Interpersonal Communication 4th Edition Ebook PDF

Interpersonal Communication 4th
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interpersonal
communication
4e
KO RY F LOY D
University of Arizona
fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 1 20/08/19 7:01 PM

viii C O N T E N T S
contents
Preface xiv
PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

About
1
How Culture Affects Communication 43
Individualism and Collectivism 43
Communication 2 Low- and High-Context Cultures 44
Low- and High-Power-Distance Cultures 45
Masculine and Feminine Cultures 46
Why We Communicate 3 Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures 46
Communication Meets Physical Needs 4
Uncertainty Avoidance 47
Communication Meets Relational Needs 5
Cultural Communication Codes 47
Communication Fills Identity Needs 6
Cultural Universals 49
Communication Meets Spiritual Needs 7
Communication Serves Instrumental Needs 7 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 50
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 8 Understanding Gender and Communication 51
Gender Roles and Communication 52
The Nature of Communication 8
Biological Sex and Communication 55
Three Models of Human Communication 9
Sexual Orientation and Communication 57
Six Characteristics of Communication 13
Some Explanations for Gendered Communication 59
Dispelling Some Communication Myths 18
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 60
How We Communicate Interpersonally 21 How Gender Affects Communication 60
Characteristics of Interpersonal Communication 21 Gender and Verbal Communication 61
Why Interpersonal Communication Matters 24 Gender and Nonverbal Communication 66
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 25 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 69

Building Your Communication Competence 26 Master the Chapter 70
What Communicating Competently Involves 26
Characteristics of Competent Communicators 27
3 Communication
Competent Online Communication 31
Master the Chapter 33
and the Self 72
Understanding the Self: Self-Concept 73
2 Culture and Gender 34

What Is a Self-Concept? 73
How a Self-Concept Develops 77
Awareness and Management of the Self-Concept 80
Understanding Culture and Communication 35
Defining Culture 35
The Components of Culture 38
Cultures and Co-Cultures 39
Social Media as a Co-Culture 41 “With SmartBook 2.0, I remember
Communicating with Cultural Awareness 41
more of what I read.”

C O N T E N T S ix
Valuing the Self: Self-Esteem 83 Fundamental Forces in Interpersonal

Benefits and Drawbacks of Self-Esteem 84 Perception 117
Culture, Sex, and Self-Esteem 87 Stereotyping Relies on Generalizations 117
The Self and Interpersonal Needs 88 The Primacy Effect Governs First Impressions 119
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 90 The Recency Effect Influences Impressions 119
Our Perceptual Set Limits What We Perceive 120
Presenting the Self: Image Management 90 Egocentrism Narrows Our Perspective 122
Principles of Image Management 90 Positivity and Negativity Biases Affect
Managing Face Needs 93 Perception 123
Communicating the Self: Self-Disclosure 96 Explaining What We Perceive 125
Principles of Self-Disclosure 96 Explaining Behavior through Attributions 125
Benefits of Self-Disclosure 101 Recognizing Common Attribution Errors 127
Risks of Self-Disclosure 103
Challenges and Risks of Disclosing Online 104 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 132
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 105 Improving Your Perceptual Abilities 132

Being Mindful of Your Perceptions 133
Master the Chapter 106 Checking Your Perceptions 135
Interpersonal
4
Perception 108
The Process of Perception 109
Interpersonal Perception Defined 109 “I like applying what I’ve read
Three Stages of the Perception Process 110
Influences on Perceptual Accuracy 113 by answering the questions in
Forming Perceptions Online 115
SmartBook 2.0.”
PART 2 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN ACTION
5 Language 142
We Use Words to Persuade 153
Credibility Empowers Us 156
Language Expresses Affection and Intimacy 158
Words Provide Comfort and Healing 159
The Nature of Language 143
Language Is Symbolic 144
Language Is Arbitrary (Mostly) 144 The Use and Abuse of Language 162
Language Is Governed by Rules 145 Humor: What’s so Funny? 162
Language Has Layers of Meaning 146 Euphemisms: Soft Talk 163
Language Varies in Clarity 148 Slang: The Language of Co-Cultures 164
Language Is Bound by Context Defamation: Harmful Words 165
and Culture 149 Profanity: Offensive Language 165
Hate Speech: Profanity with
a Hurtful Purpose 166
Appreciating the Power of Words 151
Naming Defines and Differentiates Us 151

x C O N T E N T S
Creating a Positive Communication

Climate 167
Use Confirming Messages and Minimize
Disconfirming Messages 168
7 Listening 220
Avoid Making Others Defensive 169

Provide Effective Feedback 171 The Nature of Listening 221
Own Your Thoughts and Feelings 173 What Is Listening? 221
Separate Opinions from Factual Claims 174 The Importance of Listening Effectively 223
Create Positive Climates in Electronically Some Misconceptions about Listening 225
Mediated Communication 175 Culture and Sex Affect Listening Behavior 227
Master the Chapter 177 Ways of Listening 228
Stages of Effective Listening 228
Types of Listening 230
6 Nonverbal
Effective Listening Online 233
Communication 180 Common Barriers to Effective Listening 235
Noise 236
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 181 Pseudolistening and Selective Attention 236
What Is Nonverbal Communication? 181 Information Overload 237
Five Characteristics of Nonverbal Glazing Over 239
Communication 182 Rebuttal Tendency 239
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 186 Closed-Mindedness 240
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 192 Competitive Interrupting 241
Ten Channels of Nonverbal Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 242

Communication 192 Becoming a Better Listener 242
Facial Displays 192 Becoming a Better Informational Listener 242
Eye Behaviors 195 Becoming a Better Critical Listener 244
Movement and Gestures 196 Becoming a Better Empathic Listener 247
Touch Behaviors 197
Vocal Behaviors 200
The Use of Smell 201 Master the chapter 249
The Use of Space 202
Physical Appearance 203
The Use of Time 204
The Use of Artifacts 204 8 Emotion 250
Culture, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication 206 Emotion in Interpersonal Communication 251
Culture Influences Nonverbal Communication 206 What Is an Emotion? 251
Sex Influences Nonverbal Communication 208 Joyful/Affectionate Emotions: Happiness, Love,
Passion, and Liking 252
Hostile Emotions: Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Jealousy,
Improving Your Nonverbal Communication and Envy 253
Skills 210
Interpreting Nonverbal Communication 210
Expressing Nonverbal Messages 212
Managing Nonverbal Behavior in Electronically
Mediated Communication 214 “SmartBook 2.0 lets me know I
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 216 am retaining the information.”

C O N T E N T S xi
Sad/Anxious Emotions: Sadness, Depression, Grief, Emotional Intelligence 272

Fear, and Social Anxiety 256
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 259 Sharpening Your Emotional Communication
The Nature of Emotion 259 Skills 275
Emotions Are Multidimensional 259 Identifying Emotions 275
Emotions Vary in Valence and Intensity 262 Reappraising Negative Emotions 276
Emotions Come in Primary and Secondary Forms 264 Accepting Responsibility for Emotions 276
Sometimes Emotions Are Meta-Emotions 265 Separating Emotions from Actions 277
Influences on Emotional Experience and Master the Chapter 278
Expression 266
Culture 266
Display Rules 268
Technology and Computer-Mediated “SmartBook 2.0 helps me
Communication 269
Emotional Contagion 270
identify what we are going to
Sex and Gender 271 be covering in class.”
Personality 272
PART 3 DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Forming and Understanding Relationship Maintenance 303
9
Maintaining Stages of Relationship Development 304
Personal Getting In: Relationship Formation 305
Getting Out: Relationship Dissolution 306
Relationships 280 Repairing Damaged Relationships 309
Individual and Cultural Variations
Why Relationships Matter 281 in Relationship Development 310
We Form Relationships Because Relationship Development and Maintenance via Online
We Need to Belong 282 Social Networking 310
Relationships Bring Rewards 284 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 314
Relationships Carry Costs
as Well as Rewards 285
The Nature of Personal Relationships 286 Interpersonal
Close Relationships Require Commitment 286
Communication
Close Relationships Foster Interdependence 288
Close Relationships Require Continuous
Investment 288
10 in Close
Close Relationships Spark Dialectical Tensions 288
Managing Dialectical Tensions 289
Relationships 316
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 291 Communicating in Friendships 317
Forming and Maintaining Social Bonds 291 Friendships Are Voluntary 317
Attraction Theory 292 Friendships Are Usually Platonic 319
Uncertainty Reduction Theory 296 Friends Are Usually Peers 319
Predicted Outcome Value Theory 296 Friendships Are Governed by Rules 320
Understanding Relationship Formation 297 Friendships Differ by Sex 321
Theories about Costs and Benefits 298 Friendships Have a Life Span 323
Relational Maintenance Behaviors 300 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 325

xii C O N T E N T S
Communicating in Romantic Relationships 325

Characteristics of Romantic Relationships 326
Differing Relational Types among Romantic Couples 330
“SmartBook 2.0 helps me feel
Interpersonal Communication in Romantic more prepared for class.”
Relationships 332
Communicating in Families 337
Deceptive
What Makes a Family? 337
Types of Families 339
Communication Issues in Families 339
12 Communication 384
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 341 The Nature of Interpersonal Deception 385

Communicating in the Workplace 342 Defining Deception 387
Relationships with Co-workers 342 The Elements of Deception 388
Relationships between Superiors and Interpersonal Deception Is a Common Component of
Subordinates 345 Politeness 390
Relationships with Clients 347 Deception Is Common When Communicating
Online Communication in Workplace Online 391
Relationships 348 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 392
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 350 The Diversity of Deceptive Acts 392
Master the Chapter 350 Some Reasons Why People Deceive 392
Some Lies Falsify or Exaggerate 393
Some Lies Omit or Distort Information 394
Interpersonal
11
Communication Behaviors and Deception 397
Conflict 352 Detecting Deception Is Difficult 398
Some Behaviors Are Common during
The Nature of Interpersonal Conflict 353 Acts of Deception 398
Defining Interpersonal Conflict 353
Thinking about Interpersonal Conflict 355
Detecting Lies in Different Contexts 403
Familiarity Affects Our Ability
Conflict in Personal Relationships 356 to Detect Deception 403
Characteristics of Interpersonal Conflict 357 Expressive People Are Better Liars 404
Common Conflict Triggers 360 Culture Matters, but Only Sometimes 405
How Sex and Gender Affect Conflict 362 Motivation Affects Our Ability to Deceive 405
How Culture Affects Conflict 364 Suspicion May Not Improve Deception Detection 406
Managing Online Conflict 365 Context Affects Our Ability to Spot Lies 407
Power and Conflict 367 Master the Chapter 408
Characteristics of Power 367
Forms of Power 370 Glossary G-1
Sex, Gender, and Power 372
Culture and Power 374 Endnotes E-1
Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 375 Index I-1
Managing Interpersonal Conflict 375
Problematic Behaviors during Conflict 375
Strategies for Managing Conflict Successfully 377

B O X E S xiii
boxes
ASSESS YOUR SKILLS When Making Perceptions, More Information Is
Are You a High Self-Monitor? 28 Always Better 139
How Culturally Sensitive Are You? 50 Texting Reduces the Ability to Use Language
Google Yourself: Managing Your Online Image 76 Properly 147
Being Altercentric 123 In the Eye of Which Beholder? Cultures Vary Widely in
How Well Can You Spot a Confirming Message? 170 Perceptions of Beauty 194
Sharpening Your Videoconferencing Skills 215 Communication Technology Can Impair Listening
Relational, Task, Critical, Analytical: What’s Your Listening Ability 237
Style? 223 Women Are More Emotional than Men 273
How Emotionally Intelligent Are You? 274 When Forming Relationships, Opposites Attract 294
How Much Positivity Do You Communicate? 302 Half of All Marriages End In Divorce 331
Identifying Sexual Harassment in the Workplace 346 If You Try Hard Enough, You Can Resolve Any
Avoid Online Disinhibition 366 Conflict 361
Knowing the Truth About Lying 403 Most People Can’t Look You in the Eye While Lying 400
COMMUNICATION: LIGHT GOT SKILLS?

