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Exp er ienc e
SOCIOLOGY SECOND EDITION

DAVID CROTE AU WILLIAM HOYNES

 D AV I D R . C R OT E A U
earned a B.A. in sociology
from Brandeis University
and a Ph.D. in sociology
from Boston College. Over
the years he has taught a
diverse range of students
at Boston College, Clark
University, Keene State
College, and the University of Mary Washington.
As an associate professor at Virginia Commonwealth
University, he taught introductory sociology as well as
both undergraduate and graduate courses in theory,
methods, stratification, movements, and media. He
continues to teach there and works at the Academic
Learning Transformation Lab (ALT Lab). You can follow
him on Twitter @DavidRCroteau and he blogs about
sociology and education at DavidRCroteau.net.
In addition to various journal articles and book
chapters, David Croteau is the author of Politics and
the Class Divide, a finalist for both the C. Wright Mills
Award from the Society for the Study of Social Problems
and the Transformational Politics Book Award from the
American Political Science Association.
W I L L I A M H OY N E S
earned a B.A. in history
and political science from
Tufts University and a
Ph.D. in sociology from
Boston College. He is
Professor of Sociology at
Vassar College, where
he teaches Introductory
Sociology as well as courses on media, culture, research
methods, and social theory. During his more than
20 years at Vassar, Professor Hoynes has served as chair
of the Sociology Department and director of both the
Media Studies Program and the American Studies
Program.
In addition to various journal articles and book
chapters on public broadcasting in the United States,
Professor Hoynes is the author of Public Television for
Sale: Media, the Market, and the Public Sphere, which was
awarded the Goldsmith Book Prize from the Shoren-
stein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at
Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of
Government.

C R OT E AU a n d H OY N E S are coauthors of Media/Society: Images, Industries, and

Audiences, which was published in a revised fifth edition in 2014; The Business of Media:
Corporate Media and the Public Interest, which won the Robert Picard Award for best new
book in media economics by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
About the Authors

Communication; and By Invitation Only: How the Media Limit Political Debate. They are
also coeditors, with Charlotte Ryan, of Rhyming Hope and History: Activists, Academics,
and Social Movement Scholarship.

vii
Dear Colleagues
Like all of us who teach sociology, we want to help a diverse range of students grasp the basic concepts of
the discipline, see the relevance of those concepts to their everyday lives, and apply what they learn to the
world around them. We want students to experience that aha! moment when they see the familiar in a
new way and realize that sociology’s tools can help them better understand their rapidly changing social
world. In other words, we want students to see the world from a sociological perspective and to actively
use their sociological imagination. We want them to experience sociology.

What’s unique about the second edition

of Experience Sociology?
CULTURE. STRUCTURE. POWER. Experience Sociology engages students with a clear framework for
understanding their world based on three familiar terms at the heart of sociology: culture, structure, and
power. Through the lenses of these three concepts, students learn from their first class to see the world
from a sociological perspective and to grasp the significance of sociology for their own lives. For every
topic in the book—from the family to the economy to the environment—they learn to recognize the
effects of the culture they have been taught, see the structures that constrain or empower them, and
notice how power operates at every level of society.

How is theory covered?

Theory has a role in every chapter in Experience Sociology. We know how important it is for students
not only to be able to apply concepts to their lives, but also to understand and be able to apply
sociological theory. With its innovative organization around primary sociological concepts, Experience
Sociology emphasizes the common ground that informs a basic sociological perspective. But every
chapter also addresses the way differing theoretical perspectives illuminate various facets of these key
sociological concepts, letting instructors and students go beyond conventional theoretical boundaries
and the either-or framing of theoretical perspectives to see how each can contribute to our
understanding of the social world.

What’s the full Experience?

The second edition of Experience Sociology is much more than this textbook alone. Incorporating the work
of many sociology instructors, it is instead a comprehensive instructional program that combines digital
and print resources to promote student learning. Featuring Connect Sociology assessments tied to learning
objectives, and the adaptive LearnSmart suite that generates a study plan specifically designed to address
students’ individual strengths and weaknesses, Experience Sociology helps you manage assignments and
makes learning and studying more engaging and efficient for your students.
We wrote Experience Sociology because we want students to be able to do just that: experience their
world differently through the insights of sociology. We hope these resources will help you in introducing
your students to the excitement of sociology.

Sincerely,
 BRIEF

Preface and Acknowledgments xviii

PART 1 PART 4
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IDENTITY AND INEQUALITY
1 Sociology in a Changing World 2 9 Class and Global Inequality 222

2 Understanding the Research Process 30 10 Race and Ethnicity 254

11 Gender and Sexuality 288

PART 2
SOCIOLOGY’S CORE CONCEPTS: PART 5
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
UNDERSTANDING AND SOCIAL ISSUES
3 Culture 56 12 Family and Religion 320

4 Social Structure 84 13 Education and Work 350

5 Power 108 14 Media and Consumption 382

15 Communities, the Environment,

PART 3 and Health 412
THE SOCIAL SELF 16 Politics and the Economy 442

17 Social Change: Globalization, Population,

6 Socialization 134 and Social Movements 472
7 Interaction, Groups, and Organizations 160

8 Deviance and Social Control 190

Glossary 502 | References 510 | Credits 538 | Name Index 542 | Subject Index 548

ix
 Preface and Acknowledgments xviii
PART 1
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
1
SOCIOLOGY IN A CHANGING WORLD
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 5
The Sociological Perspective 5
Sociology and Common Sense 6
Sociology as a Discipline 6
SOCIOLOGY’S HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
The Rise of Modernity 9
Cultural Revolution: Science and the Enlightenment 9
Political Revolution: The Rise of Democracy 9
Economic and Social Revolution: Industrial
Capitalism and Urbanization 10
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT
Defining the Terrain of Sociology: Comte and Spencer 11
The Key Founders: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber 11
Recovered Voices: Harriet Martineau, W. E. B. Du Bois,
Jane Addams 16
SOCIOLOGY’S DIVERSE THEORIES 18
Understanding Theory 18
Key Dimensions of Theory 18
Structural-Functionalist Theories 19
Conflict Theories 20
Symbolic Interactionist Theories 20
Feminist Theories and Theoretical Diversity 21
SOCIOLOGY’S COMMON GROUND: CULTURE,
STRUCTURE, AND POWER 22
Culture 22
Structure 23
Power 24
A CHANGING WORLD: FROM MODERN TO
POSTMODERN SOCIETY 26
Ten Features of Postmodern Society 26
The Challenge and Hope of Sociology 27
x
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: The Sociology Major and the
Job Market 8
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Explaining the
Social Basis of Suicide 14
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: The Arab Struggle for
Democracy 25
2
2‘
UNDERSTANDING THE RESEARCH
PROCESS 30
9 SOCIAL SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING 33
The Limits of Everyday Thinking 33
The Elements of Social Science Research 35
The Special Challenges of Social Science 38
DOING RESEARCH 39
The Roles of Theory 39
11 The Theory–Research Dynamic 40
Research Methods 41
Research Ethics 46
The Research Process: A Student Example 47
TYPES OF RESEARCH 48
Positivist Social Science 49
Interpretive Social Science 49
Critical Social Science 50
THINKING CRITICALLY: HOW TO ASSESS RESEARCH 51
A CHANGING WORLD: TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIAL RESEARCH 52
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . The Research
Process 53
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Participatory Action Research:
Media Coverage of Domestic Violence 34
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Correlation,
Causation, and Spuriousness 37
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Andrew Kohut and Public
Opinion Research 43
PART 2 MICRO-LEVEL INTERACTION: FINDING PATTERNS 91
Ethnomethodology 91
SOCIOLOGY’S CORE CONCEPTS: Conversation Analysis 92
MESO-LEVEL SOCIAL STRUCTURE 93
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS AND Organizations and Structure 93
Structure and Communication within Organizations 93
UNDERSTANDING MACRO-LEVEL SOCIAL STRUCTURE 95
Structure, Function, and the Interrelationships Among
Social Institutions 95
Globalization and the Structure of Work 97

