SESSION

A What is Intelligence ? A What Al Is ?

Foundalional AA Role of Intelligence in Our Lives
A Types of Intelligence
A What Al ls Not ?
A How Machines
Concepts of Al A What is Decision-Making ? become Intelligent ?
A Role of Intelligence in Decision-Making

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A baby can feel and understand cold, warmth, light, darkness etc. When they grow, they
start understanding many more things such as sounds, moods, colours, pictures, objects,
music and so on. One thing which is responsible for this is known as intelligence. In this
session, we shall briefly discuss what intelligence is and how it impacts us. This session
will also touch upon an important aspect of intelligence, the decision-making.
Another discussion point of this session would be What AI is and What it is not to give
you better understanding of the term Artificial Intelligence.

1.2 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ?

Intelligence
Intelligence refers to the
Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire and apply ability to understand, dis
knowledge and skills in various domains. In other words, tinguish, question things/
intelligence is the : objects/feelings/situations/
people along with acquiring
faculty of understanding and applying knowledge and
ability to interact with the real world skills in various domains.

capacity of learring, reasoning and understanding e.g., recognising speech, recognising

objects and images
application of acquired knowledge e.g., ability to take action: to have an effect
aptitude in grasping truths, feels, mearing etc. i.e., continuous learming and adapting graph
’ mental alertness
using mental capacity and knowledge for decisions, such as :
Modelling the external world, given input
Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
Whosoever has the above mentioned qualities, would be termed intelligent - be it a human,
an animal or a machine. These days you see even machines are getting intelligent - they
can learn from facts, increase their knowledge and perform intricate decision-making.
 Session 1 FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF AI 5

ROLE OF
INTELLIGENCE IN OUR LIVES
1.3
Intelligence plays an important role in our lives. Even animals have shown to use
intelligence to solve some problems or to improve their lives. For instance, consider some
examples about the use of intelligence by humans and animals.
out of a
Iy a school fest, a stall rewarded the ones who would catch the flower ball coming
any direction.
launch pad. The launch pad was rotating and could shoot the flower ball in
8 seconds and in
Peter noticed that the launch pad shot the flower ball after every
anti-clockwise direction at a distance of about 240°
from the last launch of
Using this information, Peter positioned himself at the correct position
flower ball and caught it to win the prize.
problem.
Great use of Mathematical Intelligence to solve a

You must have read the story of a

rabbit where the rabbit saves its
life by taking the lion to a pond or
well. His intelligence won over
might, and saved its life.
Great use of cleverness, a
form of intelligence, to save
own and others' lives.

to
story of animal intelligence is cleverness of a crow where a crow used pebbles
Another
increase the level of water to quench its thirst.

Great use of smartness (another form of intelligence) to know

which tools will be
useful in a specific situation.
UNIT IINTRODUCTION TO AI
 6 -RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X

Likewise, you will see around you that the intelligence plays a very important role in ..
lives for everything, such as solving problems, making decisions, choosing the corract
tools, paths or people in specific situations, creating new things, innovating existino
practices, and so forth.

Intelligence can be of a quality of anyone humans, animals, birds and even machines.
nowadays. Modern machines are learning to acquire various forms of intelligence.
Following section talks about various forms of intelligence.
1.4 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence can be of various forms, such as intelligence with numberS Or music or

understanding own and others feelings and so on. In 1983, an American developmental
psychologist Howard Gardener described nine types of intelligence :
1. Naturalist Intelligence (Environmental Skills). It refers to the human ability to
identify and categorise among living things (plants, animals etc.) as well as understanding
other features of the natural world (clouds, rock confiqurations etc.).
P 2. Musical Intelligence (Music Skills). It
refers to the ability to differentiate between Ravi Shankar (celebrated Sitar player),
R pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This type of A.R. Rehman (great music composer),
intelligence enables to recognize, create, Ustad Zakir Hussain (celebrated Tabla
Player) are some great Indians to possess
B reproduce, and reflect on music. The music musical intelligence.
composers, conductors, musicians, vocalists, and
sensitive listeners exhibit this intelligence.
3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Dr. Neena Gupta was awarded the
(Numerical and Logical Skills). It refers to the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
ability to calculate, quantify, use propositions and Prize in 2019, at the age of 35, for
hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical having solved a 70-year-old mathe
operations. It also includes reasoning skills, matics puzzle called the Zariski
inductive and deductive thinking patterns, logcal Cancellation Problem. She possesses
great logical-mathematical intelligence.
intelligence etc.
4. Existential Intelligence (Religious and
Spiritual Skills). It refers to that form of India is a land of Sufis and Saints who
intelligence which people use to ponder over possess existential intelligence in
deep questions such as reason of human abundance.
existence, meaning of life, why we die, and how
we got here, and so forth.

5. InterperSonal Intelligence (People Skills). It refers to the ability to understand

and interact effectively with others. It includes effective communication (verbal and
non-verbal), sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of otherS, and the ability to
understand multiple perspectives.
 Session 1:
FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF AI 7
dily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Mind Body Skills). It refers to the intelligence
that helps manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills, such as skills involving
right timing with mind-body union. Athletes,
dancers, Surgeorns, and crafts people exhibit Indian golden boy Neeraj Chopra has
well-developed bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. excellent bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

7 Linguistic Intelligence (Language Processing Skills). This is the ability to think in

words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Poets, novelists,
journalists, and effective public speakers are said to have this form of intelligence. This
inteligence is required for activities like writing, reading, teling stories or doing
crossword puzzles.
8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self-awareness Skills). It refers to the ability to
understand oneself and one's thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in
Dlanning and directing one's life. This form of intelligence is evident in psychologists,
spiritual leaders, and philosophers.
Spatial Intelligence (Visual World Perceiving Skills). This form of intelligence
9.
use of three dimensions, mental imagery, 3-D reasoning, image manipulation,
makes good sculptors, painters,and
imagination. Sailors, pilots,
graphic andartistic skills, and an active
architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.

