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CHAFFEE
12th Edition
JOHN CHAFFEE
12th Edition
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JOHN CHAFFEE
58501_cvr_hr.indd 1 SE/Chaffee, Thinking Critically, 12th Edition ISBN -978-1-337-55850-1 ©2019 Designer: XXX 11/08/17 6:50 pm
Text & Cover printer: Quad Graphics Binding: PB Trim: 7.375 x 9.125" CMYK
Discussing Ideas in an Organized Way 67
Listening Carefully 69
Supporting Views with Reasons and Evidence 69
Responding to the Points Being Made 70
Asking Questions 72
Increasing Understanding 72
Reading Critically 73
Asking Questions 73
Using a Problem-Solving Approach 74
Analyzing Issues 78
What is the Issue? 78
What is the Evidence? 80
What are the Arguments? 82
What is the Verdict? 84
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What Is Ethics? 375
Your Moral Compass 378
I Would Follow My Conscience 381
I Do Not Know What I Would Do 381
I Would Do Whatever Would Improve My Own Situation 381
I Would Do What God or the Scriptures Say is Right 381
I Would Do Whatever Made Me Happy 382
I Would Follow the Advice of an Authority, Such as a Parent or Teacher 382
I Would Do What is Best for Everyone Involved 384
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Recognizing Arguments 424
Cue Words for Arguments 426
Arguments are Inferences 430
Evaluating Arguments 432
Validity: Do the Reasons Support the Conclusion? 432
Truth: How True are the Supporting Reasons? 433
The Soundness of Arguments 435
Understanding Deductive Arguments 438
Application of a General Rule 438
Modus Ponens 439
Modus Tollens 440
Disjunctive Syllogism 440
Constructing Extended Arguments 446
Writing an Extended Argument 446
Inductive Reasoning 462
Empirical Generalization 463
Is The Sample Known? 463
Is The Sample Sufficient? 464
Is The Sample Representative? 464
Fallacies of False Generalization 466
Hasty Generalization 466
Sweeping Generalization 467
False Dilemma 468
Causal Reasoning 468
The Scientific Method 469
Controlled Experiments 472
Causal Fallacies 478
Questionable Cause 478
Misidentification of the Cause 479
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 479
Slippery Slope 480
Fallacies of Relevance 481
Appeal to Authority 482
Appeal to Tradition 482
Bandwagon 483
Appeal to Pity 483
Appeal to Fear 484
Appeal to Flattery 485
Special Pleading 485
Appeal to Ignorance 488
Begging the Question 488
Straw Man 489
Red Herring 490
Appeal to Personal Attack 490
Two Wrongs Make A Right 491
The Critical Thinker’s Guide to Reasoning 498
What is My Initial Point of View? 498
How Can I Define My Point of View More Clearly? 498
What is an Example of My Point of View? 498
What is the Origin of My Point of View? 500
What are My Assumptions? 500
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Glossary 556
Index 562
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Features
This book has a number of distinctive characteristics that make it an effective tool
for both instructors and students. Thinking Critically
• teaches the fundamental thinking, reasoning, and language abilities that
students need for academic success. By focusing on the major thinking and
language abilities needed in all disciplines, and by including a wide variety of
readings, the text helps students perform more successfully in other courses.
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Acknowledgments
Many persons from a variety of disciplines have contributed to this book at various
stages of its development over the past editions, and I thank my colleagues for their
thorough scrutiny of the manuscript and their incisive and creative comments. In
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Ut paternis recrearet
Vernus annum nubibus,
Ovidio, nel quarto libro dei Fasti, forse prima dell’autor del
Pervigilium, aveva splendidamente descritte le feste e le veglie di
Venere, e data la ragione dell’essersi scelta la primavera a
celebrarle. E narra in tal libro come, fra l’altre cerimonie, madri e
spose latine traessero al mirteto di Venere, dove sorgeva il simulacro
della Dea e quivi sciogliessero dal di lei candido collo il monile d’oro
e le gemme e la lavassero interamente, e prosciugata poi di loro
mano la riornassero di quelle preziosità e fregiassero di corone; poi
dovessero esse medesime lavarsi pure, in memoria di quando la
bella Iddia uscita dal mare e ignuda, tergendo gli umidi crini,
sorpresa da impura frotta di satiri, ebbe a riparare appunto sotto un
bosco di mortella. E il lavacro che tutte le vedeva denudate era
presso il tempio della Fortuna Virile, quasi a dire ch’esse le dovesse
proteggere dagli sguardi degli uomini e intanto, pur in memoria di
quel che Venere bevve, quando fu condotta al marito, bevessero
esse bianco latte con pesto papavero e miele; e tutte queste
supplicazioni e cerimonie compissero, a renderla propizia, perchè
reputassero procedere dalla Dea, bellezza, costume e buon nome: