Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following theories takes into account multiple determinants of behavior that
predict an individual’s intention to behave a certain way?
a. theory of planned behavior
b. cognitive dissonance theory
c. attribution theory
d. self-perception theory
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following theories recognizes that behavioral intentions and behaviors are
affected by the extent that an individual believes he or she has control over a situation?
a. social cognitive theory
b. self-perception theory
c. theory of planned behavior
d. cognitive dissonance theory
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Imagine you are a teacher who wants to increase the math grades of your students by
following the theory of planned behavior. What would you do to achieve this?
a. increase the amount of time spent with students one on one
b. increase students’ beliefs about their English abilities
c. increase students’ beliefs about the amount of control they have over obtaining high grades
d. increase the amount of hours spent teaching math and solving math problems
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Susan has a high academic self-concept. What does this suggest about how she will approach
her studies?
a. She will likely study only the night before exams because she is confident she can succeed.
b. She will likely not prepare for her exams.
c. She will likely not use study strategies that integrate the concepts she has learned.
d. She will likely use study strategies that promote in-depth understanding of concepts.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between academic self-
concept and GPA (academic achievement) for the following two groups of students?
a. African American students demonstrate a stronger relationship between these two variables
than European American students because of the former’s academic self-efficacy.
b. African American students demonstrate a weaker relationship between these two variables
than European American students because of the former’s academic disidentification.
c. African American students demonstrate the same relationship between these two variables as
European American students.
d. African American students demonstrate a stronger relationship between these two variables
than European American students because of the former’s academic self-determination.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Culture Capsule
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Self-handicapping refers to
a. feelings of discomfort resulting from the realization that one’s behavior does not match one’s
attitudes
b. the tendency for people to ignore certain information
c. an individual’s belief that good things are more likely to happen to others than to himself or
herself
d. strategies people use to affect their performance on a task so they have an excuse for failure
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. According to Murray and Warden (1992), what long-term negative effect does self-
handicapping have on students?
a. When students fail, they attribute the failure to poor teachers.
b. When students do well, they are unable to relate this to their own ability.
c. When students fail, they attribute the failure to difficult tests.
d. When students do well, they interpret this as meaning they are more intelligent than their
peers.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Research reveals that the tendency for high self-handicappers to find or produce excuses for
poor performance results in
a. increasingly higher performance over time
b. stable performance but increases in self-esteem over time
c. increases in self-esteem and better adjustment to college
d. poorer adjustment to college
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. According to ______ theory, we infer our own attitudes and beliefs based on observing our
own actions.
a. self-perception
b. self-handicapping
c. social comparison
d. social learning
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Which of the following probably will NOT hinder children’s school performance?
a. giving students gold stars for correct answers
b. assigning grades
c. having a competition to see who can read the most books in a month
d. telling a student that she or he did well
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The degree to which a student feels self-determined, the messages that he or she receives
from others about what is important, and how the student ends up defining successful
performance will influence the academic goals that he or she adopts. This is the basis of which
theory?
a. achievement goal theory
b. self-determination theory
c. social comparison theory
d. theory of planned behavior
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. What are the two main types of goals associated with the achievement goal theory?
a. approach and avoidance
b. mastery and performance
c. mastery avoidance and mastery approach
d. performance avoidance and performance approach
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. The theory that concerns the degree to which individuals see themselves as being
autonomous and having choice in actions and behaviors is called ______.
a. self-determination theory
b. self-perception theory
c. self-handicapping theory
d. self-serving strategies theory
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. Which of the following sequences best reflects the various types of motivation, moving from
more “controlled” forms of motivation to more “voluntary” forms?
a. external regulation → intrinsic motivation → integrated regulation → introjected regulation
b. introjected regulation → intrinsic motivation → external regulation → identified regulation
c. external regulation → identified regulation → introjected regulation → intrinsic motivation
d. introjected regulation → identified regulation → integrated regulation → intrinsic motivation
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Joanna thinks to herself, “I’m motivated to do well at this job because I don’t want to
disappoint anybody.” Joanna is demonstrating which form of motivation?
a. external motivation
b. external regulation
c. introjected regulation
d. intrinsic motivation
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Martin thinks to himself, “I want to do well in school because I will be more likely to get the
job I want.” Martin is demonstrating which form of motivation?
a. identified regulation
b. amotivation
c. intrinsic motivation
d. introjected regulation
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following is a recommended tactic for teachers to use if they want to foster
greater intrinsic motivation among their students?
a. Give students more time for independent work.
b. Spend more time giving instructions to students.
c. Avoid feedback that focuses on improving students’ mastery of tasks.
d. Give timely feedback regarding whether students have made their deadlines.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance?
