Graphic Novel-Graphic fiction or a graphic novel is a

comic book narrative that is equivalent in form and

dimension to the prose novel.
Features of a Graphic Novel According to Signh 2012
 Autographic forms are the marks of author’s
handwriting which creates an impact that the
whole novel is a manuscript and thus provides a
sense of intimacy.
 Graphic novels encourage interactivity in the
minds of the reader as he fills in the blanks
between image panels.
 Filling in the blanks between image panels
makes the reader imagine the actions portrayed
in the story.
 The language, syntax and meaning of a graphic
novel spring primarily through the relationship
between images than words.
 Graphic fiction combines book and screen.
Examples of a Graphic Novel:
“In the Shadow of No Tower 9/11” – Art Spiegelmen
(2004)
“The Barn Owl’s Wondrous Capers”- Sarnath Banerjee
(2009)
“Louis Riel” – Chester Brown (2003)

Flash Fiction – Flash fiction is imaginative literature of

extreme brevity. It could range from a word to thousand.
Common characteristic according to Sustana (2020)
 Brevity. Flash fiction presents the story with few0est
words an possible.

 Complete plot. Flash fiction emphasizes the

development of plot. It has a beginning, middle and
ending of the story.

 Surprising ending. The successful hallmark of a flash

fiction is its twist at the end of the story.
Examples of Flash Fiction:
“Angels and Blueberries” – Tara Campbells
“Taylor Swift” – Hugh Behm-Steinberg
“Unnecessary Things” – Tatyana Tolstaya
Paulo Coelho – THE PRIDE OF BRAZIL WHOSE NOVEL, HE
ALCHEMIST,BECAME A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON;
ONE OF THE BEST SELLING BOOKS IN HISTORY WITH 190
MILLION COPIES SOLD AND TRANSLATED INTO 80
LANGUAGES
 MUSICIAN AND LYRICIST PRIOR TO PURSUING A
WRITING CAREER AS A NOVELIST
 PUBLISHED 30 BOOKS, MAJORITY OF WHICH ARE
NOVELS
 PRECIPIENT OF INTERNATIONAL AWARDS, AMONG
THESE AWARDS ARE:
-SPAIN’S ELLE- BEST INTERNATIONAL WRITER(2008)
-DENMARK’S HENS CHRISTIAN ANDERSON
AWARD(2007)
-MEXICO’S LAS PERGOLAS PRIZE(2006)
-AMERICAN WILBUR AWARD(2006)
Fable – A brief story illustrating a moral o reaviling
general truths about human nature. Often includes
talking animals or animated objects as the principal
characters
Parable – a short story designed to allegorically teach
some religious principle, moral lesson, or general truths.
Include real or literally occurrences to which anyone can
relate.
Multimedia and it’s Concepts - A MULTIMEDIA IS ANY
ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS USED TO TEACH LESSONS OR
TO FURTHER EDUCATE LERARNERS ON A PARTICULAR
TOPIC.IT IS A REPRESENTATON OF MATERIAL THAT USES
BOTH WORDS AND PICTURES IN A COMBINATION OF
MULTIMEDIA VENUES TO COMPLETE THE TASK. THE USE
OF MULTIMEDIA ALLOWS EDUCATIONAL IDEAS AND
MATERIALS TO BE PRESENTED IN A MORE
ARTISTIC,INSPIRED AND ENGAGING WAY.
Multimedia format:
1. Video – Digital video is a primarily component in
multimedia, especially those that appear online and
television.The different formats of theses types of
multimedia include wmv,avi,mped and flash.
2. Animation - is a form of art for most people,
especially those that are in the business of producing
animated movies. Flash is the most common in
creating animations.
 3. Text – text has always been and will always been the
most common among the types of multimedia
components in different applications.

4. Image – Digital image files are needed to create

videos and animation. A user would sooner go to a
website filled with colourful photographs than one
that contains only text elements.

5. Audio - Voiceovers comprise a tremendous number

of the types of multimedia components. Audio files
include background music and special effects.

Basic Elements of a Short Story:

