Digital Logic and Microprocessor

Design with Interfacing 2nd Edition

Hwang Solutions Manual
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Chapter 6 Solutions
6.1.

Excitation / next-state equations: Next State

Current State Output
Q1next = D1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 Q1next Q0next
Q 1Q 0
Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0' C=0 C=1 a b
00 01 11 0 0
Output equations: 01 10 00 1 0
a = Q1'Q0 10 00 01 0 0
b = Q 1Q 0 11 00 00 0 1

00
ab=00 C=0
C=1
C=1
C=×
11 C=0 01
ab=01 ab=10
C=1
C=0
10
ab=00

(a)

Excitation / next-state equations:

Q1next = D1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 Next State / Output
Current State
Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0' Q1next Q0next / ab
Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Output equations: 00 01 / 00 11 / 00
a = CQ1'Q0 01 10 / 00 00 / 11
b = CQ0 10 00 / 00 01 / 00
11 00 / 00 00 / 01

ab=00 00
C=1 C=0
ab=00 ab=00
C=0 C=1
ab=01 ab=11
11 C=1 01
C=0
ab=00
C=1
ab=00 C=0
ab=00
10

(b)

75
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 Next State
Output
Current State Q1next Q0next
Excitation / next-state equations: Q1 Q0 AB =
X Y
Q1next = D1 = AQ1 + BQ1'Q0 00 01 10 11
Q0next = D0 = A'
Q0' = A'Q0' + AQ0 00 01 01 00 00 1 1
Output equations: 01 00 10 01 11 0 0
X = Q 1 + Q 0' 10 01 01 10 10 1 1
Y = (Q1' Q0)' = Q1 + Q0' 11 00 00 11 11 1 1

AB = 1x AB = 10
AB = 0x
00 01
X=Y=1 X=Y=0
AB = 00

AB = 0x AB = 11 AB = 01

AB = 0x

11 10
X=Y=1 X=Y=1
AB = 1x
AB = 1x
(c)

76
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Excitation / next-state equations:
D1 = Q1next = Q0 + (Z≠0)'
D0 = Q0next = Q1 + Q0'

Output equations:
ClrX = LoadY = inZ = Q1'Q0'
LoadX = stat1 = Q1'Q0
LoadZ = Q0'
subtract = Q1Q0'

Next State
Current Outputs
Q1next Q0next
State (Z≠0) = 0 (Z≠0) = 1 LoadX LoadY LoadZ inZ stat1 subtract
Q 1Q 0
ClrX
00 11 01 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
01 10 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
10 11 01 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
11 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ClrX=1
LoadX=0
LoadY=1
LoadZ=1
inZ=1
stat1=0
0 subtract=0
(Z≠0) (Z≠0)'
ClrX=0
LoadX=1
LoadY=0
LoadZ=0 1 3 ClrX=0
inZ=0 LoadX=0
stat1=1 LoadY=0
subtract=0 (Z≠0) LoadZ=0
inZ=0
(Z≠0)'
stat1=0
2 subtract=0
ClrX=0
LoadX=0
LoadY=0
LoadZ=1
inZ=0
stat1=0
subtract=1

(d)

77
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 Next State
Current State Q2nextQ1nextQ0next
Q 2Q 1Q 0 Start =
Excitation / next-state equations:
Q2next = D2 = Q2'Q0 + Q1' 0 1
Q1next = D1 = Q2'Q0' + Q2'Q1'Q0 + 000 111 110
Start'Q2Q1'Q0' 001 110 110
Q0next = D0 = Q1Q0' + Start'Q1'Q0' + 010 011 011
StartQ2Q0 011 100 100
100 111 100
Output equations: 101 100 101
LoadN = Q2Q1Q0 110 001 001
LoadM = Q2'Q1Q0' 111 000 001

LoadN=0 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=0
000 001
Start'
Start
Start'
Start
111 010
LoadN=1 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=1

110 011
LoadN=0 LoadN=0
LoadM=0 LoadM=0
Start'
LoadN=0
LoadM=0
101 Start' 100
LoadN=0
LoadM=0 Start
Start
(e)

Next-state equations:
Q2next = D2 = Yes'Q2Q1 + Q1'

Q1next = D2 = NoQ0' + YesQ1 + (Q2' + No' )' Next State

= NoQ0' + YesQ1 + Q2No Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next
Q 2Q 1Q 0 YesNo =
Q0next = D2 = (Q1Q0' • Q2 Q0'No' )' 00 01 10 11
= (Q1Q0' )' + (Q2Q0'No' )' 000 101 111 101 111
= Q1' + Q0 + Q2' + Q0 + No 001 101 101 101 101
= Q1' + Q0 + Q2' + No 010 001 011 011 011
011 001 001 011 011
Output equations: 100 101 111 101 111
a = Q 2Q 1Q 0 101 101 111 101 111
b = (Q2'Q1'Q0' )' = Q2 + Q1 + Q0 110 100 111 010 011
c = Q 1 ⊕ Q 0' = Q 1
Q 0 111 101 111 011 011

78
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 b=1 c=1
010 YesNo = x0 000
YesNo = 1x + 01 YesNo = x1
YesNo = 00 YesNo = 01
b=1 YesNo = x1
YesNo = 1x YesNo = 0x
011 001 101 111
b=1
c=1 b=1 YesNo = 00 a=1
b=1 YesNo = 1x
YesNo = x0 c=1
YesNo = x1
YesNo = x0

100 YesNo = 01
b=1
c = 1 YesNo = 00
YesNo = 11 110

b=1
YesNo = 10

(f)

79
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6.2.
Excitation equations:
T1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
T0 = Q1'Q0' + CQ0'

Characteristic equation for the T flip-flop:

Qnext = T ⊕ Q

Next-state equations:
Q1next = T1 ⊕ Q1
= (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0) ⊕ Q1
= (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)'Q1 + (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)Q1'
= (CQ1'Q0' )' (C'Q1'Q0)' Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= (C'+Q1+Q0) (C+Q1+Q0' ) Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= C'Q1 + C'Q1Q0' + CQ1 + Q1 + Q1Q0' + CQ1Q0 + Q1Q0 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0