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Research reveals that students will be more intrinsically motivated and be more engaged in
learning when the classroom environment has which of the following characteristics?
a. many external incentives and is not too controlling
b. many external incentives and learning is teacher-directed
c. few external incentives and learning is self-directed
d. few external incentives and learning is teacher-directed
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Sam received a B on an anthropology project. He knows Sandra received an A on the project,
so he sets up a time to meet with Sandra to go over the project. Sam wants to figure out why he
scored lower. This is an example of ______.
a. social comparison
b. self-serving comparison
c. upward social comparison
d. downward social comparison
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Perceived similarity with others and perceived lack of control over one’s performance are
factors that can negatively affect ______.
a. upward social comparisons
b. downward social comparisons
c. all forms of social comparisons
d. downward social mobility
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved?
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) “Pygmalion in the Classroom” study, in which the IQ
scores of “bloomers” increased significantly in comparison with their classroom peers, is an
example of ______.
a. upward social comparisons
b. a self-fulfilling prophecy
c. cognitive dissonance theory
d. self-justification theory
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. Coolihan and colleagues (2000) investigated how peer interactions may be connected to
learning readiness in children who are from poor families. According to their findings, which of
the following types of children are more likely to be inattentive in class and less motivated to
learn?
a. children who engage in disruptive behavior during peer play
b. children who only engage in play activities when parents are present
c. children who engage in positive interactions with peers
d. children who hover around play activities but do not interact with peers
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Which of the following is NOT true regarding students’ abilities to help others?
a. Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their social achievement.
b. Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their academic achievement.
c. Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their interpersonal skills.
d. Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their intrapersonal skills.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. With respect to its effect on word identification and reading comprehension performance
among students with reading disabilities, what effect has peer tutoring demonstrated compared
with traditional remedial reading exercises?
a. Peer tutoring is less effective because it is less structured.
b. Peer tutoring is more effective because it allows for practice and feedback.
c. Peer tutoring is about as effective as the traditional exercises.
d. The research is inconclusive.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. One common and effective peer-assisted learning technique is the ______.
a. interactive small-group achievement method
b. jigsaw classroom learning technique
c. academic social-networking technique
d. teacher–student collaboration method
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. Which of the following learning methods focuses on students tutoring each other?
a. peer-assisted learning
b. jigsaw classroom learning technique
c. academic social-networking technique
d. interactive small-group achievement method
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Vlad’s class is learning about modes of transportation. He is in Group A and is responsible
for learning about trains. Vlad leaves his group and joins students from other groups to learn
about trains. After learning about trains, Vlad goes back to Group A and teaches them what he
learned. This is an example of what cooperative learning method?
a. peer-assisted learning
b. academic social-networking technique
c. jigsaw classroom learning technique
d. interactive small-group achievement method
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Which of the following is NOT a reason why peer-assisted learning works?
a. It develops a sense of belonging in the classroom.
b. It promotes competition among students.
c. Teamwork and encouragement is enhanced.
d. It adds an element of fun.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. According to a review of the literature on school violence, which of the following is NOT
accurate?
a. Males are more likely than females to be involved in school violence.
b. Bullying is most common in elementary school and then decreases in middle school.
c. About one third of students aged 12 to 18 report being bullied at school.
d. Students who bring guns to school tend to identify themselves as gang members.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. ______ are more likely to be perpetrators of school violence, and ______ are more likely to
be victims of school violence.
a. Males; males
b. Females; females
c. Males; females
d. Females; males
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. Which of the following is one of the social psychological explanations for cyberbullying?
a. poor verbal skills
b. the minimization of negative consequences for the bully
c. heightened status from advertising the bullying act on social media
d. cognitive dissonance
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. A number of researchers have identified three normative social processes that may operate
within a social setting. These include
a. descriptive norms, disjunctive norms, and prescriptive norms
b. descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and norm salience
c. prescriptive norms, injunctive norms, and norm salience
d. prescriptive norms, injunctive norms, and social norms
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Research shows that aggressive behavior among children is most influenced by ______.
a. group norms
b. descriptive norms
c. injunctive norms
d. norm salience
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. According to the text, which of the following cooperative learning strategies has been shown
to reduce conflict and other antisocial behaviors among students by promoting greater tolerance
of diversity, empathy and compassion for others, and self-esteem?
a. student teams–achievement divisions
b. norm salience technique
c. jigsaw classroom technique
d. positive role modeling technique
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which of the following intervention programs focuses on teaching children and their parents
prosocial and nonaggressive methods of dealing with negative social situations and feelings?
a. family as a role model
b. student teams–achievement divisions
c. linking the interests of families and teachers
d. jigsaw classroom learning
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Focus on Intervention
Difficulty Level: Medium
True or False
2. As outlined in the text, integrated regulation occurs when individuals integrate both internal
and external information into a coherent set of values, goals, and priorities, and these become a
part of the self.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved: Focus on Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. With Festinger’s social comparison theory, comparisons are often made with people who are
slightly better than we are, called upward social comparisons, and with those who are slightly
worse off than we are, called downward social comparisons.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved: Students Comparing
Themselves to Other Students
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety that students feel when they are faced with expectations
consistent with stereotypes about their group.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Teacher Expectation and Student Achievement
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is a general term that encompasses a broad variety of strategies
where students are acquiring knowledge and skills through interactions with other students but
mostly with tutors or teachers.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students: Peer-Assisted Learning
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. One PAL method, the jigsaw classroom technique, has been applied effectively to address the
problem of aggression in schools.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. The feelings, attitudes, and perceptions that students hold about their academic ability,
especially when compared with those of other students, is called academic self-comparison.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. According to the achievement goal theory, students may pursue two types of goals: approach
goals and avoidance goals.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. According to Festinger’s social comparison theory, in assessing performance and abilities,
people may use two types of standards: objective and social.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved: Students Comparing
Themselves to Other Students
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
2. One current theory that helps to explain the connection between students’ motivation and
academic behavior is the self-determination theory. Describe this theory in detail.
Ans: Self-determination is the degree to which an individual sees him or herself as being
autonomous, being able to make choices and act on those choices, having a feeling of belonging
to others in the social environment, and being able to self-regulate his or her behaviors without
feeling pressured to behave in a particular manner. Intrinsic motivation occupies only one end of
the self-determination continuum. As we move away from pure intrinsic motivation, we
encounter behaviors that are more extrinsically motivated. External regulation, at other end of
the continuum, is normally what we would think of as pure extrinsic motivation. Between
intrinsic motivation and external regulation are three intermediary levels of extrinsic motivation:
integrated regulation, identified regulation, and introjected regulation. Integrated regulation
occurs when individuals integrate both internal and external information into a coherent set of
values, goals, and priorities, and these become a part of the self.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How Can Student Performance Be Improved
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Explain what is meant by peer-assisted learning, and describe two approaches of such
learning.
Ans: Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is a general term that encompasses a broad variety of
strategies where students acquire knowledge and skills through interactions with other students.
These interactions may occur on a one-on-one basis, as in peer tutoring or in a small-group
format, as in cooperative or collaborative learning. Even within these two categories of PAL,
there are various approaches. For example, peer tutoring can be unidirectional, with one student
in the dyad always taking on the role of the teacher, or it can be reciprocal, whereby the two
students teach one another during the tutoring sessions. Peer tutoring can also be organized so
that only some students in the classroom may be engaged in tutoring others or where all class
members are organized into tutor–tutee pairs, called class-wide peer tutoring.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Students Interacting With Other Students: Peer-Assisted Learning
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Distinguish between bullying and cyberbullying, and list three negative effects of bullying.
Ans: Bullying involves a disparity of power between the bully and victim(s). Bullying may occur
repeatedly; can take a direct form, such as hitting, kicking, or name calling; or can be more
indirect, such as spreading rumors about another person or ostracizing someone. Cyberbullying
is one form of indirect bullying carried out in an electronic context through e-mail, text
messaging, or social media. It is distinctive from traditional bullying in that victims can be
subjected to an attack almost anywhere and anytime and without knowing the identity of the
perpetrator, which makes it a particularly insidious type of bullying. Moreover, unlike traditional
bullying, cyberbullies need not be physically stronger or particularly popular themselves to
victimize a peer, thereby changing the power dynamics usually seen in old-fashioned bullying.
Moreover, victims of cyberbullying often have to face traditional bullying as well.
Regardless of its form, bullies can have enormously damaging effects on their targets:
depression, anxiety, poor performance at school, stress, lowered self-esteem, and thoughts of
suicide.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: When Interactions Turn Ugly: Aggression in School
Difficulty Level: Hard
9. List two strategies educators have used to counter self-handicapping in the classroom setting.
Ans: To create a classroom environment that emphasizes individual mastery and effort rather
than ability and performance, teachers have used instructional strategies, such as providing
students with choices among learning tasks, creating multiple ways in which students can
demonstrate their knowledge about a topic, and helping students to set short-term achievable
learning goals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance: Procrastination and Self-
Handicapping in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. What is meant by self-serving strategies? Give an example of a type of self-serving strategy.
