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Preface
Designed specifically to be used with all versions of Ways of the
World, Fourth Edition, this collection of sources—both primary
and secondary—complements and extends each chapter of the
parent textbook. As the title of the collection suggests, these
source projects enable students to “think through sources”
and, in turn, begin to understand the craft of historians as well
as their conclusions. Readers explore in greater depth a central
theme from each chapter, using both documentary and visual
sources as well as brief extracts from works by recent historians
and other scholars. Each Historians’ Voices feature and every
primary source includes a brief headnote that provides context
for the source and several questions to consider. The primary
source projects include a series of integrative and probing essay
questions appropriate for in-class discussion and writing
assignments.

In addition to this print volume, we are delighted to offer

Thinking through Sources in LaunchPad, Bedford’s online
learning platform. In LaunchPad, these features are
surrounded by a distinctive and sophisticated pedagogy of auto-
graded exercises. Offering immediate substantive feedback for
each rejoinder, these exercises help students learn even when
they select the wrong answer. These unique exercises guide
students both in assessing their understanding of the sources
and in drawing useful conclusions from them. In this
interactive learning environment, students will enhance their

8
ability to build arguments and to practice historical reasoning.

More specifically, a short quiz after each primary source

and Historians’ Voices feature offers students the opportunity
to check their understanding of materials that often derive from
quite distant times and places. Some questions focus on
audience, purpose, point of view, limitations, or context, while
others challenge students to draw conclusions about the source
or to compare one source with another. Immediate substantive
feedback for each rejoinder creates an active learning
environment in which students are rewarded for reaching the
correct answer through their own process of exploration.

At the end of each Thinking through Sources exercise, a

Draw Conclusions from the Evidence activity asks students to
assess whether a specific piece of evidence drawn from the
sources supports or challenges a conclusion related to a
Guiding Question. Collectively, these assignments create an
active learning environment in which reading with a purpose is
reinforced by immediate feedback and support. The guiding
question provides a foundation for in-class activities or a
summative writing assignment.

To learn more about the benefits of LaunchPad and the

different versions of Ways of the World to package with
LaunchPad, visit macmillanlearning.com/catalog.

New in This Edition

The major new element in this edition of Thinking through

9
Sources is a feature we call Historians’ Voices. At the end of
each chapter, two brief statements from contemporary scholars
present varying viewpoints on the larger theme addressed by
the primary sources. An explicitly integrative question invites
students to make use of both primary and secondary sources. In
Chapter 4, for example, two religious scholars express their
varying understandings of the historical Jesus. In Chapter 19,
two historians of Japan focus on different factors that help to
explain Japan’s modern transformation during the later
nineteenth century.

Beyond these Historians’ Voices extracts, some entire

primary source projects are new in this edition. Chapter 22, for
example, now provides a range of commentary on the
astonishing technological innovations of the past century, while
Chapter 23 explores the experience of migration during the
same century.

Acknowledgments
We extend our thanks to Senior Program Manager William
Lombardo, Senior Development Editor Heidi Hood, Media
Editor Tess Fletcher, Developmental Editor Stephanie Sosa, and
Content Project Manager Lidia MacDonald-Carr of Bedford/St.
Martin’s.

Robert Strayer, La Selva Beach, California

Eric Nelson, Springfield, Missouri

10
Contents
Preface
1 History before Writing: How Do We Know?
Source 1.1 A Gathering and Hunting Woman in the
Twentieth century:
Nisa:The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman: Life
in the Bush, 1971
Source 1.2 Paleolithic Rock Art: A Hunting Scene:
Lascaux Rock Art, ca. 17,000 B.C.E.
Source 1.3 Neolithic Art: A Goddess Figure?
Female Figurine from Çatalhüyük, ca. 5000 B.C.E.
Source 1.4 Otzi the Ice Man:
Artist’s Reconstruction of Otzi
Otzi the Ice Man’s Preserved Body
Source 1.5 Monumental Stone Construction in the
Neolithic Era:
Stonehenge, ca. 1600 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Transition to Agriculture
Voice 1.1 Jared Diamond on the Decision to Farm,
1997
Voice 1.2 Yuval Noah Harari on the Myth of
Progress through Agriculture, 2015

