Professional Documents
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Preface xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Financial Reporting 1
Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statements and Other
Financial Reporting Topics 54
Chapter 3 Balance Sheet 95
Chapter 4 Income Statement 157
Chapter 5 Basics of Analysis 199
Chapter 6 Liquidity of Short-Term Assets; Related Debt-Paying Ability 223
Chapter 7 Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability 278
Chapter 8 Profitability 323
Chapter 9 For the Investor 365
Chapter 10 Statement of Cash Flows 393
Summary Analysis Nike, Inc. (Includes 2011
Financial Statements of Form 10-K) 438
Chapter 11 Expanded Analysis 482
Chapter 12 Special Industries: Banks, Utilities, Oil and Gas,
Transportation, Insurance, and Real Estate Companies 540
Chapter 13 Personal Financial Statements and Accounting for
Governments and Not-for-Profit Organizations 588
Appendix Thomson ONE Basics and Tutorial 615
Glossary 621
Bibliography 641
Index 653
vii
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Contents
Preface xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Financial Reporting 1
DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
(GAAP) IN THE UNITED STATES 1
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants • Financial Accounting
Standards Board • Operating Procedure for Statements of Financial
Accounting Standards • FASB Conceptual Framework
ADDITIONAL INPUT—AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC
ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA) 7
EMERGING ISSUES TASK FORCE (EITF) 8
A NEW REALITY 8
FASB ACCOUNTING STANDARDS CODIFICATION™
(CODIFICATION) 10
TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS OF THE ACCOUNTING MODEL 10
Business Entity • Going Concern or Continuity • Time Period •
Monetary Unit • Historical Cost • Conservatism • Realization • Matching •
Consistency • Full Disclosure • Materiality • Industry Practices • Transaction
Approach • Cash Basis • Accrual Basis
HARMONIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS 19
FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED
ENTITIES (SMES) 22
USING THE INTERNET 23
Companies’ Internet Web Sites • Helpful Web Sites
SUMMARY 24 / QUESTIONS 24 / PROBLEMS 26 / CASES 32
Case 1-1 Standard Setting: “A Political Aspect” 32
Case 1-2 Politicization of Accounting Standards—A Necessary Act? 35
Case 1-3 Independence of Accounting Standard Setters 36
Case 1-4 Looking Out for Investors 39
ix
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x CONTENTS
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CONTENTS xi
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CONTENTS xiii
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CONTENTS xv
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xvi CONTENTS
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS xvii
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Preface
T
his book teaches financial accounting from both the user’s and the preparer’s perspec-
tives. It includes the language and the preparation of financial statements. Reliance is
placed on actual annual reports, 10-Ks, and proxy statements. Sufficient background
material is included, facilitating its use for students who do not have prior courses in
accounting or finance.
Tell me, I’ll forget.
Show me, I may remember.
Involve me, I’ll understand.
This proverb describes the approach of this book—involving students in actual financial
statements and their analysis and interpretation. Its premise is that students are better pre-
pared to understand and analyze real financial reports when learning is not based on over-
simplified financial statements.
From this basic premise come the many changes to this edition. Those changes, sup-
ported by our technology tools, focus on the goal of this text, which is to involve students in
actively learning how to read, understand, and analyze the financial statements of actual
companies. These changes are discussed in this preface.
Significant Items
The following notable items are available in this edition to increase its relevance to students
and its flexibility for instructors:
1. Coverage of ethics has been expanded.
2. International accounting has been updated to reflect the substantial changes that have
taken place. This includes model financial statements.
3. Internet exercises have been updated and new exercises added.
4. Questions have been updated and new questions added.
5. Problems have been updated and new problems added.
6. Where appropriate, cases have been updated and new cases added. This includes more
than 70 revised and new cases.
7. Exhibits and cases are extensively based on real companies to which students would
relate.
xix
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xx PREFACE
Actual Companies
The text explains financial reporting differences among industries, including manufacturing,
retailing, service firms, and regulated and nonregulated industries. The text also covers
personal financial reports and financial reporting for governments and other not-for-profit
institutions.