SIDE/DARK SIDE Relational Dimension of Communication 16
Empathy 30
Dark Side
Cultural Norms 40
Smartphones vs. Face-to-Face Communication 20
Powerful Language 65
Cultural Stereotyping In Stressful Times 37
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 82
Instagram Envy 86
Facework 94
Crossing the Line: When Commitment Becomes
Self-Serving Bias 130
Obsession 287
Direct Perception Checking 138
Alcohol and Conflict: A Risky Combination 360
Appealing to Ethos 155
Lying to the Ones We Love: Deception Can Cause Pain
I-Statements 174
and Ruin Trust 386
Communicating Emotion Nonverbally 188
Light Side Adapting to Sex Differences 209
Seeing the World Differently: Lovers Generating Interpretations for Nonverbal Behaviors 213
and Their Rose-Colored Glasses 129 Paraphrasing 231
Celebrating Life: Facebook Tribute Pages 160 Listening Empathically During Grief 248
Battling Affection Deprivation at Cuddle Parties 198 Expressing Anger Constructively 254
Need Someone to Listen? Just Click 234 Reframing 277
Happy People Live Longer: The Life Benefits of Joy 260 Giving Assurances 301
Facebook Friends: 302 Is The Magic Number 318 Expressing Affection Online 313
Responding to Negative Emotional Expressions 335
FACT OR FICTION? Practicing Upward, Downward, and Lateral
The Internet Makes Us Happier 25 Communication 349
Same-Sex Relationships Are Less Stable than One-Across Messages 369
Heterosexual Relationships 58 Compromising 380
Women Are More Talkative than Men 64 Identifying Deceptive Forms 396
Let It Out: Disclosure Does a Body Good 102 Detecting Deception 402

xiv M C G R A W - H I L L C O N N E C T: A N O V E R V I E W
McGraw-Hill Connect: An Overview

McGraw-Hill Connect offers full-semester access to comprehensive, reliable
content and learning resources for the Interpersonal Communication course.
Connect’s deep integration with most Learning Management Systems (LMS),
including Blackboard and Desire2Learn (D2L), offers single sign-on and deep
gradebook synchronization. Data from Assignment Results reports synchronize
directly with many LMS, allowing scores to flow automatically from Connect into
school-specific grade books, if required.
The following tools and services are available as part of Connect for the
Interpersonal Communication course:
Tool Instructional Context Description
SmartBook® 2.0 • SmartBook 2.0 is an engaging and • SmartBook 2.0 is an adaptive reading
interactive reading experience for experience designed to change the way
mastering fundamental Interpersonal students read and learn. It creates a
Communication content. personalized reading experience by
• SmartBook 2.0 is now available on all highlighting the most impactful concepts
mobile smart devices—both online a student needs to learn at that moment
and offline. in time.
• Instructors can assign homework • SmartBook 2.0 allows students to
down to the sub-topic level, providing recharge their learning by accessing
even more flexibility and control over previously completed assignments with
assignments. a personalized learning experience
• With the new review feature, instructors focused on areas that need extra
can easily create personalized attention.
assignments based on the content that • SmartBook 2.0 now includes clear
each student struggles with. pop-up and text prompts to guide
• SmartBook 2.0 was designed with students efficiently through the
accessibility in mind and developed to learning experience.
support learners with visual, auditory, • The “Learn About This” remediation
cognitive, and mobility needs, process has been revamped to give
providing a better user experience students greater exposure to
for all students. contextual material.
(Continued)

M C G R A W - H I L L C O N N E C T: A N O V E R V I E W xv
Connect Insight • Connect Insight for Instructors is an • Connect Insight for Instructors offers
for Instructors analytics resource that produces a series of visual data displays that
quick feedback related to student provide analysis on five key insights:
performance and engagement. • How are my students doing?
• Designed as a dashboard for both • How is this one student doing?
quick check-ins and detailed • How is my section doing?
performance and engagement views. • How is this assignment doing?
• How are my assignments doing?
Connect Insight • Connect Insight for Students is a • Connect Insight for Students offers
for Students powerful data analytics tool that the learner details on each Connect
provides at-a-glance visualizations assignment. When possible, it offers
to help a learner understand his suggestions for the learner on how he or
or her performance on Connect she can improve scores. These data can
assignments. help guide the learner to behaviors that
will lead to better scores in the future.
Instructor • Instructor Reports provide data that • Connect generates a number of powerful
Reports may be useful for assessing programs reports and charts that allow instructors
or courses as part of the accreditation to quickly review the performance of a
process. given learner or an entire section.
• Instructors can run reports that span
multiple sections and instructors, making
it an ideal solution for individual
professors, course coordinators,
and department chairs.
Student • Student Reports allow learners to • Students can keep track of their
Reports review their performance for specific performance and identify areas they
assignments or for the course. are struggling with.
Simple LMS • Seamlessly integrates with every • Students have automatic single sign-on.
Integration learning management system. • Connect assignment results sync to the
LMS’s gradebook.
Pre- and • Instructors can generate their own • Instructors have access to two sets of
Post-Tests pre- and post-tests from the Test Bank. pre- and post-tests (at two levels).
• Pre- and post-tests demonstrate what Instructors can use these tests to create
learners already know before class a diagnostic and post-diagnostic exam
begins and what they have learned by via Connect.
the end.
(Continued)