Bodily-Kinesthetic
Linguistic
Coordination between Using language in the form
mind and body of writing and speaking9
Interpersonal
Communicating with others
and "reading them" Intra-persono!
understand
The ability to
your inner self

Existential
Introspective questions of life, 9Typesof Natural
death and existence Intelligence Is about connecting and
understanding the nature

Mathematical-Logical Spatial
Excelling in math and Experiencing the world
logical thinking in 3dimensions
Musical
Recognizing sound, pitch,
and timbre
tone, rhythm

Intelligence
Different types of
Figure 1.1

Notpere son can Possess multiple types of

intelligence
simultaneously.

NTRODUCTION TOA
UNTT T
 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X

1.5 WHAT IS DECISION-MAKING ?

where you have to pick o
You must have encountered many situations in your life
example,
two options from the several possible choices. For
have to pick one or two from 4L
If you go to buy your shirts or sweaters, you
shortlisted available options in the shop.
set of optione
In arestaurant, you have to pick one or two items from the available
While opting for a sport in your school, you have to pick one from a set of choicee
available to you.
and many more.
In each of the above given situations, you made a Decision-Making
decision. Decision-making means selection of an item or Decision-Making is the
action or belief out of several possible alternate options. process of identifying and
picking a final choice/action/
Available data, information and our intelligence plays item/belief for a need from an
an important role in decision-making. Following section available set of choices, after
talks about the same, i.e., how intelligence plays a role carefully assessing the available
options.
in decision-making.
A 1.6 ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN DECISION-MAKING
R
T As you know that decision-making is about making a final choice about an
B
action/item/belief for a need/problem from a set of available alternate choices/solutions.
In the process of decision-making, at each step, intelligence plays an important role -
whether while picking alternate solutions, comparing them, implementing the final choice
and evaluating the consequences of the final decision.
Our intelligence is the result of many things, such as :
Data/Information available
’ Relationships among data/information
’ Past experience of handling similar situations or data/information
Understanding and knowledge
Our intuition and self-awareness
Intelligence gathered this way influences our decision-making through:
" Insights of a situation
Application of past experience/knowledge to reach at some outcomes
Visualising the impact of outcomes
Note
Ínorder to make good decisions, we need proper intormation about the situation, needs,
challenges. Without proper information, we will have to deal with unknown factors andavailable
face
factors and
uncertainty.
such situations, we do not make informed decisions rather we make wild guesses or flip coins, or roll a
dice ete.
 Session1: FOUNDATIONAL
17 WHAT
AL IS? CONCEPTS OF AI 11
You know that the
knowledge. Artificial Intelligence is basically the faculty of
intelligence. Intelligence something which isreasoning
is
not
and integration of
Let us make it clearer. "Artificial natural yet mimics
human-made
interface (a intelligence"
machine or
refers to a Artificial Intelligence
anplication) having the power to reason framework or Artificial Intelligence
refers to the abilíty
of a human
knowledge and behave in the same wayanda integrate made interface
(machine
intelligent entity (human/animal etc.) would naturally application) to mimic humanor
behave. like intelligence, i.e.,
and
integration of knowledge. reasoning
Some examples of what AI is and
can do, are :
Like humans, AI based
and attempt to make systems can discover patterns from the available information
estimates for future, e.g., farmers have discovered the
higher average temperatures leading to higher rainfall and thus they pattern of
accordingly. make estimates
Like humans, AI can make decisions by
upon faling a robot may decide to get up picking up from the available options, e.g.,
or turn direction or even crawl.
> Like humans, AI based
self-driven cars can make decisions like if there is a human or
animal or an object in front of it; to stop at
in case of the rain. red-signals; to activate windshield wiper
Like humans, AI based technologies can recognise and
read from images, e.g., AI
Dased cameras can identify the traffic violators and initiate the process of
challan.
Al based cameras can identify human faces from live pictures or photos.
Like humans, AI based systems can converse in natural language. Siri, Alexa, Google
Assistant, Cortana etc. are all examples.
and many more.
1.8
WHAT Al IS NOT ?
While it. is somewhat clear to you what AI is and what it can do, let us discuss about what
Al is not. In order to better understand AI, youshould also understand what AI is not and
what it cannot do.
Consi(i) derAItheis notfollowing points :
Just automation. AI means the use of intelligence and not just the
day automated factories do not mean that Al is being
automation, e.g" modern
used there. AI is only when intelligence plays some role. Repeated fast automated
work does not mean Al.
For example, a smart washing machine can perform its repetitive work smartly
and automatically but it is not artificially intelligent as it cannot make decisions
or learn from past mistakes. Also, it needs human interverntion - it cannot work
On its oWI.
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Solution Time
List nine ifferent types of intelligence.
Ans. The nine types of intelligence are : Naturalistic intelligence, Musical intelligence,
Logical-mathematical intelligence, Existential intelligence, Interpersonal intelligence, Linguistic
intelligence, Bodily-kinestheticintelligernce, Intra-personal intelligence and Spatial intelligence.
2. What is the difference betueen inter-personal intelligence and intra-personal intelligence ?
Ans. The inter-personal intelligence is about knowing and understanding the moods, feeling and
gestures of other people and acting accordingly where intra-personal intelligence is about knowing
and understanding the moods,feelings, reasons of self.
3. List some of the domains of AI.
Ans. Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Neural Networks, Natural Language
Processing.
4. How do machines become intelligent ?
Ans. Machines are taught with the help of data and algorithms and about the expected output
Machines keep updating and learning from more data and past experiences through tranng
validation and testing and thereby become intelligent.