Statements of actual companies are used in illustrations, cases, and “To the Net” cases.
The actual financial statements highlight current financial reporting problems, including
guidelines for consolidated statements, stock-based compensation, postretirement benefits,
and the harmonization of international accounting standards.
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE xxi
Flexible Organization
This text is used in a variety of courses with a variety of approaches. It provides the flexibil-
ity necessary to meet the needs of accounting and finance courses varying in content and
length. Sufficient text, questions, “To the Net” Web site cases, problem materials and cases
are presented to allow the instructor latitude in the depth of coverage. Access to Thomson
ONE—Business School Edition™ is also included with every new book. Accounting princi-
ples are the basis for all discussion so that students can understand the methods used as well
as the implication for analysis. The following is an outline of our chapter coverage:
Chapter 1 develops the basic principles of accounting on which financial reports are based.
A review of the evolution of GAAP and the traditional assumptions of the accounting model
helps the reader understand the statement and thus allows for a better analysis. An extensive
review of harmonization of international accounting standards in included. Also included is
financial reporting for small and medium sized entities (SMEs).
Chapter 2 describes the forms of business entities and introduces financial reports. This
chapter also reviews the sequence of accounting procedures completed during each account-
ing period. It includes other financial reporting topics that contribute to the understanding
of financial reporting, such as the auditor’s report, management’s discussion, management’s
responsibility for financial statements, and summary annual report. The efficient market
hypotheses, ethics, consolidated statements, accounting for business combinations, and the
SEC-paper filings-Edgar-XBRL are also covered.
Chapter 3 presents an in-depth review of the balance sheet, statement of stockholders’ eq-
uity, and problems in balance sheet presentation. This chapter gives special emphasis to
inventories and tangible assets. A model IFRS balance sheet has been included. Also included
are subsequent events.
Chapter 4 presents an in-depth review of the income statement, including special income
statement items. Other topics included are earnings per share, retained earnings, dividends
and stock splits, legality of distribution to stockholders, and comprehensive income. A model
IFRS balance sheet has been included.
Chapter 5 is an introduction to analysis and comparative statistics. Techniques include ratio
analysis, common-size analysis, year-to-year change analysis, financial statement variations
by type of industry, review of descriptive information, comparisons including Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, and North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS), relative size of firm, and many library sources of industry data.
Chapter 6 covers short-term liquidity. This chapter includes suggested procedures for analyzing
short-term assets and the short-term debt-paying ability for an entity. This chapter discusses, in
detail, four very important assets: cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inven-
tory. It is the first to extensively use Nike as an illustration.
Chapter 7 covers long-term debt-paying ability. This includes the income statement considera-
tion and the balance sheet consideration. Topics include long-term leasing, pension plans, joint
ventures, contingences, financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, financial instruments
with concentrations of credit risk, and disclosures about fair value of financial instruments.
Chapter 8 covers the analysis of profitability, which is a vital concern to stockholders, cred-
itors, and management. Besides profitability ratios, this chapter covers trends in profitability,
segment reporting, gains and losses from prior period adjustments, comprehensive income,
pro forma financial information, and interim reports.
Chapter 9, though not intended as a comprehensive guide to investment analysis, introduces
analyses useful to investors. Besides ratios, this chapter covers leverage and its effect on earn-
ings, earnings per share, stock-based compensations, and stock appreciation rights.
Chapter 10 reviews the statement of cash flows, including ratios that relate to this statement.
This chapter also covers procedures for developing the statement of cash flows.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xxii PREFACE
A summary analysis of Nike is presented after Chapter 10, along with the Nike 2011 finan-
cial statements. The summary analysis includes Nike background information.
Chapter 11 covers an expanded utility of financial ratios. This includes the perception of fi-
nancial ratios, the degree of conservatism and quality of earnings, forecasting financial fail-
ure, and analytical review procedures, management’s use of analysis, use of LIFO reserves,
graphing financial information, management of earnings, and valuation.
Chapter 12 covers problems in analyzing six specialized industries: banks, utilities, oil and
gas, transportation, insurance, and real estate. The chapter notes the differences in state-
ments and suggests changes or additions to their analysis.
