MIH Gen & Timeline

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY Gen & Timeline
• Advent of Europeans
a.
b. 1608 - Jehangir gives Farman to English Capt. William Hawkins

to build factory in Surat
c. Cartaz System - Portuguese naval trade license issued in Indian
ocean during 16th century
▪ Britishers used similar system in 20th century - Navicert
system
• Regional Kingdoms Summary

a. Bengal
Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh
▪
b. Carnatic
a. 1st war (1746-48) - Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, 1748

b. 2nd war (1750-54) - Treaty of Pondicherry, 1754
c. 3rd war (1758-63) - Battle of Wandiwash, 1760 - French
defeated - Treaty of Paris, 1763

c. Mysore
▪ Army organised on European model => through risalas
• Each Risala => fixed number of soldiers, weapons etc and
commander appointed by Haider himself
▪ Subjugation of local warrior chiefs like deshmukhs and poligars
▪ Collecting land taxes directly from peasants through salaried
officials
▪ State Commercial Corporation => to set up factories
▪ ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
a. 1st (1766-69) - Haider Ali defeated
British+Marathas+Nizam. Treaty of Madras
b. 2nd (1780-84) - HaiderAli+Marathas+Nizam vs British.
Haider Ali died in 1782. Peace made with Tipu. Treaty of
Mangalore
c. 3rd (1790-92) - Tipu vs British+Marathas+Nizam => Tipu
ceded half his territory against British (+Marathas+Nizam).
Cornwallis captured Bangalore => Treaty of
Seringapatnam
d. 4th (1799) - Tipu died- Wellesley
a. 1799 - Subsidiary Alliance

▪
d. Marathas

▪
• Maratha Taxes
a. Chauth - 1/4th of land revenue => to avoid Maratha raids (collected in
neighbouring territories, not in Maratha kingdom) => went to Jagirdars

b. Sardeshmukhi - additional 10% on those lands which Marathas claimed
hereditary lands -> went straight to king
▪ Bahadur Shah => granted Marathas Sardeshmukhi in Deccan, but
not Chauth
▪ Did not recognise Shahu as rightful Maratha king
• Nepal
a. Treaty of Sagauli, 1816 - Lord Hastings
b.
• Burma
a. 1st Burma War (1824-26)
▪ Lord Amherst
▪ Treaty of Yandabo, 1826 - Govt of Burma to-
a. Pay ₹1cr as war compensation
b. Abandon claims on Assam, Jaintia, Arakan, Cachar
c. Accept British resident at Ava
d. Recognise Manipur as independent state
e. Negotiate commercial treaty with Britain
b. 2nd War (1852) - British (under Lord Dalhousie) occupied lower Burma
(Pegu)
c. 3rd War (1885) - Upper Burma also annexed (French-Burmese ally) - Lord
Dufferin

• Bhutan
a. Treaty of Sinchula, 1865
b. Lord John Lawrence
• Afghan
a. 1st War (1839-42) - Lord Auckland
b. 2nd War (1878-80) - Lord Lytton
▪ Treaty of Gandamak, 1879 - after 2nd Anglo-Afghan war
a. Permanent British resident at Kabul
b. Amir conducts foreign policy with advice from GoI
c.
• Sikhs

a.
b. Ranjit Singh united 12 misls

▪ Satluj River made as border btw Sikh & British
▪ Died in 1839 => weakening of Sikh state
• Education (18th century)

o Elementary Education
▪ Pathshala
▪ Maktab
o Higher education
▪ Chatuspathi/Tols - Bihar and Bengal - Hindu
▪ Madrasa - Muslim

