Biology revision

Cytoplasm contains nutrients

Egg and sperm have half DNA in both 23 chromosomes each

Haploid means half of DNA – H for half

Sperm has a tail/Flagella

Middle contains mitochondria

Mitochondria use respiration

Respiration only happens in mitochondria

Sperm head contains an enzyme – Acrosome – digestive

Diploid means a full amount of DNA

Ciliated epithelial cells – moving materials

Ciliated cells line the uterus and fallopian tube

Chemical reactions take longer without enzymes – or don’t happen at all

Enzyme is a bbiological catalyst

Catalyst spped up reactions without being used up

Active site is where the cubstrate fits in

Specific to eachother

Complementary shapes – lock and key mechanism

Temperature, PH substrate concentrsiton

Rate of reaction

All enzymes have an optimum temperature

If an enzyme gets too hot the bonds might break

Shape of actvive site changes

Makes substrate no longer complementary

Denatured – shape of the active site changes

Temperature has the same effect on all enzymes no matter what

Optimal ph is often 7

Amalyse protease and lipase

Protease convert proteins into amino acids

Lipase converts glyceral and fatty acids

Lipid is nor a ploymer

Lipid is made of three fatty acids and one glyceral

Starch turns into sugars

Glycogen synthasedigestive enzymes break food molecules down into smaller soluble particles

All living htings do respiration

Majority of glucose is green

Chloroplast uses glucose to replacer food

Breathing is ventilation

Respiration is releasing energy

Respiration happens in the cytoplasm

Respiration happens in ever living organism at all times

Movement happens through muscle contraction

Maintaining body temperature

Respiration is an exothermic reaction

Metabolism – describe all of the reactions that happen in the body

Aerobic respiration only takes place when oxygen is present

Aerobic happens all the time

Lactic acid created

Anearobic, glucose ----] lactic acid + little energy

Anearobic transfers less energy than aerobic reperation

Fungi also do anearobic respiration

Plants respire

Fermentation – anearobic respiration in fungi

Glucose + ethenol and darbon dioxide

Blood capillaries in alvioli

Bacteria can survive independantly

Multicellular organisms have smaller surfaces in comparison to volume

Every alvioli covered in cappilaries

Oxygen diffuses out of the air, into the alvioli, into the into the red blood cells

Carbon dioxide ia breathed out in the ennvironment

Everything breathed in is taken into the alviolus

Only thing exchanged in the blood is oxygen and carbon dioxide

Alvioulus can be damgaed from smkoking

not enough oxygen can be taken in a damaged alvioli

Alvioli are addapted to efficient gas exchange:

Moist lining to dissolve gases

Good blood supply

Very thin walls

Enourmas surface area

Cappilaries are one cell thick

Arteries csrry blood awau from the heart

Cappiliraies exchange materials in tissues

Veins carry blood to the heart

Arties have thick outer walls, small lumens, Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibre

Carbon dioxide is a waste material

Veins, Thin layer of muscles and elastic fibre, large lume, fairly think outer wall

Blood has very high pressure when pumping blood away from the heart

Lumen is the hole in the vein holding blood

Capillary: very small

Walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen

Capillaries have very large surface area

Increases gas exchange rate

Supply food and oxygen, take away co2

Veins have valves

Valves keep blood flowing in the right direction

2 CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS: gases don’t get exchanged instantly, blood goes to the heart, then goers
to the lungs, then back to the heart, before going back to the rest of the body

Mammals have a double circulatory system

Deoxygenated blood has a majority of no oxygen, but still some

Oxygenated blood has a majority of oxygen in it, but still some deoxygenated blood

Right side pumps deoygentaed blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the
heart

Right atrium, right ventricle, ;eft atrium, left ventricle

Right side of the heart has a very thick wall due to its very high pressure
Superior and inferieor vena calva

Pulminary artery

Aorta

Pulminary from the lungs

Bicuspid valve

Semi lunar valves

Aorta is very thick

Cardiac output output heart volume times stroke volume

nv

Soft tissue is susceptible to decomposers

Decomposers need moisture, oxygen, room temperature or greater

Prevent decomposers:

with salting food to remove moisture

Reduce temperatures to cause a slower growth rate

Remove oxygen to prevent aerobic respiration

Use vinigar to create an acidic environment to kill decomposers

Rate of decay is mass change over number of days