Chapter 13 covers personal financial statements and financial reporting for governments
and other not-for-profit institutions.
A very extensive glossary defines terms explained in the text and terms frequently found in
annual reports and the financial literature. The text also includes a bibliography of referen-
ces that can be used in exploring further topics in the text.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to many people for their help and encouragement during the writing of this
book. I want to extend my appreciation to the numerous firms and organizations that granted
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE xxiii
permission to reproduce their material. Special thanks go to the American Institute of Certified
Public Accountants, the Institute of Certified Management Accountants, and the Financial
Accounting Standards Board. Permission has been received from the Institute of Management
Accountants to use questions and/or unofficial answers from past CMA examinations.
I am grateful to the following individuals for their useful and perceptive comments dur-
ing the making of the thirteenth edition:
• Pamela Benner, Stark State College
• Charles Pendola, St. Joseph’s College
• Michael Flores, Wichita State University
• Timothy Dimond, Northern Illinois University
• William Mesa, Colorado Christian University
• Lawrence Gamble, Mountainstate University
• Frank DeGeorge, West Virginia University
• Deborah Leitsch, Goldey-Beacom College
• William Hahn, Southeastern University
• Antoinette Clegg, Northwood University and Delta College
• Hongxia Wang, Ashland University
• Richard Dumont, Post University
• Maryln Fisher, Regis University
I am very grateful to Donald Safner (University of Toledo) for his careful, timely, and
effective revision of the FinSAS spreadsheet tool and Flexible for this edition, and to Timothy
Dimond (Northern Illinois University) for his careful textbook review.
Charles H. Gibson
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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di agenti nostri, di uomini che vedevano, oltre i bisogni del ventre, le
radiose visioni di Libertà e Fratellanza.
Un’altra grande istituzione che aveva preso forma e funzionava
perfettamente era quella dei Mercenarî. Questo corpo di truppa che
aveva origine dall’antico esercito regolare, contava effettivi
aumentati a un milione di uomini, senza le forze coloniali. Abitavano
in città loro destinate, amministrate da un governo virtualmente
autonomo, e godevano numerosi privilegi. Questi Mercenarî
consumavano gran parte della ricchezza risparmiata. Persero però
ogni simpatia presso il resto della popolazione e svilupparono una
loro coscienza e moralità particolari. Eppure, noi avevamo migliaia di
agenti fra loro. [112]
L’Oligarchìa stessa si sviluppò in modo notevole, e, bisogna
confessarlo, inaspettato. Come classe, si disciplinò; ognuno dei suoi
membri ebbe un incarico stabilito, con l’obbligo di compierlo. Non ci
furono più giovani ricchi e oziosi; la forza dei giovani serviva a
consolidare quella dell’Oligarchìa. Servivano, sia come ufficiali
superiori nell’esercito, sia come capitani o direttori nell’industria.
Facevano carriera nelle scienze applicate, e molti di loro diventarono
ingegneri rinomati. Entravano in numerose amministrazioni
governative, assumevano impieghi nelle colonie, ed erano ricevuti a
migliaia, nei diversi servizî segreti. Facevano un periodo di prova, se
si può dir così, nell’insegnamento, nelle arti, nella Chiesa, nella
scienza e nella letteratura; e in questi differenti rami avevano una
funzione importante, modellando la mentalità nazionale in maniera
d’assicurare la continuità dell’Oligarchìa.
Si insegnava loro, e più tardi essi insegnavano, a loro volta, che il
loro modo di agire era il solo buono. Assimilavano le idee
aristocratiche fin dal principio, quando, bambini, cominciavano a
ricevere le impressioni del mondo esterno; e di queste idee erano
intessute le loro fibre, sin nel profondo delle loro ossa e delle loro
carni. Si consideravano come domatori di bestie feroci. Sotto di loro,
però, ruggiva sempre il brontolìo sotterraneo della rivolta. E tra loro,
furtivamente, si aggirava senza tregua la morte violenta: bombe,
palle, coltelli, erano le zanne di quella bestia ruggente dall’abisso,
che essi dovevano domare perchè sussistesse l’Umanità. Si
credevano i salvatori del genere umano e si consideravano come
lavoratori eroici che si sacrificavano per il suo bene.