2 Social Life in the First Civilizations

Source 2.1 Law and Life in Ancient Mesopotamia:

11
 The Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1750 B.C.E.
Source 2.2 The Standard of Ur:
Peace Panel, ca. 2500 B.C.E.
War Panel, ca. 2500 B.C.E.
Source 2.3 The Occupations of Old Egypt:
Be a Scribe, ca. 2066–1650 B.C.E.
Source 2.4 The Social Relationships of Egyptian
Agriculture:
Agricultural Scenes from the Tomb of Menna,
Fourteenth century B.C.E.
Source 2.5 Social Life in Ancient China:
The Book of Songs, ca. 1046–771 B.C.E.
Source 2.6 Socializing with Ancestors:
A Ritual Food Container, ca. 1050 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Sumerian Society
Voice 2.1 Lauren Ristvet on Sumerian
Specialization, 2007
Voice 2.2 Samuel Kramer on Scribes and Schools,
1956

3 Political Authority in Second-Wave Civilizations

Source 3.1 The Triumphs of the Persian Emperor
Darius:
Behistun Monument: The Sculpture, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Behistun Monument: The Inscription, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Source 3.2 In Praise of Athenian Democracy:

12
 Pericles: Funeral Oration, 431–430 B.C.E.
Source 3.3 Depicting the First Roman Emperor:
Augustus Statue, First century B.C.E.
Augustus Statue: The Breastplate, First century
B.C.E.

Source 3.4 Governing a Chinese Empire:

The Writings of Master Han Fei, Third century
B.C.E.

Source 3.5 A Chinese Emperor Prepares for His

Death:
Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
Archer
Bronze Horse-Drawn Cart
Source 3.6 Governing an Indian Empire:
Ashoka: The Rock Edicts, ca. 268–232 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Emperors in the Second-
Wave Era
Voice 3.1 Yuri Pines on the Authority and Power of
a Chinese Emperor, 2012
Voice 3.2 Kevin McGeough on the First Roman
Emperor, 2004

4 The “Good Life” in Asian Cultural Traditions

Source 4.1 Reflections from Confucius:
Confucius:The Analects, ca. 479–221 B.C.E.
Source 4.2 Filial Piety Illustrated:

13
 Children Honoring Parents, ca. 200 B.C.E.
Source 4.3 A Daoist Perspective on the Good Life:
Laozi:Daodejing, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Source 4.4 Reflections from the Hindu Scriptures:
Bhagavad Gita, ca. Fifth to second century B.C.E.
Source 4.5 Reflections from Jesus:
The Gospel of Matthew, ca. 70–100 C.E.
Source 4.6 Toward “Mature Manhood”:
Ladder of Divine Ascent, Twelfth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Historical Jesus
Voice 4.1 Reza Aslan on Jesus as Zealot, 2013
Voice 4.2 Marcus Borg on Jesus as Spirit Person,
1995

5 Patriarchy and Women’s Voices

Source 5.1 A Greek Expression of Patriarchy:
Aristotle: “On a Good Wife,” ca. 330 B.C.E.
Source 5.2 Gravestone Image of a Greek Husband and
Wife:
A Greek Cemetery Sculpture, ca. 400 B.C.E.
Source 5.3 An Indian Expression of Patriarchy:
The Laws of Manu, 200–400 C.E.
Source 5.4 A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her
Daughters:
Ban Zhao: Lessons for Women, Late first century
C.E.

14
 Source 5.5 An Alternative to Patriarchy in India:
Psalms of the Sisters, First century B.C.E.
Source 5.6 Roman Women in Protest:
Livy: History of Rome, Early first century C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Elite Greek Women and the
Public Sphere
Voice 5.1 Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones on the Veil in
Ancient Greece, 2003
Voice 5.2 Joan Breton Connelly on Priestesses and
Public Life in Ancient Greece, 2007

6 Art and the Maya Elite

Source 6.1 A Royal Couple from Yaxchilan:
Stone Carving of Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok, 724
C.E.

Source 6.2 Mayan Prisoners of War and Their Captors:

Mural Depicting the Presentation of Captives, 792
C.E.

