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McGraw-Hill Education
MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
WORKBOOK
FOR THE
GED
®
T E S T
fourth edition
McGraw-Hill Education Editors

Contributor: Jouve North America
fm.indd 1 27-01-2021 20:30:00

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Contents
Introduction v
How to Use This Workbook v
The GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test vi
Calculators and the GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test vii
The Top 25 Things You Need to Know for
the GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test viii
Mathematical Reasoning Pretest 3
Answers and Solutions 9
Evaluation Chart 13
CHAPTER 1 Whole Numbers and Integers 15

CHAPTER 2 Exponents, Roots, and Properties of Numbers 21
CHAPTER 3 Fractions and Operations 25
CHAPTER 4 Decimal Numbers and Operations 31
CHAPTER 5 Ratios, Rates, and Proportions 37
CHAPTER 6 Percents and Applications 43
CHAPTER 7 Statistics 49
CHAPTER 8 Probability and Counting 55
CHAPTER 9 Geometry 63
CHAPTER 10 Polynomial and Rational Expressions 69
CHAPTER 11 Solving Equations and Inequalities 75
CHAPTER 12 Graphing Equations 81
CHAPTER 13 Functions 97

Mathematical Reasoning Posttest 151
Evaluation Chart 160
Glossary 161
iii
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Introduction
How to Use This Workbook

This workbook contains practice problems to help you sharpen your
mathematical skills in preparation for taking the GED® Mathematical
Reasoning test.
Start your mathematics practice by taking the Mathematical Reasoning
Pretest at the beginning of this book. It will help you decide which chapters
of the workbook will be most valuable to you. You will also see some
samples of the technology-enhanced question formats that appear on the
actual exam. Take the pretest in a controlled environment, with as few
distractions as possible. Use a calculator, and if you want to more closely
simulate testing conditions, limit yourself to 115 minutes, although you
may prefer taking the test untimed in order to get a chance to think about
every problem. When you are done, or when time is up, check your answers
in the Answers and Solutions directly following the pretest, where you will
find short explanations of a correct approach to each problem. Next, find
the problem numbers you answered incorrectly in the Evaluation Chart to
identify the chapters on which you need to concentrate.
Each of the 13 chapters in the book consists of an exercise of 50 problems
on a different individual topic in mathematics. The number of problems is
intended to expose you to the variety of contexts and situations in which
various mathematical problems arise. The questions have also been carefully
designed to match each of the following:
• the test content
• the “depth of knowledge” (DOK) levels that measure how well you
understand each topic
• the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) that you are expected to have
mastered
The exercises are not intended to be timed, but if you find that you are
familiar with a topic, you could try timing yourself on a few problems,
attempting to correctly work 5 problems in 10 minutes, for example.
Answers and Solutions for the problems in the exercises are located directly
following the last chapter.
Finally, when you have completed the last exercise, take the
Mathematical Reasoning Posttest at the back of this book. This test can help
you to reevaluate yourself after practicing in the workbook as much as you
feel is necessary. It also contains more samples of the technology-enhanced
question formats used on the actual exam. Answers and Solutions and an
Evaluation Chart are located at the end of the posttest, which can help you
decide if you are ready to take the GED® Mathematical Reasoning test or if
you need further practice.
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vi Introduction
The GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test

The GED® Mathematical Reasoning test is divided into two parts. Part I
consists of approximately 5 questions to be completed without a calculator.
A calculator is available for Part II, which consists of approximately 41
questions. Once you have started working on Part II, you will not be able
to return to Part I. The individual parts are not timed, but the entire test is
limited to 115 minutes.
The GED® Mathematical Reasoning test is a computer-based test, which
allows for a broad range of item types. There are many multiple-choice
items, each of which has four answer choices from which to choose. There
are also many technology-enhanced items with formats such as fill-in-the-
blank, drop-down, hot spot, and drag-and-drop.
• Fill-in-the-blank: These are short-answer items in which a numerical
response may be entered directly from the keyboard or in which
an expression, equation, or inequality may be entered using an
on-screen character selector with mathematical symbols not found
on the keyboard.
• Drop-down: A list of possible responses is displayed when the response
area is clicked with the mouse. These may occur more than once in a
sentence or question.
• Hot spot: Images on the screen have one or more areas where a response
is entered by clicking with the mouse. For example, a line in a coordinate
system is entered by clicking the locations of two points on the line.
• Drag-and-drop: Small images, words, equations, or other elements are
moved around the screen by pointing at them with the mouse, holding
the mouse button down, and then releasing the button when the element
is positioned over an area on the screen. Such items are used for sorting,
classifying, or ordering questions.
About 45 percent of the problems on the test are quantitative, including
problems using whole numbers, negative numbers, fractions, decimals, and
percentages to answer questions on calculations, conversions, exponents,
word problems, rates, ratios, proportions, counting, probability, statistics,
data analysis, the Pythagorean theorem, and the perimeter, area, surface
area, and volume of geometric objects. These topics are covered in chapters
1 through 9 of this workbook. The remaining 55 percent of the problems on
the test are algebraic, covering algebraic expressions, polynomials, rational
expressions, equations, inequalities, graphing, and functions. These topics
are covered in chapters 10 through 13 of this workbook. Due to the nature
of mathematics, there will be overlap; for instance, an algebraic expression
might be partially expressed with fractions, or an equation might involve
using decimals.
Visit http://www.ged.com for more about the GED® test.
fm.indd 6 27-01-2021 20:30:00

Introduction vii
Calculators and the GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test

An on-screen calculator is available for Part II of the GED® Mathematical
Reasoning test. It is also available on some of the other test sections, such
as the Science section. The calculator is the computer version of Texas
Instrument’s TI-30XS MultiView. If you wish to bring your own calculator,
this is the only model allowed. On the screen, the calculator looks like the
physical model of the calculator, and it functions in the same manner. You
will need only the same functionality as on most basic calculators: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. Being aware of some
of the other calculator features and being able to use them efficiently may
speed up your response time and help you complete the test in the allotted
time. The other features you may find useful are the change sign key, the
reciprocal function, squaring button, raise-to-a-power button, parentheses,
root button, and others. A complete explanation of the full functionality is
beyond the scope of the workbook, but here are some pointers:
• Use the change sign key to enter negative numbers. The key is labeled
(–) and is different from the subtraction key, which is grouped with the
other operation keys.
• Use the reciprocal button, labeled x–1, if you realize you computed a
fraction with the numerator and denominator interchanged. This will
save you the effort of recalculating the entire fraction.
• Use the raise-to-a-power button, labeled ^, to compute a number raised
to a power. This will save time by not having to reenter a number when
raising it to a power; it will also decrease the chance of entering the
number incorrectly.
• Use the parentheses to carry out mixed operations without recording
intermediate results. The squaring button is a shortcut to raising a
number to the second power. It immediately squares the number in the
display.
• Use the root button to find decimal approximations of square roots.
Other roots may be approximated by using the shifted power key.
Visit http://www.atomiclearning.com/ti30xs for more information about
using the calculator, including instructions on some of the advanced
features.
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viii Introduction
The Top 25 Things You Need to Know for the GED®

Mathematical Reasoning Test
Use this list as a guide for your studies. Be sure to study and practice each
topic until you feel that you have mastered it.
1. P
lace Value and Rounding: Know how to identify digits by place value
and round values to a place value.
2. N
umber Line and Negatives: Know how to read a number line and
understand negative numbers.
3. Order of Operations: Follow the order of operations (PEMDAS) when
doing calculations.
4. R
oots and Exponents: Perform operations with exponents, including
negative exponents. Know the value of basic square roots and cube
roots. Simplify roots.
5. Fractions: Perform operations with fractions; change between
improper and mixed fractions; and convert fractions to decimals and
percents.
6. Decimals: Perform operations with decimals and convert decimals to
fractions and percents.
7. R
atios and Proportions: Understand how ratios and proportions work;
do word problems involving ratios and proportions; reduce ratios; find
the missing value in a proportion.
8. Rates: Understand how rates work; do word problems involving rate;
reduce rates.
9. Percent: Convert percents to decimals and fractions. Solve problems
involving percent, including calculating interest.
10. Measures of Central Tendency: Find the mean, median, mode, and
range of a data set.
11. P
robability and Combinations: Understand probability; find the
probability of a single event; find the probability of compound events;
find the number of possible combinations of things.
12. 2-Dimensional Figures: Find the area and perimeter of 2D figures.
13. 3 -Dimensional Figures: Find the area, surface area, and volume of 3D
figures.
14. Polynomials: Combine like terms; add and subtract polynomials.
15. M
ultiplying Polynomials: Multiply single terms; use the FOIL method
to multiply binomials; multiply polynomials with more than two terms.
16. F
actoring Polynomials: Factor out the greatest common factor; use
reverse FOIL; use the difference of squares.
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Introduction ix
17. R
ational Expressions: Simplify, add, subtract, multiply, and divide
rational expressions.
18. Equations and Inequalities: Write and solve linear equations and
inequalities; graph inequalities.
19. Systems of Equations: Solve systems of two equations with two
unknowns.
20. Q
uadratic Equations: Solve quadratic equations with the square root
rule, by factoring, and with the quadratic formula.
21. Translating Word Problems: Turn a word problem into a
mathematical calculation or equation and solve it.
22. Graphing: Plot points; graph lines; find the intercepts of a line.
23. L
ine Equations: Find the equation of a line from two points or from
one point and the slope.
24. Slope: Find the slope of a line from a graph of the line, from the
equation of the line, or with two points on the line.
25. Functions: Evaluate functions (find the given value); recognize a
function from a table or a graph; identify when a graphed function is
positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing; determine the period of a
function from a graph.
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fm.indd 10 27-01-2021 20:30:00

Mathematics Formula Sheet
Perimeter
square P = 4s
rectangle P = 2l + 2w
triangle P = s1 + s2 + s3
circle (circumference) C = 2pr or pd
Area
square A = s2
rectangle A = lw
triangle A = 1 bh
2
circle A = pr2
parallelogram A = bh
trapezoid A = (1 ) h(b1 + b2)

2
Surface Area and Volume
rectangular/right prism SA = ph + 2B V = Bh
cylinder SA = 2prh + 2pr2 V = pr2h
pyramid SA = (1 ) ps + B V = (1 )Bh
2 3
cone SA = prs + pr2 V = (1 )pr2h
3
sphere SA = 4pr2 V = (4 )pr3
3
( p = perimeter of base B; p ≈ 3.14)
mathematicsformula.indd 1 27-01-2021 10:04:34

Algebra
slope of a line m = (y2 − y1) / (x2 − x1)
slope-intercept form of the equation of a line y = mx + b
point-slope form of the equation of a line y − y1 = m(x − x1)
standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = y

−b ± b 2 − 4 ac
quadratic formula x=
2a
Pythagorean Theorem a2 + b2 = c2
simple interest I = prt

(I = interest, p = principal, r = rate, t = time)
distance formula d = rt
total cost number of units × price per unit
Data
Mean The total of the values of a data set, divided by the number of elements in the data set
Median The middle value in an odd number of ordered values of a data set or the mean of
the two middle values in an even number of ordered values in a data set
mathematicsformula.indd 2 27-01-2021 10:04:37

PRETEST
Mathematical Reasoning
46 questions 115 minutes
This pretest is intended to give you an idea of the topics you need to study to pass the GED®
Mathematical Reasoning test. Try to work every problem, in a quiet area and with enough time so
that you are free from distractions. The usual time allotted for the test is 115 minutes, but it is more
important to be sure you get a chance to think about every problem than it is to finish ahead of time.
Answers and solutions for every problem can be found at the end of the pretest.
PART I: NO CALCULATOR PART II: CALCULATOR ALLOWED
For questions 1–3, fill in the missing items. 6. A store reduces the price of a toaster by
Decimal Percent Fraction 25%. The salesperson gives a customer an
additional 10% off the already-reduced price.
What is the total discount the customer is
1. 0.03
getting, expressed as a percentage?
2. 45% A. 1%

B. 2.5%
7 C. 32.5%
3. 15 D. 35%
7. If A > B, what is the correct relationship for

4. Arrange in order from least to greatest:
1 2 3 2 5 −A −B?
, , , , . Write your answer in the space
8 3 5 7 6
Write the correct symbol on the line.
below. Note: On the real GED® test, you will click
on each fraction and “drag” it into position.
8. What is the equation of a line parallel to
y = 7x + 2 and passing through the point
5. A group of 16 adults, 9 of whom are men, are (5, 10)?
placed in 4-person teams. How many different
A. y = −7x + 2
teams of all women are possible?
B. y = 7x − 2
A. 4 C. y = −7x − 25
B. 16 D. y = 7x − 25
C. 35
D. 63 9. Convert the fraction 3 to an equivalent
8
fraction with a denominator of 32.
Write your answer in the box.
pretest.indd 3 27-01-2021 18:13:30

4 PRETEST: Mathematical Reasoning
PRETEST
10. Solve by factoring: 3 x 2 – 5 x – 12 = 0. 15. What is the distance between −4 and 4 on the
–4 number line?
A. x = 3 or 3
A. 0
4
B. x = 3 or 3 B. −8
–4 C. 8
C. x = –3 or 3 D. 16
4
D. x = –3 or 3
16. Given a 6-sided die (one of a pair of dice) that
11. Which of the lines below is not parallel to measures 1.75 centimeters on an edge, what is
x – 2 y = 12? the volume of the die?
1 A. 3.06 cm3
A. y =– x–4 B. 5.36 cm3
2
B. 2 x – 4 y = 16 C. 10.50 cm3
D. 18.38 cm3
1
C. y = x + 21
2
17. A bowl of colored balls contains 30% red balls,
D. x – 2y = 8
20% blue balls, and 30% green balls; the rest
12. Solve for x: 3 x + 12 > 2 x + 1. are white balls. What is the percent probability
A. x > 11 of randomly selecting a color other than red
B. x > −11 on a single draw? Write your answer in the box.
C. x < 11
D. x < −11 %
13. Multiply (2 x – 7)(3 x + 1).
For questions 18–19, write your answer in the space
A. 6x − 21x − 7 provided.
B. 12x − 19x2 − 7
C. 6x2 − 19x − 7 18. 25% : 75% :: : 18
D. 6x2 + 23x + 7
1 2 19. 3 : 10 :: : 150
14. Add + .
4 3
11
A. 20. The ratio 5:7 is the same as
12
3 A. 35
B.
7 15
B.
1 21
C.
4 7
1 C.
D. 5
6 D. 0.625
pretest.indd 4 27-01-2021 18:14:00

PRETEST: Mathematical Reasoning 5
PRETEST
21. Suzy has made a mistake and added 25. What is the value of 2 x 2 + 3 y 3 when
4 teaspoons of baking powder to 5 cups of x = 3.5 and y = 2.25 ?
flour in a recipe that calls for 3 teaspoons of
baking soda to 5 cups of flour. In order to A. 58.67
not waste the entire batch, she has decided B. 24.50
to add flour to get the proper proportion C. 18.39
of baking powder to flour. How much flour D. 13.75
should she add?
26. For which of the following integer values of x
A. 3 cup is 0 < x < 4 true?
5
2 Write your choices in the box. (Note: On the
B. 1 cups actual GED® test, you will click on an answer
3
C. 5 cups and “drag” it into the box.)
2 −5 1
D. 6 cups
3 −4 2
22. Subtract −7x + 2 from 4x + 7. −3 3
−2 4
A. −3x + 9 −1 5
B. −3x + 5 0
C. 11x + 9
D. 11x + 5 27. Starting at –14 on the number line, in which
direction must you go, left or right, to find −11?
23. Which of the following is (are) NOT function(s)? Write your answer in the box.
A. x 1 2 5 –1 –5
y 2 3 9 7 2
B. 28. If y = x – 2, y is a real number for what

x –2 –1 0 1 2 values of x?
y 4 4 4 4 4
A. x<2
C. x –1 2 –1 4 –1 B. x>2
y 2 4 3 11 2 C. x=2
D. x>2
D. x –2 –1 0 –1 –2
y 15 7 0 7 15 29. What is the area of a triangle with a base of
15 units and a height of 6 units?
A. 90 units
24. A business owner adds 45% to the price of B. 45 units
an item to cover operating costs and profit C. 22.5 units
margin. What is the selling price of an item D. 21 units
that costs the owner $120?
A. $165
B. $174
C. $186
D. $200
pretest.indd 5 27-01-2021 18:14:14

PRETEST
30. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to 34. If f ( x ) = 5x 2 – 7x + 4 , what is f ( –2)?

3 x + 4 y = 13 ?
A. −30
4
A. B. −14
3
C. 10
3
B. D. 38
4
C. − 3 35. What is x−3 if x = −2?
4
4 A. 8
D. −
3 1
B.
8
31. What is the perimeter of a rectangular field C. − 1
that measures 660 feet by 330 feet? 8
D. −8
A. 217,800 ft.
B. 3,960 ft. 36. Graph 3 x – 5 y = –10. (Note: On the real GED®
C. 1,980 ft. test, you will click on 2 points on the graph
D. 990 ft. that are on the line to draw the line.)
y
x5
32. Reduce to lowest terms: .
x3 10
A. x15 8
B. x8
6
C. x2
D. x 4
2
33. Approximately how many cubic centimeters x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
can a tin can hold if it is 11.0 centimeters high
–2
and its top is 7.4 centimeters in diameter?
–4
A. 1,891 cm3
–6
B. 473 cm3
C. 128 cm3 –8
D. 43 cm3 –10
pretest.indd 6 27-01-2021 18:14:36

PRETEST
2
37. Simplify 6 x + 8 x .
2
40. Multiply ( x + 2) .
2x2
A. x 2 + 4
3x +4
A.
x B. 4 x 2
B. 7x
C. 7 C. x 2 + 2 x + 4
D. 22x D. x 2 + 4 x + 4
41. If housing prices have increased by 17% since

38. Simplify 4 162 . last year, what was the old price of a house
Write each number in the appropriate box. that today sells for $185,000?
A. $216,450
B. $158,120
C. $153,550
39. Is this the graph of a function?
D. $31,450
Check Yes or No.
2 x + 2 3x – 7
y 42. Subtract – .
4y 2x
10 x 2 + x − 3 xy + 7 y
A.
8 2 xy
6 x +5
B.
4
2 ( y − 1)
−4 x + 16
2 C.
y−x
x 2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x + x − 3 xy + 7 y
–2 D.
4 xy
–4
–6 43. Given the equation y = 3 x + 4, what are the
–8
slope and y intercept?
Write your answers in the appropriate boxes.
–10
Slope
y-intercept
pretest.indd 7 27-01-2021 18:15:10

PRETEST
44. A bag has 6 red marbles and 12 blue marbles. 46. Solve x 2 – 5 x – 6 = 0 .
A marble is drawn from the bag at random.
A. x = − 6 or − 5
What is the probability that it is blue?
B. x = − 6 or − 1
1
A. C. x = 6 or 1
3
1 D. x = 6 or − 1
B.
2
2
C.
3
D. 3
4
45. What are the mean, median, and mode of the
data set {5, 3, 6, 4, 6, 2, 8, 2, 6, 3, 6, 9, 1, 4, 7}?
Write your answers in the appropriate boxes.
mean
median
mode
THIS IS THE END OF THE MATHEMATICAL REASONING PRETEST.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS BEGIN ON THE NEXT PAGE.
pretest.indd 8 27-01-2021 18:15:17

PRETEST
Answers and Solutions

Decimal Percent Fraction 8. D To be parallel, the slopes of the two
lines need to be equal, so the new
3 line is y = 7x + b. Since all points on
1. 0.03 3% 100 a line satisfy the equation, we can
substitute 5 for x and 10 for y to
2. 0.45 45% 9 get 10 = 7(5) + b and solve to find
20 b: 10 = 35 + b → 10 – 35 = b →
–25 = b. With b = –25, the equation
7 becomes y = 7x –25.
3. 0.467 46.7%
15 12
9. The denominator and numerator
32
1 2 3 2 5 are both multiplied by 4.
4. , , , ,
8 7 5 3 6
10. A (3 x + 4 )( x − 3) = 0 →
5. C
C If only women are chosen, there 3 x + 4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 →
are 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ways to choose them,
but since the order in which they 3 x = −4 or x = 3 →
are chosen does not matter, divide
4
by the number of ways to arrange 4 x=– or x = 3
3
people: 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1
Solving both for x gives the
7 ⋅ 6 ⋅5⋅ 4 answer.
= 35
4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1
6. C T he discounts are stacked. The first 11. A Solving the equation in the
25% discount cuts the cost down question and the equations in
to 75%. The second discount of choices B and D for y, all produce
10% applies to the reduced price 1
and is worth only 7.5% of the y = x + b for different values
2
original price. Combined, the two of b, but they all have a slope
discounts add up to 32.5% off the 1
original price. m = , as does choice C. The
2
7. –A < –B Multiplying both sides of an 1
slope in choice A is – .
inequality by a negative number 2
changes the direction of the
inequality symbol. 12. B 3 x + 12 − 2 x > 2 x + 1− 2 x →
x + 12 > 1→
x + 12 − 12 > 1− 12 → x > −11
pretest.indd 9 27-01-2021 18:15:49

PRETEST
13. C 23. C Only C violates the definition of

function: “for every x, there should
2 x • 3 x + 2 x • 1 – 7 • 3 x – 7 • 1 = be no more than one value of y.”
6 x 2 + 2 x – 21x – 7 = 6 x 2 – 19 x – 7
24. B Markup = 0.45 • 120 = 54, selling
price = 120 + 54 = 174
1 3 2 4 3 8 11
14. A • + • = + =
4 3 3 4 12 12 12
25. A 2 • 3.5 2 + 3 • 2.25 3 = 2 • 12.25 +
15. C distance = –4 – 4 = –8 = 8 3 • 11.390625 = 24.5 + 34.171875 = 58.671875
24.5
+ 34.171875 = 58.671875
16. B The volume is the area of the
base times the height. For a cube, 26. 1, 2, 3
this is just the length of a side
cubed. 27. right
V = (1.75) 3 = 5.359375 ≈ 5.36

28. D The quantity beneath the radical
sign must be nonnegative. Solving
17. 70% 100% – 30% = 70% x − 2 ≥ 0 (add 2 to both sides) gives
the answer.
0.25 n 0.25 n
18. 6 = → 18 • = 18 •
0.75 18 0.75 18 1 1 1
29. B A= bh = • 15 • 6 = • 90 = 45
1 2 2 2
→ 18 • = n → 6 = n
3
30. A Solve the given equation for y to
3 n 3 n find the slope of the given line:
19. 45 = → 150 • = 150 • 3 x + 4 y = 13 → 3 x + 4 y − 3 x =
10 150 10 150
→ 15 • 3 = n → 45 = n 13 − 3 x → 4 y = −3 x + 13 →
4 y −3 x + 13 3 13
= → y =− x+ ,
20. B 15 ÷ 3 = 5 4 4 4 4
21 3 7
3
3 4 3 4 so m = − .
21. B = → 5n • = 5n • → 4
5 n 5 n A perpendicular line has a slope
20 2 that is the negative reciprocal, so
= 6 , and
its slope is 4 .
3n = 20 → n =
3 3
3
2 2
6 –5=1
3 3 31. C p = 2l + 2h = 2 • 660 + 2 • 330 = 1320 + 660 = 1980
p = 2l + 2h = 2 •
660 + 2 • 330 = 1320 + 660 = 1980
22. D The subtraction must be set up as
4x + 7 − (−7x + 2). Change the signs
of the second polynomial and add:
4x + 7 + 7x − 2 = 11x + 5
pretest.indd 10 27-01-2021 18:16:36

PRETEST
4
32. C x 5–3 = x 2 38. 3 4 2 4
162 = 4 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 • 2 = 34 • 4 2 = 3 4 2
7.4 2
4
2
162 =
4 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 • 2 = 4 34 • 4 2 = 3 4 2
33. B r= = 3.7 V = πr h = π • 3.7 • 11 =
2
V = πr 2 h = π • 3.72 • 11 = 3.14 • 13.69 • 11 ≈ 473 39. Yes Every vertical line crosses the graph

no more than once.
34. D f ( –2) = 5( –2)2 – 7( –2) + 4 = 5 • 4 + 14 + 4 = 20 + 18 = 38

40. D ( x + 2)( x + 2) = x • x + 2 x + 2 x + 2 • 2 = x 2 + 4 x + 4
)2 – 7( –2) + 4 = 5 • 4 + 14 + 4 = 20 + 18 = 38
f ( –2) = 5( –2
• x + 2x + 2x + 2 • 2 = x2 + 4x + 4
( x + 2)( x + 2) = x
1 1 1
35. C x −3 = = =−
x 3
( − 2)3
8 41. B Today’s price is 117%, or 1.17 times
the original. Divide today’s price by
36. y 1.17 to get $158,120.
10
8 42. A
6
4 The least common denominator is 4xy.
2
x 2x + 2 2y 3x − 7
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x • − • =
x 4y 2y 2x
–2
2 x 2 + 2 x 6 xy − 14 y
–4 − =
4 xy 4 xy
–6
2 x 2 + 2 x − 6 xy + 14 y x 2 + x − 3 xy + 7 y
–8 =
8 xy 2 xy
–10
43. m = 3, b = 4
37. A 6 x 2 + 8 x (2 x )(3 x + 4 ) 3 x + 4 The equation is in slope-intercept form,

= =
2x2 (2 x )( x ) x y = mx + b .
44. C For a blue marble, the probability

12 2
is , or .
18 3
pretest.indd 11 27-01-2021 18:17:06

PRETEST
45. mean = 4.8, mode = 6, median = 5 46. D ( x − 6 )( x + 1) = 0 → x − 6 = 0 or
mean = 5 + 3 + 6 + 4 + 6 + 2 + 8 + 2 + 6 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 1+ 4 + 7 x + 1 = 0 → x = 6 or x = −1
15
72
= = 4.8
15
sorted data: {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9}
mode = 6
median = 5
pretest.indd 12 27-01-2021 18:17:15

PRETEST
Evaluation Chart
Circle the item number of each problem you missed. To the right of the item numbers, you will find the
chapters that cover the skills you need to solve the problems. More problem numbers circled in any row
means more attention is needed to sharpen those skills for the GED® test.
Item Numbers Chapter

15, 27 1. Whole Numbers and Integers
32, 35, 38 2. Exponents, Roots, and Properties of Numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 14 3. Fractions and Operations
1, 2, 3 4. Decimal Numbers and Operations
18, 19, 20, 21 5. Ratios, Rates, and Proportions
1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 41 6. Percents and Applications
45 7. Statistics
5, 17, 44 8. Probability and Counting
16, 29, 31, 33 9. Geometry
13, 22, 25, 37, 40, 42 10. Polynomial and Rational Expressions
7, 10, 12, 26, 46 11. Solving Equations and Inequalities
8, 11, 30, 36, 43 12. Graphing Equations
23, 28, 34, 39 13. Functions
If you find you need instruction before you are ready to practice your skills with this workbook, we
offer several excellent options:
McGraw-Hill Education Preparation for the GED® Test: This book contains a complete test
preparation program with intensive review and practice for the topics tested on the GED®.
McGraw-Hill Education Pre-GED®: This book is a beginner’s guide for students who need to develop a
solid foundation or refresh basic skills before they embark on formal preparation for the GED®.
McGraw-Hill Education Short Course for the GED®: This book provides a concise review of all the
essential topics on the GED® with numerous additional practice questions.
McGraw-Hill Education Strategies for the GED® Test in Mathematical Reasoning: This book provides
a complete review of all math topics on the Mathematical Reasoning test of the GED® as well as
hundreds of additional practice questions.
pretest.indd 13 27-01-2021 18:17:15

pretest.indd 14 27-01-2021 18:17:15

CHAPTER 1
Whole Numbers and Integers

Directions: Answer the following questions. For multiple-choice questions, choose the best answer.
For other questions, follow the directions provided. Answers begin on page 107.
1. Plot the number 47 on the number line. 8. What is |−42|, simplified?

A. 42
–80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 B. (−42)
C. −42
2. Plot the number −25 on the number line. D. |42|
9. What is the absolute value of 7?

–80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80
A. |7|
B. −7
3. Place the correct symbol, < or >, between the C. (7)
D. 7
numbers: −258 95
10. Which quadrant has positive x values and
4. Place the correct symbol, < or >, between the negative y values?
numbers: −47 −44 A. QI
B. QII
5. Place the correct symbol, < or >, between the C. QIII
D. QIV
numbers: 54 −128
11. Which quadrant has negative x values and
6. What is the opposite of −5, simplified? negative y values?
A. −(−5) A. QI
1 B. QII
B.
5 C. QIII
1 D. QIV
C. –
5
D. 5 12. Which point is the reflection of (−4, 7) in the
x-axis?
7. What is the simplified form of the opposite of
the opposite of 12? A. (−4, −7)
B. (4, −7)
A. −(−12) C. (7, −4)
B. 12 D. (−7, 4)
1
C.
12 13. Which point is the reflection of (0, −2) in the
1 x-axis?
D. –
12
A. (2, 0)
B. (0, 2)
C. (−2, 0)
D. (0, −2)
15
ch01.indd 15 27-01-2021 18:20:11

16 McGraw-Hill Education Mathematical Reasoning Workbook for the GED® Test
14. Which point is the reflection of (2, −5) on the 17. In the diagram, circle the point that has the
y-axis? coordinates (4, −5). (Note: On the actual GED®,
you will simply click on the point.)
A. (−2, 5)
B. (5, −2) y
C. (−5, 2) 6
D. (−2, −5) 5
Z
4
15. Which point is the reflection of (0, −3) on the W
3
y-axis?
2
A. (−3, 0) 1
B. (3, 0) x
C. (0, −3) –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
D. (0, 3)
–2
–3
16. In the diagram, circle the point that has the
–4
coordinates (−3, 2). (Note: On the actual GED®, Y
you will simply click on the point.) –5
X
y –6
6
5
4 18. Which statement is true?
P
3
S A. −3 < −7
2
B. −3 is to the right of −7 of the number line.
1 C. |−3| > |−7|
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x D. −3 is to the left of −7 on the number line.
–1
–2 19. Death Valley in California has an elevation of
R
–3 –282 feet. The Dead Sea in the Middle East
Q
–4 has an elevation of –1360 feet. Which of the
–5 following must be true?
–6 A. The Dead Sea is drier than Death Valley.
B. Death Valley is closer to sea level.
C. There are heavier rocks in the Dead Sea.
D. Death Valley is hotter than the Dead Sea.
20. The absolute value expression |−7| represents

A. the distance from 7 to −7.
B. the distance from 7 to 0.
C. the distance from −7 to 7.
D. the distance from −7 to 0.
ch01.indd 16 27-01-2021 18:20:16

Chapter 1 ~ Whole Numbers and Integers 17
21. What is the geometric meaning of −5 < −2? 27. Which number line shows that a number and
its opposite have a sum of 0?
A. −2 is not as negative as −5.
B. −5 is to the left of −2 on the number line.
C. −5 is smaller than −2. A.
D. −2 is to the right of −5 on the number line. 0
22. Albert has a bank balance of –65 dollars.