Q0next = T0 ⊕ Q0
= (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' ) ⊕ Q0
= (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' )' Q0 + (Q1'Q0' + CQ0' )Q0'
= (Q1'Q0' )' (CQ0' )' Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= (Q1+Q0) (C'+Q0) Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= C'Q1Q0 + Q1Q0 + C'Q0 + Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'
= Q0 + Q1'Q0' + CQ0'

Output equations:
a = Q1'Q0
b = Q 1Q 0

00
ab=00 C=0
C=1

Next State C=× C=1

Current State Output 11 01
Q1next Q0next C=0
Q 1Q 0 ab=01 ab=10
C=0 C=1 a b
00 01 11 0 0
01 11 01 1 0 C=1 C=0
10 10 11 0 0 10
11 11 11 0 1 ab=00

(a)

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Excitation equations:
J1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
K1 = C'Q1
Next State
J0 = Q1'Q0' Current State Output
Q1next Q0next
K0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1 a b
Characteristic equation for the JK flip-flop: 00 01 11 0 0
Qnext = K'Q + JQ' 01 11 00 1 0
10 00 10 0 0
Next-state equations: 11 01 10 0 1
Q1next = K1'Q1 + J1Q1'
= (C'Q1)'Q1 + (CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0)Q1'
= (C+Q1' )Q1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
= CQ1 + CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
00
Q0next = K0'Q0 + J0Q0' ab=00 C=0
C=1
= (CQ0)'Q0 + (Q1'Q0' )Q0'
= (C' +Q0' )Q0 + Q1'Q0' C=1
C=0
= C'Q0 + Q1'Q0'
11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
Output equations:
a = Q1'Q0 C=0
b = Q 1Q 0 C=1 C=1
10
ab=00
(b)

Excitation equations:
S1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
R1 = C'Q1
Next State
S0 = Q1'Q0' Current State
Q1next Q0next
R0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Characteristic equation for the SR flip-flop: 00 01 11
Qnext = S + R'Q 01 11 00
10 00 10
Next-state equations: 11 01 10
Q1next = S1 + R1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C'Q1)'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C + Q1' )Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 + Q1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 00
ab=00 C=0
C=1
Q0next = S0 + R0'Q0
= Q1'Q0' + (CQ0)'Q0 C=1
C=0
= Q1'Q0' + (C' + Q0' )Q0
= Q1'Q0' + C'Q0 + Q0'Q0 11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
= Q1'Q0' + C'Q0
C=0
Output equations: C=1 C=1
a = Q1'Q0 10
b = Q 1Q 0 ab=00
(c)

81
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 Excitation equations:
S1 = CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0
R1 = C'Q1
Next State
J0 = Q1'Q0' Current State
Q1next Q0next
K0 = CQ0 Q 1Q 0
C=0 C=1
Characteristic equation for the SR flip-flop: 00 01 11
Qnext = S + R'Q 01 11 00
10 00 10
Characteristic equation for the JK flip-flop: 11 01 10
Qnext = K'Q + JQ'

Next-state equations:
Q1next = S1 + R1'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C'Q1)'Q1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + (C + Q1' )Q1 00
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1 + Q1'Q1 ab=00 C=0
C=1
= CQ1'Q0' + C'Q1'Q0 + CQ1
C=0 C=1
Q0next = K0'Q0 + J0Q0'
= (CQ0)'Q0 + (Q1'Q0' )Q0' 11 01
ab=01 C=0 ab=10
= (C' +Q0' )Q0 + Q1'Q0'
= C'Q0 + Q1'Q0' C=0
C=1 C=1
Output equations: 10
a = Q1'Q0 ab=00
b = Q 1Q 0
(d)

6.3.
Next-state (Implementation) table: Excitation equations:
D1
Next State
Current Q1Q0
(Implementation) A 00 01 11 10
State
Q1next Q0next (D1 D0)
Q 1Q 0 0 1
A=0 A=1
00 11 10 1 1 1 1
01 01 11
10 01 01 Q1next = D1 = Q1'Q0' + AQ0
11 00 10
D0
Q1Q0
A 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1

1 1 1

Q0next = D0 = A'Q1' + Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0'

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 A

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(a)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = K'Q0 + JQ0'
Next State
Current (Implementation)
State Q0next (D0)
Q0 JK = J D0 Q0 Q
K
00 01 10 11 Clk
0 0 0 1 1 Clock Q'0 Q'
1 1 0 1 0
(b)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = TQ' + T'Q = T ⊕ Q
T Q Qnext Qnext'
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 D Q Q
T
1 0 1 0 Clk Clk
1 1 0 1 Q' Q'
(c)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equation:

Qnext = D = S + R'Q
S R Q Qnext Qnext'
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
R
0 1 0 0 1 D Q Q
S
0 1 1 0 1 Clk Clk
1 0 0 1 0 Q' Q'
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 × ×
1 1 1 × ×
(d)

83
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Next-state (Implementation) table: Next-state/Excitation equations:
Q1next = D1 = (Z ≠ 0)' + Q0
Next State Q0next = D0 = Q1 + Q0'
Current
(Implementation)
State
Q1next Q0next (D1 D0) Output equations:
Q 1Q 0
(Z ≠ 0)' (Z ≠ 0) YLoad = Q1'Q0'
00 11 01 XLoad = Q1'Q0
01 10 10 Zmux = Q1'Q0'
10 11 01 out = Q1Q0'
11 11 11
(Z ≠ 0)

YLoad
D1 Q1
Clk Zmux

Clear
Q'1 XLoad
out
D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(e)

Next-state (Implementation) / Output table: Next-state/Excitation equations:

Q2next = D2 = Q2'Q1'Q0 + Q2'Q1'C'
Next State Q1next = D1 = Q2'Q1Q0' + Q2Q1'Q0' = Q0' (Q2⊕Q1)
Current (Implementation) Q0next = D0 = Q2'Q1'Q0'C + Q2'Q1Q0'C' + Q2'Q1Q0
Output
State Q2nextQ1nextQ0next (D2D1D0) + Q2Q1'Q0'C
X
Q 2Q 1Q 0 C= = Q1'Q0'C + Q2'Q1Q0 + Q2'Q1Q0'C'
0 1
000 100 001 0 Output equation:
001 100 100 1 X = Q2' (Q1+Q0)
010 011 010 1
011 001 001 1
100 010 011 0
101 000 000 0
110 000 000 0
111 000 000 0

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 C

X
D2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(f)

Next-state (Implementation) table: Output table:

Next State Output

Current (Implementation) Current State A
State Q1nextQ0next (D1D0) Q 1Q 0 (x = 0), (x = y)
Q 1Q 0 (x = 0), (x = y) 00 01 10 11
00 01 10 11 00 0 0 1 1
00 10 10 01 01 01 0 0 0 0
01 11 11 11 11 10 1 1 1 1
10 11 11 11 11 11 1 0 1 0
11 01 00 01 00
Output equation:
Next-state/Excitation equations:
D1 A
(x = 0)(x = y) (x = 0)(x = y)
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10 Q1Q0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01

11 11 1 1

10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1

Q1next = D1 = Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0' + Q1'(x = 0)' A = Q1Q0' + Q0'(x = 0) + Q1(x = y)'

85
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 D0
(x = 0)(x = y)
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1

11 1 1

10 1 1 1 1

Q0next = D0 = Q1'Q0 + Q1Q0' + Q1'(x = 0) + Q1(x = y)'

(x = 0) (x = y)

D1 Q1
Clk

Clear
Q'1 A

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(g)

6.4.
State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:
Count, Up = 0× 0×
10 Next State (Implementation)
Current State Q1next Q0next (D1 D0)
00 01 Q1 Q0 Count, Up =
11 00 01 10 11
00 00 00 11 01
10 11 11 10 01 01 01 00 10
10 10 10 01 11
11
11 11 11 10 00
11 10

0× 10
0×

86
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 Next-state/Excitation equations:
D1 D0
Count, Up Count, Up
Q1Q0 00 01 11 10 Q1Q0 00 01 11 10

00 1 00 1 1

01 1 01 1 1

11 1 1 1 11 1 1

10 1 1 1 10 1 1

Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + Count(Up ⊕ Q1 ⊕ Q0)' Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountQ0' = Count ⊕ Q0

Count Up

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

6.5.
State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:
0
Count = 0 Next State (Implementation)
1 Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
001 Q2 Q1 Q0 Count =
000 1 0 1
0 000 000 001
001 001 010
1 010
010 010 011
011 011 100
1 100 100 000
100
011
1 Next State/Excitation equations:
0
Q2next = D2 = Count'Q2 + CountQ2'Q1Q0
0 Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + Count(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountQ2'Q0'

87
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 Count

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

6.6.
State diagram: Next State (Implementation) table:
0×
Count, Up = 0× Next State (Implementation)
11 Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
001 Q2 Q1 Q0 Count, Up =
000 11 00 01 10 11
10 0× 000 000 000 100 001
10
001 001 001 000 010
11 10 010
010 010 010 001 011
10
011 011 011 010 100
10 11 100 100 100 011 000
100
011
11
0×
0×
Next State/Excitation equations:
Q2next = D2 = Count'Q2 + CountUp'Q2'Q1'Q0' + CountUpQ2'Q1Q0
Q1next = D1 = Count'Q1 + CountUp'Q1Q0 + CountUp'Q2 + CountUp(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
Q0next = D0 = Count'Q0 + CountUp'Q1Q0' + CountUp'Q2 + CountUpQ2'Q0'

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 Count Up

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear

Clock
Reset

6.7.
Since we’re using the flip-flop content to represent the count and the largest number is 7, we need three (3) bits
even though there are only four numbers in the sequence.

State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:

C=0 0
1 Next State (Implementation)
Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
011 111 Q2 Q1 Q0 C=
0 1
All Unused
000 011 011
States 1 1 001 011 011
010 010 110
011 011 111
110 010 100 011 011
1 101 011 011
0 110 110 011
0
111 111 010

Next State/Excitation equations:

Q2next = D2 = CQ2'Q1 + C'Q2Q1
Q1next = D1 = 1
Q0next = D0 = Q1' + Q2'Q0 + C'Q0 + CQ2Q0'

89
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 C

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

'1' D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

90
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6.8.
State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:
C=0 0
1 Next State (Implementation)
Current State Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
001 100 Q2 Q1 Q0 C=
0 1
000 ××× ×××
1 1 001 001 100
010 ××× ×××
011 ××× ×××
111 110
100 100 110
1 101 ××× ×××
0
0 110 110 111
111 111 001
Next State/Excitation equations:
D2 D1 D0
Q0C Q0C Q0C
Q2Q1 00 01 11 10 Q2Q1 00 01 11 10 Q2Q1 00 01 11 10
00 × × 1 00 × × 00 × × 1

01 × × × × 01 × × × × 01 × × × ×

11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

10 1 1 × × 10 1 × × 10 × ×

Q2next = D2 = CQ2' + Q2Q0' + C'Q2 Q1next = D1 = CQ0' + Q1Q0' + C'Q1 Q0next = D0 = CQ1 + C'Q0

D2 Q2 Q2
Clk
Q'2
Clear

D1 Q1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

91
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6.9.
Next-state (Implementation) table:
Keypressed'
Next State
s0 s1 Current (Implementation)
Keypressed Output Oneshot
00 01 State Q1nextQ0next (D1D0)
Q 1Q 0 Keypressed
0 1
00 00 01
01 10 10
Unused Keypressed' s2
Keypressed 10 00 10
11 10
11 Unused 00 00

Excitation equations:
D1 = Q1'Q0 + Keypressed(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
D0 = KeypressedQ1'Q0'

Keypressed

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear Oneshot

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(a)

Next-state (Implementation) table:

Keypressed' Next State (Implementation)

Current Q3nextQ2nextQ1nextQ0next
s0 s1 State (D3D2D1D0)
Keypressed Output Oneshot
0001 0010 Q 3Q 2Q 1Q 0 Keypressed
0 1
0001 0001 0010
0010 0100 0100
0100 0001 0100
Unused Keypressed' s2
Keypressed 1000 0001 0001
1000 0100
Unused

Excitation equations:
D3 = 0 D1 = KeypressedQ0
D2 = Q1 + KeypressedQ2 D0 = Keypressed'(Q0 + Q2) + Q3

92
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 Keypressed

'0' D3 Q3
Clk
Q'3
Clear

D2 Q2
Clk
Q'2 LoadN
Clear

D1 Q1
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

(b)

6.10.
From the next-state equations, we derive the following next-state table

Next State
Current State
Q2next Q1next Q0next
Q 2Q 1Q 0
(C = 0) (C = 1)
000 000 001
001 001 010
010 010 011
011 011 100
100 100 101
101 101 000
110 110 111
111 111 100

From current state 110, the next state is 110 when C = 0, and 111 when C = 1.
From current state 111, the next state is 111 when C = 0, and 100 when C = 1.