Source 6.3 Nourishing the Gods:

Stone Carving of a Bloodletting Ritual, 709 C.E.
Source 6.4 Sport as Recreation and Ritual:
Vase Painting of a Ball Game, Seventh or eighth
century C.E.
Source 6.5 A Maya Ruler Relaxing:
Image of a Maya King at Leisure, Seventh or eighth
century C.E.

15
 HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Comparing the Maya with
Other Civilizations
Voice 6.1 Charles C. Mann on Mayan Political
Culture, 2011
Voice 6.2 J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill on
Mayan Agriculture, 2003

7 Life and Travel on the Silk Roads

Source 7.1 Dangers and Assistance on the Silk Roads:
Cave Painting of Silk Road Merchants
Encountering Bandits, Eighth century C.E.
Source 7.2 Travel on the Silk Roads:
Francesco Pegolotti:Advice for European
Merchants Traveling to China, ca. 1340
Source 7.3 Stopping at a Caravanserai:
Mural Depicting a Caravanserai Site, Sixth century
C.E.

Source 7.4 Buddhism on the Silk Roads:

Regulations for a Community of Monks, Third
century C.E.
Faxian: A Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms, ca.
416 C.E.
Source 7.5 Christianity on the Silk Roads:
The Jesus Sutras, 635–1005 C.E.
Source 7.6 Letters from the Silk Roads:
From a Soldier on Guard Duty, 103 B.C.E–40 C.E.

16
 From an Abandoned Wife, Early fourth century
C.E.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing the Importance of

the Silk Roads
Voice 7.1 Valerie Hansen on the Least Traveled
Route, 2012
Voice 7.2 Zinru Liu on the Importance of the Silk
Roads, 2012

8 The Making of Japanese Civilization

Source 8.1 Japanese Political Thinking:
Shotoku: The Seventeen Article Constitution, 604
C.E.

Source 8.2 The Uniqueness of Japan:

Kitabatake Chikafusa: The Chronicle of the Direct
Descent of Gods and Sovereigns, 1339
Source 8.3 Social Life at Court:
Sei Shonagon: Pillow Book, ca. 1000
Source 8.4 Japanese Zen Buddhism:
Su Dongpo in Straw Hat and Wooden Shoes,
Fifteenth century
Source 8.5 The Way of the Warrior:
Shiba Yoshimasa: Advice to Young Samurai, ca.
1400
Imagawa Ryoshun: The Imagawa Letter, 1412
Source 8.6 Samurai and the “Arts of Peace”:

17
 Kojima Takanori Writing a Poem on a Cherry Tree,
Fourteenth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: China’s Influence in the
Making of Japanese Civilization
Voice 8.1 Milton Walter Meyer on China’s
Influence on Japan’s First Imperial State, 2009
Voice 8.2 Matthew Stavros on China’s Influence on
the Capital City of Kyoto, 2014

9 Voices of Islam
Source 9.1 The Voice of Allah:
The Quran, Seventh century C.E.
Source 9.2 The Voice of the Prophet Muhammad:
The Hadiths, Eighth and ninth centuries
Source 9.3 The Voice of the Law:
The Sharia, Ninth century
Source 9.4 The Voice of the Sufis:
Inscription in Rumi’s Tomb, Thirteenth century
Rumi: Divani Shamsi Tabriz, Thirteenth century
Rumi: Mathnawi, Thirteenth century
Source 9.5 Islamic Practice in West Africa:
Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1354
Source 9.6 Men and Women at Worship:
A Painting of a Muslim Congregation in a Mosque,
Thirteenth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Significance of Sufism