George has a balance of –44 dollars. Zoe’s B.
balance is –7 dollars; Pat’s balance is –82 0
dollars. Who owes more money to the
bank?
A. Albert C.
B. George 0
C. Zoe
D. Pat
D.
23. The greatest common factor of 42 and 36 0
is ______________________________.
Write your answer in the space provided. 28. Compute 3 − 7.
A. −10
24. What is the least common multiple of 6 and 9? B. −4
C. 4
A. 9
D. 10
B. 18
C. 36
29. Compute 5 − (−6).
D. 54
A. −11
25. Which situation describes quantities B. −1
combining to make 0? C. 1
D. 11
A. An account overdrawn by $1367 receives
a payroll deposit of $756 and a tax refund 30. Add 7 + (−5) + (−9).
deposit of $621. Write your answer in the box.
B. 5 people chip in $17 each to help settle a
friend’s $85 electricity bill.
C. A person contributes $15 to pay for his
share of a $60 dinner bill; his 4 companions
all generously do the same.
31. Compute −3 − (−8) + (−4) − 5.
D. Oil leaks out of a full 75,000-gallon
tank at the rate of 1500 gallons each A. −15
day for 7 weeks before someone B. −10
notices. C. −4
D. 4
26. On a number line, where is the number
−2 + (−7)? 32. Add −9 + 3 + (−4).
A. 7 units to the right of −2 A. 2
B. −7 units to the left of −2 B. −2
C. −7 units to the right of −2 C. −10
D. 7 units to the left of −2 D. −16
ch01.indd 17 27-01-2021 18:20:18

33. Compute −8 − (−10) − 5. 40. Which expression represents the distance

between −5 and 6?
A. −3
B. −23 A. |−5| + |6|
C. −7 B. |−5 + 6|
D. 3 C. |−5| − |6|
D. |−5 − 6|
34. Multiply −7(−9).
41. Plot and label the points.
A. −16
B. −63 y
C. 63 6
D. 16
5
4
35. Multiply 2(−4)(−1).
3
A. −8 2
B. 8 1
C. 7 x
D. −3 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
–2
36. Divide −32 ÷ 8.
–3
A. −2 –4
B. 4 –5
C. −4 –6
D. 2
37. Divide 42 ÷ (−6). A (1, −5), B (−2, −3), C (−5, 1)

A. −7 42. A rocket is about to launch. At T:–52 seconds
B. 36 the guidance system starts its final automatic
C. −36 test. The test is over at T:–17 seconds. How
D. 7 long did the test take?
38. Divide −72 ÷ (−9). A. 49 seconds
B. 45 seconds
A. 8 C. 35 seconds
B. −63 D. 39 seconds
C. −81
D. −8 43. Which of the following is undefined?
39. Which of the following is NOT equal to −5? –2 + 2
A.
8 + (–4)
A. −20 ÷ 4
5 + (–2)
B. 20 ÷ (−4) B.
–7 + 7
C. −20 ÷ (−4)
D. −(20 ÷ 4) 4 – (–1)
C.
6–3
–3 + (–1)
D.
4 – (–6)
ch01.indd 18 27-01-2021 18:20:25

Chapter 1 ~ Whole Numbers and Integers 19
44. Arrange these numbers in order from smallest 48. Which subtraction problem is shown by the
to largest: number line?
−15, −20, 13, −2, −8, 6, 0
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
smallest largest A. −6 − (−2) = −4

B. 2 − 6 = −4
C. −2 − 4 = −6
45. What is the distance between −7 and 6 on the D. −4 − 2 = −6
number line?
A. −13 49. Frank hears that the average temperature at
B. −1 a science station in Antarctica one winter is
C. 1 –40°C. He knows he can change the Celsius
D. 13 temperature into Fahrenheit by multiplying
the given temperature by 9, adding 160, and
The following question contains a blank marked then dividing by 5. What temperature should
Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set of choices. Frank come up with?
Indicate the choice that is correct and belongs in the A. −104°F
blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will B. −40°F
appear as a “drop-down” menu. When you click on a C. 40°F
choice, it will appear in the blank.) D. 104°F
46. Zero can be described as ________________________. 50. Compute −7(−5) − 4(−8 − 6) ÷ (−2).
Select . . . ▾ A. −217
positive B. 63
negative C. 31
D. 7
neither
47. Which addition problem is shown by the

number line?
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A. −3 + (−8) = 5
B. −3 + 5 = −8
C. 5 + (−8) = −3
D. −3 + (−5) = −8
ch01.indd 19 27-01-2021 18:20:26

ch01.indd 20 27-01-2021 18:20:26

CHAPTER 2
Exponents, Roots, and

Properties of Numbers
1. Which is the same as 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5? 7. Which expression is equivalent to 95 • 93?

A. 9•5 A. 915
B. 5•9 B. 818
C. 59 C. 8115
D. 95 D. 98
2. Rewrite 73 as repeated multiplication. 8. Which expression is equivalent to 46 • 26?

A. 3•3•3•3•3•3•3 A. 636
B. 7•7•7 B. 812
C. 2187 C. 612
D. 343 D. 86
3. Rewrite 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 with an exponent. 9. Which expression is equivalent to 25 • 35 • 67?

A. 25 A. 612
B. 52 B. 3612
C. 32 C. 36175
D. 10 D. 1112
4. Compute 43. 10. Simplify 73 • 72 • 75.

A. 12 A. 730
B. 81 B. 710
C. 64 C. 34330
D. 256 D. 34310
5. Which number is the base in the expression 11. Simplify 23 • 43 • 53.

8 • 36?
A. 409
A. 3 B. 1127
B. 6 C. 403
C. 8 D. 119
D. 36
12. What is 120?
6. Compute 53. A. 0
Write your answer in the box. B. 1
C. 12
D. 120
21
ch02.indd 21 27-01-2021 10:14:21

13. Simplify (53)4. 20. Rewrite (5–2)–4.

A. 57 1
A.
B. 564 58
C. 581
B. 58
D. 512
C. 400
D. 10,000
14. What is 121?
A. 0 21. Compute 105.
B. 1 Write your answer in the box.
C. 12
D. 121
15. Simplify 3 • 33.

A. 93 22. What is 17?
B. 34 A. 7
C. 33 B. –7
D. 94 C. 0
D. 1
16. Simplify 65(62)3.
A. 611 23. Simplify 24 • 2–9.
B. 610 1
C. 3610 A.
32
D. 3611
B. 1
10
17. Simplify (35)2(34)3. C. –10
A. 3120 D. –32
B. 314 7
C. 349 24. Simplify 35 .

3
D. 322 A. 9
1
18. Simplify 5–2. B.
9
C. 6
A. 1
25 D. 1
B. –10 6
C. –25
1 53
D. 25. Simplify .
10 56
1
–3 2 A.
19. Simplify (2 ) . 2
1
A. 36 B.
15
1
B. 1
32 C.
125
1 1
C. D.
64 243
D. –12
ch02.indd 22 27-01-2021 10:14:42

Chapter 2 ~ Exponents, Roots, and Properties of Numbers 23
The following question contains a blank marked 31. Which expression is equivalent to (54 • 79)3?
Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set of choices.
A. 157 • 2112
Indicate the choice that is correct and belongs in the
B. 154 • 219
blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will
C. 57 • 712
appear as a “drop-down” menu. When you click on a
D. 512 • 727
choice, it will appear in the blank.)
1
32. Evaluate 100 2 .
26. 10-2 is ________________________.
Select . . . ▾ A. 50
B. 10
positive 1
C.
negative 200
zero 1
D.
10, 000
27. What is 019? 1
A. 0 33. Evaluate 8 3 .
B. 1 A. 2
C. 19 8
D. –19 B.
3
C. 1
5
7
28. Simplify   . 24
 8 
D. 512
A. 35
1
40 –
34. Evaluate 25 2 .
57
B. 8 25
5 A. –
1 2
C.
5 B. 1
75 625
D. 5 1
8 C.
5
4
2 D. –625
29. Evaluate   .
 3  –
1
35. Evaluate 1000 3 .
A. 16
12 A. –3000
16 1
B. B.
81 10
8
C.
12 C. – 1000
3
32 D. 3000
D.
243
-1
6 6
36. Compute 4 2 .
30. Compute 2 • 5 .
A. 2
A. 360 B. 16
B. 60 C. –16
C. 1,000,000 D. –2
D. 420
ch02.indd 23 27-01-2021 10:15:14

1
37. Write 7 2 as a radical. 44. What is 3 27 ?
7 A. 3
A.
2 B. 9
1 C. 6
B. 3 D. 2
2
C. 7 2 45. Which expression is the same as 54 – 30?
D. 7 A. 6(9 – 6)
3
B. 6(9 + 6)
38. Write 9 as an expression with an exponent. C. 6(9 + 5)
A. ( 9 )1
3 D. 6(9 – 5)
1
B. 9 3 46. Which of the following is equivalent to
C. 31 5(7 + 2)?
D. 93 A. 35 + 10
B. 12 + 7
39. Write 6 as an expression with an exponent. C. 35 – 10
1 D. 12 – 7
A. 3 2
B. 31 47. Which is the same as 3(9 – 5)?
1
C. 62 A. 12 – 8
D. 6
1 B. 27 + 15
C. 27 – 15
1
40. Write 4 3 as a radical. D. 12 + 8
A. 3 4 48. Which expression is the same as 64 + 28?