xvi M C G R A W - H I L L C O N N E C T: A N O V E R V I E W
Tool Instructional Context Description
Tegrity • Tegrity allows instructors to capture • Instructors can keep track of which
course material or lectures on video. learners have watched the videos
• Students can watch videos recorded they post.
by their instructor and learn course • Learners can watch and review
material at their own pace. lectures by their instructor.
• Learners can search each lecture
for specific bites of information.
Video Capture • With just a smartphone, tablet, or • The Video Capture tool allows
Powered by webcam, students and instructors can instructors to easily and efficiently
GoReact
capture video of presentations with set up speech assignments for their
ease. Video Capture Powered by course that can easily be shared and
GoReact, fully integrated in McGraw- repurposed, as needed, throughout
Hill’s Connect platform, doesn’t require their use of Connect.
any extra equipment or complicated • Customizable rubrics and settings can
training. Create your own custom be saved and shared, saving time and
Video Capture assignment, including streamlining the speech assignment
in-class and online speeches and process from creation to assessment.
presentations, self-review, and peer • Video Capture allows users, both
review. With our customizable rubrics, students and instructors, to view
time-coded comments, and visual videos during the assessment process.
markers, students will see feedback Feedback can be left within a
at exactly the right moment, and in customized rubric or as time-stamped
context, to help improve their speaking, comments within the video-playback
presentation skills and confidence. itself.
Speech • Speech Preparation Tools provide • Speech Preparation Tools provide

Preparation students with additional support, such Students with additional resources to
Tools
as Topic Helper, Outline Tool, and help with the preparation and outlining
access to third-party Internet sites like of speeches, as well as with audience-
EasyBib (for formatting citations) and analysis surveys.
SurveyMonkey (to create audience- • Instructors have the ability to make
analysis questionnaires and surveys). tools either available or unavailable
to students.
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I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N xvii
Instructor’s Guide to Connect for

Interpersonal Communication
W hen you assign Connect, you can be confident—and have data to
demonstrate—that the students in your courses, however diverse, are
acquiring the skills, principles, and critical processes that constitute effective
communication. This leaves you to focus on your highest course expectations.
Tailored to you.
Connect offers on-demand, single sign-on access to students—wherever they
are and whenever they have time. With a single, one-time registration, students
receive access to McGraw-Hill’s trusted content. Students also have a courtesy
trial period during registration.
Easy to use.
Connect seamlessly supports all major learning management systems with
content, assignments, performance data, and SmartBook 2.0, the leading
adaptive learning system. With these tools, you can quickly make assignments,
produce reports, focus discussions, intervene on problem topics, and help
at-risk learners—as needed and when needed.
Interpersonal Communication SmartBook 2.0

A personalized and adaptive learning experience
with SmartBook 2.0.
Boost student success with McGraw-Hill’s adaptive reading and study
experience. The Interpersonal Communication SmartBook 2.0 highlights the
most impactful interpersonal communication concepts the learner needs to
study at that moment in time. The learning path continuously adapts based on
what the individual student knows and does not know and provides focused
help through targeted question probes and learning resources.
Enhanced for the new edition!

With a suite of new Learning Resources and adaptive assessments, as well as
highlights of key chapter concepts, SmartBook 2.0’s intuitive technology
optimizes learner study time by creating a personalized learning path for
improved course performance and overall learner success.

xviii I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
SmartBook 2.0 highlights the key concepts of every chapter, offering students a
high-impact learning experience. Here, highlighted text and an illustration
together explain a communication model.
Over 100 interactive

Learning Resources.
Presented in a range of interactive styles,
the Learning Resources in Interpersonal
Communication support learners who may be
struggling to master, or simply wish to review,
the most important communication concepts.
Designed to reinforce essential theories and
skills—from competent online self-disclosure and
nonverbal communication channels to detecting
deceptive communication and managing
relationships—every Learning Resource is
presented at the precise moment of need. Whether a video, audio clip, or
interactive mini-lesson, each Learning Resource is new and is designed to give
learners a lifelong foundation in strong interpersonal communication skills.

I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N xix
More than 1,000 targeted question probes.

Class-tested at colleges and universities nationwide, a treasury of engaging
adaptive assessments—new and revised—assess learners at every stage of the
learning process, helping them to thrive in the course. Designed to gauge
learners’ comprehension of the most important concepts in Interpersonal
Communication, and presented in a variety of interactive styles to facilitate
learner engagement, targeted question probes give learners immediate
feedback on their understanding of the content, identifying a learner’s
familiarity with the instruction and pointing him or her to areas where additional
review is needed.
bridges theory and practice
New! Over 70 percent new scholarly references.
A thorough update of the entire text, including new theories and research on
electronically mediated communication and topics surrounding gender and
sexuality, immerses students and instructors alike in the latest and best
knowledge about interpersonal communication available today.
Seamless integration of scholarship,

theory, and skills.
By combining the latest research with the everyday scenarios learners face,
author Kory Floyd presents a systematic and modern approach to the study of
interpersonal communication that helps students build vital interpersonal skills
and make sound choices—academically, personally, and professionally.
Emphasis on critical thinking and self-reflection.