• Pre-Congress Association=>
a. Landholder's Society, 1838
▪ First political association of modern India
▪ Calcutta -> safeguard interests of landlords using constitutional
agitation
▪ Radhakant Deb + Dwarkanath tagore - founding members
b. British India Society, 1839
i. Founed by William Adam in London
b. British India Association, 1851
i. Landholder's Society + British India Society
ii. Radhakant Deb - President
d. Madras Native Association, 1852
i. CY Mudailar
e. East India Association, 1866
i. By Dadabhai Naoroji in London
f. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 1867
i. By MG Ranade
ii. To serve as bridge btw govt and people
g. Indian Society, 1872
i. By Ananda Mohan Bose in London
h. The Indian League, 1875
i. By Sisir Kumar Ghosh => stimulating the sense of nationalism
amongst people
i. Indian Association of Calcutta, 1876 (aka Indian National Association)
i. By Surendranath Bannerjee (wrote 'A Nation in Making') and
Ananda Mohan Bose
j. Madras Mahajan Sabha, 1884
i. By M. Viraraghavachari, G. Subramaniya Iyer and P. Ananda
Charlu
k. Bombay Presidency Association, 1885
i. By Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta and KT Telang

o
• National Social Conference, 1887

a. Formed as a wing of congress for social reform
b. By MG Ranade & Raghunath Rao
c. Launched Pledge Movement => oath to prohibit child marriage
• Indian Slavery Act, 1843
a. Banned slavery in India
• Mohammedan Association, 1855
a. First Muslim organisation in Bengal
b. Objectives -
i. Promote interests of Muslims
ii. Loyalty to British
c. Spread education, and condemned 1857 revolt
• 1857 Revolt
a. Delhi - Bahadur Shah II, General bakht Khan
b. Bareily - General Bakht khan (led Bareilly brigade to Delhi to support
Bahadur Shah Zafar's army), Khan Bahadur
c. Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir
d. Kanpur - Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan
e. Jhansi - Laxmibai
f. Bihar (Jagdishpur) - Kunwar Singh
g. Allahabad - Maulvi Liyakat Ali
h. Gwalior - Tantia Tope
i. Assam - Kandapareshwar Singh, Manirama Datta
• Statutory Civil Services, 1878
a. By Lord Lytton

b. 2 categories of civil services -
i. Covenated - british, higher posts
i. 1/6th of covenated posts for Indians of high families
nominated by local govts
ii. Uncovenated - to facilitate Indian entry, lower posts
c. No open exam
d. Abolished 8 years later -
i. Statutory civil service members had lower status
ii. Aitchison Commission, 1886 recc abolition => recc a 3-tier
classification (imperial, provincial, subordinate)
• Deccan Riots, 1870s
a. After American Civil War ended, Cotton production declined
b. Peasants rose up against moneylenders (Gujarati & Marwari) =>
successful
• Pabna Revolt, 1870s
a. Peasants in Pabna distt of East Bengal refused to pay enhanced rents to
landlords => agrarian league formed and rent strikes
b. Legal resistance => challenged zamindars in courts
c. Very little violence
• First Indian Factory Act, 1881
a. Children btw 7-12 => work < 9hrs a day
b. Children get 4 holidays a month
c. Proper fencing of dangerous machinery
• Second Indian Factory Act, 1891
a. Weekly holiday to all workers
b. Women - 11 hrs a day
c. Children daily < 7 hrs
d. Hours for men => unregulated
• Both these acts did not apply to British owned tea and coffee plantations
• Congress was against these reforms => since it will hurt Indian capitalist class
o But were in favour of labour reforms in overseas British territories
• Indian Revolutionary Missions

o BENGAL
a. Anushilan Samiti, 1902
i. By Satishchandra Basu, Pramathanath Mitra in Calcutta
ii. Yugantar weekly - Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupender Dutta
b. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti, 1905 - in Swadeshi movt
i. By Ashwini Kumar Dutta
c. Alipore Conspiracy Case, 1908
i. To kill the chief presidency magistrate Kingford of Muzaffarpur
ii. Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra were arrested
iii. CR Das -> took up Alipore Bombing Case

o MAHARASHTRA
• Ramosi Peasant Force, 1879
a. Vasudev Balwant Phadke
• Mitra Mela/Abhinav Bharat Samiti, 1899
a. Initially started as Mitra Mela in 1899, later in 1904 it became Abhinav
Bharat Society (after Mazzini's Young Italy) by Savarkar Brothers in
Nasik, MH
• Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha, 1894 - by Chapekar Brothers
• HRA, 1924
a. By Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen, Pratul Ganguly
• Bharat Naujawan Sabha, 1926
a. In Lahore by Bhagat Singh
• HSRA, 1928
a. By Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev
o ABROAD
• Indian Home Rule Society , 1905
a. India House, London
i. Madanlal Dhingra assasinated Curzon Wylie in 1909
b. By Shyamji Krishna Verma in London
c. Paris Indian Society - branch in Paris
i. Formed by Madam Bhikaji Cama in 1905
ii. Hoisted tricolor flag in International Socialitst Congress in
Stuttgart, 1907
• Indian Independence League, 1907