3
HOW STRUCTURES CHANGE: ACTION 99
Types of Action 99
Rational Action: McDonaldization 99
Technology and Action: Telephone to Smartphone 100
CULTURE 56 Workers Respond to Globalization 102

DEFINING CULTURE 59 A CHANGING WORLD: THE EVOLVING STRUCTURE

THE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 59
Culture in Our Heads: Values, Beliefs, Knowledge,
and Norms 60
Communicating Culture: Symbols and Language 66
Reproducing Culture: Behavior 68
Objects: The Artifacts of Culture 70
CULTURE, IDEOLOGY, AND POWER 70
CULTURAL DIVERSITY 71
Dominant Culture, Subcultures, and
Countercultures 71
High Culture and Popular Culture 74
The Commercialization of Culture 74
Multiculturalism 75
Cultural Activism 79
A CHANGING WORLD: CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Culture
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: How We See
Powerful Symbols 67
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Cultural Competence
and Health Care 72
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Dean Foster and the Business
of Cultural Diversity 76
OF NEWS PRODUCTION 103
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Social Structure 105
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Brian Reed and the Hunt for
Saddam Hussein 89
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Looking at
Organizational Structure and School Violence 94
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Working to Eliminate
Sweatshop Labor 98
81
5
POWER 108
82 UNDERSTANDING FORMS OF POWER 111
Defining Power 111
Empowerment: “Power To” 111
Strategies of Empowerment: Education, Organize, Network 112
Domination: “Power Over” 112
Strategies to Overcome Opposition: Persuade, Reward,
Coerce 113
POWER IN EVERYDAY LIFE 114
Power in Small Groups and Organizations 115
Power Tactics 115
THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL

4 USES OF POWER 118

Economic Power: Allocating Resources 118
Political Power: Making Rules and Decisions 118
Cultural Power: Defining Reality 118
SOCIAL STRUCTURE 84
POWER AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS 119
UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL STRUCTURE 87 Types of Authority: Traditional, Rational-Legal, and
Seeing Social Structure 87 Charismatic 119
Creating and Changing Social Structure 88 The Role of Compliance 120
Contents

Statuses and Roles: Connecting Everyday Life and The Power of Disobedience 121
Social Structure 90 Power and Privilege 122

xi
 POWER AND INEQUALITY 123
Class: Economic Conditions 123
Status: Prestige 124
Political Power: Strength Through Organization 124
The Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender 125
STRUCTURED INEQUALITY: STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS
Unequal Resources 126
Stratified Groups 126
Ideologies That Justify Inequality 126
Caste Systems: India, Feudal Estates, and Racial Segregation 127
Class Systems: Capitalist and Socialist 128
Patriarchy 129
Can Inequality Be Reduced? 131
A CHANGING WORLD: MONEY, POWER, AND POLITICS
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Power 132
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Foucault’s Distinctive
View of Power 117
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Promoting the Power of
Nonviolence 121
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Kiya Stokes and the Service
Workers’ Union 130
CULTURE, POWER, AND THE SOCIAL SELF 152
Humans without Culture 152
Reflexivity: Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self” 153
Spontaneity versus Social Norms: Mead’s
“I” and “Me” 154
Social Interaction: Developing a Self 154
126
Neurosociology and the Social Brain 155
Foucault’s Regimes of Power 156
A CHANGING WORLD: ONLINE COMMUNICATION
AND IDENTITY 156
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Socialization 158
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Examining Teenagers’
131
Changing Motivations for Civic Engagement 138
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Kate Corrigan, Teaching at
a School for Blind Children and Young Adults 143
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: The Use and Abuse of Biology
and Genetics 151

PART 3 7
THE SOCIAL SELF INTERACTION, GROUPS,
AND ORGANIZATIONS 160

CULTURE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 163

Interaction: Arriving at Common Understandings 163
Defining Situations as “Real”: The Thomas Theorem 165

6 Three Steps to Constructing Social Reality 167

Social Statuses and Roles 168
Dramaturgy: Playing at Social Life 170
SOCIALIZATION 134 SOCIAL NETWORKS 172
The Nature of Networks and Ties 172
REPRODUCING STRUCTURE: AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 137
Social Network Analysis 173
Family 135
Social Networks in the Digital Age 174
School 139
Media 139 SOCIAL GROUPS 175
Peer Groups 140 Primary and Secondary Social Groups 176
The Workplace 141 Reference Groups 176
Religion 141 Group Size and Social Relationships: Dyads, Triads,
Total Institutions 142 and Beyond 176
SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE 142 ORGANIZATIONS AND BUREAUCRACY 177
Childhood 144 Organizational Structure 177
Adolescence 145 Bureaucracy 178
Adulthood 146 Organizational Culture 179
Aging and Retirement 146 Organizational Environment 179
Historical Events: Marking Generational Identity 148
POWER IN GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS 181
CULTURE AND BIOLOGY: SETTING THE STAGE In-Groups and Out-Groups 181
FOR SOCIAL LIFE 149 Conformity: The Asch Experiments 181
Contents

Beyond “Nature versus Nurture” 149 Obedience: The Milgram Experiments 182
Epigenetics: Genes and the Environment 150 Groupthink 183

xii
Leadership, Oligarchy, and Power 184
Scientific Management and Workplace Control 185
A CHANGING WORLD: SOCIAL STRUCTURE
AND PRIVACY 185
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Interaction,
Groups, and Organizations 187
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Overcoming Class
Stereotypes 167
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Focusing on
Emotions and the Employee Role 171
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Mindy Fried and
Organizational Change 180
8 9
DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL
DEFINING DEVIANCE 193
Deviance and Social Context 193
Labeling Theory: Defining Deviant Behavior 193
The Effects of Deviant Labels 194
THE ROLE OF DEVIANCE WITHIN SOCIAL
STRUCTURES 195
Defining Group Boundaries 195
Creating Social Solidarity 196
Providing a Source of Innovation 196
EXPLAINING DEVIANCE 197
Deviance as Immorality 197
Deviance as Illness: Medicalization 197
Deviance as Rational Choice 199
Deviance and Socialization: Differential
Association Theory 199
Deviance and Structure: Merton’s Strain Theory 200
CULTURE AND DEVIANCE: DEVIANT BODIES 202
Body Weight 203
Altering Bodies 204
Rethinking the Disabled Body 204
POWER AND DEVIANCE 206
SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIANCE 207
Internal Influences: Socialization 207
External Influences: Control Theory 208
SURVEILLANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL
IN THE DIGITAL AGE 208
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 210
Types of Crime 210
Crime Rates 211
Debates About Punishment 213
Capital Punishment 216
A CHANGING WORLD: THE COMMERCIALIZATION
OF DEVIANCE 217
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Deviance 219
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: When Deviance Is
Inherited: Genetic Explanations and Stigma 198
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Donna Gaines and the World of
Rock Music 201
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Women’s Prison Association 215
PART 4
IDENTITY AND INEQUALITY
190
CLASS AND GLOBAL INEQUALITY 222
UNDERSTANDING CLASS 225
Marx’s Analysis of Class 225
Weber’s “Life Chances” 227
Is Class Stratification Functional? 227
CLASS INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES 228
Mapping the Major Classes 228
Income and Wealth Inequality 231
Class Mobility and Class Barriers 232
The Impact of Class Inequality on Social Life 233
Poverty 237
Ideology: Justifying Inequality 238
CULTURE, STRUCTURE, AND CLASS REPRODUCTION 239
Cultural Capital 239
Families: Training Children 239
Schools: Individual Mobility and Class Reproduction 240
Public Policy and Inequality 241
POWER AND GLOBAL INEQUALITY 244
Categorizing National Economies 245
The Impact of Global Inequality 246
Inequality within Countries 247
EXPLAINING GLOBAL INEQUALITY 248
Culture and Global Inequality: Modernization Theory 248
Power and Global Inequality: Dependency Theory 248
Colonialism and Neocolonialism 248
World Systems Analysis 249
Global Financial Institutions 249
A CHANGING WORLD: U.S. INEQUALITY IN
GLOBAL CONTEXT 250
Contents
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Class and
Global Inequality 251
xiii
 BOXES BOXES
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Russ Eckel and the THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Understanding
New Workplace 231 Whiteness 266
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Examining the SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Mikey Velarde and Community
Intersection of Race and Class: Growing Income Organizing 275
Inequality Among African Americans 233 SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Race, Class, and the Affirmative
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Why David Sometimes Wins: Action Debate on Campus 281
Organizing Workers 243

10 11
RACE AND ETHNICITY 254
GENDER AND SEXUALITY 288
THE ROLE OF CULTURE: INVENTING
BIOLOGY AND CULTURE: SEX AND GENDER 291
ETHNICITY AND RACE 257
The Biology of Sex 291
Race as a Social Construction 257
The Limits of Biology 291
Pseudo-Science and Race 259
Gender as a Social Construction 292
Race and Ethnicity over Time and Across Cultures 260
Gender Identities and Transgender People 293
STRUCTURE AND POWER AMONG RACIAL Masculinities 295
AND ETHNIC GROUPS 262 Gender Distinctions and Power 296
Minority and Majority Groups 262
SOCIALIZATION IN STRUCTURAL CONTEXT 296
Patterns of Majority-Minority Interaction 262
Learning Gender: Socialization and Gender Roles 296
Minority Group Responses to Discrimination 263
“Doing Gender”: Social Interaction and Power 297
THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY Gender and the Family 298
IN THE UNITED STATES 263 Teaching Gender in School 299
Native Peoples 263 Gender Lessons from Peers 300
Hispanics or Latinos 264 Media and Gender 300
WASPs and White Ethnic Groups 267
African Americans 268 CULTURE, POWER, AND GENDER INEQUALITY 301
Asian Americans 270 Sex and the Origins of Patriarchy 301
Culture Trumps Biology 302
DIVERSITY TODAY 271 Work and Education: The Pay Gap and Its Sources 302
Racial and Ethnic Groups Today 271 Home and Family 305
Immigration in the Post–Civil Rights Era 273 Political Power 306
Transnational Migrants 273 Religion and Gender 306
Unauthorized Immigration 274 Sexual Harassment 306
Changing Population Trends 276 Violence Against Women 307
CULTURE, STRUCTURE, AND POWER: THE NATURE SEXUALITY 309
OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY TODAY 276 Biology, Culture, and Sexuality 310
Prejudice and Discrimination: Individual and Institutional 276 Sexuality as a Social Construction 310
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination: Culture Changing Norms: The Sexual Revolution in the
and Group Interests 277 United States 310
The Death of “Old Racism”: Changing Practices Sexual Identities 311
and Attitudes 278 Inventing Heterosexuals and Homosexuals 312
Enduring Inequality 278 Bisexuality and Asexuality 312
The Legacy of Past Discrimination: The Black-White Sexual Identities and Inequality 312
Wealth Gap 280 Sexuality and the Internet 314
The Emergence of “New Racism”: Hidden, Implicit,
and Color-blind 281 CHALLENGING INEQUALITY BASED ON
GENDER AND SEXUAL IDENTITY 315
A CHANGING WORLD: MULTIRACIAL AND
Gender in Sociology 315
MULTIETHNIC IDENTITIES 284
Women’s Activism 316
Contents

THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Race and Ethnicity 285 LGBT Activism 316

xiv
A CHANGING WORLD: CONVERGENCE IN GENDER
AND SEXUALITY 317
Gender Convergence 317
Sexual Convergence 317
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Gender and
Sexuality 318
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Examining the
Case of Two-Spirits 294
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Using Sociological Insight to
Encourage Women Engineers 304
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Mona Moayad and Gender Justice 309
PART 5
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
AND SOCIAL ISSUES
12
FAMILY AND RELIGION 320
UNDERSTANDING THE FAMILY 323
The Family as a Social Institution 323
Social Functions of the Family 323
FAMILY DIVERSITY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT 324
Global Variations in Family and Marriage 325
Global Trends in Family Life 325
THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF FAMILY LIFE
IN THE UNITED STATES 326
The “Traditional” Family Reconsidered 326
Families in Historical Context 326
Class, Race, and Family Life 327
Gender, Power, and the Family 328
CURRENT TRENDS IN U.S. FAMILY LIFE 329
Marriage and Cohabitation 329
Divorce and Blended Families 330
Gay and Lesbian Families 331
Falling Fertility Rates 332
Single Parents 334
Gender Convergence 335
Interracial and Interethnic Families 335
Living Arrangements 335
UNDERSTANDING RELIGION 336
The Sociology of Religion 336
Durkheim on Religion: The Sacred and the Profane
Marx on Religion: The Opium of the People 338
Weber on Religion: Disenchantment of the World 339
Berger on Religion: The Sacred Canopy 340
RELIGION IN GLOBAL CONTEXT 340
Religion Throughout the World 340
Religious Adherence in the United States 340
Shopping for God in the Religious Marketplace 341
Secularization 342
Fundamentalist Resistance to Change 345
A CHANGING WORLD: THE FUTURE OF RELIGION 346
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Family and
Religion 348
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Delaying Adulthood 328
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: April Bombai Pongtratic
and Family Assistance 330
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Research, Public Policy,
and the Law 333
13
EDUCATION AND WORK 350
EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING 353
Education in the United States: A Brief Social History 354
The Functions of Schooling 355
EDUCATION, CULTURE, AND SOCIALIZATION 355
The Hidden Curriculum 355
Socialization Messages in Schools 356
Mixed Messages About Socialization 357
EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE AND INEQUALITY 359
Education and Income 359
Education and Social Mobility 359
How Schools Reinforce Social and Economic Inequality 360
Schools as Complex Organizations 365
CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL ISSUES AND TRENDS 366
Accountability for Basic Skills 366
Bilingual Education 367
School Choice and the Debate over Charter Schools 367
The Online Classroom 368
Cyberbullying 369
WORKPLACE STRUCTURE AND POWER 370
Occupational Structure and Status Attainment 370
Occupational Prestige and Job Satisfaction 371
The Gender Gap at Work 372
Power on the Job 373
WORKPLACE CULTURE 376
336 Formal and Informal Socialization 376
Contents
Emotional Labor: Managing Feelings on the Job 377
xv
 A CHANGING WORLD: UNCERTAINTY IN THE
TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY WORKPLACE 377
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Education
and Work 379
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Tracing the Links
Between Moral Authority and School Discipline 358
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Challenging the Structure of
School Financing 362
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Kimberly Jones and Educational
Publishing 371
14
MEDIA AND CONSUMPTION 382
A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MEDIA 385
What Are Media? 385
Characteristics of Mass Media and New Media
THE STRUCTURE OF MEDIA 387
Trends in the Media Industries 387
Media Content 390
The Interaction of Audiences and Media 391
THE EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF MEDIA 393
Media Growth and Saturation 393
Media Convergence 394
User-Generated Content 394
Functions of Media 395
POWER AND MEDIA 396
The Effect of Social Inequality on Media Use 396
Government Regulations 398
Global Media and Cultural Imperialism 398
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY 399
CONSUMER CULTURE 400
The Rise of Consumer Culture 400
Alienated Labor and Commodity Fetishism 402
Consumption and Identity 402
Promoting Consumption 403
The Social Impact of Consumer Culture 406
A CHANGING WORLD: TARGETING CONSUMERS
IN THE DIGITAL AGE 408
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Media and
Consumption 409
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Combating Media Stereotypes
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Hy Mariampolski and Consumer
Research 401
Contents
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Examining the
Commercialization of Childhood 405
xvi
15
COMMUNITIES, THE ENVIRONMENT,
AND HEALTH 412
THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITIES 415
Community: Place, People, and Relationships 415
Nomadic Life: Hunting and Gathering 415
Rural Life: Settlements, Surpluses, and Inequality 416
Preindustrial Cities: Protection and Prosperity 417
Modern Urbanization: Opportunity, Diversity,
and Problems 417
Sunbelt Cities and Global Growth 418
UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE OF URBAN LIFE 419
Tönnies: Cities as a New Form of Social Organization 419
Durkheim: Organic Solidarity in the City 420
Jane Addams and the “Chicago School”: Community
in City Life 420
The Impact of Place on Social Life: Human Ecology 421
385
POWER AND INEQUALITY IN CITY LIFE 422
Class Inequality and the Urban “Growth Machine” 423
Race and Urban Inequality 424
Urbanization in a Global Economy 425
THE STRUCTURE AND CULTURE OF THE SUBURBS 426
Suburban Growth and Urban Decline 426
New Suburban Problems 426
Today’s Changing Suburbs 428
The Enduring Significance of Rural Life 428
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 429
Environmental Threats 430
Analyzing Environmental Problems 430
Power, Inequality, and the Environment 431
The “Treadmill of Production” 432
Culture and the Social Construction of Environmental
Problems 432
The Search for Solutions 433
THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH 434
Culture, Structure, Power, and the Medical Profession 434
Inequality and the Distribution of Disease 435
A CHANGING WORLD: COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES ON HEALTH 436
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Communities,
the Environment, and Health 439
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Jane Addams and
392 Hull House 421
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: Navigating
Communities 423
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Tristan Sanders and Healthy
Communities 437
 16
POLITICS AND THE ECONOMY
THE STRUCTURE OF POLITICS 445
Systems of Government 445
Political Structure and Political Action 447
POLITICAL CULTURE 448
Political Socialization 448
Public Opinion and the “Spiral of Silence” 449
Political Issues and Private Matters 450
POWER AND POLITICS 451
Theories of Political Power: Pluralism, Elites, and Class
Domination 451
Class Differences in Political Participation 452
Campaign Contributions, Lobbying, and Policy
Outcomes 452
Inequality, Power, and Politics 454
WAR AND THE MILITARY 455
The Rise of the National Security State 455
Military Funding 456
The Politics of Fear and Civil Liberties 456
News and the Politics of Fear 457
Socialization for War 457
Social Inequality and the Military 458
Terrorism as a Political Strategy 460
THE ECONOMY 461
The Economy as an Evolving Social Institution
The Social Economy 462
MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 462
Capitalism in Theory 463
Socialism in Theory 464
Capitalism in Reality 464
Reforming Capitalism 465
The Housing Bubble and Global Economic Crisis 466
Socialism in Reality 467
The Rise of Mixed Economies 468
A CHANGING WORLD: WHAT IS SECURITY?
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . . Politics
and the Economy 470
BOXES
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: The Political
Socialization of Teenagers 449
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: Peace Studies 459
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Mark Nord and Food
Security 463
Glossary 502 | References 510 | Credits 538 | Name Index 542 | Subject Index 548
17
442 SOCIAL CHANGE: GLOBALIZATION,
POPULATION, AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS 472
THE NATURE OF STRUCTURAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGE 475
The Continuous and Partial Nature of Change 475
Causes of Social Change 477
Material Factors in Change: Historical Materialism
and Technology 477
Ideas as Factors in Change: Weber’s Protestant Ethic
and Ideology 478
Change in Context 478
GLOBALIZATION AS CHANGE 478
Globalization: Integrating Societies 478
Early Globalization’s Colonial Roots 479
Contemporary Globalization’s Multiple Dimensions 480
The Impact of Globalization on Culture, Structure,
and Power 482
The Limits of Globalization 484
POPULATION CHANGE 485
The Population Explosion and Its Sources 485
The Demographic Divide 487
The Threat of Overpopulation: The Neo-Malthusian View 490
Demographic Transition 491
461 Explaining the Demographic Divide 491
THE POWER OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 492
Understanding Social Movements 492
Defining Social Movements 493
Power, Conflict, and Social Movements 494
Movement Actors 496
Movement Success: Message, Resources, and Opportunity 496
Movement Stages 497
The Impact of Social Movements on Culture, Structure,
and Power 498
469 A CHANGING WORLD: MOVEMENTS AND THE STRUGGLE
TO COMMUNICATE 498
THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY ABOUT . . .
Social Change 500
BOXES
SOCIOLOGY WORKS: Sociology Majors After
Graduation 476
SOCIOLOGY IN ACTION: The U.S. Census Bureau 486
THROUGH A SOCIOLOGICAL LENS: “Making Life”
and “Making History” 493
Contents
xvii
 Experience the power of data
in your classroom
Experience Sociology transformed the way your students consider the world around them, using
the lenses of culture, structure, and power. The second edition will transform the way you teach.

THE HEAT MAP STORY

Over the past two years, data points showing
concepts that caused students the most
difficulty were anonymously collected
from Connect Sociology’s LearnSmart
for Experience Sociology. The data from
LearnSmart were provided to the authors
in the form of a heat map, which illustrated
troublesome “hot spots” in the text. The
authors used this empirically based heat
map data to refine the content and reinforce
student comprehension in the second edition.

New! Connect Sociology,

now with Insight!
Connect Sociology, the integrated assignment
and assessment platform that makes
learning more motivating and
accessible for students, now makes
teaching easier and more efficient
for instructors. The first and only
analytics tool of its kind, Connect
Insight™ is a series of visual data
displays—each framed by an intuitive
question—to provide real-time,
at-a-glance information regarding
how your class is doing. Available
at a moment’s notice from your
tablet device.
Preface

xviii
LearnSmart Advantage is a new series of adaptive learning products fueled by LearnSmart—a widely used,
adaptive learning resource that has been proven to strengthen memory recall, increase retention, and boost
grades. Data collected from over 1.5 million student users and more than 1 billion questions answered are
used to make the LearnSmart Advantage products intelligent, reliable, and precise.

SmartBook™ is the first

and only adaptive reading
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change the way students
read and learn. It creates
a personalized reading
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most impactful concepts a
student needs to learn at that
moment in time. As a student
engages with SmartBook,
the reading experience
continuously adapts by
highlighting content based on
what the student knows and
doesn’t know. This ensures that
the focus is on the content he or she needs to learn, while simultaneously promoting long-term retention of
material. Use SmartBook’s real-time reports to quickly identify the concepts that require more attention
from individual students—or the entire class.

New! LearnSmart Achieve is a

learning system that provides
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Preface

xix
 students
WHY THE 3D GLASSES?
We want students to see their familiar
world in a new way. Experience Sociology,
Second Edition, uses the lenses of culture,
structure, and power to empower students
to move beyond an individual perspective to
gain a sociological perspective.

How were you

socialized into

your society’s How do agents

Using the lenses of CULTURE,
culture? of socialization STRUCTURE, and POWER,
reproduce social Experience Sociology shows
How does power students the significance of
structure? sociology for their own lives.
shape your daily life and

your sense of self?

CULTURE, STRUCTURE, and POWER
help students explore sociological
theory in ways that go beyond
conventional theoretical boundaries.
Preface
S P O T L I G H T
on social theory
Symbolic interactionism stresses
the role of interpersonal
interactions in reproducing
culture and social structure.
Have you ever been in a situation
in which you felt at a disadvantage
because you lacked the cultural
capital to know what behavior

was expected of you?

xx
EXPERIENCE SOCIOLOGY includes a variety of boxed features and in-text learning
aids to help students appreciate the range of sociology’s insights and their relevance to today’s fast-
changing social world, and to apply sociology’s concepts and theories to their own lives.

BOXED FEATURES IN-TEXT LEARNING AIDS

S
Sociology in Action boxes highlight the T
Thinking About notes help students
ccontributions of sociological research to t hin k connect chapter content to their own
public policy and to the efforts of public experience. These brief notes, found at
interest organizations,
org social movements, and others to the bottom of text pages, prompt students to consider
effect social change. how the three core concepts of culture, structure,
and power apply to their own lives and views on
S
Sociology Works boxes profile people who issues, thus encouraging students to think
sstudied sociology in college and are now sociologically.
using sociology’s insights in diverse work
settings. The
settings These high-interest stories feature people C
Core Concepts Challenge questions
working in fields such as health care, criminal justice, CCC encourage students to apply their
e
social work, business, mass media, government, and ssociological imagination to what they are
the military. learning. Appearing with selected figures,
tables, and photographs, these questions prompt
T
Through a Sociological Lens boxes students to apply culture, structure, and power in
demonstrate how sociology can provide
d thinking about an issue as well as to think critically
distinctive insights into contemporary social
d about the graphic, table, or image.
issues. Students
issues Stud can see how sociological research
reveals information that can both surprise and Spotlight notes prompt students to
empower them in their everyday lives. consider social theories that are
discussed within the text. These notes
Fast-Forward boxes illuminate the ever- help student
students use the three concepts to apply
FF evolving nature of our social world. These
e theory to their own lives.
brief, engaging features—illustrated with
photographs, advertisements, or other images—show
photographs
students how change has been a constant feature of
social life.

A Changing World sections conclude each

CW cchapter with a look at the influence of
cchanging social conditions on some aspect
of the chapter topic. Examples include
o
culture and globalization, increasing inequality in the
United States, social structure and privacy, and
convergence in gender and sexuality.
Preface

