has occurred,
sometimes of the regular type, but oftener of anomalous forms.
Among the most striking examples of hysteria that have fallen under
my observation, some have been in these families. In a few of them
remedies directed to the lithæmic or gouty conditions in connection
with other measures have been efficient. More frequently they have
failed, for while a relation may exist between the neurotic disorder
and the diathesis, it is not the diathesis, but the neurotic disorder,
which we are called upon to treat.

That a certain mental constitution predisposes to hysteria cannot be

doubted. Ribot36 describes, chiefly from Huchard,37 the hysterical
constitution. It is a state in which volition is nearly always lacking.
The prominent trait is mobility. The hysterical pass with increditable
rapidity from joy to sadness, from laughter to tears; they are
changeable, freakish, or capricious; they have fits of sobbing or
outbursts of laughter. Ch. Richét compares them to children, who
oftentimes can be made to laugh heartily while their cheeks are still
wet with tears. Sydenham says of them that inconstancy is their
most common trait: their sensibilities are aroused by the most trivial
cause, while profounder emotions scarcely touch them. They are in a
condition of moral ataxy, lacking equilibrium between the higher and
lower faculties.
36 Diseases of the Will.

37 Axenfeld et Huchard, Traité des Neuroses, 2d ed., 1883, pp. 958-971.

As to sex, it is almost unnecessary to say that hysteria occurs with

greater frequency among females than males; and yet it is all
important to emphasize the fact that it is not exclusively a disease of
the former sex. Some statistics on this subject have been collected.
In Briquet's often-quoted 1000 cases of hysteria, 50 only occurred in
men. I believe, however, that the proportion of hysterical men to
hysterical women is greater than this. Instead of a ratio of 1 to 20, as
these statistics would indicate, 1 to 15 would probably be nearer the
truth. Statistics upon this subject are deceptive.

The occurrence of hysteria in the male was little discussed before

the publication of Briquet's great work, but since that time it has
received great attention from the medical profession. Charcot38 in
some recent lectures at Salpêtrière has called attention to this
subject. From 1875 to 1885 he says that five doctoral theses have
been written on hysteria in men. Batault has collected 218 and Klein
80 cases. The Index Catalogue contains 102 references to hysteria
in the male.
38 Le Progrès médical, 1885.

Hysteria in men may take on almost any form that it shows in

women. It may occur in the strong, although more likely to be seen
among the weak and effeminate. Even strong, vigorous workmen are
susceptible, at times, to hysteria. According to Charcot, the duration
of the affection differs somewhat in the two sexes. In male patients it
lasts a long time and the symptoms are troublesome; in females the
contrary is usually although not always the case. The occurrence of
hysteria in the male sex has probably been overlooked through the
tendency to class symptoms which would be regarded as hysterical
in women as hypochondriacal in men.

One of the most typical half-purposive hysterical attacks that has

ever come under my observation was in a literary man of some
prominence. Hysterical syncope, contracture, hysterical breathing,
hysterical hydrophobia, coccygodynia, hemiparesis,
hemianæsthesia, and blindness are some other forms of hysteria in
the male of which there are clinical records the result of personal
observation. A remarkable case of hysterical motor ataxy was seen
in a boy who was for some time a patient at the Philadelphia
Polyclinic. Wilks39 records several interesting cases of hysteria in
boys. One simulated laryngismus stridulus, with paroxysmal
suffocative attacks and barking. Another was a case of hysterical
maniacal excitement; another was an example of malleation, or
constant movement as in hammering; still others were instances of
extreme hyperæsthesia, of anorexia, and of nervous dyspnœa. The
same author also dwells on the hysterical perversion of the moral
sense found in boys as in girls. He gives some instances clipped
from English newspapers—attempts to poison, murder or attempts to
murder, confessions false and true. Many instances could be added
from our own sensational American sheets.
39 Op. cit.

No age is free from a liability to hysteria. Its occurrence, however, at

certain periods of life with great frequency is well known. The
following table has been arranged from tables given by Briquet and
Jolly, and shows that it is of most frequent occurrence between the
ages of fifteen and thirty:

Age. Landouzy. Georget. Beau. Briquet. Scanzoni. Total.

0-10 4 1 — 66 — 71
10-15 48 5 6 98 4 161
15-20 105 7 7 140 13 272
20-25 80 4 3 71
64 289
25-30 40 3 — 24
 30-35 38 — — 9 78 149
35-40 15 — — 9
40-45 7 1 — 1
44 65
45-50 8 — 1 3
50-55 4 — — 3
11 25
55-60 4 — 1 2
60-80 2 — — — 3 5
355 21 18 426 217 1037