18
 Voice 9.1 John Esposito on Sufi Spirituality, 1992
Voice 9.2 Nile Green on Sufi Power, 2012

10 The Crusades as Cultural Encounter

Source 10.1 A Western Christian Perspective:
Pope Urban II: Speech at Clermont, 1095
Source 10.2 Jewish Experience of the Crusades:
Albert of Aix-la-Chapelle: An Account of Attacks on
Jews during the First Crusade, Early to mid-twelfth
century
Source 10.3 Muslim Perspectives on the Crusades:
Ibn al-Athir: The Complete History, ca. 1231
Source 10.4 Jerusalem and the Crusades in European
Art:
The Looting of Jerusalem, 1099
How Jerusalem Was Captured by Saladin, 1187
Source 10.5 A Byzantine Perspective on the Crusades:
Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople,
1204
Source 10.6 Admiration and Accommodation across
the Religious Divide:
Usmah Ibn Munqidh: Christian Piety and Muslim
Piety, Mid-twelfth century
Fulcher of Chartres: The Latins in the East, Early
twelfth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Pope’s Agenda for the

19
 First Crusade
Voice 10.1 David Levine on Success in Reining in
Noble Violence, 2001
Voice 10.2 Malcolm Barber on Religious
Reconciliation and the First Crusade, 1992

11 Living and Dying during the Black Death

Source 11.1 The Black Death in the Islamic World:
Ibn al-Wardi: Report of the Pestilence, 1348
Source 11.2 The Black Death in Western Europe:
Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron, Mid-
fourteenth century
Source 11.3 The Black Death in Byzantium:
Emperor John VI of Byzantium: Historiarum, Mid-
to late fourteenth century
Source 11.4 Religious Responses in the Islamic World:
Ibn Kathir: The Beginning and the End: On
History, ca. 1350–1351
Source 11.5 Picturing Religious Responses in the
Christian World:
The Flagellants, 1349
A Culture of Death, 1463
Source 11.6 The Black Death and European Jews:
Jacob Von Königshofen: About the Great Plague
and the Burning of the Jews, ca. Early fifteenth
century

20
 Source 11.7 A Government’s Response to the Plague:
Ordinances against the Spread of Plague, Pistoia,
1348
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Winners and Losers in
Europe after the Plague
Voice 11.1 Harry Miskimin on the Rural Economy
after the Plague, 1975
Voice 11.2 Mavis Mate on the Effects of the Black
Death on Women, 1998

12 Early Encounters, First Impressions

Source 12.1 Cadamosto in a West African Chiefdom:
Alvise da Cadamosto: On Meeting with Budomel,
1455
Source 12.2 Vasco da Gama at Calicut, India:
A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama,
1498
Source 12.3 Celebrating da Gama’s Arrival in Calicut,
Tapestry Depicting the Arrival of da Gama at
Calicut, Early sixteenth century
Source 12.4 Columbus in the Caribbean:
Christopher Columbus: Letter to Ferdinand and
Isabella, 1493
Source 12.5 Columbus Engraved:
Columbus Arriving on Hispaniola, 1594
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing Christopher
Columbus and His Legacy

21
 Voice 12.1 Zvi Dor-Ner on Christopher Columbus’s
Legacy, 1991
Voice 12.2 Charles Mann on Remembering
Columbus, 2012

Acknowledgments

22
CHAPTER 1 Thinking through
Sources
History Before Writing: How Do We Know?
Written records have long been the chief source of data for
historians seeking to reconstruct the past. But writing is a quite
recent innovation in the long journey of humankind, emerging
with the advent of the first civilizations only about 5,000 years
ago. This absence of written records for earlier phases of
human history is one of the reasons many world historians have
neglected or avoided the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras.

And yet, all manner of techniques for probing the more

distant past have evolved over the last century or so. An
emerging field known as genetic anthropology uses DNA
analysis to trace the movement of people across the planet.
Linking genetic evidence with fossil remains, scholars have
reached a general consensus that sub-Saharan Africa was the
original home of our species, Homo sapiens. Historical
linguistics, rooted in the changes that languages undergo, has
also aided in tracking human movement and defining the
character of particular cultures by analyzing their vocabularies.
Our understanding of the widespread cultures of Indo-
European and African Bantu-speaking peoples derives largely
from such linguistic analysis. Anthropologists studying modern
gathering and hunting societies have also shed light on the lives

23
of our distant ancestors, while archeologists have contributed
much to our grasp of the unwritten past through their study of
human fossil remains, tools, pottery, buildings, art, and more.
This collection of sources explores work by specialists in these
final two fields to explore how we know about early human
societies.

