The Overproduction of Truth: Passion,

Competition, and Integrity in Modern

Science Gianfranco Pacchioni
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T H E O V E R P R O D U C T I ON
OF TRUTH
 THE
OVERPRODUCTION
OF TRUTH
Passion, Competition, and Integrity
in Modern Science

Gianfranco Pacchioni

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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[104]

For description of the Cercocystis-larva see Villot, Ann. Sci. Nat.

(Zool.) (6), xv. 1883, Art 4; and compare Leuckart's criticism of this
paper, "Parasiten," p. 979.

[105]

Moniez, "Sur les Cysticerques," Paris, 1880; Id. "Sur les

Cestodes," 1881; Zschokke, "Recherches sur la structure
anatomique et histologique d. Cestodes," Genève, 1888.

[106]

Schmidt, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. lx. Bd. 1, 1894, p. 65.

[107]

For example, the genitalia in Dipylidium caninum are duplicated in

each proglottis. Other differences are noted in the following table
(pp. 89-90).

[108]

See Stiles, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkunde, 1893, xiii. p. 457

(conf. note, p. 90).

[109]

Taken from Neumann, Parasites of Domesticated Animals, 1892,

p. 448.

[110]

µ = 1⁄1000 millimetre.

[111]

For a description of these glands, and for further diagnostic details

and literature, see Stiles and Hassall, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin 4, 1893.
[112]

Ed. van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 1876, p. 35.

[113]

Whitman, Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iv.; see also Braun, in
Bronn's Thierreich, Bd. iv. p. 253.

[114]

Braun, loc. cit. p. 281 (with literature).

[115]

Giard, "La Castration parasitaire," Bull. Sci. d. France et de

Belgique, 3 sér. i. 1888, p. 12.

[116]

Schulze, Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1891, p. 1.

[117]

Arch. Naturg. lviii. 1891, p. 66.

[118]

P. Boston Soc. vol. vi. 1848.

[119]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. v. 1854, p. 344.

[120]

Arch. Anat. 1858, p. 289.

[121]

Ibid. 1858, p. 558.

[122]

Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. ser. vii. tom. xiv. 1869.

[123]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 481.

[124]

R. von Willemoes-Suhm, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. xiii. 1874, p. 409.

[125]

Semper, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xiii. 1863, p. 558.

[126]

L. von Graff, Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. v. 1879, p. 430.

[127]

W. A. Silliman, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[128]

du Plessis, Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

[129]

J. von Kennel, Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-78, p. 305.

[130]

H. N. Moseley, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xv. 1875, p. 165.

[131]

See Hubrecht, in Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, vol. xx. 1880; and in

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xx. 1880, p. 431.

[132]

"Nemertinen," Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.

[133]

Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien, Griefswald, 1851.

[134]

Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iii. 1876, p. 115.

[135]

Ibid. Bd. iv. 1877, p. 305.

[136]

Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 51.

[137]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxv. 1885, suppl. p. 1.

[138]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[139]

Ibid. Bd. liii. 1892, p. 322, and Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22
Monogr. 1895.

[140]

Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) vol. xvii. 1873.

[141]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. iv. 1853, p. 178.

[142]

Our knowledge of British species is mainly due to M‘Intosh (British

Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873) and Riches (Journ. Mar. Biol.
Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 1).

[143]

Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.

[144]
See M‘Intosh, British Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873.

[145]

Loc. cit.

[146]

References to these works are given on p. 101.

[147]

Zitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[148]

Nature, vol. xlvi. 1892, p. 611.

[149]

Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

[150]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. lix. 1895, p. 83.

[151]

Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-1878, p. 305.

[152]

Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 22.

[153]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 349; Ibid. vol. xxvii. 1887, p.
605.

[154]

Cf. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates,

Macmillan, 1894.
[155]

Ann. Sci. nat. 7, sér. vol. xiii. 1892, p. 321.

[156]

E. Rohde, SB. Ak. Berlin, 1892, p. 515.

[157]

R. Hesse, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. liv. 1892, p. 548.

[158]

E. Rohde, Zool. Beitr. Bd. i. 1885, p. 11.

[159]

E. Rohde, Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 38.

[160]

Monographie der Nematoden, 4to, Berlin, 1866.

[161]

Zeit. Physiol. Chem. vol. xiv. 1890, p. 318.

[162]

N. A. Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 2nd ser. vol. vi. 1891, p. 143.

[163]

Monographie der Nematoden, Berlin, 1866, p. 192.

[164]

Zool. Anz. vol. xvi. 1893, p. 432.