Hysteria in the United States assumes almost every form, probably

because we have here represented almost every race and
nationality, either pure or mixed. While it cannot be clearly shown
that certain races are much more prone to hysteria than others, the
type of this disease is doubtless much influenced by racial and
climatic conditions. Certain phases of the disease prevail in certain
sections more than in others. Mitchell's40 experience is that the
persistent hystero-epilepsies, and the multiple and severe
contractures which Charcot and others describe, are rare in this
country among all classes, and especially uncommon in the lowest
classes, among which Charcot seems to have found his worst and
most interesting cases. He says that while his own clinic furnishes
numerous cases of neural maladies, and while he has examples of
every type of the milder form of hysteria, it is extremely uncommon
to encounter the more severe and lasting forms of this disease.
When Mitchell's Lectures were first published I was inclined to
regard hystero-epilepsy of the grave type as of rare occurrence, and
so stated in answer to a communication from him. Recently, as the
result of a longer experience, I have become persuaded that some
irregular forms are met with somewhat frequently in various sections
of our country. It remains true, however, that in the Middle and
Northern sections of the United States the graver hysterias of the
convulsive type are not nearly as frequently observed as in the
southern countries of Europe.
40 Op. cit.
Dr. Guiteras, formerly physician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and
Lecturer on Physical Diagnosis in the University of Pennsylvania,
now in the United States marine hospital service, has for several
years been on duty, most of the time, in Florida, the West Indies, and
the Gulf of Mexico. In answer to an inquiry made by me, he writes:
“Hysteria prevails with extraordinary frequency amongst the Cubans.
It presents itself in the shape of excito-motory and mental
phenomena, almost to the exclusion of all other manifestations. The
motory anomalies comprise the whole range from mild hysterics to
the gravest hystero-epilepsy. The latter is incomparably more
frequent in Key West than in Philadelphia. The confirmed hystero-
epileptics are few, but it is the rule for well-marked cases of hysteria
to present occasionally, often only once in the course of the disease,
hystero-epileptic seizures which may be of frightful intensity. By
mental disorders I do not mean only the acute attacks of excitement
and delirium which attend upon or take the place of convulsive
attacks, but I mean also to include the chronic form of hysterical
insanity, which is generally some variety of melancholia. These are
the peculiarities of hysteria as seen by myself in the Latin race in the
tropics. My experience teaches me that the Saxon race in the tropics
shows the same peculiarities to a less extent.”

In the region referred to by Guiteras it will be remembered there is a

mixed population composed largely of Spanish, French, and
Portuguese. Climatic and other local influences may have something
to do with the particular form which this disorder assumes in these
tropical or semitropical districts, but race would seem to be the most
important factor. In the section on Hystero-epilepsy I will speak of the
irregular type of this disorder, which has fallen most frequently under
my own observation.

Hysteria in the negro is of somewhat frequent occurrence, and is

more likely to be of the demonstrative or convulsive than of a
paralytic or negative form. Hysterical convulsions, particularly of the
purposive kind, and hysterical mania, are often met with in the
colored population of our large city hospitals and asylums.
The influence which climate exerts, like that of race, is rather on the
type of hysteria than upon the disease itself. Hysteria is found in
every climate, but in warm countries the disorder seems more likely
to be mobile and dramatic than when found in the more temperate or
colder zones.

Season and meteorological conditions have some influence on the

production of hysterical attacks. It is well known that hysteria,
chorea, and other allied nervous disorders are more likely to appear
in the spring than at other seasons. This fact has been shown by
various observers.

Hysteria may occur in any rank of life. It is not, as has been held by
some, a disease of the luxurious classes. The American physician
who has seen much of this disorder—and that means every
physician of large practice—has met with hysterical cases in every
walk of life. While this is true, however, hysteria of certain types is
met with more frequently in certain social positions. Some of the
remarks about race and climate apply also here. It is the type of the
disorder, and its relative frequency among various classes, which are
affected by social position. Young women of the richer classes, who
have been coddled and pampered, whose wants and whose whims
have been served without stint or opposition, often pass into
hysterical conditions which do not have any special determining
causative factor, or at least only such as are comparatively trivial.
Occasionally, in them hystero-epilepsy, catalepsy, and the train of
grave hysterical phenomena are observed. We are more likely,
however, to have the minor and indefinite hysterical symptoms; or, if
grave manifestations be present, they are most usually ataxia,
paralysis, contractures, or aphonia, and not convulsive phenomena.
Hysteria in our American cities is especially prevalent among certain
classes of working-people, as among the operatives in
manufacturing establishments. Dividing American society into the
three classes of rich, middle, and poor, hysteria is most prevalent in
the first and the last. It is, however, by no means absent in the
middle class.
The absence of occupation on the one hand, and, on the other, the
necessity of following work for which the individual is unfitted,
particularly irritating lines of work, predispose to the occurrence of
hysteria. It may be caused, therefore, either by no work, overwork, or
irritating work. As to the special occupations, hysteria would seem to
result most commonly in those positions where physical fatigue
combines with undue mental irritation to harass and reduce the
nervous system. In men it occurs often as the result of overwork
conjoined with financial embarrassment. It is met with not
infrequently among teachers, particularly those who are engaged in
the straining and overstraining labor of preparing children for
examinations. A good method of education is the best preventive; a
bad method is one of the most fruitful causes of the affection. The
injurious effect of American school or college life in the production of
hysteria is undoubted, and should be thoroughly appreciated. Our
educational processes act both as predisposing and exciting causes
of this disorder. Both in our private and public educational institutions
the conditions are frequently such as to lead to the production of
hysteria or to confirm and intensify the hysterical temperament. In
our large cities all physicians in considerable practice are called
upon to treat hysterical girls and boys, the former more frequently,
but the latter oftener than is commonly supposed. Hysteria in boys,
indeed, does not always meet with recognition, from the fact that it is
in boys. Cases of hysteria in girls under twelve years of age have
come under my observation somewhat frequently. About or just
succeeding examination-time these cases are largely multiplied. The
hysteria under such circumstances may assume almost any phase;
usually, however, we have not to deal in such patients with
convulsive types of the disease.

Clarke41 has considered some of these questions in connection

particularly with the physiological processes of menstruation, and its
bearing upon the inability of girls to maintain equally with boys the
stress of such competition.
41 Sex in Education, etc., by Edward H. Clarke, M.D., Boston, 1873.