6.11.
This FSM is like a modulo-6 up counter. Each count will turn on one LED segment.

State diagram: Next-state (Implementation) table:

93
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 000 001 Current State Next State (Implementation)
Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
000 001
001 010
101 010 010 011
011 100
100 101
101 000

100 011

Excitation equations:
D 2 = Q 1Q 0 + Q 2Q 0'
D1 = Q2'(Q1 ⊕ Q0)
D 0 = Q 0' a
D2 Q2 b
Clk c
Q'2
Clear d
e
D1 Q1 f
Clk
Q'1
Clear

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Clock
Reset

6.12.
This FSM is the same as for Problem 6.10. The only difference is that each output signal will connect to two
LED segments—one per display. The segments on display 1 will go in a clockwise direction; whereas, the
segments on display 2 will go in a counterclockwise direction.

94
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 display1_a
D2 Q2 display2_a
Clk display1_b
Q'2
Clear display2_f
display1_c
D1 Q1 display2_e
Clk display1_d
Q'1
Clear display2_d
display1_e
D0 Q0 display2_c
Clk display1_f
Q'0
Clear display2_b
Clock
Reset

6.13.
First, we need a FSM with two states to remember which direction the LEDs are rotating. This FSM will change
state when the switch is pressed. (This is actually just the T flip-flop.) The state output of this FSM is the
direction signal input to a modulo-6 up-down counter FSM. The outputs to this second up-down counter FSM
will connect to the six LEDs.

T flip-flop
T=0 T Q Qnext Qnext'
T=1
0 0 0 1
Q=0 Q=1 0 1 1 0
T=0 1 0 1 0
T=1 1 1 0 1

T
D Q Q
Clk Clk
Q' Q'

Connect the Q output of the T flip-flop to the direction input signal of the modulo-6 up-down counter.

95
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6.15.
T3'T2'T1'
T3'T2T1
T3T2'T1 Next state (Implementation)
T3 T2 T1 ' Current Q1next Q0next (D1 D0)
T3 T2 T1 state T3 T2 T1
Q1 Q0
00 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
00 00 01 10 00 11 00 00 00
T3'T2'T1 T3T2'T1' 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
T3'T2T1' 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

01 10 11

T 3 T2 T1

L1
D1 Q1
L2
Clk

Clear
Q'1 L3

D0 Q0
Clk
Q'0
Clear
Reset
Clock

96
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6.16.
Moore and Mealy state diagrams:

at4
led4=1 going to led4=1
at4'
go=000 floor 4
at4
4 4b (f1+e1)at1' (f2+e2)at2' (f3+e3)at3'
4
go=111 go=100 go=101 go=110
at floor 4 at floor 4
f1+e1 f2+e2 f3+e3

(f3+e3)at3 (f4+e4)at4
led3=1 led4=1
go=000 go=000

at3
led3=1 going to led3=1
f4+e4 at3' (f4+e4)at4
go=000 floor 3
led4=1
at3 (f1+e1)at1 go=000
3 3b (f1+e1)at1' (f2+e2)at2' (f4+e4)at4'
led1=1 3
go=100 go=101 go=111
f1+e1 go=110 go=000 at floor 3
at floor 3
f2+e2 (f2+e2)at2
led2=1
go=000
(f2+e2)at2 (f3+e3)at3
led2=1 led3=1
go=000 go=000
(f4+e4)at4
led4=1
go=000 at2
f4+e4 going to led2=1
led2=1 floor 2 at ' (f1+e1)at1
go=000 f3+e3
2 led1=1
at2 go=000
(f1+e1)at1' (f3+e3)at3' (f4+e4)at4'
2 2b 2
go=100 go=110 go=111
go=101 at floor 2
at floor 2 f1+e1
(f3+e3)at3
led3=1
go=000
(f1+e1)at1 (f2+e2)at2
led1=1 led2=1
go=000 go=000

f3+e3 at1
f4+e4
going to led1=1
led1=1 floor 1
f2+e2 at1'
go=000
at1 (f2+e2)at2' (f3+e3)at3' (f4+e4)at4'
1
1 1b go=101 go=110 go=111
at floor 1
go=100
at floor 1

Next-state table for Moore FSM:

Current Q2nextQ1nextQ0next
State
atn
f4 f3 f2 f1
Q2Q1Q0 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0 1
000
000 000 011 000 101 000 000 000 111 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
(1)
001 001 000
(1b) (at1') (at1)
010
010 001 010 010 101 010 010 010 111 010 010 010 010 010 010 010
(2)
011 011 010
(2b) (at2') (at2)
100
100 001 011 100 100 100 100 100 111 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
(3)
101 101 100
(3b) (at3') (at3)
110
110 001 011 110 101 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110
(4)
111 111 110
(4b) (at4') (at4)

97
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Next-state equations:

Q2next = (Q2'Q0' ((f4 ⊕ f3) f2'f1'))

| (Q2Q0' (f4'f3' (f2
f1)))
| (Q2Q0

Q1next = (Q0'(f4'f3'f2f1'))
| Q0'(f4f3'f2'f1')
| (Q1Q0'(f3(f2| f1) + f3'f2 + f3'f1' + f4))
| (Q1Q0

Q0next = (Q1'Q0'(f4'f3'f2f1'))
| (Q1'Q0'(f4f3'f2'f1'))
| (Q2'Q0'(f4'f3f2'f1'))
| (Q1Q0'(f4'f3'f2'f1))
| (Q2'Q0'(f4f3'f2'f1'))
| (Q2Q0'(f4'f3'f2'f1))
| (Q2'Q1'Q0(at1'))
| (Q2'Q1Q0(at2'))
| (Q2Q1'Q0(at3'))
| (Q2Q1Q0(at4'))