[165]

Arch. Naturg. 60 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1894, p. 255.

[166]

SB. Ak. Berlin, 1891, p. 57.

[167]

[Hamann subsequently withdrew these statements.]

[168]

Leuckart, The Parasites of Man, English Trans. by W. E. Hoyle,

Edinburgh, 1886, p. 56.

[169]

O. Bütschli, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvi. 1876, p. 103.

[170]

O. Hamann, Centrlb. Bakter. vol. xi. 1892, p. 501.

[171]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxiii. 1873, p. 402.

[172]

Ibid. vol. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

[173]

Ann. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. ix. 1882, p. 301.

[174]

Macleay Memorial Volume, Sydney, 1893, p. 252; and Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. 2nd ser. vol. v. 1890, p. 449.

[175]

4th edition, 1880.

[176]
Compendium der Helminthologie, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag,
1889.

[177]

A. Heller, "Darmschmarotzen" in v. Liemssen's Handb. d. sp. Path.

u. Ther. vol. vii.

[178]

Cobbold's Parasites, London, 1879, p. 246.

[179]

Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

[180]

Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

[181]

Balbiani, Anat. Physiol. 7th year, 1870-71, p. 180.

[182]

A Treatise on Parasites and Parasitic Diseases. English Trans. by

G. Fleming, London, 1892.

[183]

Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. 3rd series, vol. iv. 1893.

[184]

Sci. Mem. Medic. Officers, Army of India, vol. vii. 1892, p. 51.

[185]

Shipley, Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb. vol. viii. 1892-95, p. 211.

[186]
"The Distribution, etc., of Filaria sanguinis hominis," Trans. of 7th
Inter. Congress of Hygiene, vol. i. 1892, p. 79.

[187]

v. Linstow, Arch. mikr. Anat. vol. xl. 1892, p. 498.

[188]

zur Strassen, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. liv. 1892, p. 655.

[189]

Rud. Leuckart, Abh. Sachs. Ges. vol. xiii. 1887, p. 567.

[190]

Macleay Memorial Vol. Sydney, 1893, p. 253.

[191]

Centrbl. Bakter. vol. viii. 1890, p. 489.

[192]

J. Percival, Nat. Sci. vol. vi. 1895, p. 187.

[193]

A. Strubell, Bibl. Zool. Bd. i. Heft 2, 1888, p. 1.

[194]

C. R. Ac. Sci. cxviii. 1894, p. 549.

[195]

Bihang Svenska Ak. Handl. viii. No. 11, 1883.

[196]

Anat. Untersuch. ü. freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden, Leipzig,

1886.
[197]

Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 2nd ser. viii. 1893, p. 389.

[198]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xvii. 1867, p. 539.

[199]

Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.

[200]

Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.

[201]

Arch. Naturg. 35 (i.), 1869, p. 112.

[202]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

[203]

Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. iii. Bd. i. 1837, p. 52; and van Beneden,
Animal Parasites, p. 91. International Sci. Series.

[204]

F. Vejdovsky, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 369; Zeitschr.

wiss. Zool. Bd. xlix. 1888, p. 188.

[205]

Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxvii. 1891, p. 239.

[206]

Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxiv. 1889, p. 248.

[207]

A. E. Verrill, P. U. S. Mus. vol. ii. 1879, p. 165.

[208]

O. Bürger, Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Bd. iv. 1891, p. 631.

[209]

H. B. Ward, Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxiii. 1892-93, p. 135.

[210]

Mem. Acc. Torino, 2nd ser. vol. xl. 1890, p. 1.

[211]

Centrlb. Bakter. Bd. ix. 1891, p. 760.

[212]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. vii. 1856, p. 1.

[213]

Zool. Anz. vol. x. 1887, p. 602.

[214]

Von Linstow, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.

[215]

H. B. Ward, P. Amer. Ac. new ser. vol. xix. 1892, p. 260.

[216]

Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

[217]

Bibl. Zool. Bd. ii. Heft 7. 1893.

[218]

Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

[219]

Zool. Anz. Bd. xv. 1892, p. 195.

[220]

Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 52.

[221]

Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 19.

[222]

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxix. 1896.

[223]

O. Hertwig, Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xiv. 1880, p. 196.

[224]

P. Gourret, Ann. Mus. Marseille, tom. ii. Mem. 2, 1884, p. 103.

[225]

Bibl. Zool. vol. i. 1888-89, p. 1.

[226]

Scott, Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1892 and 1893.