Students have numerous opportunities to make connections between the text
and their own lives, as well as to consider how their communication choices
influence the outcomes they experience.
• Learn It/Apply It/Reflect on It. This section-ending feature encourages students
to assess their comprehension, practice theory in their own lives, and reflect
on their experiences to improve self-awareness.
• Fact or Fiction? This feature allows students to challenge their assumptions
about interpersonal communication.
Examples with real-world relevance relate content

to real life.
New chapter-opening vignettes, refreshed examples in every chapter, and
a current photo program enliven the content and allow learners to study
interpersonal communication in an engaging way that directly relates to
them. In addition to these features, examples throughout the fourth edition
now include more workplace scenarios and examples relevant to, and
reflective of, the experiences and lifestyles of students of all backgrounds
and age groups.

xx I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
emphasizes critical contexts:
technology, gender, culture, and
relationships
Online and electronically mediated communication
integrated in every chapter.
B u I L D I n G y o u R C o m m u n I C AT I o n C o m P e T e n C e31
Every chapter includes comprehensive coverage
Competent Online Communication of technology and digital devices’ influence on
These days, much of our interpersonal communication takes place in electronically
mediated contexts. These include e-mail, instant messaging, and text messaging; social
interpersonal communication, from online
networking (such as on Facebook and LinkedIn); tweeting; image sharing (such as on
YouTube and Instagram); and videoconferencing (such as on Skype and FaceTime),
deception and relational maintenance via texts to
among others. As you’ll see in this section, communicating competently in these venues improving listening and emotional expression when
requires paying attention to their unique capabilities and pitfalls.
online. This edition puts additional focus on social
BEWARE OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MISUNDERSTANDING Face-to-face conversations
allow you to pay attention to behaviors that help to clarify the meaning of a speaker’s media and its role in interpersonal communication,
words. People’s facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice, for example, generally
provide clues about what they are trying to say. Are they speaking seriously or sarcasti- including helpful guidance on managing one’s image,
cally? Are they upset or calm, tentative or self-assured? We can usually tell a lot about
people’s meaning by considering not only what they say but how they say it. perceiving the self and others over social media, and
We saw earlier that some channel-lean forms of communication—such as tweeting
and instant messaging—rely heavily on text, restricting our access to facial expressions
understanding the ways in which social media is
and other clues. As a result, these forms of communication increase the potential for changing how language is used. This coverage
misunderstanding. Many of us have had the experience of teasing or joking with some-
one in a text message, for instance, only to discover that the person took our words provides learners with the latest research and
seriously and felt offended or hurt.
To communicate competently when using channel-lean media, follow these guidelines: practical skills they can immediately use in their
• Review your message before you share it. Although the meaning of your words is own lives.
clear to you, think about the ways in which it may be unclear to your recipient. In
Culture, gender, and diversity are integrated

particular, identify words or phrases in your message that could have more than one
meaning.
• Clarify your meaning wherever possible. When you find parts of your message that
throughout the text.
could be misinterpreted, consider whether using a different word or phrase would
be clearer.
• Every chapter includes essential information about how culture, gender, and
Use emoji to convey emotion. Adding symbols to express your emotional state—such
as a smiling face, a winking face, or a crying face—can help receivers understand
how to interpret your message. sexual identity affect communication. Throughout the new edition, coverage of
PRESUME THAT EVERYTHING IS PERMANENT AND gender
NOTHINGand sexuality
IS SECRET Perhaps topics has been updated to reflect the latest scholarship
as well as current
you’ve had the embarrassing experience of sending a text message to the wrong
person. Words you intended for one recipient are therefore read by someone else,
cultural conventions for applying gender-neutral pronouns
who may choose either to delete them or to saveandthem. using inclusive
That situation illustrates anlanguage. Discussions around diversity include the priorities
important characteristic of electronically mediated communication: Everything you
say and do leaves behind a record. That createsand challenges
the possibility of socially marginalized groups such as the elderly, immigrants,
that your messages
can be seen or heard by virtually anyone. Sometimes this occurs by accident, as
sexual
when you send your text message to the wrong person. minorities,
On other people with physical disabilities, people with psychological
occasions, however,
people can copy or forward your messages to others without your knowledge or
permission. disorders, and economically disadvantaged individuals.
It is best, therefore, to remember that anything you communicate via electronically
Enhanced coverage of deceptive communication.
mediated channels could reach people other than your intended receivers, and to mod-
ify your messages accordingly. Here are some specific tips:
• Unique in its focus on the timely and critical topic of deceptive communication,
Write as though others will read your words. Psychologist Ken Siegel, who advises
companies on workplace efficiency, offers this advice: “send e-mail with the
Chapter 12 now features enhanced coverage of, and guidance for responding
assumption that the person you really don’t want to read it will read it.”53
to, the various types of deception students encounter in their daily lives,
including high-profile lying and lying through dating apps.
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I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N xxi
promotes competence
Whether online or face-to-face, students will understand how to be an effective
communicator and learn the skills needed to make competent choices in their
own lives.
Skills self-assessment.
The Assess Your Skills feature in the text and the Skills Assessment feature in
Connect ask learners to evaluate their tendencies and competence in specific
interpersonal skills.
Communication dark side/light side.

These boxes examine the common positive and negative communication issues
that people face. In this practical feature, students gain insight into how to best
navigate these challenges and choices.
Got Skills? activities.

These innovative boxes tell students why a specific interpersonal skill matters,
while instructing them on how to practice the skill and reflect on the practice for
a holistic understanding of the skill.
Data Analytics
Connect Insight provides at-a-glance analysis on five key insights, available
at a moment’s notice from your tablet device. You can see, in real time, how
individual learners or sections are doing (or how well your assignments have
been received) so you can take action early and keep struggling learners from
falling behind.

xxii I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
Connect Reports
Instructor Reports allow instructors to quickly monitor learner activity, making it
easy to identify which learners are struggling and to provide immediate help to
ensure those learners stay enrolled in the course and improve their performance.
The Instructor Reports also highlight the concepts and learning objectives that
the class as a whole is having difficulty grasping. This essential information lets
you know exactly which areas to target for review during your limited class time.
Some key reports include
Progress Overview report—View learner progress for all modules, including
how long learners have spent working in the module, which modules they have
used outside of any that were assigned, and individual learner progress.
Missed Questions report—Identify specific probes, organized by chapter, that
are problematic for learners.
Most Challenging Learning Objectives report—Identify the specific topic areas
that are challenging for your learners; these reports are organized by chapter and
include specific page references. Use this information to tailor your lecture time
and assignments to cover areas that require additional remediation and practice.
Metacognitive Skills report—View statistics showing how knowledgeable your
learners are about their own comprehension and learning.