24
SOURCE 1.1 A Gathering and Hunting
Woman in the Twentieth Century
A somewhat controversial technique for doing history before
writing involves the creation of analogies with more recent
nonliterate peoples. In the twentieth century, anthropologists
and other scholars descended on the few remaining gathering
and hunting peoples, studying their cultures and collecting
their stories, myths, and oral traditions. For good reasons,
historians are often skeptical about the usefulness of such
material for understanding the distant past of Paleolithic
societies. Since all societies change over time, is it reasonable to
think that contemporary gathering and hunting societies would
resemble in any way their ancestors thousands of years ago?
Furthermore, there is the problem of contamination. After all,
gatherers and hunters in recent times have often mixed and
mingled with agricultural societies, come under European
colonial rule, or made contact with elements of modern
civilization. Other scholars — particularly teachers — have
embraced these materials, even while recognizing their
limitations, for they provide at least a glimpse into ways of
living and thinking that have almost completely vanished from
the earth.

Source 1.1 allows you to make a judgment about the

usefulness of this approach to history before writing by
examining the work of the American anthropologist Marjorie
Shostak. In 1971, she was conducting research among the San
people of the Kalahari Desert on the border of Botswana and

25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Wir kommen jetzt auf die
fremden Vögel,
welche zu den Fasanen gehören können.
Unter diesen verdient