B. 2
A. 20(44 + 8)
C. 4 B. 4(16 + 7)
D. 4
3 C. 14(40 + 14)
D. 8(8 + 3)
41. What is 81 ?
49. Select the expression equivalent to 2(3 + 5 – 4).
A. 18
B. 3 A. 5+1
C. 9 B. 6+1
D. 11 C. 5+7–6
D. 6 + 10 – 8
42. What is 36 ?
Write your answer in the box. 50. Which expression is the same as –6(8 + 3)?
A. –48 – 18
B. –48 + 18
C. 48 – 18
D. 48 + 18
43. What is 3 64 ?
A. 21
B. 8
C. 6
D. 4
ch02.indd 24 27-01-2021 10:15:40

CHAPTER 3
Fractions and Operations

1. Eli’s daughter had a birthday party at Molly 4. Laura runs a food bank. On Monday she gave
Mouse’s Pizza Planet. There were two tables of
away 1 of her stock of flour. On Tuesday she
girls. The girls left to play the games and 4
1
Eli saw that one table had left of a pie and gave away 1 of what was left from Monday.
2 3
the other had left 2 of a pie. Eli added the two On Wednesday she gave away 1 of what was
3 2
and came up with one full pie and one piece left from Tuesday. If she started with 1000
left over. What is the smallest number of pounds of flour, how much was left by the end
pieces that each pie was cut into? of Wednesday?
Write your answer in the box.
A. 0 pounds
B. 250 pounds
C. 333 pounds
D. 500 pounds
2. Perry’s Used Cars gives 1 of the price of a car
8 1 5
as commission to its sales force. The members 5. ÷ =?
3 3
of the sales force share equally in the
commission. If there are 6 people selling cars, 5
A.
how much will each get from a car that sells 9
B. 5
for $7100?
Write your answer in the box. C. 9
5
D. 1
5
3. A company claims its soap is 99 44 percent 6. Toni had a backlog of work to do. On Monday
100
she did 1 of the backlog. If on Tuesday she
pure. What is 44 reduced to its lowest form? 4
100 does the same amount of work (e.g., processes
44 the exact same number of files), what part of
A.
100 the backlog will be left?
22
B.
50 1
A.
8
C. 11
25 1
B.
4
D. 4
10 C. 1
2
D. 2
3
25
ch03.indd 25 27-01-2021 18:44:10

1
7. Lonnie announces a sale of 1 off all 10. Julie usually puts 23 pounds of flour in her
3 4
merchandise and puts special sale tags on cookie recipe, but this time she is short of
every item. Toward the end of the sale, she another ingredient and must cut her flour by
decides to give customers an additional 3
7 pounds. How much flour will she put in
1 5
off the marked-down prices. What is the
3 the recipe?
total discount?
13
1 A. 15 pounds
A. of the original price 20
9 1
2 B. 16 pounds
B. of the original price 2
3
5 of the original price C. 16 4 pounds
C. 9
9
4
4 D. 30 pounds
D. of the original price 9
9
3 1 3
11. Tomasz multiplied by 1 and got for an
5 4 5 4
8. Add 1 and 4 4 . answer. Did he do something wrong?
8 5
1 A. No, that is the correct answer.
A. 3
3 B. Yes, he did not change the mixed number
7 to an improper fraction.
B. 3
40 C. Yes, he forgot to invert the second fraction.
C. 5 9 D. Yes, he did not add 1 when he converted
13 the mixed number to an improper fraction
17 3 5 6
D. 6 (he multiplied by rather than by ).
40 4 5 5
12. In one town are 25 drivers under the age of 21.
3
9. Saul the butcher mixes 15 pounds of beef There are a total of 225 drivers in town. What is
4
the fraction of drivers under 21?
3
and 12 pounds of pork together to make
8 1
A.
sausage. How many pounds of sausage will he 10
get from these two meats? 1
B.
9
3
A. 3 pounds 1
8 C.
8
3
B. 27 pounds 1
4 D.
5
C. 28 1 pounds
8
3
D. 28 pounds
8
ch03.indd 26 27-01-2021 18:44:56

Chapter 3 ~ Fractions and Operations 27
1
13. Aram has 6 pounds of dry grout for tiling 16. Recently, the number of Americans under age
2
7 18 with student loans has increased from
his shower floor. If he takes away 3 pounds
8 14 1
to . Express the difference as a fraction
for the first batch of grout, how much does he 100 5
have left? reduced to its lowest terms.
5 3
A. 2 pounds A.
8 50
4 6
B. 3 pounds B.
5 100
C. 4 pounds 7
C.
4 50
D. 9 pounds
5 13
D.
95
14. Sandi has brewed 55 ounces of iced tea. How
many full glasses of tea can be filled if it takes 11
17. multiplied by its reciprocal
3 45
7 ounces of tea to fill each glass? equals ______________________________________ .
4
Write your answer in the blank.
A. 47 glasses
B. 8 glasses
C. 7 glasses 3
18. What is expressed in 64ths?
D. 6 glasses 4
Write the correct numerator in the box.
15. Cal must cut 5 pieces of lumber, each □

9 64
measuring 11 inches, from an 8-foot board.
16
1 1 19. Which of the following is exactly equal to 1?
If Cal’s saw blade is inch wide (i.e., inch
8 8
of wood is lost on every cut), how much of the A. the reciprocal of 3
board will be left after Cal gets his five pieces? 15
3 3
B. the opposite of times
9 15 15
A. 37 inches
16 15 15
C. divided by
5 3 3
B. 42 inches
16 D. none of these
C. 57 13 inches
16
7
D. 58 inches
16
ch03.indd 27 27-01-2021 18:45:34

144 3 5
20. Reduce to its lowest terms. 24. Subtract 45 from 92 .
216 4 10
18 3
A. A. -46
27 4
2 3
B. B. 46
3 4
C.
36 C. 47 1
54 4
72 1
D. D. 138
108 4
2 1 1 3 2
21. What is the quotient of 7 ÷ 2 ? Leave the 25. + + =
3 2 7 5 10
answer as a reduced improper fraction. Write the correct numerator and denominator in
Write the correct numerator in the box. the boxes.
□ □
25 □
22. What is the lowest common denominator of 2, 26. Emma gets $9 per hour for the first 40 hours
3 21 5 worked per week and time and a half for
, , and ?
8 24 36 hours over that. If she works 48 hours one
A. 36 week, what fractional part of her paycheck is
B. 68 overtime?
C. 70
D. 72 1
A.
13
23. Gabriele has three 1-gallon cans of the same 3
B.
1 13
paint. One gallon is full. The second gallon 7
3 C.
1 3 13
is full, and the third is full. How much paint 10
5 8 D.
is there in total, expressed as gallons? 13
5
A. gallons
16
53
B. gallons
60
C. 109 gallons
120
119
D. gallons
120
ch03.indd 28 27-01-2021 18:46:12

Chapter 3 ~ Fractions and Operations 29
Questions 27–30 each contain a blank marked For questions 34–36, convert each improper fraction
Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set to a mixed number. Reduce fractions as needed. Write
of choices. Indicate the choice that is correct your answers in the blanks.
and belongs in the blank. (Note: On the real
GED® test, the choices will appear as a “drop- 34. 17
4
down” menu. When you click on a choice, it
will appear in the blank.)
35. 124
11
3 3
27.
54 56 92
36.
72
Select . . . ▾
For questions 37–41, match the letter shown on the
> number line that corresponds to the given number.
< (Note: On the real GED® test, you will click on the
= letter and “drag” it next to the matching fraction.)
A B C DE F G H I J
5 1
28. 1
4 2 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Select . . . ▾ 2
37. 3 A
> 3
< B
= 38. −1 1 C
2
7 13 D
29.
4 8
E
39. 1 1
2
Select . . . ▾ F
> G
40. 6 4
< 5 H
=
I
3
3 9 41. −
30. 4 J
54 162
Select . . . ▾
>
<
=
For questions 31–33, convert each mixed number to an

improper fraction. Write your answers in the blanks.
1
31. 1
4
7
32. 6
8
7
33. 12
10
ch03.indd 29 27-01-2021 18:46:39

What number is presented by each of the following –1

points on the number line? Match each point to its 48. 16 2
corresponding value. (Note: On the real GED® test, A. 8

you will click on the value and “drag” it next to the
matching point.) B. 1
4
A C D F G C. - 1
4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 D. -4
42. Point A 2 2
 1
49. - 
 3
2
1 A. -
43. Point C - 9
4 1
B. -
9
C. 1
3 9
44. Point D
4 2
D.
9
3 2
3
45. Point F -3
4 50.  
5
6
A.
5
1
46. Point G -2 8
4 B.
5
C. 6
15
Calculate: 8
D.
125
1
47. 64 3
A. 4
B. 8
1
C. 21
3
D. 192
ch03.indd 30 27-01-2021 18:47:06

CHAPTER 4
Decimal Numbers and Operations

Questions 1–5 each contain a blank marked 6. (–6 × 106) × (–2 × 102) =
Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set of choices.
A. –12 × 108
Indicate the choice that is correct and belongs in the
B. 3 × 104
blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will
C. 1.2 × 109
appear as a “drop-down”menu. When you click on a
D. –1.2 × 109
7. Which number below will give the sum of zero
1. 10.008 10.0008
when added to 1.235?
Select . . . ▾
A. 1.235
> B. –1.235
< C. 2.470
= D. –2.470
2. 0.10235 0.1235 For questions 8–13, write your answers in the blanks.
Select . . . ▾
8. 12.389 + 4.3950 =
>
< 9. 34.56 – 13.23 =
=
10. 7.454 × 2.3 =
3. 19.020 19.02
Select . . . ▾ 11. 21.9555 ÷ 1.23 =
> 12. 1.80264 ÷ 0.203 =

<
= 13. 45.55 × 15 =
4. –11.954 11.945 14. Tony fills his car with gas. His tank holds
Select . . . ▾ 14.0 gallons of gas. He pumps 8.37 gallons
into the tank. If his car averages 27.6 miles
>
per gallon, how far could he have driven
< before running out of gas had he not stopped
= to fill up? Give your answer to the nearest
whole mile.
5. 1.7 × 10 –3 –1.7 × 103
A. 155 miles
Select . . . ▾ B. 386 miles
> C. 462 miles
< D. 617 miles
=
31
ch04.indd 31 27-01-2021 11:58:29