a. By Taraknath Das
• Ghadar Party, 1913
a. By Lala Hardayal in US and Canada
b. HQ in San Fransisco
c. Komagata Maru incident - Shore Committee
d. Benares Conspiracy - Rash Behari Bose, Sachindranth Sanyal
• Kabul Provisional Govt - Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh
a. To enrol support from Afghan, Russia, Turkey, Japan => for Indian
freedom struggle
b. Did not get formal recognition by any country
c. Formed under Berlin Committee for Indian Independence (part of
Zimmerman Plan)
• Indian Independence League, 1942
a. By Rash Behari Bose in Japan
• Revolutionary Cases

o
• Swadeshi Movement, 1905

a. Officially proclaimed on Aug 7, 1905 in Calcutta Town Hall => INC took up
Swadeshi movt at Banaras Session, 1905 presided by GK Gokhale
b. Calcutta Session, 1906 - Dadabhai Naroji Prez - 4 resolutions
i. Self/Govt Swaraj (used for the first time) <= goal of INC
i. Dominion status
ii. Different meaning for everyone
ii. Swadeshi
iii. 1906 - National Council of Education- education on national lines
iv. Boycott
c. Surat Session, 1907 - Rash Behari Ghosh
i. Congress Split
d. Corps of volunteers or Samitis (in Bengal) => generated political
consciousness among massess
i. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti - by Ashwini Kumar Dutt in Barisal =>
most well known Samiti
e. Imaginative use of traditional festivals
f. Mass participation - students, women (esp urban middle class), lower
middle classes in cities, zamindars
g. NO participation of Muslims (esp peasantry) because of Govt divide and
rule policy
h. Constructive Swadeshi - by Rabindranath Tagore - atma Shakti - village
level self governance
i. Bengal National College - Aurobindo Ghosh
• Reactionary Laws -

a. Seditious Meeting Act, 1907
b. Indian Newspaper Act, 1908
i. Under Lord Minto II
ii. Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 => magistrates
could confiscate press property which published objectionable
material likely to cause incitement or violence
c. Explosive Substances Act, 1908
d. Indian Press Act, 1910
• Passive Resistance Association, 1906

a. By Gandhi in SA => Indians decided not to carry certificate of registration
with fingerprint (as asked by new legislation)
• Muslim League Formed, 1906
a. Shimla deputation, 1906
b. Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca
c. Loyal to crown
d. Supported Bengal partition
e. Separate electorates
• Alipore Conspiracy Case, 1908
a. Khudiram Bose (hanged) & Praful Chaki (suicide) - To kill the chief
presidency magistrate Kingford of Muzaffarpur
b. Tilak supported Khudiram Bose in Kesari => led to his arrest too for 6
years till 1914 in Mandalay (Burma)
c. Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother were arrested => CR Das succesfully
defended Aurobindo Ghosh
• Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909
a. Separate electorates to Muslims
b. Election to non-official members of council
c. Non-official majority in Provincial (but not elected)
d. Satyendra P Sinha - 1st Indian member of Viceroy's executive council
• Vande Mataram Movement, 1909
a. Branch of Swadeshi Movement in Andhra Pradesh
• Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha, 1910