[227]

E. Béraneck, Rev. Zool. Suisse, vol. iii. 1895, p. 137.

[228]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6th ser. vol. xiii. 1894, p. 440.

[229]

Archiv Naturg. 58 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1892, p. 333.

[230]

I Chetognati, Flora u. Fauna d. Golfes von Neapel, Mon. v. 1883.

[231]

loc. cit.

[232]

loc. cit.

[233]

The Rotifera, two vols, and supplt. London, 1886-89.

[234]

Phil. Trans. vol. xix. No. 220, p. 254 (abridged ed. vol. iii. 1705, p.
651).

[235]

Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 283, p. 1304 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 6).

[236]

Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 295, p. 1784 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 175).

[237]

Ibid. No. 337, vol. xxviii. 1714, p. 160.

[238]

Employment for the Microscope. London, 1785.

[239]

Paris, 1841.

[240]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. i. 1853, pp. 3-8, 65-76.

[241]

Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. i. (n.s.), 1853, pp. 1-19.

[242]

Verh. Ges. Würzb. vol. iv. 1854; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. iii. vi.
1851-55.

[243]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. vii. ix. xii. 1856-58-63.

[244]

London, 1861.

[245]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxxix. 1883.

[246]

Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. 1890, p. 1; viii. 1891, p. 34.

[247]

Jen. Zeitschr. Nat. vol. xix. 1886; and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols.
xliii. xlix. 1886-90.

[248]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xliv. 1886, p. 273.

[249]

Ibid. vol. xliv. p. 396; xlvii. 1888, p. 353; liii. 1892, p. 1.

[250]

For additions see Rousselet, J. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1893 and 1897.

[251]

See p. 228.
[252]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Soc. (n.s.) vol. xxiv. 1884, p. 352.

[253]

The definition of the Orders and systematic position of the genera

and species referred to under this head will be found in a following
section (pp. 220 f.).

[254]

Reprinted in Baker's Employment for the Microscope, 1785, pp.

267 f.

[255]

"Wheel Animals, though found with most Certainty in Leaden

Gutters, etc. are often discovered in the Waters of some Ditches,
and likewise in Water that has stood a considerable Time even in
the House; for I have often met with them, in sufficient Plenty, in a
Sort of slimy Matter that is apt to be produced on the Sides of
Glasses and other Vessels, that are kept long with the Infusions of
Hay or other Vegetables; and probably they are wafted thither by
the Air, when in the Condition of little dry Globules."

[256]

Gosse's account of the "Structure, Functions, and Homologies of

the Manducatory Organs in the Class Rotifera" (in Phil. Trans.
1856) remains as the most complete anatomical account we have,
though his attempt to identify these parts with the modified limbs of
the Arthropod mouth has met with no support from subsequent
workers. Gosse rendered these parts clearly visible by the use of
dilute caustic alkali.

[257]

A modification of this type is seen in the parasite Drilophagus,

where the unci and rami are two-pronged at the end, but the trophi
are not movable on one another, but protrusible as a whole to
serve as an organ of attachment to the Oligochaete Lumbriculus,
to which this Rotifer attaches itself. See Vejdovsky, "Ueb.
Drilophaga bucephalus," etc., in SB. Böhm. Ges. Jahrg. 1882
(1883), p. 390.

[258]

"Zur Rotatorien Württemburgs," in Jahresb. Ver. Würt. vol. l. 1894,

p. 57.

[259]

Similarly Hudson and Zelinka both regard the dorsal antenna as

formed by the coalescence of two antennae. These retain their
distinctness in Asplanchna; in some Bdelloida the single antenna
is supplied by a pair of nerves.

[260]

C. R. Ac. Sci. cxi. 1890, p. 310; cxiii. 1891, p. 388.

[261]

Acta Univ. Lund. xxviii. 1891-92.

[262]

[See, however, Calman, Natural Science, xiii. 1898, p. 43.]

[263]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, p. 455.

[264]

Arch. Zool. Exp. sér. 2, i. 1883, p. 131.

[265]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliv. 1886, p. 273.

[266]
Ibid. liii. 1892, p. 1.

[267]

[See further Jennings, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxx. 1896, p. 1;

Erlanger and Lauterborn, Zool. Anz. xx. 1897, p, 452; and
Lenssen, Zool. Anz. xxi. 1898, p. 617.]

[268]

It does not appear to us that Zelinka is justified by his account of

the development in regarding this cup as other than a part of the
disc.