15. Juniata pays $132.50 a month in car payments 19. On the number line, what is the distance
and $675.00 for rent. She spends an average between –1.45 and –8.34?
of $512.50 a month for utilities, food, and
A. –9.79
other necessities. She has savings of $3300.
B. –6.89
How many months of expenses does she have
C. 6.89
saved?
D. 9.79
A. 2
B. 2.5 20. On the number line, what is the distance
C. 3 between –1.989 and 2.735?
D. 3.5
A. 4.724
B. 0.746
16. Terrance pays school taxes at the rate of
C. –0.746
63.55 cents per $1000 dollars of assessed value
D. –4.724
of his family’s home. His family home has an
assessed value of $235,500. What is his school
21. In the number 123.4556, the value of the
tax bill for the year, to the nearest penny?
underlined number is expressed in
A. $14.97
A. tenths.
B. $149.66
B. hundredths.
C. $1,496.60
C. thousandths.
D. $14,966.03
D. hundreds.
17. The average distance from Earth to Mars is
22. In which number below does the digit 5
2.25 × 108 kilometers. Radio waves travel at
represent the greatest value?
approximately 3.0 × 105 kilometers per second.
On average, how many seconds does it take A. 12.354
for a radio signal to go from Mars to Earth? B. 0.543
C. 1.2354
A. 75,000 seconds
D. 15.2534
B. 7,500 seconds
C. 750 seconds
23. Illya bought 0.460 pounds of meat at $5.50 per
D. 75 seconds
pound. How much did the meat cost?
The following question contains a blank marked A. $2.53
Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set of choices. B. $5.04
Indicate the choice that is correct and belongs in the C. $5.96
blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will D. $11.96
appear as a “drop-down” menu. When you click on a
choice, it will appear in the blank.) 24. Svetlana bought 4 cans of soup for $1.35 each,
a pound of hamburger for $3.29, and a loaf of
18. In the number 6,430.17, the digit 3 is in the bread for $2.10. There is no sales tax on food
place. in her state. She gave the cashier a $20.00 bill.
How much change should she receive?
Select . . . ▾
A. $9.21
ones B. $6.74
tens C. $10.79
tenths D. $13.26
ch04.indd 32 27-01-2021 11:58:29

Chapter 4 ~ Decimal Numbers and Operations 33
25. Alan needs 7 quarters to do his laundry. What 30. If gasoline costs $4.599 a gallon, how many
is the most he could spend from a $20.00 bill gallons can one buy for $20.00?
and still have enough left to wash his clothes?
A. 2.70 gallons
A. $1.75 B. 4.34 gallons
B. $2.86 C. 4.35 gallons
C. $16.75 D. 4.50 gallons
D. $18.25
31. The cost of electricity in Sara’s town is
26. One week Sam worked 32.75 hours at his job, $0.265 per kilowatt-hour. If she uses 1050
which pays $17.50 per hour. How much did kilowatt-hours of electricity in July, what will
he earn that week before taxes and other her electric bill be for that month?
deductions? Round to the nearest cent.
A. $27.83
A. $50.25 B. $278.25
B. $560.00 C. $1,049.74
C. $573.13 D. $3,962.26
D. $5,731.25
32. The area of an oriental rug is calculated by
27. A seamstress receives $0.95 for every shirt multiplying its length by its width. What is the
sleeve she sews. If she sews an average of area of a rug that is 9.45 feet wide by 12.15 feet
15 sleeves an hour, how much will she make long? Round to two decimal places.
per hour?
A. 11.48 ft2
A. $14.25 B. 21.60 ft2
B. $15.79 C. 114.82 ft2
C. $15.95 D. 216.00 ft2
D. $16.25
Match the rational numbers below to their decimal
28. If a rocket uses 150 kilograms of fuel to orbit equivalents.
1 kilogram of matter, how many kilograms of 5
fuel will be needed to orbit 6 × 104 kilograms 33. 8 A. 0.109375
of matter?
3
A. 900 × 105 kilograms 34. 50 B. 0.625
B. 2.5 × 106 kilograms
C. 4.0 × 104 kilograms 7
35. 64 C. 0.06
D. 9.0 × 106 kilograms
29. Sammie put 11.74 gallons of gasoline in her The following question contains a blank marked
car at a cost of $3.459 per gallon. How much Select . . . ▾ . Beneath the blank is a set of choices.
did she pay for the gasoline, rounded to the Indicate the choice that is correct and belongs in the
nearest cent? blank. (Note: On the real GED® test, the choices will
appear as a “drop-down”menu. When you click on a
A. $3.39
B. $8.28
C. $40.61
36. The number 6,826.743 in scientific notation is
D. $42.00
6.83 × 10 to the power.
Select . . . ▾
3rd
–3rd
ch04.indd 33 27-01-2021 11:58:33

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
preparation of gum, glue or other starchy substance to unite and
hold them together and then artificially colored or glazed. This
fabrication is readily detected by crushing the so-called leaves
between the fingers or rubbing them between the hands, upon which
they leave a yellowish-brown stain, greasy in nature. Or by
powdering a small quantity of the alleged leaves and treating the
dust with a dilution of sulphuric acid it becomes very much
discolored, and if it assumes a leaden-blue color on the application
of caustic potash it is colored with Prussian blue. Again, place a
small quantity of the leaves in a cup or glass and pour on boiling
water, they will immediately begin to disintegrate and form a thick,
gluey deposit at the bottom of the vessel. By treating this precipitate
with a little iodine the mass will become separated and dissolve into
its original dust.
FOREIGN OR SPURIOUS LEAVES IN TEA.

Another reprehensible form of adulteration is the substitution or
admixture of foreign or spurious leaves obtained from other plants,
which resemble in structure but differ widely in character from the
true tea-leaf, such as those of the willow, plum or ash. Millions of
pounds of these leaves are annually picked, cured and colored in the
same manner as tea in China, and used for the purpose of
increasing the bulk and reducing the cost, while in England,
particularly, the leaves of the birch, elm, willow, chestnut, poplar and
hawthorne have been extensively used for the same purpose. The
coloring material used in the latter country differs from that used in
China and Japan being still more dangerous and injurious to health.
This form of adulteration, however, is trivial when compared with the
former one, but, nevertheless, the expert and analyst are frequently
called upon to deal with it to a much greater extent than most people
imagine.
Such foreign leaves in tea may be best detected by their botanical
character or by the absence of the special structural marks which
distinguish the genuine tea-leaf from that of all other leaves in the
vegetable kingdom, for while the true leaf bears a strong
resemblance to that of the willow, ash and plum, it varies, however,
in size form and structure. The border of the true tea-leaf is more
regularly serrated, the serration stopping just short of the stalk, and
the venations are very characteristic, the veins running out from the
mid-rib almost parallel to one another, but altering their course
before the border of the leaf is reached, and turning so as to leave a
bare space just within the border of the leaf. So that in making an
examination of a sample of tea for the purpose of ascertaining
whether these distinctive characteristics are present in the leaves
under treatment, it will be found convenient to pour hot water on
them so as to soften, uncurl and spread them out more easily, as
otherwise considerable difficulty will be experienced owing to the
brittleness of the tea-leaves in the dry state.
TRUE TEA-LEAVES.
CHINESE TEA-LEAF.
JAPANESE TEA-LEAF.
The leaf of China Green tea is much broader than that of Black in
proportion to its length, but not so thick, and somewhat accuminate
or curled at the apex, that of Black being elliptical, oblong and flat in
shape, long and pointed, that of Green being much shorter and
rounder in form.
INDIA TEA-LEAF.
CEYLON HYBRID TEA-LEAF.
JAVA TEA-LEAF.
SKELETON OF GENUINE TEA-LEAF.
But in order to better detect the presence of spurious leaves in tea a