= (Q1'Q0'(f3'f1'(f4 ⊕ f2)))
| (Q2'Q0'(f2'f1'(f4 ⊕ f3)))
| (Q1Q0'(f4'f3'f2'f1))
| (Q2Q0'(f4'f3'f2'f1))
| (Q2'Q1'Q0(at1'))
| (Q2'Q1Q0(at2'))
| (Q2Q1'Q0(at3'))
| (Q2Q1Q0(at4'))

Output table:

Current State
go2-0 led4-1
Q2Q1Q0
000 (1) 0×× 0001
001 (1b) 100 0000
010 (2) 0×× 0010
011 (2b) 101 0000
100 (3) 0×× 0100
101 (3b) 110 0000
110 (4) 0×× 1000
111 (4b) 111 0000

Output equations:

go2 = Q0
go1 = Q2Q0

98
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 go0 = Q1Q0

led1 = Q2'Q1'Q0'
led2 = Q2'Q1Q0'
led3 = Q2Q1'Q0'
led4 = Q2Q1Q0'

6.17.

111
R R

R 110
000
s_init

R
R R
001
C s_wait MS 101
R R s_m2
MM=1
FS FS'
010 MS' 011 100
s_front R' s_motion s_m1

C' FM=1 MM=1 MM=1

When multiple switches are pressed at the same time, we will assume that R has priority over FS, which in turn
has priority over MS.

Next state (Implementation)

Current state Q2next Q1next Q0next (D2 D1 D0)
Q2 Q1 Q0 R FS MS
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
000 001 001 001 001 000 000 000 000
001 001 011 010 010 000 000 000 000
010 If C=1 then 001 else 010 000 000 000 000
011 100 100 100 100 000 000 000 000
100 101 101 101 101 000 000 000 000
101 001 001 001 001 000 000 000 000
110 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
111 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

Current State Output

Q2 Q1 Q0 FM MM
000 0 0
001 0 0
010 1 0
011 0 1
100 0 1
101 0 1
110 0 0
111 0 0

99
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 100
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 (Larger)

Map of Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts, adapted from a

modern chart for comparison with Champlain’s map of Port St.
Louis, to which it is adjusted as nearly as possible in scale,
extent, and meridian
Reproduced from the Champlain Society edition of The Works of Samuel de
Champlain, plate LXXIV. The compass is Champlain’s, which is supposed to
be set to the magnetic meridian, but the true north is shown by the arrow.

Champlain’s Plymouth visit occurred in 1605, two years after

Pring’s expedition. He had spent several days in Gloucester Harbor
and a night in Boston Harbor, where he had watched the building of
a dugout canoe by the Indians. Coming down the South Shore, his
bark grounded on one of the numerous ledges that dot that portion of
Massachusetts Bay. “If we had not speedily got it off, it would have
overturned in the sea, since the tide was falling all around, and there
were five or six fathoms of water. But God preserved us and we
anchored” near a cape, which perhaps was Brant Rock. “There
came to us fifteen or sixteen canoes of savages. In some of them
there were fifteen or sixteen, who began to manifest great signs of
joy, and made various harangues, which we could not in the least
understand. Sieur de Monts sent three or four in our canoe, not only
to get water but to see their chief, whose name was Honabetha.—
Those whom we had sent to them brought us some little squashes
as big as the fist which we ate as a salad like cucumbers, and which
we found very good—We saw here a great many little houses
scattered over the fields where they plant their Indian corn.”
The expedition now sailed southward into Plymouth Harbor. “The
next day [July 18] we doubled Cap St. Louis, so named by Sieur de
Monts, a land rather low, and in latitude 42° 45’. The same day we
sailed two leagues along a sandy coast as we passed along which
we saw a great many cabins and gardens. The wind being contrary,
we entered a little bay [Plymouth] to await a time favorable for
proceeding. There came to us two or three canoes, which had just
been fishing for cod and other fish, which are found there in large
numbers. These they catch with hooks made of a piece of wood, to
which they attach a bone in the shape of a spear, and fasten it very
securely. The whole thing has a fang-shape, and the line attached to
it is made out of the bark of a tree. They gave me one of their hooks,
which I took as a curiosity. In it the bone was fastened on by hemp,
like that in France, as it seemed to me. And they told me that they
gathered this plant without being obliged to cultivate it; and indicated
that it grew to the height of four or five feet. This canoe went back on
shore to give notice to their fellow inhabitants, who caused columns
of smoke to rise on our account. We saw eighteen or twenty
savages, who came to the shore and began to dance.” Was this a
reminiscence of dancing to the guitar for Pring’s sailor, perhaps?
“Our canoe landed in order to give them some bagatelles, at which
they were greatly pleased. Some of them came to us and begged us
to go to their river. We weighed anchor to do so, but were unable to
enter on account of the small amount of water, it being low tide, and
were accordingly obliged to anchor at the mouth. I went ashore
where I saw many others who received us very cordially. I made also
an examination of the river, but saw only an arm of water extending a
short distance inland, where the land is only in part cleared up.
Running into this is merely a brook not deep enough for boats except
at full tide. The circuit of the Bay is about a league. On one side of
the entrance to this Bay there is a point which is almost an island,
covered with wood, principally pines, and adjoins sand banks which
are very extensive. On the other side the land is high. There are two
islets in this bay, which are not seen until one has entered and
around which it is almost dry at low tide. This place is very
conspicuous from the sea, for the coast is very low excepting the
cape at the entrance to the bay. We named it Port du Cap St. Louis,
distant two leagues from the above cape and ten from the Island
Cape [Gloucester]. It is in about the same latitude as Cap St. Louis.”
 (Larger)
New England

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH’S MAP OF NEW ENGLAND, 1614