a.
• Delhi Durbar, 1911

a. King George V visited India => Capital transferred to Delhi
b. Bengal Partition revoked by Lord Hardinge
• Shore Committee, 1914
a. Fight for rights of passengers of Komagata Maru
• Berlin Committee, 1915
a. By Virendranath Upadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta and Lala Hardayal
under Zimmerman Plan
b. Mobilised Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to
incite rebellion
• 1915 - Hindu Mahasabha estd
• Home Rule League, 1916
a. 2 Home Rule Leagues-
i. April, 1916 - Tilak in MH (except Bombay), Karnataka, Central
Provinces, Berar
ii. Sept 1916 - Annie Besant in Madras & rest of India (Bombay also)
• Newspapers by Annie Besant - New India, Commonweal
b. Aimed at self-governance within British empire
c. Cooperated with each other and Congress and ML - joined by Motilal
Nehru, Jinnah, Lalaji, Tej Bahadur Sapru
d. India League, London
i. By VK Menon on lines of Home Rule
e. Faded by 1919 -
i. Communal riots

ii. August Declaration, 1917 - by Montague - promised gradual
development of self-governing institutions in India => pacified
moderates => Home Rule League Movt ended
iii. Tilak went abroad
iv. Gandhi entry into freedom struggle scene
• Lucknow Session, 1916

a. AC Majumdar
b. Pherozeshah Mehta & Gokhale - had died
c. Congress moderate extremist merge
d. Lucknow Pact - ML Congress Pact-
i. Joint constitutional demand
ii. Self govt
iii. Salary of secy from India
iv. Separate electorates for Muslims accepted by Congress
• GANDHI
o South Africa
i. Natal Indian Congress, 1894
ii. Passive Resistance Org, 1906
iii. Indian Opinion paper => Hind Swaraj, 1909
iv. Phoenix Farm and Tolstoy Farm
a. Champaran Satyagraha, 1917
i. By Gandhi (+ Rajendra Prasad, Mazharul-Haq, JB Kriplani, Narhari
Parekh)
ii. First civil disobedience of India
iii. Against Tinkathia System
iv. 25% of money taken was compensated
b. Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918
i. Anusuya Sarabhai
ii. First hunger strike
iii. Reasons-
i. Mill workers demand for 50% wage hike
ii. Withdrawal of Plague bonus
iv. Consequences -
i. Wages increased by 35%
ii. Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association, 1920
c. Kheda Satyagraha, 1918-19
i. Drought in 1918 => crops failed in Kheda, Gujarat
ii. Gandhi and Patel => asked farmers not to pay taxes
iii. First Non Cooperation
iv. Consequence -
i. Tax for 1919, 1920 -> suspended

ii. Increased tax rate reduced
d. Rowlatt Satyagraha, 1919
i. Increasing role of peasants, artisans & urban poor
ii. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
Protests Firsts in India

• First Civil Disobedience - Champaran
• Gandhi's first Hungerstrike - Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918
• First Non-cooperation Movt - Kheda Satyagraha
• First Mass Strike - Rowlatt Satyagraha
o Founded by Gandhi
a. Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, 1918
b. Harijan Sevak Sangha, 1932
c. All India Anti-Untouchability League, 1932
d. Passive Resistance Association, 1906
• Women's India Association, 1917

a. By women's rights activists => Annie Besant, Sarojini Naidu, Margaret
Cousins = "Daughters of India"
b. All India Women's Conference, 1927
i. By Margaret Cousins
c. Took active part in political movements
d. Demanded franchise and constitutional rights for women
e. Journal - Stri-Dharma
• Montague Chelmsford Reform, 1919
a. Central subjects demarcated from provincial subjects
b. Provincial DYARCHY => dual governance in provincial subjects
i. Transferred subjects - elected legislative council (70% elected
members)
ii. Reserved subjects – directly under Governor and executive
council => no responsiblilty of legislative council
iii. Legislative council can initiate bill
iv. Can reject budget => but governor can restore it
v. Provinces were allowed to decide whether women could vote in
Provincial elections => but need stringent norms like literacy,
marriage etc
c. Center BICAMERALISM
i. Legislative Assembly – 3 years - 140 members
ii. Legislative Council – 5 years - 60 members
iii. Vote on part of budget
• Majority members chosen by Direct elections

d. Separate electorates for – Sikhs, indian-christians, anglo-indians,
europeans
e. 3 of 6 members of viceroy's executive council => Indians
f. Estd Public Service Commission for the first time
g. Provided for 120 member Chamber of Princes -> to advise Raj on all
matters relating to states and their relationship with Paramount power
• Indian Liberal Association/Indian National Liberal Foundation, 1919