keener knowledge of the botanical formation of the true tea-leaf is
requisite, for which purpose the use of a microscope will be found an
invaluable aid. Tea-leaves in general construction bear a strong
resemblance to those of the willow and many other plants of the
kind, vary widely in size and form, being much smaller, more deeply
serrated, and ending more regularly just short of the stalk. The
venations are very characteristic, the veins running out from the
middle rib, almost parallel with each other, altering their course
before reaching the extremities, and turning so as to leave a bare
space within the border. When infused and unfolded it is of a bright-
green color, the loopings together of the principal veinings in the true
leaf being very characteristic. While the spurious leaf is either of a
greenish-yellow or reddish-brown color, and irregular in form under
the same conditions or when deprived of its cosmetics.
To still better distinguish between them treat a sample of the
suspected tea as in making an ordinary infusion to soften and
expand the leaves, then separate and uncurl them and lay flat on a
piece of glass or other smooth surface for comparison with the
genuine leaf. Next see that they agree in description and formation,
but more especially in the venations and serrations. Or soak the
leaves in hot water, and carefully unroll and closely examine their
formation and structure and then compare closely. The epidermis of
the lower surface of the true leaf can be with a little caution detached
in small portions with a sharp razor, and then analyze the frame or
skeleton of the leaf in a little water or glycerine, under a microscope,
comparing the venations and serrations with those of the genuine
tea-leaf. Still another simple and inexpensive test is to boil a few of
the suspected leaves for a minute or two on a watch glass, with a
little distilled water, and add an equal portion of burnt magnesia,
treating the whole until it is reduced to a large-sized drop. If no
crystalline sublimate is obtained therefrom by the operation the
leaves cannot be those of genuine tea.
Chemically an examination of the ash of tea-leaves also affords
some criteria which may also be utilized for the purpose of identifying
the true tea-leaf. For instance, in common kinds of wood, such as
oak, deal and pine, the proportion of ash is a few-tenths per cent. of
the whole, and by taking wood in its ordinary air-dried condition it
contains some 20 to 30 per cent. of moisture. Leaves, on the other
hand, contain 10, 20 and even 30 times as much mineral matter,
there being doubtless a connection between this abundance of
mineral matter and the active chemical changes which take place in
the leaves during the growth of the plant. In tea-leaves, therefore, as
in leaves in general, the ash amounts to a considerable percentage,
usually averaging about 6 per cent., so that a chemical examination
of the ash forms an important part of the analysis of tea. The
proportion of ash in all teas is tolerably constant, genuine tea rarely
yielding so little as 5 and never exceeding 6 per cent. of ash on
incineration. Therefore, to determine the amount of ash, weigh a
small quantity of the tea in its ordinary commercial state and burn it
in a platinum crucible and then re-weigh the resultant ash; by
observing a few simple precautions very constant and accurate
results are attainable by this method. The crucible should be clean
and bright, the lid fitting precisely; an iron triangle, covered with a
tobacco pipe may be employed to support the crucible during
ignition. The operation is then commenced by igniting the empty
crucible, and allowing it to cool, being placed for that purpose on a
piece of porcelain or iron, immediately weighing the crucible on
becoming cold. Next place one or two grams of tea in the crucible,
weighing both together, and ignite over a spirit lamp or good gas-
burner, stirring the contents with a platinum wire for a few minutes.
When ignition is complete the crucible is covered with the lid, let cool
again and immediately weighed a second time. If there is any doubt
as to the completeness of the ignition, the crucible must be again
ignited, and if there is no difference in weight, the ignition is thereby
proved finished. As is obvious, in order to obtain accurate results it is
indispensable that the crucible should be in the same condition when
it is weighed empty and when weighed with the ash, and this is
insured by the preliminary ignition and rapid re-weighing, as above
described.
The following determinations of the percentages of ash in spurious
leaves most used in the adulteration of tea, dried after the manner of
tea, may serve to illustrate, the leaves being gathered towards the
end of August:—
Kind of Leaf. Per cent. of
Ash.
Ash, 9.40
Plum, 9.90
Willow, 9.34
To these may be appended the determinations of Paraguay tea at 28
and the ordinary tea of commerce at 5.92 per cent.; while in Peligot’s
analysis the average proportions of ash in true tea-leaves is given as
follows:—
Kind of Leaf. Per cent.
of Ash.
China Tea, 5.5
Japan “ 5.5
Java “ 5.3
India “ 6.06
Ceylon “ 6.06
Proving, as has been mentioned, that genuine tea-leaves as brought
direct from the producing countries, or such as is a fair commercial
article, does not yield less than 5, or sensibly more than 6 per cent.
of ash on incineration. When the ash much exceeds 6 per cent. the
first question to be considered is whether it is accidental or if the high
yield of ash would be maintained if a larger quantity of the sample
were incinerated. The composition of the ash of genuine tea-leaves
has also been carefully studied, yielding on analysis the following
constituents:—
Constituents. Per cent.
Soda, 0.65
Lime, 4.24
Potash, 39.22
Silica, 4.35
Chlorine, 0.81
Magnesia, 6.47
Oxide of iron, 4.38
Carbonic acid, 24.30
Sulphuric acid, A trace
Phosphoric acid, 14.55
Protoxide of 1.63
manganese,
———
Total, 100.00
This analysis is especially important, inasmuch as the tea which
furnished the ash was of guaranteed purity, so that no question of
the possibility of its sophistication could arise. On examining this
analysis it will be observed that tea-ash contains a quantity of iron,
also some manganese, the presence of manganese being so
marked in tea-ash that on subsequent treatment of the ash with
water a deep-green solution of manganate is obtained. Owing to this
presence of manganese in tea-ash it also invariably evolves chlorine
very perceptibly when it is treated with hydrochloric acid.
If the analysis of the tea-ash is referred to it will be noted that more
than one-half of it should be soluble in water, so that for all practical
purposes a complete analysis is not requisite, a determination of the
ratio of soluble to insoluble parts of the ash being sufficient. Such a
determination is made by boiling the ash several times with a little
water, filtering and washing the residue in the filter, drying the
precipitate, igniting and weighing it. The weight of the insoluble part
of the ash may then be subtracted from the weight of the entire ash,
in which manner both the percentage of the soluble and insoluble
ash will be conveniently arrived at, in which case the following
determination of the percentage of “soluble” and “insoluble ash” in
100 parts of spurious leaves and pure tea when completely dried will
be of interest here:—
Kind of Leaf. Soluble Insoluble
Ash. Ash.
Ash, 3.19 7.48
Plum, 5.66 4.24
Willow, 4.16 5.18
Teas of 3.55 2.47
commerce,
Proving that in spurious leaves the ratio of soluble or insoluble ash is
very different from what it is in genuine tea-leaves, and that an ash
of such composition cannot be very soluble in water.
Peligot has also pointed out that tea leaves differ from other leaves
by their extraordinary richness in nitrogen, the prepared leaf being by
the process of curing rendered still more nitrogenous than the raw or
spent leaves, the former averaging, according to his experiments, 6
per cent. of nitrogenous matter, and the latter 4.37, so that if the tea-
leaf be unique in containing such a high percentage of nitrogen, it is
obvious that a determination of nitrogen in tea may also be useful as
a method of identification.
The tea-extract also yields a comparatively large quantity of
ammonia when it is boiled with potash or permanganate of potash,
and it is probable that this characteristic may also prove very
valuable in the testing of tea. A solution containing about 10 per cent.
of solid potash, free from ammonia and nitrogenous matter is
required for the purpose, and easily obtained. So that a deficiency of
theine, a deficiency of nitrogen, and a deficiency of ammonia are all
indicative of the presence of foreign leaves in tea.
SPENT OR EXHAUSTED LEAVES IN TEA

Are principally used in the adulteration of Black teas, and is effected
by adding or substituting leaves that have been at least once used,
and from which all the vital properties have been extracted. The
Chinese being inveterate tea-drinkers, large quantities of these
leaves are always to be had for the purpose, they are re-dried and
subjected to a treatment of gypsum or terra-japonica, in order to
make them retain their curl, and then glazed or “faced” with a
preparation composed of either graphite or silica to enhance their
appearance in the hand; a decoction obtained from catechu or
logwood being next added to impart a tea-like color to the liquor
when infused. This vile compound is known to the Chinese as
“Bastard tea,” and is rarely sold alone, being used principally for
mixing or blending with pure teas.
The presence of spent or exhausted leaves in either Green or Black
tea is best determined by estimating the amount of tannin contained
in the liquor after infusion, and for which experiment various tests are
in use. A large proportion of the tea-extract is found to consist of
tannin (tannic acid), there being much more in Green than in Black
tea, the larger portion of that originally existing in the latter being
dissipated by the extra fermentation to which this variety is subjected
in curing and firing. Green teas contain on an average about 15 per
cent. of tannin, Black teas never exceeding 10 per cent. This rate,
however, varies considerably from different causes, such as age,
quality, soil and climatic condition of the districts of growth, the main
average being 12 and 9 per cent. respectively in pure teas. Spent or
exhausted leaves, on the other hand, contain only 2 per cent. on an
average at the highest estimate, a difference of 7 to 10 per cent. of
tannin, as will be observed, in favor of pure teas.
For the purpose of estimating the percentage of tannin contained in
tea, the simplest method is to make an infusion of the leaves and
pour it into a cup or glass and add to it a small quantity of a standard
solution of plumbic acetate. The acetate will cause the tannin to form
a precipitate, which must be removed and weighed in a small scale
fitted for the purpose; then by taking the nominal percentage of
tannin contained in pure teas at 12 in Green and 10 in Black and 2
per cent. in Spent or exhausted leaves, the difference will be the
percentage of adulteration, the extent being indicated by the
lessened proportion of tannin in the same ratio. The presence of
Catechu (soluble salts of iron) is best ascertained by making an
ordinary infusion of the leaves, allowing the liquor to cool and
pouring it into a cup or glass. Next add a preparation of neutral
plumbic acid and separate the precipitate formed by the introduction
of the chemical by filtration, and adding a little argentic nitrate to the
filtrate. If catechu be present the residue will turn a dark-brown, the
liquid meanwhile acquiring a deep yellow hue, while under the same
conditions the liquor of pure tea will remain unaffected. But if the
cosmetic be extensively employed, a weak solution of ferric-chloride
will cause the precipitate to turn light-green or it may be detected
under the microscope if heavily coated.
Spent and spurious leaves may also be readily detected by the “ash
test,” through the following deductions: Pure teas, as shown above,
contain from 5 to 6 per cent. of ash on incineration, 2 per cent. of this
being soluble in boiling water; any increase of these parts is a certain
indication of the presence of foreign or exhausted leaves in the
sample treated. The percentage of ash contained in spent leaves,
ranging from 10 to 30, and in spurious leaves from 40 to 50, in many
instances, while the residue of teas adulterated with mineral matter
have been known to reach as high as 75 to 80 per cent. of the
incinerated sample. The presence of logwood is best exposed by the
addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid to an infusion made with the
leaves in the ordinary way. If any of the dye be present this acid will
cause the liquid to turn a deep red, but if the tea be uncolored the
liquor will remain entirely unaffected. Graphite being visible to the
naked eye is easily distinguished by its characteristic glossy nature,
or can be separated by treating the leaves with boiling water in the
usual manner and evaporating the infusion. The substance, if
present, will form a deposit at the bottom of the vessel or will be
found adhering to its sides if used in large quantities. While Silica is
readily recognized by the increased amount of ash insoluble in the
water obtained by calcimining a sample of the tea so adulterated, as
above described.
SAND AND MINERAL MATTER IN TEAS

Is frequently introduced into tea with the object of adding weight, and
is best detected by the “ash-test.” As formerly stated, the leaves of
genuine tea, or tea of fair commercial value, yield from 5 to 6 per
cent. of ash or mineral matter on incineration, 2 per cent. of which is
again soluble in water. This rate is fairly constant, and ranges from 5
in Black teas to 6 per cent. in pure Green, rarely yielding as low as 5
in the former and never exceeding 6 in the latter, while many of the
teas of commerce are found to yield from 13 to 20 per cent. of ash
on incineration. Such teas are unmistakably sophisticated, and will
be found, on analysis, to contain sand or other mineral matter in their
composition.
To determine the amount of mineral matter contained in teas so
adulterated, proceed as in the case of spurious and spent leaves,
which analysis may be again confirmed by a determination of the
ratio of soluble to insoluble matter contained in the ash. The result is
obtained by boiling the ash in a little water and filtering the
precipitate, drying, burning, weighing and subtracting the residue or
insoluble matter from the original weight of the ash. By this process
both the soluble and insoluble parts are ascertained, and if the
sample be pure, but 3 to 3½ per cent. of insoluble will remain, any
increase of these figures clearly denoting adulteration to that extent.
Where the burning of the leaves is inconvenient, the following
operation may be substituted: Weigh a sample of the suspected tea
and boil with about ten times its weight of water in a porcelain dish or
beaker. This boiling will wash the sand off the leaves and sink to the
bottom, the leaves floating in the liquid. When the liquid has cooled
sufficiently, the leaves may be removed with the hand, the liquid and
sand being poured into a filter. The sand is then washed, dried and
ignited in a platinum plate and weighed, in which manner the amount
of sand yielded by 50 or 100 grams of tea may be actually weighed
and ascertained. On examining the analysis it will be found that tea-
ash contains a quantity of iron and some manganese, the presence
of the latter being so marked in tea-ash, that on subsequent
treatment of the ash with water a deep green solution of the
manganate is obtained. Owing to the presence of this chemical, tea-
ash also evolves chlorine very perceptibly, particularly when treated
with hydrochloric acid. If the sample of tea treated yield only the
normal percentage of ash at the same time contains a considerable
quantity of silica, such a combination would afford the strongest
evidence of adulteration. This will be apparent from the fact that tea-
ash is an essential part of the tea, and if a part of the tea-ash be
absent, the sample must have been deprived of at least the
corresponding quantity of tea. Spent leaves contain less ash than
genuine tea, the average being about 3.06 of ash in 100 parts of
dried spent leaves, and when the ash is deficient, the explanation is
that the genuine tea has been more or less replaced by spent or
exhausted leaves. But for all practical purposes a complete analysis
of tea-ash is not necessary, a determination of the ratio of soluble to
insoluble portions of the ash answering the purpose as well. Such a
determination is made by boiling the ash several times with a little
water, filtering and washing the precipitate in the filter, drying, igniting
and weighing it. The weight of the insoluble part of the ash may then
be subtracted from the original quantity, in which manner the
percentage of soluble and insoluble ash is obtained.
Peligot has also pointed out that tea-leaves differ from the leaves of
other plants by their extraordinary richness in nitrogen, the
percentage averaging 4.37 per cent. in the raw leaf of the former,
and ranging from 5.10 to 6.60 per cent. in the dried state. In the
preparation of the fresh leaves for market a quantity of juice is
expressed from them, the increase of nitrogen in the prepared leaf
being accounted for on the supposition that this juice is not as rich in
nitrogen as that still remaining in the leaf, and if the prepared leaf be
unique in containing this high percentage of nitrogen, it is obvious
that a determination of nitrogen in tea may prove useful as a method
of identification.
IRON AND STEEL FILINGS IN TEA