Reproduced from the Pequot Collection, Yale University Library

Champlain’s map of Plymouth Harbor, which is reproduced

herewith, was a quick sketch which he drew from the end of Long
Beach after his vessel went aground there, probably during the
afternoon of their arrival. Since the expedition stayed in Plymouth
Harbor only over one night, too much accuracy of detail must not be
expected of it. Saquish Head is represented as an island, and no
distinction is made between Eel River and Town Brook. Plymouth
Harbor has probably shoaled a good deal since the early
seventeenth century, since it would now be impossible to find a
seven-fathom anchorage anywhere except immediately around
Duxbury Pier Light; yet Champlain’s anchorage in the middle of
Plymouth Bay is so designated. Martin Pring had even described a
landlocked anchorage in seven fathoms. The chief value of
Champlain’s little map, aside from confirming the locality, is its
evidences of very extensive Indian houses and cornfields occupying
much of the slopes above the shore all the way around from the Eel
River area through Plymouth and Kingston to the shores of Duxbury
Bay.
The expedition left Plymouth on July 19 and sailed around the
shores of Cape Cod Bay before rounding the Cape and arriving the
next day at Nauset Harbor in Eastham. During several days’ stay
there, a French sailor was killed by the Indians in a scuffle over a
kettle. The following year, when Champlain returned to Cape Cod, a
more serious disaster occurred. Four hundred Indians at Chatham
ambushed and massacred five Frenchmen in a dawn raid, then
returned and disinterred their bodies after burial. The French took
vengeance by coolly slaughtering half a dozen Indians a few days
later. But, like the English adventurers, the French then abandoned
Massachusetts and never returned. Champlain reported that in all
his travels he had found no place better for settlement than Nova
Scotia. Two years later, changes of plans in France transferred him
to Quebec, where he spent the remainder of his career laying the
foundations of French Canada along the St. Lawrence.
Massachusetts Indians had again rebuffed the threat of European
penetration.
We have already noted that while Champlain was in
Massachusetts, George Waymouth and Martin Pring had been
exploring Maine. The coördination of these exploratory voyages was
largely the work of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a diligent organizer of
New England colonial preparations. In 1606 the administrative
architecture of the English colonial movement in America was built.
King James gave charters to two companies, the London Company
and the Plymouth Company, providing for settlements respectively in
what came to be known as “Southern” and “Northern” Virginia. The
successful colony at Jamestown was founded by the London
Company in 1607. The coincident attempt by the Plymouth
Company, organized by Gorges, and the Popham and Gilbert
families, to found a colony on the Kennebec River in Maine failed
after a year’s trial. This Sagadahoc Colony failure was a blow to New
England colonization, the effects of which lasted for a generation,
since the impression of New England as a subarctic area, impractical
for settlement, remained in English minds for many years. It needs to
be emphasized, however, that despite this setback to English hopes,
the loss of fortunes invested in the enterprise, and the breakdown of
the Plymouth Company produced by this failure, the enterprise had
come much nearer to success than Humphrey Gilbert’s attempted
colony in Newfoundland. Much was learned about techniques of
living in the new country, getting along with Indians, and the need for
continuous replacement and supply. These ventures were
hazardous: they required courage, teamwork, strong leadership, and
personnel of heroic wisdom and tenacity.
After the Sagadahoc failure, the pattern of English activity on the
New England coast reverted for five years to the former state of
occasional trading and fishing voyages. The only events that
touched even remotely on Plymouth history were Cape Cod visits of
three men from different areas of activity. In 1609 Henry Hudson
landed briefly on Cape Cod on his way from Maine to his
explorations of the Hudson River which led to the Dutch claims in
that region. Samuel Argall from Virginia in 1610 likewise saw Cape
Cod on a voyage designed to supplement Jamestown’s failing food
supplies with New England codfish. And in 1611 Captain Edward
Harlow, sent on an exploring voyage to the Cape Cod region by the
Earl of Southampton, seems to have had five skirmishes with Indians
on Cape Cod and the Vineyard. Harlow’s vessel was attacked by
canoes while at anchor, and lost a long boat being towed astern to
the Indians, who thereupon beached her, filled her with sand and
successfully prevented the English from retaking her. Harlow
returned to England with little except five captured natives. Among
them was Epenow, an Indian whose treachery later accounted for
the death of Captain Thomas Dermer.
In 1613 the French fur-trading activities on the Bay of Fundy
were supplemented by an ambitious project to establish a Jesuit
missionary colony in that region. But this second French attempt to
colonize Maine was nipped in the bud after only a few weeks by Sir
Samuel Argall’s armed cruiser, sent from Virginia for the purpose.
This ended the threat of France as a colonial power in New England
except for occasional incursions into eastern Maine.
The year 1614 opened with a visitor to Plymouth from a new
quarter. Dutch fur traders, following in the wake of Henry Hudson’s
1609 discoveries, were already at work in the Hudson River. Two of
them, Adrian Block and Hendrick Christiansen, were about to weigh
anchor from Manhattan and depart for the Netherlands with a cargo
of furs in the fall of 1613 when one of their ships caught fire and
burned to the water’s edge. Both crews therefore stayed over the
winter on Manhattan Island, and there built a new “yacht,” the
Onrust, which they felt must be given a shakedown cruise before
attempting the Atlantic crossing. Block therefore sailed her eastward,
the first passage of Long Island Sound by a European, and explored
the Connecticut shore and rivers, Narragansett Bay and the Cape
Cod region, to all of which he laid claim for the Dutch as “Nieu
Nederlant.” Contemporary Dutch accounts offer us little of interest
about the Massachusetts phases of this voyage except some sailing
directions in Massachusetts Bay that suggest that Adrian Block
sailed from a place called Pye Bay, usually identified with Salem, to
the Lizard on the English Channel. But the Figurative Map which he
published in 1616 as a part of his report to the States General of the
Netherlands contains many additional details to which Dutch names
are applied, including a wholly unmistakable outline of Plymouth
Harbor, here called Cranes Bay. From this it seems obvious that
Block did visit Plymouth in the spring of 1614, and may be
considered as yet another of its explorers. It would be interesting to
know whether any of the Leyden Pilgrims, living in the Netherlands
for four years after the map’s publication, ever saw it before setting
out for the New World. In view of the controversy over whether the
Pilgrims were indeed headed for the Hudson River, it is interesting to
note that this map of Adrian Block’s would have been the most
accurate one available to them as a guide to the New York region,