a. By Surendranath Banerjee, PS Sivaswamy, Tej Bahadur Sapru, CY
Chintamani and other liberals => were in favour of accepting 1919 GoI
Act Montague Chelmsford reforms
b.
• Rowlatt Satyagraha, 1919

a. Rowlatt Act => extended Defence of India Act, 1915 (to imprison
individual without trial during WW1) in post WW1 period
b. Gandhi founded Satyagraha Sabha to protest against Rowlatt Act =>
members took pledge to disobey act and thus to court arrest
c. Gandhi also roped in participants of Home Rule League
d. First All-India struggle against British

e. Gandhi asked Satyagrahis not to obey the laws related to prohibited
literature and registration of newspapers
• Jallianwala Bagh, 1919
a. April 9 - meeting to condemn arrest/hanging of Saifuddin Kitchlew &
Satyapal
b. Sarojini Naidu - returned Kaiser-e-hind (for her work during Plague
epidemic in India)
c. Gandhi - returned Kaiser-e-hind (for Boer War)
d. Tagore - renounced knighthood
e. Udham Singh - assasinated Governor Dwyer in 1940
f. Hunter Committee to investigate - 3 English + 3 Indians
i. Did not punish Dwyer
• All India Trade Union Congress , 1920

a. Estd in 1920 => founded by NM Joshi
b. Lala Lajpat Rai was first president of AITUC; Tilak had major role in its
formation
c. Linked capitalism with imperialism => emphasized importance of Working
class
d. AITUC, 1927 => boycotted Simon Commission
• Akali Movement, 1920s
a. Objective of freeing Gurdwaras from control of corrupt mahants
b. Reformers organized into groups of jathas
c. Got control of Golden Temple (Akal Takht) => 175 member committee
elected and known as Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee
(SGPC)
d. Non-violent
e. Cooperated in Non-Cooperation Movt
• Kisan Sabha Movement, 1920
a. By active members of Home Rule League of UP - Gauri Shankar Mishra,
Indra Narain Dwivedi, Madan Mohan Malviya
• Khilafat-NCM, 1920
a. Nagpur Resolution, 1920 - Pres Lala Lajpat Rai
i. Congress entry fee reduced to 4 annas
ii. Provincial congress committee on linguistic basis set up
iii. Gandhi said => if implemented completely, Swaraj would be estd
in 1 year
b. Resolution of NCM passed in Calcutta Session, 1920 under presidency of
Lala Lajpat Rai
c. Mahatma Gandhi founded 'Rashtria Vidyapith" at Ahmedabad
d. Tilak Swaraj Fund, 1921 => announced during NCM by Gandhi as homage
to Tilak
e. Local Struggle

i. Awadh Kisan Movt
ii. Eka Movt - UP
iii. Mopilah Revolt - Malabar
• Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji
iv. Sikh agitation - Akali Movt - to remove corrupt Mahants
• Chamber Of Princes, 1921

a. Merely an advisory body
b. Delhi pact, 1932 => federation as a constitutional demand of princes with
some protections
c.
• Bardoli Resolution of Working Committee of Congress, 1922

a. Withdrawal of NCM after Chauri Chaura
b. Advised peasants to pay their taxes and suspend any offensive activity
c. Urged Congressmen to donate their time to constructive programmes
d. End all picketing etc. => peaceful atmosphere