I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N xxiii
Video Capture Powered by GoReact

Designed for use in face-to-face, real-time classrooms, as well as
online courses, Speech Capture allows you to evaluate your
learners’ speeches using fully customizable rubrics. You can also
create and manage peer review assignments and upload videos
on behalf of learners for optimal flexibility.
Students can access rubrics and leave comments when preparing
self-reviews and peer reviews. They can easily upload a video of their
speech from their hard drive or use Connect’s built-in video recorder.
Students can even attach and upload additional files or documents,
such as a works-cited page or a PowerPoint presentation.
PEER REVIEW
Peer review assignments are easier than ever. Create and manage peer review
assignments and customize privacy settings.
SPEECH ASSESSMENT
Connect Speech Capture lets you customize the assignments, including self-
reviews and peer reviews. It also saves your frequently used comments,
simplifying your efforts to provide feedback.
SELF-REFLECTION
The self-review feature allows learners to revisit their own presentations and
compare their progress over time.
Classroom Preparation Tools

Whether before, during, or after class, a suite of products, designed and
authored by Kory Floyd, will help instructors plan their lessons and keep
learners building upon the foundations of the course.
ANNOTATED INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION
The Annotated Instructor’s Edition features a plethora of marginal notes to help
instructors make use of the full range of the coverage, activities, and resources
in the text and online.
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
The IM provides outlines, discussion questions, key terms and their definitions,
a research library, and examples of in-class and out-of-class assignments for
every chapter.
TEST BANK
Test Bank offers multiple-choice questions, true/false questions, short-answer
questions, and essay questions for each chapter.

xxiv I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
POWERPOINT SLIDES
The PowerPoint presentations provide chapter highlights that help instructors
create focused yet individualized lesson plans.
Support to Ensure Success

• Digital Success Academy—The Digital Success Academy on Connect offers
a wealth of training and course creation guidance for instructors and learners
alike. Instructor support is presented in easy-to-navigate, easy-to-complete
sections. It includes the popular Connect how-to videos, step-by-step Click-
through Guides, and First Day of Class materials that explain how to use
both the Connect platform and its course-specific tools and features. http://
createwp.customer.mheducation.com/wordpress-mu/success-academy/
• Digital Success Team—The Digital Success Team is a
group of specialists dedicated to working online with
instructors—one-on-one—to demonstrate how the
Connect platform works and to help incorporate Connect
into a customer’s specific course design and syllabus.
Contact your digital learning consultant to learn more.
• Digital Learning Consultants—Digital Learning
Consultants are local resources who work closely with
your McGraw-Hill learning technology consultants. They
can provide face-to-face faculty support and training.
http://shop.mheducation.com/store/paris/user/findltr.html
• Digital Faculty Consultants—Digital Faculty Consultants
are experienced instructors who use Connect in their
classroom. These instructors are available to offer
suggestions, advice, and training about how best to use
Connect in your class. To request a Digital Faculty
Consultant to speak with, please e-mail your McGraw-Hill
learning technology consultant. http://connect.customer.
mheducation.com/dfc/
• National Training Webinars—McGraw-Hill offers an ongoing series of
webinars for instructors to learn and master the Connect platform, as well as its
course-specific tools and features. We hope you will refer to our online
schedule of national training webinars and sign up to learn more about
Connect! http://webinars.mhhe.com/
CONTACT OUR CUSTOMER SUPPORT TEAM

McGraw-Hill is dedicated to supporting instructors and learners. To contact
our customer support team, please call us at 800-331-5094 or visit us
online at https://www.mheducation.com/highered/contact.html

I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E T O C O N N E C T F O R I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N xxv
Changes for the Fourth Edition

Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT COMMUNICATION
• New coverage discusses the frequency of loneliness among
younger Americans.
• New figure illustrates channel richness.
• New coverage discusses online misunderstandings.
• New research explores marital benefits to health.
• New coverage explores how online social networks promote healing
during bereavement.
CHAPTER 2: CULTURE AND GENDER

• New chapter-opening story focused on cultural contexts surrounding the
Thailand soccer team cave rescue.
• New section discusses cultural universals.
• Expanded discussion of collectivism includes new example: fifty names are
now forbidden in Saudi Arabia.
• Revised discussion describes sexual orientation as a continuum.
• New discussion explores gender options on Facebook.
• New material identifies first baby born without a gender designation on the
birth certificate.
• New section examines the use of gender-neutral pronouns.
CHAPTER 3: COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF

• New material discusses research on autism spectrum disorders.
• New “Communication: Dark Side” box discusses Instagram envy.
• New discussion of image management looks at the movie Love, Simon
as an example.
• Completely updated example explains image management complexity.
CHAPTER 4: INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION

• New chapter opening vignette discusses Melania Trump’s “I don’t care” jacket.
• New discussion focuses on social comparison on social media.
• Updated examples explore positivity bias and egocentrism.
• Expanded explanation describes bias and implicit bias.
CHAPTER 5: LANGUAGE
• New chapter-opening vignette explores the role of language in the
#MeToo movement.
• Updated examples focus on loaded language and defamation.
• New example illustrates Steve Harvey’s inappropriate jokes about Asian men.
• New examples examine the language use of Roseanne Barr, Megyn Kelly, and
Michael Phelps.