yet there is nothing in the Pilgrim chronicles to suggest that they had
it with them on the Mayflower.
Also in 1614 there came sailing into Plymouth Harbor a man
whose map and writings were used by the Pilgrims, though he said
that they refused his advice and his leadership. Captain John Smith
would like to have been the founder of New England, but had to be
content to be its Hakluyt. He named New England, and “Plimouth,”
and Massachusetts, and the Charles River and Cape Ann—at least
he was the first to publish these names. He produced the best
known map of New England of that early period. He spent the last
seventeen years of his life writing the history of New England
voyages and pamphleteering for its settlement. Yet a succession of
misfortunes prevented him from ever revisiting the coast for which he
developed such enthusiasm during his three months’ voyage in
1614. Smith had already been governor of Virginia and had
experience in what it took to plant a successful colony. His writings
had unquestionably a strong influence on the Massachusetts colonial
undertakings, particularly since he was not afraid of Indians and
since he recognized the difference between the bleak coast of Maine
and the relatively better-situated Massachusetts area as a site for
colonial development.
John Smith arrived at Monhegan Island in Maine in April, 1614,
with two vessels. In the smaller of these he spent his time exploring
and mapping the coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod, much as
Champlain had done nine years earlier. Thomas Hunt in the larger
vessel remained at Monhegan, fishing. Reaching “the Countrie of the
Massachusetts, which is the Paradise of all those parts,” Smith
entered Boston Harbor. “For heere are many Iles all planted with
corne: groves, mulberries, salvage gardens, and good harbours: the
coast is for the most part high clayie, sandie cliffs. The Sea Coast as
you passe, shews you all along large corne fields and great troupes
of well proportioned people; but the French, having remained heere
neere six weeks left nothing for us.” At Cohasset he wrote: “We
found the people in those parts verie kinde, but in their furie no lesse
valiant. For upon a quarrell we had with one of them, hee onely with
three others, crossed the harbor of Quonahassit to certaine rocks
whereby wee must passe; and there let flie their arrowes for our
shot, till we were out of danger,—yet one of them was slaine, and
another shot through his thigh.” His description of Plymouth, which
was variously known as Patuxet or Accomack, immediately follows
the Cohasset episode quoted above: “Then come you to Accomack,
an excellent good harbor, good land, and no want of anything except
industrious people. After much kindnesse, upon a small occasion,
wee fought also with fortie or fiftie of those; though some were hurt,
and some were slaine; yet within an hour after they became friends.”
In another passage he adds, “we tooke six or seven of their
Canowes which towards the evening they ransomed for Bever
skinnes.” Apparently Smith supplied a motive for the resumption of
friendship, knowing that the Indians could be bought off. This was
the kind of Indian policy Myles Standish used at times; in fact there is
a certain resemblance between the two men. In any case Smith left
for England with a cargo of beaver, and the Indians of Plymouth got
back their canoes.
But the next visitor to Plymouth, still in 1614, did not leave as
good an impression. With Smith departed for England, Thomas Hunt
appeared in Plymouth Harbor in Smith’s larger vessel. Not content
with a hold full of Monhegan codfish, Hunt now kidnaped twenty or
more Plymouth natives, stowed them below decks, and sailed away
to Spain, where he sold them into slavery at Malaga, “for £20 to a
man.” This was a typical seaman’s private venture, or side bet to the
profits of the codfish cargo. John Smith wrote that “this wilde act kept
him [Hunt] ever after from any more emploiment in those parts.”
Samuel Purchas termed Hunt’s “Savage hunting of Savages a new
and Devillish Project.” One can imagine what bitterness grew toward
the English among Massachusetts Indians after this demonstration
of European barbarism.
The quirks of history are at times worthy of the most fantastic
fiction. Thomas Hunt’s universally condemned crime happened to
produce one result which proved of great advantage to the Pilgrims.
Among the twenty wretched Plymouth natives whom Hunt sold at the
“Straights of Gibralter” was an Indian named Squanto. Then began a
five-year European education which trained Squanto for his
irreplaceable services to the Pilgrims as their interpreter. Squanto
was rescued by good Spanish friars, “that so they might nurture [him]
in the Popish religion.” In some unknown manner he reached
England and continued his education for several years in the
household of one John Slany, an officer of the Newfoundland
Company. His subsequent travels will appear in our discussion of
Thomas Dermer’s voyage in 1619. It is sufficient at this point to note
that perhaps the greatest blessing ever bestowed upon the Pilgrim
Fathers was the gift of a treacherous English shipmaster, a Spanish
Catholic friar, and an English merchant adventurer.
Things were going badly in another area of Massachusetts
during that eventful year of 1614. As though the expeditions of Block,
Smith, and Hunt were not sufficient for one year, Nicholas Hobson
now made his appearance at Martha’s Vineyard. Sent out by Sir
Ferdinando Gorges in an attempt to establish a fur-trading post in
that region, Hobson was using the Indian, Epenow, captured by
Harlow’s expedition in 1611, as his pilot through the shoals of
Nantucket Sound. Epenow cleverly contrived his escape, and a full-
scale battle ensued. “Divers of the Indians were then slain by the
English, and the Master of the English vessel and several of the
Company wounded by the Indians.” Hobson’s party “returned to
England, bringing nothing back with them, but the News of their bad
Success, and that there was a War broke out between the English
and the Indians.” Increase Mather later remarked that “Hunt’s
forementioned Scandal, had caused the Indians to contract such a
mortal Hatred against all Men of the English Nation, that it was no
small Difficulty to settle anywhere within their Territoryes.”
It was at this point in history that another strange series of
events took place, of much more far-reaching significance. With
English expeditions defeated and sent back to England empty-
handed, with an Indian war “broke out,” fate, or Providence, or
whatever you call that destiny which seems at times to intercede for
civilization in its remorseless quest for progress, now took a hand.
Some European disease, to which the natives had no resistance and
the Europeans complete immunity, swept the coasts of
Massachusetts clear of Indians. Suddenly it appeared in all the river
villages along the Mystic, the Charles, the Neponset, the North River,
and at Plymouth. No one knows what it was—whether chicken pox
or measles or scarlet fever. The Indians believed it was the product
of a curse leveled at them by one of the last survivors of a French
crew wrecked on Boston Harbor’s Peddock’s Island in 1615. By
analogy with what later happened to other primitive races in the
Americas and the Pacific islands, it was probably one of the
children’s diseases. The Indians died in thousands. A population of a
hundred thousand shrank to five thousand in the area from
Gloucester to New Bedford. “They died on heapes,” Thomas Morton