der Goldfasan,
oder
der chinesische gehaubte dreyfärbige
Fasan,
mit allem Recht die erste Stelle. A l b i n , K l e i n und H a l l e nennen
diesen Vogel den rothen Fasan: allein man hätte ihn fast eben so gut
den blauen nennen können; aber diese beyde Benennungen wären
eben so unvollkommen gewesen, als der Name Goldfasan, weil alle
drey nur eine von den drey prächtigen Farben, die auf seinem
Gefieder glänzen, anzeigen und die übrigen auszuschließen
scheinen. B ü f f o n hat ihn deswegen den chinesischen gehaubten
dreyfärbigen Fasan genannt. Bey L i n n e heißt er der gemalte und
bey M ü l l e r n der bunte Fasan.
Man kann diesen Fasan als eine Spielart von dem gemeinen
annehmen, die sich unter einem bessern Himmel verschönert hat.
Es sind zween Zweige Einer Familie, die sich seit langer Zeit
getrennet und sogar zwey verschiedene Raçen gemacht haben, die
aber einander doch noch erkennen: denn sie thun sich zusammen,
paaren sich und zeugen mit einander; doch muß man bekennen,
daß die Frucht, die aus ihrer Vermischung entsteht, etwas von der
Unfruchtbarkeit der Maulthiere hat.
 Die Schönheit dieses Vogels hat gemacht, daß man ihn in unsern
Fasanerien gezogen und vermehrt hat, wo man ihn nun oft antrifft.
Er hat keine rothe Haut um die Augen, wie unser Fasan. Der
Augenring, der Schnabel, die Füße und Krallen sind gelb, so, wie der
Busch von langen und schönen Federn, die er erheben kann, wann
er will. H a l l e beschreibt ihn anders, als ihn die B ü f f o n s c h e n
gemalten Figuren angeben. Er sagt, er sey scharlachroth mit
schwarzen parallelen Schuppen quer durchschnitten, der
Federbusch entstehe von den Ohren her, lagere sich auf der Seite
des Halses, liege wie Fischohren an und lasse sich erheben. Bey
dem unsrigen hingegen entstehen diese hellgelbe Federfasern
schon bey dem Ursprunge des Schnabels, bedecken die ganze
Scheitel und die längsten fallen den Nacken hinab. Um die Augen ist
auch noch alles bis an die Backen lichtgelb; gegen die Kehle zu
bekommt diese Farbe eine röthliche Schattirung; der ganze untere
Theil des Körpers ist scharlachroth, und von eben dieser Farbe
gehen über den Schwanzfedern andere lange und schmale Federn
heraus, deren Kiel gelb ist. Der obere Theil des Halses fällt aus dem
Orangefarbigen ins Rothbraune und hat schwarze Schuppen; oben
an dem Rücken ist ein breiter grüner Streif; der übrige ganze Rücken
und Deckfedern des Steißes sind schön gelb. Die längsten
zugespitzten Schwanzfedern haben auf einem dunkeln Grund eine
Menge bräunlichgelber rundlicher kleiner Flecken, andere aber
dunklere Streifen. Der obere Theil des Flügels und die grösten
Federn desselben sind braun, die äussersten davon etwas schwarz
und haben einige weiße Flecken, das übrige ist schön blau; die
Schenkel sind hellbraun. Dieser Fasan ist etwas kleiner, als der
unsrige.
Das Weibchen des Goldfasans ist ein wenig kleiner, als das
Männchen, und sein Schwanz ist kürzer. Man sieht an ihm die
langen Federn des Busches nicht, sondern blos hinten am Kopf
einige kleine Federn etwas hervorragen. Es hat von allen den
schönen Farben des Männchens nichts, sondern die Farben seines
Gefieders sind sehr gemein und noch schlechter, als an der
gewöhnlichen Fasanhenne; mit der Zeit aber wird es manchmal so
schön, als das Männchen. Man hat in England bey der Milady E s s e x
eines gesehen, welches innerhalb sechs Jahren aus seiner unedeln
Schnepfenfarbe in die schöne Farbe des Männchens stuffenweise
übergegangen war, von dem man es blos an den Augen und dem
kürzern Schwanze unterscheiden konnte. Leute, welche Gelegenheit
gehabt haben, auf diese Vögel genau zu merken, haben den Herrn
v o n B ü f f o n versichert, daß diese Veränderung der Farbe bey den
meisten Weibchen Statt fände und anfienge, wenn sie 4 Jahre alt
wären; daß um diese Zeit die Männchen einen Widerwillen gegen
sie bekämen und sie mißhandelten; daß ihnen alsdann die langen
schmalen Federn wüchsen, die bey dem Männchen die
Schwanzfedern begleiten; mit einem Worte, daß sie dem Männchen
immer ähnlicher würden, jemehr sie an Alter zunähmen.
Edwards versichert, man habe bey dem Herzog v o n L e e d s eine
gemeine Fasanhenne gesehen, die das Gefieder des Hahns
angenommen, und setzt hinzu, daß eine solche Veränderung nur
bey Vögeln, die in der Hausthierschaft leben, Statt finde.
Die Eyer der Goldfasanhenne gleichen denen vom Perlhuhne viel
und sind verhältnißmäßig kleiner, als die von der Haußhenne, und
röthlicher, als unsere Fasaneyer.
Hans Sloane hat ein Männchen gegen fünfzehn Jahr erhalten.
Es scheinet, daß dieser Vogel dauerhaft seyn muß, weil er so lang
ausser seinem Vaterlande lebt. Er gewöhnt sich gut an das unsrige
und vermehrt sich leicht, sogar mit unserer europäischen
Fasanhenne. L e R o i hat eine solche chinesische Henne mit einem
französischen Fasanhahn zusammen geworfen, und die zween
Jungen, die davon entstunden, glichen den unsrigen sehr, doch war
das Gefieder schlecht gefärbt und auf dem Kopf hatten sie nur einige
gelbe Federn, wie der chinesische Fasan. Als man diesen beeden
jungen Blendlingshahnen europäische Fasanhennen gab, so
befruchtete einer davon die seinige im zweyten Jahr und es kam
eine Fasanhenne heraus, die nie wieder konnte befruchtet werden.
Die zwey Blendlingshahnen haben bis ins vierte Jahr weiter nichts
gezeugt, in welchem Jahre sie Gelegenheit fanden, zu entwischen.
Vermuthlich ist dieses der schöne Fasan, von dem man sagt, das
die Federn in China mehr gälten, als der Vogel, und einerley mit
dem, den M a r k u s P a o l o in seinen c h i n e s i s c h e n Reisen
bewunderte, und dessen Schwanz drey Schuh lang war.