Another random document with
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While I am over the sea;
Let me and my passionate love go by,
But speak to her all things holy and high,
Whatever happen to me.
Me and my harmful love go by,
But come to her waking, or find her asleep,
Powers of the height, powers of the deep,
And comfort her though I die.”
Surely this is the pure, unadulterated metal. Alas! that it should

sometimes lack the glitter of that counterfeit which women grasp at
so eagerly in preference to the true gold. So, in extremity of danger,
shattered in battle against the chosen friend and comrade whose
treachery was only less galling to his noble heart than the disloyalty
of his queen, beset by
“The godless hosts

Of heathen swarming o’er the Northern sea,”
stern old foes of himself and Christendom, erst by prowess of that

“glorious company,”
“The Table Round,

In twelve great battles ruining overthrown,”
now panting for reprisal and revenge, menaced with open rebellion
by a sister’s son, his army melting, his adherents failing, his sceptre
sliding from his grasp, Arthur can yet provide tenderly and carefully
for her safety who has brought down on him all this shame, ruin, and
defeat.
“And many more when Modred raised revolt,

Forgetful of their troth and fealty, clave
To Modred, and a remnant stays with me.
And of this remnant will I leave a part—
True men who love me still, for whom I live—
To guard thee in the wild hour coming on;
Lest but a hair of this low head be harmed.
Fear not: thou shalt be guarded till my death.”
Well might the Queen, when he had passed from her sight for
ever, reflect bitterly on the comparative merits of lover and husband,
having, like all such women, proved to extremity of torture the
devotion of both.
“I wanted warmth and colour, which I found

In Lancelot. Now I see thee what thou art—
Thou art the highest, and most human, too,
Not Lancelot, nor another.”
Could she but have seen him as he really was in the golden days
long ago, when her court formed the centre of all that was bravest
and fairest in the world of Christendom, when her life seemed one
long holiday of dance and revel in the lighted halls of Camelot, of tilt
and tournament and pageantry of mimic war, held in honour of her
own peerless beauty, in the Lists of Caerleon, of horn and hound and
rushing chase and willing palfrey speeding over the scented moors
of Cornwall, or through the sunny glades of Lyonesse, of sweet May
mornings when she went forth fresh and lovely, fairer than the very
smile of spring, amongst her courtiers, all
“Green-suited, but with plumes that mocked the may,”
to walk apart, nevertheless, with flushing cheek and eyes cast down,
while she listened to his whispers, whose voice was softer and
sweeter than fairy music in her ears! Could she but have known then
where to seek her happiness and find it! Alas! that we see things so
differently in different lights and surroundings—in serge and velvet,
in the lustre of revelry and the pale cold grey of dawn, in black
December frosts and the rich glow of June. Alas for us, that so
seldom, till too late to take our bearings and avoid impending
shipwreck, can we make use of that fearful gift described by another
great poet as
“The telescope of truth,

Which strips the distance of its fantasies,
And brings life near, in utter nakedness,
Making the cold reality too real!”
but still reality, and, as such, preferable to all the baseless visions of
fancy, all the glitter and glamour and illusion of romance. We mortals
must have our dreams; doubtless it is for a good purpose that they
are so fair and sweet, that their duration is so short, the waking from
them so bitter and forlorn. But at last most of us find ourselves
disenchanted, weary, hopeless, memory-haunted, and seeking
sanctuary after all, like Guinevere, when Lancelot had gone
“Back to his land, but she to Almesbury

Fled all night long by glimmering waste and weald,
And heard the spirits of the waste and weald
Moan as she fled, or thought she heard them moan,—
And in herself she moaned—‘Too late! too late!’”
What a picture of desolation and despair! Mocking phantoms all

about her, now gibing, now pitying, now goading her to the
recklessness of despair. Before her, darkness uncheered by a single
beacon; behind her, the sun of life and love gone down to rise no
more, and, lifting helpless, hopeless eyes above,
“A blot in heaven, the raven flying high.”
Deep must be the guilt for which such hours as these are
insufficient to atone!
But the queen’s penance hath only just begun, for the black drop
is not yet wrung out of her heart, and even in her cloister at
Almesbury it is remorse rather than repentance that drives the iron
into her soul. As it invariably does in moments of extreme feeling, the
master-passion takes possession of her once more, and “my
Lancelot” comes back in all his manly beauty and his devoted
tenderness, so touching and so prized, that for him, too, it must
make the sorrow of a lifetime. Again, she sees him in the lists, best,
bravest, and knightliest lance of all the Round Table. Again, sitting
fair and courtly and gentle among dames in hall, his noble face none
the less winsome, be sure, to her, for that she could read on it the
stamp of sorrow set there by herself as her own indelible seal.
Again she tastes the bitter torture of their parting agony, and her
very spirit longs only to be released that it may fly to him for ever, far
away in his castle beyond the sea.
This, with true dramatic skill, is the moment chosen by the poet for
the arrival of her injured, generous, and forgiving lord—
“While she brooded thus,

And grew half guilty in her thoughts again,
There rode an armed warrior to the doors.”
And now comes that grand scene of sorrow and penitence and
pardon, for which this poem seems to me unequalled and alone.
Standing on the brink of an uncertainty more ghastly than death,
for something tells him that he is now to lead his hosts in his last
battle, and that the unearthly powers to whom he owes birth, fame,
and kingdom, are about to reclaim him for their own, he stretches the
hands of free forgiveness, as it were, from the other world.
How short, in the face of doom so imminent, so inevitable, appears
that span of life, in which so much has been accomplished! Battles
have been fought, victories gained, a kingdom established, a
bulwark raised against the heathen, an example set to the whole of
Christendom, and yet it seems but yesterday
“They found a naked child upon the sands

Of wild Dundagil by the Cornish sea,
And that was Arthur.”
Now in the height of glory, in the fulfilment of duty, in the prime of

manhood, such sorrows have overtaken him, as must needs whisper
their prophetic warning that his task is done, and it is time to go.
Where, he sees not, cares not. True to himself and his knighthood,
he is ready now, as always, to follow the path of honour, wherever it
may lead, and meet unflinching
“Death, or I know not what mysterious doom.”
Arthur, dethroned, ruined, heart-broken, mortally wounded, and

unhorsed, will be no less Arthur than when on Badon Hill he stood
“High on a heap of slain, from spur to plume,