xxi
 Highlights of the second edition
✔ Indicates revisions based on student heat map data.
CHAPTER 1
• New chapter-opening vignette using Nelson
Mandela’s life story to illustrate how, in a single
lifetime, people working together can change the
world in meaningful ways
• New figure to illustrate the dimensions of social theory
• Boxed features revised and updated
CHAPTER 2
• New chapter-opening vignette spotlighting the scientific
method through analysis of a recent study on whether
teenage troublemakers encourage friends to engage in
criminal or delinquent behavior
• Updated data on voting patterns
• New Through a Sociological Lens box, “Correlation,
Causation, and Spuriousness”
• New Fast-Forward selection, “Change Research”
• Significantly revised “A Changing World” section,
“Technology and Social Research”
CHAPTER 3
• Updated data for maps and figures throughout
• New material explaining taboos
• New discussion on folk culture
• New “A Changing World” section, “Culture and
Globalization,” featuring the Nigerian film industry
CHAPTER 4
• New chapter-opening vignette showcasing the benefits
to college students when there are constraints on the
structure of academic programs
• Updated “Through a Sociological Lens” box integrating
new material on school violence (Newtown,
Connecticut)
• Updated “A Changing World” section, “The Evolving
Structure of News Production”
• Updated data throughout
CHAPTER 5
• Comprehensively revised “A Changing World”
section, “Money, Power, and Politics,” featuring
updated data and new discussion on electoral
campaign spending
• New figures on campaign contributions and spending
Preface
xxii
CHAPTER 6
• New section, “Epigenetics: Genes and the Environment”
• Revised Ngram figure on use of the terms teenage and
adolescent
• Updated data and figures throughout
CHAPTER 7
• New chapter-opening vignette looking at the recent change
in Yahoo corporate policy regarding telecommuting, to
illustrate the importance of social interaction
• Major reorganization of the text sections on networks,
groups, and organizations for enhanced flow and
clarity ✔
• New Table 7.1: Groups versus Networks: Some
Differences
• New “A Changing World” section, “Social Structure
and Privacy”
• Updated data throughout
CHAPTER 8
• Extensive new section: “Surveillance and Social Control
in the Digital Age”
• Updated data, text, and examples throughout ✔
CHAPTER 9
• Addition on government regulation of corporations
• Addition on inherited wealth
• New/updated discussion of income and wealth inequality
• New and revised figures, tables, and maps on income,
job growth, unemployment, poverty throughout
• Updated data on wages, unionization, and tax rates
• Updated discussion of public assistance, noting the
2008–2009 bank bailouts
CHAPTER 10
• Revised chapter-opening vignette related to ongoing
debates in the United States over immigration policy
and citizenship
• Updated material and data on racial and ethnic groups
today
• Updated material on immigration and unauthorized
immigration
• Substantially revised section, “Changing Population
Trends”
• Revised and reorganized section, “Culture, Structure,
and Power: The Nature of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Today” ✔
• New section, “The Death of ‘Old Racism’: Changing
Practices and Attitudes”
• Revised section, “Enduring Inequality”
• Revised section, “The Legacy of Past Discrimination:
The Black-White Wealth Gap” ✔
• Revised section on color-blind racism ✔
• Updated data and figures on inequality, racial
demographics, and intermarriage
CHAPTER 11
• New section, “Sexuality and the Internet”
• Updated discussion of same-sex marriage ✔
• Additional material on Engels regarding the economic
roots of gender stratification
• New and updated data and figures on gender
stratification, education, women in government, and
same-sex marriage
• Updated data on the gender pay gap
• Updated material on women among executives at
Fortune 500 companies and women among U.S.
political leaders
CHAPTER 12
• Updated Through a Sociological Lens box, “Delaying
Adulthood”
• Updated data and figures on marriage, cohabitation,
divorce, families, and religious traditions
• Updated discussion of same-sex marriage ✔
• New Sociology in Action box, “Research, Public Policy,
and the Law”
• Updated data on interracial and interethnic families,
world religions, and religious adherence in the
United States
CHAPTER 13
• New section, “Cyberbullying”
• New material on the Common Core Standards Initiative
• Updated “A Changing World” section, “Uncertainty in
the Twenty-first-Century Workplace,” including a new
discussion of precarious work
• Updates to Sociology in Action box, “Challenging the
Structure of School Financing”
• Updated discussion of the gender wage gap
• New and revised figures and tables on wages, school
enrollment, educational attainment, student debt, and
unionization throughout
• Updated data on school segregation, charter schools,
and global adult literacy
CHAPTER 14
• New chapter-opening vignette on the phenomenon of
the selfie and how it embodies developments that are
unique to contemporary media
• Revised section on new media ✔
• Updated discussion of trends in the media industries
• Updated data and figures on the digital divide and news
corporations
• Revised discussion of consumer culture and credit card
debt among college students
• Revised section on product placement ✔
• Revised Through a Sociological Lens box, “Examining
the Commercialization of Childhood”
CHAPTER 15
• Revised discussion of suburban sprawl ✔
• Revised definition of environmental sociology and what
makes it a distinctive approach ✔
• Additional discussion of the sociology of health and the
social construction of illness
• Updated data on global urban population growth,
commuting, and death rates due to poor sanitation
CHAPTER 16
• New chapter-opening vignette on economic insecurity in
the contemporary United States, related to factors like
military service, corporate actions, and continuing
unemployment
• Revised section on the structure of politics ✔
• Fine-tuned definitions of the meaning of the terms
politics and government ✔
• Updated section on the national security state
• New and revised figures, maps, and tables on political
parties, campaign spending, voter turnout, lobbying,
taxation, and government spending throughout
CHAPTER 17
• New chapter-opening vignette on China’s controversial
one-child policy and abuses of state power that are
connected to it
• Revised Sociology Works box, “Sociology Majors After
Graduation”
• New and updated data and figures on globalization,
demographics, social change, and same-sex marriage
• Revised Sociology in Action box, “The U.S. Census
Bureau”
Preface
xxiii
 Teaching
g and Learning
g with
Experience Sociology
TEACHING RESOURCES
Instructor’s Manual. The instructor’s manual
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instructors and includes learning objectives, brief and
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Test Bank. This resource offers 100 multiple-choice and
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Another random document with
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 Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4 Fig. 5

A Light-Weight, Two-Horsepower Motor Installed in a Stanch 18-Foot

Canoe will Increase the Range and Utility of Such a Craft; the
Construction Shown Is Simple and within the Capabilities of a Careful
Novice of Fair Mechanical Skill. A View of the Stern from Above is Shown
in Fig. 1. The Engine is Shown Mounted on the Engine Bed, and near the
Stern the Shaft Block is Shown. A Partial Sectional View is Shown in Fig.
2. The Relation of the Engine and Bed, Shaft and Fittings, Shaft Block,
Shaft Log, and Rudder are Shown. The Construction Diagram, Fig. 3, is
Described in Detail in the Text. A Larger-Scale View and a Section of the
Shaft Block are Indicated in Fig. 4, and Fig. 5 Illustrates the Engine Bed
with Dimensions and Fastening Holes