Erano convinti che la loro classe fosse l’unico sostegno della civiltà,
e persuasi che se avessero ceduto un solo istante, il mostro li
avrebbe inghiottiti nel suo ventre cavernoso e viscido, con tutto ciò
che vi è di bello, di buono, di piacevole e meraviglioso al mondo.
Senza di loro, l’anarchia avrebbe regnato sovrana e l’umanità
sarebbe ricaduta nella notte primordiale dond’era emersa con tanta
fatica. L’orribile aspetto dell’anarchia era costantemente messo sotto
gli occhi dei loro figli, fino a che, ossessionati da quel timore, fossero
pronti a ossessionarne i loro discendenti. Tale era la bestia che
bisognava calpestare, e la sua distruzione costituiva il dovere
supremo dell’aristocratico. Insomma essi, con i loro sforzi e sacrifici
incessanti, costituivano l’unico ostacolo fra la debole umanità e il
mostro vorace; e questo credevano fermamente, con assoluta
sicurezza.
Non insisterò mai troppo su questa convinzione di rettitudine morale,
comune a tutta la classe degli Oligarchi. È stata la forza del Tallone
di Ferro; e molti compagni hanno impiegato troppo tempo a capirlo.
La maggior parte hanno attribuito la forza del Tallone di Ferro al suo
sistema di castighi e di premî. È un errore. Il cielo e l’inferno possono
entrare come fattori primi nello zelo religioso di un fanatico, ma per
la maggioranza, sono accessori in rapporto all’idea di bene e di
male. L’amore del bene, il desiderio del bene, il malcontento contro
tutto ciò che non è interamente bene; in una parola, la buona
condotta, ecco il fattore primo della religione. E si può dire altrettanto
dell’Oligarchìa. Il carcere, l’esilio, la degradazione, da un lato,
dall’altro gli onori, i palazzi, le città meravigliose, non sono che
contingenze. La grande forza motrice della Oligarchìa è la
convinzione di far bene. Non fermiamoci sulle eccezioni; non
teniamo conto dell’oppressione e dell’ingiustizia tra le quali il Tallone
di Ferro nacque. Tutto ciò è noto, ammesso, sottinteso. Il punto in
questione è che la forza dell’Oligarchìa consiste, attualmente, nella
sua concezione e soddisfazione della propria rettitudine. [113]
Ma, d’altra parte, anche la forza della rivoluzione durante questi
ultimi e terribili anni, è consistita sopratutto nella coscienza di essere
nel giusto. Non si possono spiegare altrimenti i nostri sacrifici, nè
l’eroismo dei nostri martiri. Per questo solo motivo, l’animo di
Mendenhall si è infiammato per la Causa, per questo solo ha scritto
il suo meraviglioso «Canto del Cigno», nella notte che precedette il
supplizio. Per questo solo, Hurbert è morto fra gli spasimi, rifiutando,
fino all’ultimo, di tradire i compagni. Per lo stesso motivo, Anna
Roylston ha rinunziato alla felicità della maternità, e John Carlston è
rimasto, senza retribuzione, il guardiano fedele del rifugio di Glen-
Ellen. Si interroghino tutti i compagni rivoluzionarî, uomini o donne,
giovani o vecchi, eminenti o umili, intelligenti o semplici, e si troverà
sempre che la forza che li muove di continuo e li spinge
potentemente è la loro sete di rettitudine.
Ma ritorniamo alla nostra storia. Ernesto ed io, prima di abbandonare
il nostro rifugio, avevamo perfettamente compreso l’enorme sviluppo
della potenza del Tallone di Ferro. Le caste operaie, i Mercenarî
innumerevoli, agenti e poliziotti di ogni genere, erano interamente
asserviti all’Oligarchia; perchè, in fin dei conti, tranne l’inconveniente
della perdita della libertà, vivevano meglio di prima. D’altra parte, la
grande massa disperata del popolo, del popolo dell’Abisso, si
abbandonava a un abbrutimento apatico e soddisfatto di tanta
miseria. Dei proletarî di forza eccezionale, che si distinguevano dal
gregge, gli Oligarchi si impadronivano, migliorando le loro condizioni
e ammettendoli nelle caste operaie o fra i Mercenarî. Così spariva
ogni malcontento, e il proletariato si trovava privato dei suoi capi
naturali.