Red as the rising sun with heathen blood,”
and shouted victory with a great voice in the culminating triumph of

his glory.
“‘We two may meet before high God.’”
Bones and I.] [Page 257
For him, too, at this supreme moment the master-passion asserts

its sway, and even that great soul thrills to its centre with the love
that has been wasted for half a lifetime on her who is only now
awaking to a consciousness of its worth. He cannot leave her for
ever without bidding farewell to his guilty queen. So riding through
the misty night to the convent where she has taken refuge, he looks
his last in this world on her from whom in his great loyalty of affection
neither her past disgrace nor his own approaching death shall part
him for ever. With that instinct of pure love which clings to a belief in
its eternity, he charges her to cleanse her soul with repentance and
sustain her hopes with faith, that
“Hereafter in that world where all are pure

We two may meet before high God, and thou
Wilt spring to me, and claim me thine, and know
I am thine husband.”
Thus, with all his soul flowing to his lips, this grand heroic nature
blesses the guilty woman, grovelling in the dust, and moves off
stately and unflinching to confront the doom of Fate.
Then, true to the yearning nature of her sex, yearning ever with
keenest longings for the lost and the impossible, Guinevere leaps to
her feet, the tide of a new love welling up in her wayward heart,
fierce, cruel, and irresistible, because it must be henceforth utterly
hopeless and forlorn. With her own hand she has put away her own
happiness; and what happiness it might have been she feels too
surely, now that no power on earth can ever make it hers again!
Oh! for one word more from the kind, forgiving voice! Oh! for one
look in the brave, clear, guileless face! But no. It is never to be.
Never, never more! She rushes indeed to the casement, but Arthur is
already mounted and bending from the saddle, to give directions for
her safety and her comfort.
“So she did not see the face,
Which then was as an angel, but she saw—
Wet with the mists and smitten by the lights—
The dragon of the great Pendragon-ship
Blaze, making all the night a steam of fire.
And even then he turned; and more and more
The moony vapours rolling round the king,
Who seemed the phantom of a giant in it,
Enwound him, fold by fold, and made him gray
And grayer, till himself became as mist
Before her, moving ghostlike to his doom.”
“I think I like it better without your explanations and remarks,”

observed Bones. “There is a proverb, my friend, about ‘refined gold,’
and ‘the lily,’ that you would do well to remember. Hang it! man, do
you think nobody understands or appreciates poetry but yourself?”
Perhaps I have over-aired him lately; but it seems to me that
Bones is a good deal “above himself.” If I can only get him back into
the cupboard, I have more than half a mind to lock him up for good
and all.
THE END
Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
London & Bungay.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]
“If that’s a fight indeed,

Where you strike hard, and I stand still and bleed.”
[2]
“Cogitat Ursidius, sibi dote jugare puellam,

Ut placeat domino, cogitat Ursidius.”
[3] A narrow board, on which provisions, etc. are packed, to be

dragged through the woods on these expeditions in the snow.
Transcriber’s Notes
pg 9 Changed: the value of “this here obserwation

to: the value of “this here observation
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Interpersonal Communication 4th Edition Ebook PDF

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Interpersonal Communication 4th

Edition (eBook PDF)

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 1 20/08/19 7:01 PM

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 25 Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 69

Understanding the Self: Self-Concept 73

2 Culture and Gender 34

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 8 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Valuing the Self: Self-Esteem 83 Fundamental Forces in Interpersonal

Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 105 Improving Your Perceptual Abilities 132

PART 2 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN ACTION

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 9 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Creating a Positive Communication

Avoid Making Others Defensive 169

Ten Channels of Nonverbal Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 242

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 10 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Sad/Anxious Emotions: Sadness, Depression, Grief, Emotional Intelligence 272

PART 3 DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 11 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Communicating in Romantic Relationships 325

Learn It Apply It Reflect On It 341 The Nature of Interpersonal Deception 385

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 12 20/08/19 7:01 PM

COMMUNICATION: LIGHT GOT SKILLS?

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 13 20/08/19 7:01 PM

McGraw-Hill Connect: An Overview

Tool Instructional Context Description

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 14 20/08/19 7:01 PM

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 15 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Tool Instructional Context Description

Speech • Speech Preparation Tools provide • Speech Preparation Tools provide

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 16 9/14/19 9:03 AM

Instructor’s Guide to Connect for

Interpersonal Communication SmartBook 2.0

Enhanced for the new edition!

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 17 04/09/19 7:06 AM

Over 100 interactive

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 18 09/10/19 8:57 PM

More than 1,000 targeted question probes.

Seamless integration of scholarship,

Emphasis on critical thinking and self-reflection.

Examples with real-world relevance relate content

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 19 20/08/19 7:01 PM

Culture, gender, and diversity are integrated

fLo22885_ch01_002-033.indd 31 10/07/19 1:51 PM

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 20 04/09/19 7:07 AM

Communication dark side/light side.

Got Skills? activities.

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 21 20/08/19 7:02 PM

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 22 20/08/19 7:02 PM

Video Capture Powered by GoReact

Classroom Preparation Tools

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 23 9/14/19 9:06 AM

Support to Ensure Success

CONTACT OUR CUSTOMER SUPPORT TEAM

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 24 09/10/19 8:56 PM

Changes for the Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 2: CULTURE AND GENDER

CHAPTER 3: COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF

CHAPTER 4: INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION

fLo22885_fm_i-xxviii_1.indd 25 20/08/19 7:02 PM

Surely this is the pure, unadulterated metal. Alas! that it should

“The godless hosts

stern old foes of himself and Christendom, erst by prowess of that