A detail of the shaft bearing R is shown in Fig. 4. The hole to

receive the shaft must be bored accurately, and the use of the
template, as with the boring of the shaft log, is advisable. Flanged
metal bearings are provided to take up the wear in the bearing block.
The method of fastening the block, as shown in the detail view,
insures a rigid bearing with a minimum of holes through the bottom
of the canoe. A U-bolt, T, binds the double angle brace U and the
block firmly to the keel. The angles of the brace are fixed into the
sides of the canoe with bolts, and a bolt at the stern end of the block
supports it further. The block should be placed so that it will bear on
three ribs and must be fitted to the curve of the canoe.
The rudder is made of sheet metal supported on a rod or pipe. Its
general dimensions are shown in Fig. 2. The fan of the rudder is
riveted to its supports and rests in a bearing strip of ¹⁄₄ by 1-in. strap
iron, which is shaped as a guard for the propeller. The upper bearing
of the rudder post is formed from a strip of iron, bolted to the stern,
and the upper guide bar, to which the ropes are attached, is cut from
an iron strip.
 The propeller is 8 in. in diameter, but may be installed of a size
suitable to the power, speed, and type of the motor used. The
stuffing box V, Fig. 2, the bearings for the bearing block R, the intake
strainer W, the exhaust outlet X, Fig. 1, and the shaft coupling Y are
all of manufactured types that may be purchased of marine-supply
houses.
The intake strainer W is placed in the bottom directly below the
pump Z. The exhaust outlet X is placed above the water line, and a
muffler should be installed to avoid noise from the exhaust
explosions. The exhaust may be conducted under water or to a point
near the stern. No indication is given for the placing of the gasoline
tank, the supply pipes, electrical-energy source, and wiring. The tank
may be placed in the stern of the canoe high enough to provide a
good flow. A magneto may be used to give current for the sparking
circuit, or batteries may be provided. They may be placed at any
point convenient, and should be incased in a waterproof container.
In assembling the parts care must be taken not to wrench the shaft
or other pieces out of line, and in general, it is well to fix
nonadjustable parts solidly when they are fitted into place. This
applies particularly to the engine bed and the shaft log. The bearing
block may be adjusted vertically by adding packing, or by reducing
the lower surface. The rudder and its fittings may be made in regular
course, but should not be fitted until the power unit and driving
mechanism is in place finally. The propeller may be protected from
possible injury by laying it aside until needed. All the openings in the
hull through which bolts or other fastenings are placed should be
packed with red lead or other waterproof packing. The working parts
and finished metal surfaces should be oiled or greased thoroughly as
the parts are assembled, and the unfinished metal parts painted with
red lead. This will protect them from moisture and aid in the smooth
operation of the mechanism.
 How to Make a Fluorescent Screen
Many experimenters have occasion to use a fluorescent screen,
particularly those interested in X-ray work. Such a device is quite
expensive if purchased, and may be made as follows:
Mix 1 oz. each of common salt, sodium tungstate, and calcium
chloride. Place the mixture in a crucible and heat it dull red in a coal
fire, for several hours. It will melt into a clear liquid, and should then
be removed and permitted to cool. The liquid will crystallize into a
hard glasslike mass. Break this out of the crucible and crush it into
small pieces. Put them into a jar of clear water. The sodium chloride
resulting from the chemical change by heating, will gradually
dissolve and the calcium tungstate will fall to the bottom in fine
crystals. Wash this precipitate until all trace of the salt disappears;
then pour the crystals upon a sheet of filter or blotting paper to dry.
After drying, place them in a mortar and grind them to a fine powder,
when they will be ready for use.
To make the screen proper, procure a piece of thin white
cardboard of the size desired. The calendered board known as
three-ply is satisfactory. Paint the cardboard on one side with a thick
solution of gum arabic in water, or better still, with celluloid dissolved
in amyl acetate. Permit the gum to become “tacky” before dusting
with the chemical. The latter process requires care, to produce an
even layer on the cardboard, and it is advisable to practice with
ordinary salt before attempting it on the cardboard for the screen.
The calcium tungstate should be placed in a dry jar, and a piece of
fine muslin fixed over the mouth of it. The chemical may be dusted
over the surface with this sieve jar.
Shake off the superfluous crystals and permit the screen to dry
thoroughly. Fasten a piece of mica, or sheet celluloid, over the
sensitized surface to prevent damage to it. Mount the sensitized
cardboard in a wooden frame of suitable size and arrange a hood
around its edges to cut out unnecessary light. The sensitive side of
the screen is, of course, held toward the observer when the
apparatus is used.—Contributed by Chester Keene, Hoboken, N. J.
 Preventing Wire Mesh from Rising between
Fence Posts
Fences which inclose pastures for hogs, or other smaller animals,
are usually stretched to give rigidity and strength. Often the
adjustment of the wire, after being put into place, causes it to rise
from the ground between the fence posts, permitting the animals to
escape. An effective method of holding the wire close to the ground
is shown in the sketch. A peg, notched near its upper end, is driven
into the ground so that the lower edge of the wire mesh is held fast in
the notch.—Contributed by O. B. Laurent, New Roads, La.
The Notched Stake Holds the
Wire Mesh Down between the
Posts Where It Has a Tendency
to Rise from the Ground
 Jig-Saw Table for Vise
Those who have occasional work to be done with a jig saw will find
the simple device shown in the sketch convenient. It provides a table
for sawing light work. By holding it in a vise, as shown, a rigid
support may be had. The table is made of a rectangular piece of ³⁄₄-
in. wood, 8 in. wide and 10 in. long. At one end, a strip, 1 in. square,
is attached for clamping in the vise. The other end is notched to
provide a place for the saw while in use.—Contributed by Victor A.
Rettich, New York, N. Y.

The Jig-Saw Table Provides a Rigid Support for Light Fretwork

 An Emergency Dark-Room Light

The traveling man who “lives in a suitcase” and at the same time
wishes to enjoy the pleasures of amateur photography sometimes
experiences difficulty in developing films in a hotel room. Soup plates
borrowed from the steward, or even the bowl pitcher and the ice-
water pitcher in the room, can be used for development, but it is very
hard to improvise a ruby lamp. My emergency lamp is a small vest-
pocket flash lamp over which two yellow envelopes, one inside of the
other, are slipped, as shown. The lower edges are cut perfectly
square and rest on the table, or shelf, in the closet, and all white light
is excluded. At night, the shades may be drawn, and a yellow-paper
sack may be tied around the electric light.—Contributed by J. L.
Pinkston, Granite Hill, Ga.
 An Ice Creeper

The illustration shows a one-piece ice creeper for the heel of a

boot or shoe. It is made from sheet steel with the arms bent up to
receive a strap for buckling it in place on the boot heel. The zigzag
cuts in the bottom part are turned down for engaging the ice.—
Contributed by Chas. S. Snell, Lewiston, Me.
¶In machine work a way must be provided for removing dowel pins
before they are driven in place.
 Waterproofing for Fish Lines

Dissolve ¹⁄₂ oz. of orange shellac in ¹⁄₂ pt. of alcohol, and add 1
teaspoonful of Venice turpentine, the same quantity of raw linseed
oil, and 2 oz. tincture of benzoin. Shake well, and set in a varnish
can in hot water.
Soak the coiled line in the varnish for two hours, then hang it up to
dry. Thin the varnish with alcohol, and repeat the dipping. When the
line is dry, rub it down well with a wool rag greased with tallow. Silk
lines treated in this manner are pliable, and the fibers of the silk are
so united by the varnish that the strength of the line is almost
doubled.
 Making Chest Lock More Secure

As a rule, ordinary chest locks cannot be relied upon, since almost

any kind of a similar key will unlock them. I found a good remedy by
taking out the pin on which the key fits, and making a new one twice
as long as the one removed, then drilling a hole in the key deep
enough to fit over the new pin. In case the pin extends too far, a
piece of wood block, with a hole in it to admit the key, can be
fastened over it to prevent bending the pin. No ordinary key will pass
on the pin far enough to turn the lock.—Contributed by Chas. G.
England, Washington, Pa.
 Driving Screws in Hard Wood
Keep the supply of screws in a box containing a small amount of
powdered soapstone. Shake the box occasionally, and the screws
will be dusted with the powder, which acts as a lubricant. This is a
much cleaner and more convenient method than the ordinary one of
rubbing each screw on a bar of soap before driving it in hard wood.
 Paddling Your Own Canoe
by
Stillman Taylor
PART I—
Kinds of Canoes

