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Multiple Choice
4. The regression method where the sum of the squared differences in Y and Y’ is minimized is called:
a. ordinary least squares.
b. maximum likelihood estimation.
c. weighted least squares.
d. general linear model.
Ans: a
8. Which of the following is a major difference between bivariate correlation and bivariate regression:
a. in regression, X and Y are not symmetrical whereas with Pearson’s r they are symmetrical.
b. in regression, X cannot be categorical but can be in correlation.
c. r in correlation can be negative whereas the coefficient b in regression must be positive.
d. restricted range of X and/or Y reduces r but does not effect b in regression.
Ans: a
11. Which of thefollowing is not true regarding factors that influence the b coefficient:
a. the sign (+ or -) of b will be the same as the sign of r.
b. as the variance in X increases, b will decrease.
c. as the variance in Y increases, b will decrease.
d. unreliability of X or Y will reduce b.
Ans: c
True/False
2. In experiments, the independent variable is controlled by the researcher, and the dependent variable is
the variable that changes based on the independent variable.
Ans: True
3.H0: ρ = 0, H0: b = 0; H0: R = 0 are equivalent null hypotheses for bivariate regression.
Ans: True
4. For different predictor variables, b can be compared if they have different units of measurement.
Ans: False
Short Answer
1. For standardized values of X and Y, r can replace what part of the regression equation?
Ans: slope coefficient
3. In ANOVA, SStotal = SSbetween + SSwithin. What would be the partition of variance for bivariate
regression?
Ans: Exactly the same relationship.
4. What is the value of R2?
Ans: the ratio of SSregression and SStotal.
Essay
Lord Campbell—
I have already shown that the law, rightly read, can hardly be said
to sanction the patenting of a “process.”
For his benefit, and still more frequently and surely for the benefit
of a multitude of other individuals, who have less claim, or no claim
at all.
But not to him only, for he invents often along with others, and
always in consequence of knowledge which he derives from the
common store, and which he ought, as its participant, to let others
share, if doing so does himself no harm.
But it does not follow, surely, even in Mr. Mill’s logic, that he should
be invested with monopoly powers, which “raise prices” and “hurt
trade,” and cause “general inconvenience.”
But which, very likely, were trifling, and if heavy, were incurred for
his own sake, and may have produced benefits to himself that
sufficiently compensated all.
The former are numerous; the latter ought to be; and the service is
one the nation may well expect of them. Why should not there be
innumerable Lord Rosses, Sir Francis Crossleys, Sir David Baxters,
and Sir William Browns, promoting beneficent commerce by their
generosity; and why should not manufacturers systematically
combine as an association to procure through science and
experiment every possible improvement?
Well: that is a great deal; but why not in cases that are not
conspicuous?
Which, Mr. Mill rightly thinks, is what ought to be, but it is not and
cannot be what happens under Patents; for, on the contrary, rewards
depend mainly on the extent of use and the facility of levying
royalties.
It is not out of place to inform the House that so far back as the
earliest years of the Patent system a precedent can be adduced. In
1625, Sir F. Crane received a grant of £2,000 a-year for introducing a
tapestry manufacture. There are several other precedents for similar
grants of public money.
Of course, to reward is not to purchase. We do not buy any man’s
invention or secret. But if he thinks proper, as a good subject, to
reveal that secret, we mean he shall have a substantial mark of
favour. Something like this was, no doubt, the original intention of
Patents; only the favour took the form of monopoly for introducing