Are best detected by pulverizing a sample of the suspected tea and
spreading the powder on a piece of glass or plate, and applying a
magnet to the dust. If a quantity of the particles gravitate and adhere
to it, the tea is undoubtedly adulterated in this form. While
fabrications and sophistications in general may be best exposed by
treating an infusion of the leaves with a watery solution of
sulphuretted hydrogen or a weak solution of ammonia. Under the
first treatment the liquor of pure teas will retain its natural color, but
will assume a light-blue tint under the latter.
Another simpler method for those who may not have the chemicals
or appliances convenient is to place a small quantity of tea-leaves in
a wine-glass or goblet, pour on cold water, and stir or shake well for
a few minutes. The tea, if pure, will only slightly color the water, but if
adulterated, a dark-colored liquor is quickly yielded, which if boiled
and let stand until cold will, if spurious, become bitter and almost
transparent as it cools, while pure tea under the same conditions
assumes a darker color and pleasing flavor. The latter changes arise
from the tannin (a natural property in tea) of which artificial tea is
entirely devoid and adulterated teas in proportion. Mineral
adulterants, however, must be dealt with by the ash-test, which is
unerring, spurious leaves by their botanical character and structural
marks, deficiency of tannin being invariably an indication of spent or
exhausted leaves.
The part of the tea which we really use being that which passes into
the infusion, in other words—the Extract of tea—it is natural to look
to this extract as affording the directest evidence of the quality and
genuineness of a sample of tea. The extract may be regarded both
quantitatively and qualitatively, and from the former point of view we
are led to the tea-assay or determination of the weight of the tea-
extract which a given weight of tea is capable of yielding.
In Peligot’s analyses we find the following determinations of the tea-
extract—the author being quite alive to the importance of such a test:
—
GREEN TEAS.
Part soluble in boiling
water.
Variety. Dried Ordinary
Leaf. Conditions.
Imperial, 43.1 39.6
Gunpowder, 50.2 49.9
BLACK TEAS.
China, 42.8 39.0
Japan, 45.8 41.5
India, 45.4 41.7
Java, 35.2 32.7
Ceylon, 44.4 39.8
These results being arrived at by the employment of a valid but
rather inconvenient method of weighing out ten grams of tea-leaves
and boiling them with water as long as anything is dissolved out of
them, and afterwards drying up the exhausted leaves, first at a low
temperature and then at a higher one, finally weighing the exhausted
leaves. The loss in weight is the weight of the tea-extract, care being
taken to weigh the original tea and the exhausted tea-leaves in the
same state of dryness. The results, as will be observed, are stated
both in the dried tea and in the tea in its ordinary commercial
condition. But, instead of weighing the tea-leaves before and after
extraction and taking the difference in weight as the weight of the
extract there is a more convenient process—that of evaporating
down the extract itself to dryness and weighing it. The drying up of
the exhausted leaves and the getting them into the same
hygroscopic condition as the original tea presenting considerable
practical difficulties.
The evaporation of the infusion to dryness and the weighing of the
dry extract is also a tedious process in its unmodified state. But if a
given quantity of tea be boiled with successive portions of water no
more tea-extract is yielded than if the same tea be boiled once with a
large quantity of water, but whether the infusion is kept for a length of
time just at the boiling-point or whether it be made to boil vigorously
makes some difference in the result, brisk-boiling extracting about
one-tenth more than slow boiling, so that if the boiling be very
vigorous half an hour’s boiling is just as effective as an hour’s slow
boiling.
Founded on these observations an assay of the tea-extract may be
made by the following simple process: Put ten grams of tea into a
pint flask and pour on about two-thirds of distilled water accurately
measured, a cork and bent tube is then adapted to the mouth of the
flask and a connection made with a condenser. The contents of the
flask are next heated and made to boil strongly. That having been
done the boiling is stopped and the flask and condenser
disconnected and the distillate poured back into the flask and the
decoction of tea observed closely. If quite clear fifty grams are
weighed out and evaporated to dryness in a water-bath and weighed
till constant. If the decoction be not quite clear by this time it is to be
filtered hot; the first small filtrate is best thrown away and the filtrate
collected, weighed, and dried in the water-bath until the residual tea-
extract becomes quite constant. Having performed the operation in
the manner directed, the weight of the tea-extract actually weighed
will be the weight of the extract yielded by one gram of the sample to
be assayed.
But in coming to a decision as to the genuineness of a sample of tea
of which an analysis has been made by this method, it is of
importance to remember that genuine tea is subject to considerable
variation in composition. The quality and condition of the leaf at the
time of gathering and the different treatments which it undergoes in
the process of manufacture, or whether the tea is Black or Green,
cause the composition to exhibit a wide range of variation. Taking the
percentage of the extract as a basis from which to start, that in
genuine tea being from 32 up to 50 per cent. in its ordinary
commercial condition. Such being the case, it is obvious that a
determination of the percentage of extract will not enable the expert
or analyst to say whether the sample of tea be of a lower or higher
grade of pure tea, or whether it is composed of a high grade of
genuine tea and a portion of exhausted leaves. In a general way,
however, this question is not of vital importance to the analyst, as a
solution may be arrived at from a determination of the soluble ash,
which would be found rather deficient on incineration. For although
tea may be exceptionally rich in extract, and although there are
difficulties in the way of deciding whether a given sample of tea
consists of average quality or of fine tea mixed with spent tea, there
are no such difficulties in recognizing the case of tea of average
grade, mixed with a considerable quantity of exhausted leaves, as it
is assumed in this formula that the soluble ash in genuine tea is 3.6
per cent. and that in spent tea only 0.3 per cent. But in using this
formula it must be understood that the results are only rough
approximations, judgment and discrimination being required to
determine by it.
Tea-extract yields a comparatively large quantity of ammonia when it
is boiled with potash and permanganate of potash, and it is probable
that this character may prove very valuable also in testing the purity
of tea, for which purpose a solution containing about 10 per cent. of
solid potash, free from ammonia and nitrogenous matter, is required
and easily obtained. Ten grams of this solution of potash is put into a
small flask-retort, working in an oil-bath and connected with a small
condenser; the whole apparatus to be carefully freed from the last
traces of ammonia, which is best accomplished by distilling the water
through it, after which from 5 to 10 parts of the tea infusion are
poured into the retort, which is then corked up and heated in an oil-
bath to 150 C. Having been maintained for a short time at this
temperature it is then lifted out of the bath and some pure water
poured into the retort, which is again to be heated in the oil-bath.
More than half of the water is then distilled over and in this manner
the “free ammonia” is obtained from the distillate. When this has
been accomplished some of the potash and permanganate solution

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CHAPTER 1 Whole Numbers and Integers 15

Answers and Solutions 107

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How to Use This Workbook

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The GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test

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Calculators and the GED® Mathematical Reasoning Test

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The Top 25 Things You Need to Know for the GED®

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circle (circumference) C = 2pr or pd

trapezoid A = (1 ) h(b1 + b2)

Surface Area and Volume

cylinder SA = 2prh + 2pr2 V = pr2h

mathematicsformula.indd 1 27-01-2021 10:04:34

slope of a line m = (y2 − y1) / (x2 − x1)

slope-intercept form of the equation of a line y = mx + b

point-slope form of the equation of a line y − y1 = m(x − x1)

standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = y

simple interest I = prt

total cost number of units × price per unit

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46 questions 115 minutes

PART I: NO CALCULATOR PART II: CALCULATOR ALLOWED

2. 45% A. 1%

7. If A > B, what is the correct relationship for

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B. 28. If y = x – 2, y is a real number for what

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30. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to 34. If f ( x ) = 5x 2 – 7x + 4 , what is f ( –2)?

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41. If housing prices have increased by 17% since

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THIS IS THE END OF THE MATHEMATICAL REASONING PRETEST.

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Answers and Solutions

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13. C 23. C Only C violates the definition of

V = (1.75) 3 = 5.359375 ≈ 5.36

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34. D f ( –2) = 5( –2)2 – 7( –2) + 4 = 5 • 4 + 14 + 4 = 20 + 18 = 38

37. A 6 x 2 + 8 x (2 x )(3 x + 4 ) 3 x + 4 The equation is in slope-intercept form,

44. C For a blue marble, the probability

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45. mean = 4.8, mode = 6, median = 5 46. D ( x − 6 )( x + 1) = 0 → x − 6 = 0 or

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Item Numbers Chapter

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Whole Numbers and Integers

1. Plot the number 47 on the number line. 8. What is |−42|, simplified?

9. What is the absolute value of 7?

13. C 23. C Only C violates the definition of

37. A 6 x 2 + 8 x (2 x )(3 x + 4 ) 3 x + 4 The equation is in slope-intercept form,