wrote, “and the living that were able to shift for themselves would
runne away and let them dy and let there Carkases ly above the
ground without buriall.... And the bones and skulls upon the severall
places of their habitations made such a spectacle after my comming
into those parts that as I travailed in that Forrest, nere the
Massachusetts, it seemed to mee a new-found Golgotha.”
Overnight the Indian war had vanished. Overnight the coast from
Saco Bay in Maine to Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island lay wide
open to European settlements. The cleared fields along the rivers
and salt marshes grew up to weeds, ready for the spade of the
English planter. For twenty miles inland the land was cleared of the
Indian menace in precisely the area where they had been most
agricultural, in what John Smith had called the “Paradise of all those
parts.” The choicest sites for plantations, at the river mouths and
along the tidal reaches of Boston Bay, Salem, Gloucester, and
Plymouth, were stripped of opposition. Beaver, deer, and codfish
multiplied unhindered. Smith’s description of Plymouth, “good harbor,
good land and no want of anything but industrious people,” was now
doubly true of the whole mainland shore of Massachusetts Bay.
These conditions were confirmed by Captain Thomas Dermer in
1619. Dermer had been associated with John Smith and Ferdinando
Gorges in an attempted New England voyage in 1615, and was
probably familiar with the coast. He was in Newfoundland in 1618
and there became acquainted with Squanto, who had been living in
the household of John Slany in England. Squanto’s European stay
was now completed, and someone had brought him out to
Newfoundland. Dermer appreciated how valuable he might prove to
be in a trading voyage to Massachusetts, and secured permission
from Governor John Mason of Newfoundland, and also from Sir
Ferdinando Gorges, to use him as a pilot for a Massachusetts
voyage.
Arrived in Massachusetts Bay, Dermer wrote: “I passed alongst
the coast where I found some ancient Plantations, not long since
populous now utterly void, in other places a remnant remaines but
not free of sickenesse. Their disease the Plague for wee might
perceive the sores of some that had escaped, who describe the
spots of such as usually die.” Reaching Plymouth, which, we
remember, was Squanto’s home, he goes on: “When I arrived at my
Savages native Country (finding all dead) I travelled alongst a daies
journey Westward, to a place called Nummastaquyt [Nemasket or
Middleboro], where finding Inhabitants I dispatched a messenger a
dayes journey further west to Poconokit, which bordereth on the sea;
whence came to see me two Kings; attended with a guard of fiftie
armed men, who being well satisfied with that my Savage and I
discoursed unto them—gave me content in whatsoever I
demanded.” At Poconokit he “redeemed a Frenchman, and
afterwards another at Mastachusit,” victims of shipwreck three years
before. What a chronicle these two castaways might have added to
Massachusetts history had their memoirs been preserved!
Squanto now found himself the only survivor of those two
hundred or more natives of Plymouth whom Martin Pring and
Champlain and John Smith had encountered. We note that he
brought the Englishmen of Dermer’s party into friendly association
with the sachems of Poconokit, which was Massasoit’s village at the
mouth of the Taunton River. This was the first friendly contact with
Massachusetts Indians in five years, the first since the criminal
barbarity of Thomas Hunt had aroused the enmity of the natives in
1614. We can read between the lines what a reconciliation the
homecoming of Squanto, himself a victim of that barbarous
kidnaping, must have produced among the Wampanoags. For
Dermer freed Squanto later, in 1619, and he found his way back to
Massasoit before the arrival of the Pilgrims. Whether Sir Ferdinando
Gorges or Dermer himself was responsible for this peacemaking
gesture, we have no way of knowing, but it seems to have cemented
again a long-standing peace between the English and the
Wampanoags, which was worth a whole battalion of soldiers to the
safety of New Plymouth. Captain Thomas Dermer, who probably
never heard of the Pilgrims, thus brought them peace. The Indian
war was ended.
It is therefore the more tragic that Dermer died of Indian arrow
wounds the next year after a battle with Epenow of Martha’s
Vineyard, an Indian captive who had not made peace with the
English. Had Epenow, instead of Squanto, lived at Plymouth, history
might have run quite differently. Captain Thomas Dermer may be
considered the first of the Plymouth martyrs, who lost his life after
saving a New Plymouth that did not yet exist, though the Mayflower
was on its way when he died.
It is a strange commentary on the justice of history that the men
who had spent their lives on New England colonization had almost
no share in the first successful plantation in Massachusetts. We
have seen what an outpouring of futile struggle men like Gorges and
Smith and Dermer had expended on the failures that set the stage
for the Pilgrims. It was now to fall to the lot of a group of English
exiles, who had lived twelve years in the Netherlands, to arrive by
accident in Massachusetts at the precise moment when the
merchant adventurers, whom they despised, had succeeded in
producing the conditions for success. The Pilgrim legend is well
founded, in the tribute it pays to the forthright courage and
persistence of the forefathers, but it ignores their utter dependence
on the maritime renaissance of England as the foundation on which
their success rested. The line of succession stemming from the
exploits of Drake and Hawkins and the ships that sank the Armada
carried directly on into the efforts of Gosnold, Pring, Gorges, Smith,
Hobson, and Dermer to set the stage for Plymouth. The fur trade and
the fisheries by which New Plymouth finally paid off its creditors had
been painstakingly developed by many hazardous years of
experiment by small shipowners of Bristol and Plymouth and other
smaller havens in the west of England. Faith in New England
ventures, so nearly destroyed by the Sagadahoc failure, had been
kept alive and sedulously cultivated by a little group of earnest men
around Gorges and John Smith, so that money could be available to
finance even the risky trading voyages necessary to keep a foothold
on the coast. We have seen how recently peace had been made
with the Indians.
The Pilgrims ascribed all these blessings to acts of Providence in
their behalf. But Providence has a way of fulfilling its aims through
the acts of determined men. Any visitor to Plymouth who reveres the
Pilgrims should also honor those representatives of the glorious
maritime energies of the Old World whose discoveries and
explorations prepared the way for permanent settlement. To them
also applies the phrase which Bradford used of the Plymouth
colonists:
“They were set as stepping-stones for others who came after.”
 Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
consistent when a predominant preference was found in the
original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced
quotation marks were remedied when the change was
obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between
paragraphs and outside quotations.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY
EXPLORERS OF PLYMOUTH HARBOR, 1525-1619 ***

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