Theprose,
charm of the birchen canoe has long been sung in verse and
and while the bark that the Indian used has been
supplanted by a more perfect type of modern manufacture, the
popularity of this, the most graceful of water craft, has increased with
years, until today we find the canoe the choice of thousands of
recreation seekers who paddle about in park lakes and quiet
streams, or spend their vacations in cruising down rivers and other
attractive waterways—sometimes within the environs of towns and
villages, and again dipping paddles in the wilderness streams of the
far north. True, the modern canoe is a distinct product of the
twentieth century, and while it is so largely used at summer resorts, it
nevertheless retains all the good points of the old, while embodying
numerous improvements which fit it even better for wilderness travel
than the Indian model after which it was patterned. The noteworthy
increase in the number of canoeists in the past dozen years is good
evidence that this natty craft is fast coming into its own, and as more
and more outdoor men and women understand its possibilities and
limitations and become proficient in handling it, the long-rooted fear
and distrust with which the uninformed public regard the canoe, will
pass away. As a matter of fact, accidents ever follow in the wake of
ignorance and carelessness, and while there are very few expert
gunners injured by firearms, and still fewer experienced canoeists
drowned, there are numerous sad accidents constantly occurring to
the reckless and foolhardy, who do not know how to handle a
weapon, nor understand the first thing about paddling a canoe. Let
us consider then, the practical side of the subject, the choice of a
suitable canoe and the knack of handling it in a safe and efficient
manner.
If one would experience in full measure the many-sided charm of
paddling, he should get a good canoe. Unlike other and heavier
water craft, the canoe is a lightly balanced and responsive
conveyance, which may be cranky and dangerous, or safe and
stable, according to the model, the skill of the builder, and the
dexterity of the paddler. There are canoes and canoes, of varying
models and sizes, and constructed of many materials, and while all
may serve as a means of getting about in the water, the paddling
qualities include numerous little idiosyncrasies which serve to
differentiate canoes as well as men. In fact, this light and graceful
craft may be properly viewed as the highest type of boat building,
since it must be fashioned strong but light; it must be steady when
going light; capable of carrying comparatively heavy loads; draw little
water, and it must be honestly constructed of good material to stand
up under the hard usage which every canoe is subjected to, whether
used for summer paddling, or upon long hunting and shooting trips.
Three types of canoes are in common use by experienced
canoeists, the birch-bark, the all-wood, and the canvas-covered
cedar canoe. The birch-bark, by reason of its rougher workmanship,
is slow under the paddle, is easily injured, and it grows heavier and
more difficult to handle every time it is used. The all-wood canoe is
most expensive to buy, and though swift under the paddle, is too
easily injured and too difficult to repair for rough and ready use. The
cedar-planked canoe which is covered with filled and painted canvas
is for many reasons the best all-around craft-attractive enough for
park use, and stout enough for use in rapid water and for cruising in
northern lakes and rivers.

How to Select a Birch-Bark Canoe

The Indian-made birch-bark canoe costs about $1 a foot and is

fashioned of birch bark over an ash, or spruce, frame. The bark is
not nailed to the frame, but is sewed together with boiled spruce, or
tamarack, roots, split to a suitable size. To give the proper shape to
the canoe a double row of stakes are firmly planted in the ground
and the spruce frame is sprung between them. The bark is put on
inside out, and the work of sewing together is done while the bark is
fresh, or immediately after it is stripped from the tree. The seams are
afterward made water-tight by smearing well with spruce gum, which
hardens quickly and makes a fairly good joint. The Indian model is a
good one so far as the freeboard, width of beam, and flaring stems
are concerned, but the curved bottom makes it extremely cranky and
dangerous for the novice to handle. Be sure to see that the birch-
bark canoe is fashioned with a flat, straight bottom, which makes the
craft steadier and less inclined to veer about under the stroke of the
paddle. In an expert’s hands the round bottom will be found a
decided advantage, making it faster to paddle and more easily
turned and steered in swift and rough water. Many prefer the three-
piece bottom, but the bottom made of a single piece of bark is
stronger and less likely to open up and leak. All birch canoes will
warp and twist somewhat, and it is practically impossible to find one
that is straight and true. The birch-bark canoe has many limitations
and not a few weaknesses, but if one has the good luck to find a
good one, and treats it fairly, it will prove a safe and dry craft for
many hundreds of miles’ travel. Of course, one must carry a kettle of
pitch for making repairs, and be content to travel somewhat slower
than with modern canoes, but this may not be a disadvantage. Birch
canoes have no seats, as the Indian kneels when paddling, but a low
thwart, or seat, is easy to put in at the bow and stern, if one prefers
the white man’s paddling position.

All-Wood or Peterborough Canoe

This type of craft is much used in Canada along the St. Lawrence
River, and to a much less extent by American sportsmen, owing to
its higher cost, and its tendency to break and cause a leak. Of
course, the all-wood canoe is a good craft, but everything
considered, there can be no question in the minds of canoeists who
are acquainted with all types of canoes, that the all-cedar or
basswood craft is less dependable than the canvas-covered cedar
canoe. The Peterborough type—so called from a Canadian city of
this name where many wood canoes are made—with its relatively
low ends and straight sides with but little sheer and tumble home, is
the model commonly used by practically all manufacturers of the all-
wood canoe. While a boat of this kind can be, and often is, used in
rough-water lake paddling as well as in wilderness travel, the all-
wood canoe is better suited for club use, and in the wider and more
quiet-flowing streams and lakes.

The Best All-Around Craft, for Two Men and a Reasonable Amount of Camp
Duffle, Is a Canvas-Covered Cedar Canoe, 16 Feet Long, 32-Inch Beam, and
12 Inches Amidships, Weighing About 60 Pounds
 The Canvas-Covered Cedar Canoe

The canvas-covered cedar canoe, when rightly made of the best

material, is by all odds the best paddling craft afloat, being strong
and light, with a hull so smooth that it is swift to paddle, while the
mode of construction makes a very stiff craft, which will not warp or
twist out of shape. Moreover, it will stand a vast amount of hard
usage and abuse, while repairs are quickly and neatly done by the
stream side. In the making of a first-class canoe of this type, the ribs
are first steamed and then bent and fitted over a solid form; cedar
being used for the ribs and planking; spruce for the gunwales, and
white ash, or oak, for the stems and thwarts. In a canoe built
according to my instructions, each plank runs to the full length of the
craft and all are beveled and lapped together, thus making a
perfectly smooth and almost water-tight canoe, before the canvas is
cemented on its surface. The canvas is thoroughly waterproofed
before it is put on, then it is drawn tightly over the planking, and
several coats of filler and the final finish of paint are applied, after
which it is rubbed down.
The well-made canvas-covered canoe is, if properly designed, a
pretty good facsimile of the representative Indian model in that it
possesses all the good points of the birch-bark canoe, but is more
substantially constructed, of better and more durable material, and
more finely finished. In making the selection, it is necessary to pay a
fair price to obtain a good craft, and while various manufacturers
supply canoes of similar types at different prices, some of them are
so inferior that they will scarcely stand a season’s use. Of course,
the use to which a canoe is put will influence the selection. If the
craft is wanted for long service on hunting and fishing trips, a high-
grade canoe of plain finish is the logical choice. If the canoe is for
club use, a highly finished craft with mahogany trimmings may be
preferred. A canoe for occasional use on some quiet lake or small
stream may be selected from the cheaper kinds, which will, no
doubt, answer every purpose. However, most manufacturers list
what they call an “A” and a “B” grade. The “A” grade provides
selected-cedar ribs and planking; oak for gunwales, stems, thwarts
and seats selected from the finest material, and the finish the best
that can be procured, while the “B” grade is identical in model,
canvas and paint, but the material not quite so clear or free from
minor defects, though for all practical purposes it will render as much
service and give fully as much satisfaction as the first, or “A,” grade.
A little saving may be made by selecting the second-grade canoe,
having most of the money invested in the canoe and not so much in
the finer finishings. The ordinary construction provides for the
ordinary solid topwale, but the open gunwale is sometimes preferred,
because the openings make washing easy, all sand and dirt running
out freely between the wales. This construction detail is supplied by
most manufacturers, when specified, at a slight additional cost.