e. Assured Zamindars that Congress movt is in no way intended to attack
their legal rights
• Nagpur Flag Satyagraha, 1923
a. By Sardar Patel (when Gandhi was in jail)
b. Against law banning raising of Indian flag
• Swaraj Party, 1923
a. Gaya Session, 1922 => Split
i. Pro Changers - Motilal Nehru, CR Das and Hakim Ajmal Khan -
wanted to contest elections
ii. No Changers - Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalachari
- constructive work and opposed council entry
iii. Socialists - JL Nehru, Bose => against both pro and no changers =>
wanted Poorna Swaraj
b. Split group of Congress (contested elections as a separate group within
the Congress party only)
c. Some Members (Pro-Changers) => Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Mohammad
Ali), Ajmal Khan, Pratap Guha Roy
d. Internal Division after death of CR Das in 1925: -
i. Responsivists => cooperated with govt for Hindu interests -
Madan Mohan Malviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, NC Kelkar
ii. Non-Responsivists => Motilal Nehru - withdrew from legislatures
in 1926
e. Merged with Congress in 1930
• Vaikom Satyagraha, 1924
a. Organised by Kerala Provincial Congress Committee against
untouchability and ban on temple entry for harijans
b. K.Kelappan
c. Periyar, Gandhi also took part
• Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case, 1924
a. Against communists which were abhorred by British govt
b. By Communists - NOT HRA
c. MN Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, SA Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta,
Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain => were caught and tried
• HRA, 1924
a. Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal
b. Estd Federal Republic of United States of India
c. Universal Adult Franchise
d. Kakori Robbery, 1925
i. Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Rashan
Singh - hanged
e. HSRA, 1928
i. Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev

ii. Lahore Conspiracy Case, 1928 - Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat
Singh, Rajguru attempt to kill Saunders (lathi charge on Lala Lajpat
Rai)
iii. Bomb on Assembly, 1929
• Self Respect Movement , 1925 in TN
a. EV Ramaswamy Naicker "periyar"
b. Against caste bias of brahmins => Burning of Manusmriti and forced
temple entry
c. Kudi Arasu => journal started by Periyar in 1910
• Communist Party, 1925
a. By MN Roy
• Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha - Bhagat Singh, 1926
a. Open political work among youth, peasants and workers
• Mahad Satyagraha, 1927
a. By Ambedkar => anti-Brahman movt
b. Untouchables were not allowed to use water from common water
sources like tanks
• Business Organisations
a. Indian Merchants' Chamber, 1907
i. Set up in the wake of Swadeshi Movt to represent Indian
Businesses
b. Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India (ASSOCHAM),
1920
i. Inaugrated by Lord Chelmsford
c. FICCI, 1927
i. Estd in 1927 on advice of Gandhi by GD Birla & Purshottam
Thakurdas=> recognised by British govt + Indian public in gen
ii. Representing overall Capitalist class
iii. Effectively intervened in politics also
d. Bombay Plan, 1944-45
i. 8 capitalists of India after WW2, came up with plan to improve
economy of country
ii. Advocated state to play imp role in economy through planning,
controlling and overseeing
iii. Rapid industrialisation and emphasis on heavy capital goods and
basic industries
iv. Significance of social services & Reforms-
i. Education
ii. Land Reform
iii. Cooperatives in finance, marketing, production
• All India States People's Conference, 1927

a. Praja Mandals of states came together
b. Estd 1927 => 700 political workers from the States attended
c. Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari, GR Abhyankar
d. 1939 - JL Nehru was elected President of AISPC
• Simon Commission, 1927 (aka Indian Statutory Commission)
a. 2 volume report in 1930
b. Unionist & Justice Party did not oppose
c. Proposals -
i. Abolition of provincial dyarchy => estd of representative govt at
provinces with autonomy
ii. Rejected parliamentary responsibility at center => Gov gen to
have powers
iii. Separate communal electorates to be retained
iv. NWFP and Baluchistan - local legislatures - and represented at
center
v. Sindh separate from Bombay
vi. Burma separate from India
vii. Indian Army should be Indianised
• Nehru Report, 1928
a. By Motilal Nehru => First major attempt by Indians to draft a
constitutional framework
b. All Party Conference, 1928 => Motilal Nehru
c. Other members - SC Bose, Tej Bahadur Sapru etc
d. Applicable only to British India (not princely states)
e. Delhi Proposals, 1927
i. Muslim leaders met Motilal Nehru to suggest few proposals to be
included in Nehru Report
ii. Proposals -
i. 1/3rd rep of Muslims in central legislature
ii. Joint Electorate => Rep to muslims in punjab and bengal in
proportion to their population
iii. 3 new provinces with muslim majority - Sindh, NWFP,
Baluchistan
o Hindu Mahasabha counter demands
f. Reccs-
i. Dominion status
ii. Linguistic Provinces
iii. Dissociation of state from religion
iv. Rejection of separate electorates => instead demand for joint
electorates with reservation for Muslims in Muslim minority
provinces
v. Protection to cultural & religious interests of Muslims
vi. Universal adult suffrage