[269]

The classification we have adopted is a modification of that made

by Hudson and Gosse; we have divided up their first Order
Rhizota into two, and split off from Flosculariidae the family
Apsilidae; removed the Asplanchnaceae from the admittedly
heterogeneous Order Ploima, made distinct families in the Ploima
for Microcodonidae and Rhinopidae, and created a third new
Order for the Seisonaceae. Ehrenberg, Gosse, and Hudson, being
the authors of most of the genera, are designated by their initials
only.

[270]

This second species has also been found in the Northern United
States.

[271]

This Order has been monographed recently by Janson in Abh. Ver.

Brem. Bd. xii. Beilage, 1893, p. 1.

[272]

See Hudson in Month. Micr. Journ. vol. vi. 1871, pp. 121, 215, and
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) xii. 1872, p. 333; Lankester, ibid. p.
338; Levander in Act. Soc. Faun. Fenn. xi. 1894.
[273]

In Denk. Ak. Wien, vol. vii. 1854, 2 Abth., p. 15. As has been
suggested by Deby and by Daday, it is not impossible that
Hexarthra is identical with Pedalion (and in this case the latter
name, as newer, should be suppressed in favour of the former);
but we must suppose that Schmarda's figure of the front view is a
combination, more or less from memory or notes, of two sketches
or notes taken some time before publication; the one a side view
somewhat obliquely flattened, showing the two eyes as in
Levander's Fig. 3; the other a front view, showing the two pairs of
lateral limbs in their correct positions under pressure.

[274]

The male of Rhinops vitrea is exceptional in possessing a

complete, functional alimentary canal, with mastax, stomach, and
intestine (Rousselet). That of Proales werneckii has a mastax, but
no intestine (Rothert).

[275]

For a full account of this group see Claus in Festschr. Z.-B. Ges.
Wien, 1876, p. 75; and Plate in Mt. Stat. Neapel, vol. vii. 1886-87,
p. 234; Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii., 1888, p. 86.

[276]

[Eighteen more have since been recorded.]

[277]

I have recently found a large species of this genus dwelling in the

shell of the large Cladoceran Crustacean, Eurycercus lamellatus. It
is remarkable for its power of completely telescoping its
extremities within the middle segments, and for its immense foot-
glands, both characters being doubtless correlated with its habitat.
Rousselet identifies it with P. petromyzon.

[278]
Month. Micr. Journ. vol. ix. 1873, p. 287; Journ. Quekett Club, ser.
2, vol. ii. 1884-86, p. 231.

[279]

See Dr. Hudson's very suggestive presidential addresses to the

Royal Microscopical Society, published in their Journal, vols. ix.-xi.
1889-91.

[280]

Euchlanis lynceus.—This is clearly not an Euchlanis, and of the six

names referred to—Ploesoma, Gomphogaster, Gastropus,
Gastroschiza, Bipalpus, and Dictyoderma—the first has priority,
and the other five drop by the laws of zoological nomenclature.

[281]

Journ. Quekett Club, ser. 2, vol. v. 1892-94, p. 205.

[282]

Trans. Micr. Soc. (n.s.) i. 1853, p. 18 (read Dec. 31, 1851): "We
may say, therefore, that the Rotifera are organized upon the plan
of an Annelid larva.... I do not hesitate to draw the conclusion ...
that the Rotifera are the permanent forms of Echinoderm larvae,
and hold the same relation to the Echinoderms that the Hydriform
Polypi hold to the Medusae, or that Appendicularia holds to the
Ascidians."

[283]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) vol. xvii. 1877, p. 399.

[284]

Ibid. (n.s.) vol. xx. 1880, p. 381.

[285]

Arb. Z. Inst. Wien, vols. i. iii. v. 1878-84; Lehrbuch der Zoologie,

part iii. 1891.
[286]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xliv. 1886, p. 1.

[287]

The Microscope (Detroit), 1887-88.

[288]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1890, p. 209.

[289]

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vol. xv. 1851, p. 158.

[290]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xlv. 1887, pp. 401-467, t. xx-xxii.

[291]

The breadth of the latter is estimated from Reinhard's figure.

[292]

The Echiuroid Gephyrea (see p. 434) are by some authorities

considered to be a division of the Chaetopoda.

[293]

Another worm, Histriobdella (Histriodrilus) homari, which is

parasitic on the eggs of the lobster, and which occurs on our coast,
has been placed amongst the Archiannelida. It is a minute form,
with peculiarities in its anatomy which render its affinities
uncertain.

[294]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 109.

[295]

J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. vol. i. (n.s.) 1889-90, p. 119.