Der schwarz und weiße chinesische Fasan

scheint nach dem Muster des vorhergehenden gebauet zu seyn, nur
ist er größer: denn er übertrifft selbst den europäischen an Größe.
Mit dem letztern hat er einen sehr merklichen Zug von Aehnlichkeit,
nemlich die rothe Einfassung der Augen, die aber noch breiter, als
bey jenem, ist: denn sie fällt ihm an beyden Seiten unter den
Unterschnabel, in Gestalt der Backenlappen, herab, und auf der
andern Seite erhebt sie sich, wie ein dopelter Kamm, über den
Oberschnabel.
Das Weibchen ist ein wenig kleiner, als das Männchen, von dem
es aber in Absicht auf die Farbe sehr abgeht. Es ist weder, wie das
Männchen, am Obertheile des Körpers weiß, noch am Untertheile
schwarz mit einem purpurfarbigen Widerschein. Man siehet nur
etwas weniges Weißes unter der rothen Einfassung der Augen, die
bey weitem nicht so groß, als am Männchen, ist. Das übrige alles ist
rothbraun, bald dunkler, bald heller, ausser unter dem Bauche und
an den Seitenfedern des Schwanzes, wo man schwarze
Querstreifen auf einem grauen Grunde erblickt. Sonst aber geht das
Weibchen in dieser Raçe weniger von dem Männchen ab, als in den
übrigen Fasanraçen, und hat auch, wie dieses, eine Haube, doch
nicht von so langen Federn, wie das Männchen; sie hat auch die
braune Farbe des Kopfs, da sie hingegen bey dem Männchen
schwarz ist und sich auf dem weißen Nacken vortreflich ausnimmt.
Die Füße sind an beyden roth und bey dem Männchen mit weit
stärkern Sporen, als des Goldfasans seine sind, bewaffnet. In dem
Linne-Müllerischen System heißt dieser Vogel lateinisch
Nycthemerus, deutsch aber, wie bey H a l l e n , der weiße Fasan.

Im nördlichen Theile von China findet man eine Art von Fasanen,
deren Flügel und Schwanz mit einer großen Anzahl runder Flecken,
welche Augen ähnlich sehen, besäet sind, daher man diese Vögel
 Argus,
sonst aber
Luen
nennet. Sie sind gelb mit schwarzen Flecken oder Punkten. Das
Gesicht ist roth und am Kopf eine gedoppelte blaue Federhaube, die
rückwärts fällt; um die Augen herum und an der Wurzel des
Schnabels ist er schwarz; der Hinterkopf, die Kehle und der Hals
sind roth, nur ist der Nacken blau. Der Schwanz ist keilförmig und
hat mit den Flügeln einerley Farbe; die zwo mittlern Federn sind sehr
lang und ragen sehr viel über die andern hervor. Der Größe nach
gleicht dieser Vogel einem indianischen Hahn.

Den Napaul
oder
gehörnten Fasan
setzt E d w a r d s unter die Truthühner, weil er um den Kopf fleischige
Auswüchse hat, nennt ihn aber den gehörnten Fasan. Er scheint in
der That dem Fasan näher, als dem Truthahn, anzugehören: denn
diese fleischige Auswüchse sind nichts weniger, als diesem letztern,
eigen, indeme sie der Hahn, das Perlhuhn, der Kasuar und andre
mehr ebenfalls haben. Man findet sie sogar auch an Fasanen: denn
die Haut um die Augen des weißen Fasans bildet in der That einen
gedoppelten Kamm über dem Schnabel und Backenlappen unter
demselben. Ueberdiß ist der Napaul aus dem Klima der Fasanen,
indem ihn M e a d aus Bengalen bekommen hat; er hat auch den
Schnabel, die Füße, die Sporen, die Flügel und die gänzliche Gestalt
des Fasans.
Der Napaul wird ein gehörnter Fasan genannt, weil er in der That
zwey Hörner auf dem Kopfe hat. Diese Hörner sind blau, cylindrisch,
am Ende stumpf, liegen rückwärts und kommen in Absicht auf ihre
Substanz mit schwieligem Fleisch überein. Er hat keinen Zirkel von
rother und zuweilen schwarz punktirter Haut, wie die Fasanen, um
die Augen, sondern dieser ganze Raum ist mit schwarzen Haaren in
Gestalt der Federn besetzt; unter diesem Raum und dem Ursprung
des Unterschnabels nim̄ t eine Art von Kragen, der aus einer
schlappen Haut bestehet, seinen Anfang, welcher hinab fällt und frey
auf der Kehle und dem Obertheil des Halses hängt. Dieser Kragen
ist in der Mitte schwarz, mit Haaren von eben dieser Farbe besäet
und mit mehr oder weniger tiefen Runzeln gefurcht; und es ist
wahrscheinlich, daß ihn der Vogel aufblasen und zusammen ziehen
kann. Die Seitentheile daran sind blau mit einigen orangefärbigen
Flecken und auswärts ohne Haare; die innere Oberfläche aber, die
auf dem Hals anliegt, ist mit kleinen schwarzen Federn, wie der Theil
des Halses, den sie bedecket, besetzt; der Wirbel des Kopfs ist roth;
der Vordertheil des Körpers röthlich; der Hintertheil mehr
schwarzbraun. Ueber den ganzen Körper, Schwanz und Flügel
mitgerechnet, sieht man schwarze weiß eingefaßte Flecken, die
ganz nahe beysammen ziemlich regelmäßig ausgesäet sind. Diese
Flecken sind am Vordertheile rund, am Hintertheil haben sie die
Gestalt der Thränen, und zwar so, daß sich die Spitze gegen den
Kopf kehret. Die Flügel reichen nicht über den Ursprung des
Schwanzes.