Ans: Self-serving strategies refers to a variety of behaviors that protect the self-concept or
enhance the self-image of individuals. The development of negative attitudes toward school and
downplaying the importance of academic success often leads students to engage in self-serving
strategies. Procrastination is a common self-serving strategy that affects several people,
especially students.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: What Factors Affect Student Performance: Procrastination and Self-
Handicapping in School
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Yrjö oikaisihe ikäänkuin olisi ollut heräämäisillään. Laskin käteni
hänen otsallensa ja tunsin, että se oli viileä. Kumarruin hänen
ylitsensä ja katselin kauan hänen rauhoittuneita piirteitänsä ja
kuuntelin hänen tasaista hengitystään.
Hän oli kerran pannut minut arvaamaan, kuka oli hänen kaikkein
paras ystävänsä. Olin maininnut Erikin, Väinön, Etan —?
— Niinkö?
Sentakia jäi kuin jäikin Erik yhä edelleen siksi, joka toverilleen
avasi luonnontieteitten salaisuudet. Ja Yrjö oli hänen kiitollinen
oppilaansa.
— Eihän?!
Hän katsahti minuun epäröiden ja miettiväisenä:
— Niin taitaa —.
— Vai on! — Se tuli niin odottamatta, että minun oli vaikea pysyä
totisena. — Tiedätkö sinä sitten semmoisia?
— Äiti — tuli sieltä taas — aina kun joku saa lapsia, niin hän
laskee ensin mätiä.
— Eikä vain Erik, vaan myös hänen isänsä — ja olen minä senkin
nähnyt, miten mäti kelluu veden pinnalla ja tarttuu pesuvadin
reunoihin. Ja siitä tulee sitten mitä tahansa.
12.
— Otan Ainon.
— Vai Ainon! Mutta ethän sinä voi tietää sitä niin hirveän paljon
aikaisemmin!
— Mutta sinähän vasta olet pieni poika ja Aino pieni tyttö, eikä
rouvaa tarvitse ajatella ennenkuin vasta sitten suurena.
— Ja kun oikein kauan tuumii yhtä asiaa, niin siitä tulee sitten
hyvä.
Poika katsoi isää tutkivin silmin. Hän puhui kuin olisi hän jotakin
tietänyt. Kai tiesikin. Piti siis sellaista odottaa.
— On Väinökin.
— Miksi niin?
— Silloin sinä lakaisisit ja keittäisit — vaikka minä kyllä Liisasta
pidän — mutta me olisimme aina yhdessä.
— Ai, ai, äiti — älä osta vain niin paljon tavaraa, että leipä loppuu!
13.
— En minä tiedä.
Jonkun ajan kuluttua oli Erikin vuoro, ja silloin Yrjö ehdotti, että he
menisivät joukolla katsomaan, mitä Erikin äiti sanoo. Erikillä ei ollut
mitään sitä vastaan, ja koko roikka karkasi sisään lääkärin
ruokahuoneeseen, jossa tohtorinna istui ompelunsa äärellä. Siinä he
sitten äänetönnä seisoa töllistelivät odottaen vihkosen vaikutusta,
Erik ensimmäisenä, tirkistäen syrjästä tovereitaan. Mutta kun Yrjö
palasi kotiin ja kertoi äidilleen retkeilystään, niin hän ei ollut hullua
hurskaampi, sillä Erikin äiti ei ollut sanonut mitään. Eikä hän liioin
ollut miltään näyttänyt.
14.
— En.
— Tule!
— Hanna
— Heidän palvelijansa.
— Sitä en tiedä.
— Niinpä niin — tuo Hanna kai niin ajatteli — mitäpä hän ymmärsi,
hän oli mitä oli. Sanoiko hän ehkä vielä muutakin?
— Hän sanoi vielä, ettei minulla ollut oikeaa isää ja äitiä — että
olin vain kasvatti — ja ettei minulla siksi ollut oikein omaa kotiakaan.
Saisi kosto kohdata sekä häntä että kaikkia hänen laisiansa! Koko
tuota kylmäkiskoista, pahansuopaa, järkeilevää ihmislajia, jolla voi
olla sivistynytkin kuori päällä. Kyllä minä ne tiesin!
En voinut heti vastata. Minun piti ensin rauhoittua. Eikä tässä sitä
paitsi viha auttanut. En saanut itse myrkyttyä enkä millään ehdolla
myrkyttää häntä. Vahinkoa olivat nuo ilkeämieliset sanat saaneet
aivan tarpeeksi jo aikaan. Karistin siis pois kaikki pahat päältäni ja
jatkoin:
— Mistä niin?
Poika hymyili.