 Character – is the person or people in a story
Sometimes the characters are not human, some may
be animals or spirits.
 Settings – The first important element of a short
story is the setting The setting refers to the time and
place that the event(s) in the story take place.
 Plot – The plot refers to the flow of events in the
story. Essentially, the plot refers to what is happening
in the story.
Two types of Plot:
Unified Plot- A story that is realistic with a central
character and the story happens in one place during a
short span of time.
Episodic Plot- A story that happens in a much extended
period of time. Writers uses the technique of flashback to
lay out background details of the story.
Ways to write a plot:
PLOT-A MOVEMENT IN TIME- The story transpires on a
particular period of time such as an hour, a day, a week, a
month, or even a year.
PLOT-A MOVEMENT IN CASUALTY- The story is
established on a series of casual events that happen one
after another. It is based on the principle of cause and
effect.
PLOT-A MOVEMENT IN DRAMATIC TENSION-The story
has dialogue, action, details, descriptions and scenes that
amplify the tension. The techniques of foreshadowing,
flashback and epiphany are often used.
 Conflict – The conflict or complication refers to the
tension, the fight or the struggle between the
various characters or forces in the story.
  Climax – The climax is the most exciting part of a
story. It is when the conflict is about to or is getting
resolved.
 Theme – This element refers to the topic that the
writer writes or comments on in his or her writing.
The theme is the motif of the story.
SHORT STORY - Much shorter than a novel 1,000 – 10,
000 words Fleshed-out plot, well rounded characters, and
a developed and theme setting. Has one or few
characters and one or few settings and expresses a single
theme or messages More flexible
Characteristics of Flash Fiction - When writing a flash
fiction story, it is important to know how they are similar
and different to longer stories. Flash fiction is shorter, but
it should not feel too short. Here are some traits of
strong flash fiction stories.
Story Structure- Follows the elements of plot, including a
beginning, middle, and end, as well as a conflict and
resolution
Setting - Takes place in one setting, it allows the writer
and reader to focus on the plot.
Characters and Backstory - Flash Fiction are plot-driven
and include no more than three or four characters. May
include character development but too much backstory
can use valuable space.
Description - A strong piece can balance vivid
descriptions with a quick moving plot. Stories that lack
Me description are not satisfying to read.

Plot Structure or Parts of the Narrative:

 Exposition - This is the beginning of the story, also
known as the inciting incident. Introduces the
characters identifies the setting, and establishes the
main conflict. This includes events, actions that
builds conflict, pressure or disturbance to the main
character.
 Rising Action - This is also known as the plot
complication where the writer fully introduces the
conflict or the obstacle that will prevent the main
character to achieve his goal.
 Climax - This part is considered as the most exciting
part of a story. This part has the most tension or
most exciting event. Important decisions are made or
important things are made
  Falling Action- This point occurs after the climax as
the problems in the story start to work themselves
out.
 Resolution/End- This is the solution to the problem
in the story. It is either an open ending or closed
ending.
 Closed Ending - The resolution is done by answering
all unanswered questions
 Open Ending - Leaves the readers to think, wonder
or speculate what happens after the story has ended
Types Literary Genres:
 Comic Book- A comic book is an illustration-based
extract from a longer serialized tale.-Archie Comics,
Marvel Comics, and DC Comics are examples of well-
known comic book companies.
 Digi-Fiction/Triple Media Literature- Contains three
types of media: a book, a movie/video, and an online
website.-Students must navigate, read, and watch in
all three modes in order to understand the complete
tale.
 Graphic Novels- Narrative work in which the reader
is told the tale through the use of comics.-All of the
 main elements of traditional books may be found in
graphic novels.
It features a distinct beginning, middle, and end point, as
well as a primary plot, character development, and
personal journeys.
 Manga- Manga (Japanese word for comics)
 Manga is a Japanese term for comic books.
 It is a general phrase in the English-speaking world
for all Japanese-published comic books and graphic
novels.
 As an artistic and narrative technique.
• Shonen – Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One
Piece)
• Shojo – Girl’s Manga (Sailor Moon)
• Seinen – Men’s Manga (Akira)
• Josei – Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
• Kodomo – Children’s Manga (Doraemon)
 Doodle Fiction- Literary presentation in which the
author uses doodle writing and drawings, as well as
handwritten images, instead of regular typeface.
 Drawings improve the tale by frequently providing
hilarious parts that would be absent if the pictures
were not present.
 Text-Talk Novels- Blog, email, IM format narratives
Stories are told almost completely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.

 Chick Lit or Chick Literature- Is a subgenre of

literature that confronts difficulties of modern
women in a funny and cheerful manner.
 Chick it usually has a female heroine whose
femininity is extensively thermalized in the storyline.
 Flash Fiction- It is a fictional writing form that tells a
whole tale with 500-1000 words. There is no
universally agreed definition of the category’s length.
It may be anything from a single word to a thousand.
 Six-Word Flash Fiction- A six-word story allows a
reader to consume an entire narrative in just a
moment’s time.
 Science Fiction- Is a speculative fiction genre that
deals with innovative themes such as futuristic
science and technology, space travel, time travel,
faster-than-light travel, parallel universes, and
extraterrestrial life.
 It has been referred to as a “literature of ideas” since
it frequently investigates the potential ramifications
of scientific and other discoveries.
 Blog- A web log is a website that contains small
articles called posts that are updated on a regular
basis. Some blogs are written by a single individual
and include their own thoughts, hobbies, and
experiences, whilst others are published by a group
of people.
 Creative Non-Fiction - Also referred to as literary
nonfiction or narrative nonfiction.A type of writing
that employs literary methods and styles to generate
factually correct tales. In contrast to other non-
fiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which
is likewise based on true facts but is not created
largely for the sake of its skill.
 Hyper Poetry- Hyper Poetry is a type of digital poetry
that use links and hypertext markup. It can either
feature fixed words, phrases, lines, and so on that
are given in a random order but sit on the page in
the same way that traditional poetry does, or it
might include sections of the poem that move
and/or mutate.
Japanese Literature:

Tanaga - 5-7-5
Haiku- 7-7-7-7
Shimenawa – Naoko Kumagai