Man hat zwar in Amerika keine wahre Fasanen gefunden; unter

der Menge verschiedener Vögel aber, die diese weite Gegenden
bevölkern, siehet man einige, die mehr oder weniger Aehnlichkeit mit
dem Fasan haben. Von diesen nähert sich jedoch

Der Katraka,
oder, wie er sonst genannt wird,
der Fasan von Guiana
demselben am meisten. Er kommt mit ihm, in Absicht auf die Gestalt
überhaupt, auf den ein wenig gebogenen Schnabel, die roth
eingefaßten Augen und den langen Schwanz, überein. Schnabel und
Füße sind roth und der ganze Vogel ist dunkelrothbraun, die Seiten
des Kopfes, welche röthlich sind, und den Bauch, welcher
aschfarben oder schmutzig weiß ist, ausgenommen.
Man weiß von seiner Naturgeschichte zur Zeit noch nichts, und
der Name Katraka wird ihm in Mexiko gegeben.
 Anhang.

Viele Reise- und Naturbeschreiber haben noch andern Vögeln den

Namen der Fasanen gegeben, die aber B ü f f o n nicht dafür erkennen
will, ob sie gleich auf seinen gemalten Platten unter Fasanennamen
vorkommen.
Diese Vögel sind folgende:
1.) Der Fasan von den Antillen
des B r i s s o n , oder der Fasan von der Insel Kayriouacou des d u
Te r t r e , welcher viel längere Beine und einen kürzern Schwanz, als
der Fasan, hat.
2.) Der gekrönte indianische Fasan
des B r i s s o n , welcher sich von dem Fasan durch seine ganze
Gestalt, durch die besondere Bildung des Schnabels, durch seine
Sitten und Gewohnheiten, durch seine längern Flügel und durch
seinen kürzern Schwanz unterscheidet, und, seine Größe
ausgenommen, mehr Aehnlichkeit mit dem Geschlechte der Tauben
zu haben scheint.
3.) Der gehaubte kayennische Fasan,
ein amerikanischer Vogel, den B ü f f o n unter diesem Namen
bekommen hat, der aber von dem Fasan, in Absicht auf die Größe,
die Stellung des Körpers, den langen und dünnen Hals, den kleinen
Kopf, die langen Flügel ⁊c. abzugehen scheinet.
4.) Der Hokkofasan von Guiana,
welcher nichts weniger, als ein Fasan, ist;
 und 5.) alle andere Hokkos von Amerika,
die B r i s s o n , B a r r e r e und andere zu den Fasanen gerechnet haben,
von denen wir aber, so, wie von den vorigen, hier nicht weiter reden
wollen.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
NATURGESCHICHTE DES FASANS ***

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