La condizione dei proletari sprofondati nell’Abisso era pietosa. La
scuola comunale non esisteva più per loro; essi vivevano come
bestie, in tuguri brulicanti e sordidi; marcivano nella miseria e nella
degradazione. Erano state tolte loro tutte le antiche libertà. Era
negata a questi schiavi del lavoro persino la scelta del lavoro. Si
rifiutava loro persino il diritto di mutar residenza, o di possedere
armi. Erano servi, non della terra, come i fittavoli, ma della macchina
del lavoro. Quando si faceva sentire il bisogno del loro aiuto, per
un’impresa straordinaria, come la costruzione di grandi strade, linee
aeree, canali, gallerie, passaggi sotterranei e fortificazioni, venivano
fatte leve in massa nei tugurî dei lavoratori, che, a diecine di migliaia,
volenti o nolenti, erano trasportati sul lavoro. Un vero esercito di
schiavi lavora attualmente per la costruzione di Ardis, e sono
alloggiati in miserabili capanne, dove la vita di famiglia non è
possibile, donde la decenza è bandita, a causa di una bestiale
promiscuità. È proprio là, nel ghetto, la bestia ruggente dell’Abisso,
tanto temuta dagli Oligarchi, che, pure, l’hanno cercata e
l’alimentano, impedendo la scomparsa della scimmia e della tigre
nell’uomo.
Ed anche ora corre voce di una nuova leva progettata per la
costruzione di Asgard, la città meravigliosa, che dovrà superare tutti
gli splendori di Ardis, quando sarà finita. [114] Noialtri rivoluzionarî
cureremo la continuazione di quest’opera colossale, che però non
sarà compiuta da miserabili schiavi. Le mura, le torri e le guglie di
questa città di sogno, s’inalzeranno al ritmo delle canzoni, e la sua
bellezza incomparabile sarà cementata, anzichè da gemiti e sospiri,
dall’armonia e dalla gioia.
Ernesto era molto impaziente di ritrovarsi nel mondo e di riprendere
la sua attività, perchè i tempi sembravano maturi per la nostra prima
rivolta, quella che fallì tanto tristemente, nella Comune di Chicago.
Ma io m’adoperavo a disciplinare il suo animo alla pazienza, e per
tutto il tempo che durò il suo tormento, mentre Hadly, fatto venire
appositamente dall’Illinois, lo trasformavano in un altro uomo, [115]
egli concepiva i grandi progetti di organizzazione del proletariato
istruito, e preparava i piani per mantenere almeno un principio di
educazione nel popolo dell’Abisso, se, s’intende, si fosse avverata
l’ipotesi di uno scacco della prima rivolta.
Solo nel gennaio del 1917 abbandonammo il nostro rifugio. Tutto era
stato previsto. Immediatamente, assumemmo posizione come agenti
provocatori nel gioco del Tallone di Ferro. Io ero creduta sorella di
Ernesto. Quel posto ci era stato dato dagli Oligarchi o dai nostri
compagni autorevoli nella loro cerchia intima. Noi eravamo in
possesso di tutti i documenti necessarî; persino il nostro passato era
in regola. Con l’aiuto della cerchia intima, ciò non era difficile come si
potrebbe credere, perchè nel regno d’ombra in cui era tenuto
sempre il servizio segreto, l’identità rimaneva più o meno nebulosa.
Simili a fantasmi, gli agenti andavano e venivano, obbedivano a
ordini, adempivano al loro dovere, seguivano tracce, facevano
rapporti a ufficiali spesso sconosciuti, o cospiravano con altri agenti
che non avevano mai visti e non avrebbero mai rivisti.
CAPITOLO XXII.
LA COMUNE DI CHICAGO.