vii. 19 FRs - equal rights of women, Universal adult suffrage, right to
form unions
viii. Responsible govt at both center and provinces -> residuary
powers to centre
i. Center headed by Gov Gen appointed by British => but
paid from Indian revenue
• Not accepted by Jinnah => Fourteen Points by Jinnah - demanded

a. Jinnah earlier made 3 amendments to Nehru Report => not accepted
b. Gave 14 points => served as basis of all future agenda of ML
• Independence For India League -
a. Formed by younger sections of Congress - Nehru, Bose
b. Rejected Congress' modified goal of dominion status => demanded
poorna swaraj
c. Left wing element of Congress => socialistic
• Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928

a. Vallabhai Patel
b. Peasants, Guj
c. Bardoli peeps gave him title 'Sardar'
• Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Act 1929
a. Brought in by govt to acquire power to deport 'undesirable' and
'subversive' foreigners => fear of spread of socialist ideas
b. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt - threw bomb in assembly in April 8,
1929 against passage of these bills
• Meerut Conspiracy, 1929
a. Arrest and trial of 29 Indians and 2 Englishmen => for having communist
affiliations
b. No assasination plot or raid involved
c. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru and KN Katju => represented the convicts
• Irwin Declaration, 1929 - clarify that intention of British govt was to facilitate
India attaining Dominion status in future - aka Diwali Declaration
a. Gave NO time limit
• Cunningham Circular, 1930

a. To curb students participation in CDM => shaped freedom struggle in
Assam
• Friends of India Association, 1930
a. By Reginald Reynolds => to make Gandhi's work known to British Public
b. To create public opinion in Britain in favour of India's right to self-
determination
c. Publication - India Bulletin

• Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930
a. Well planned large scale raid by Surya Sen
b. Much role of children and women
c. Indian Republican Army
d. Active role by Kalpana Datta, Beena Das and Preetilata Wadedar
• Delhi Manifesto, 1929
a. Conditions for round table conference -
i. Formulate a consti to implement dominion status
ii. Majority representation to Congress
iii. General amnesty for political prisoners
b. Irwin rejected
• First Round Table Conference, 1930
a. Attended by - Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Princely States, Sikhs,
Parsis, Liberals, Depressed Classes, Justice Party, Indian Christians,
landlords
b. Not attended by - Congress and some prominent business leaders
• Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930
a. Calcutta Session, 1928 => 1 year ultimatum to British to grant dominion
status
b. Lahore Session, 1929 (JL Nehru) => Poorna Swaraj resolution adopted
c. Congress was declared illegal for the 1st time in CDM
d. Salt Satyagraha, 1930
i. 11 demands of Gandhi
ii. Tamil nadu - C. Rajagopalchari
iii. Malabar coast - K. Kelappan (hero of Vaikom Satyagraha)
iv. Dharasana saltworks, Guj - Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, Manilal
(gandhi's eldest son)
v. Orissa - Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri
vi. Bihar - Ambika Kant Sinha
e. Others -
i. No Chowkidari Tax Campaign in Zamindari areas
ii. Non-payment of revenues in Ryotwari areas
iii. Violation of forest laws in Central Provinces
• Indian Civil Liberties Union, 1931
a. By JL Nehru in 1931
b. Providing legal support to nationalists accused of sedition
• Gandhi-Irwin pact, 1931
a. To make Congress attend 2nd RTC
b. DID NOT mark end of CDM -> as it was later resumed after 2nd RTC
c. Gandhi's demands -
i. Release non-violent political prisoners
ii. Repeal salt tax
iii. Can peacefully picket liquour shops

iv. Sea coast people can produce salt for consumption etc
d. Irwin did not accept -
i. Public enquiry into police excesses
ii. Commutation of Bhagat Singh and comrades' death sentence
• Karachi Session, 1931

a. Pres- Sardar Patel
b. Gandhi-Irwin Pact endorsed
c. Resolution -
i. FRs
i. Free speech, press
ii. Form associations
iii. To assemble
iv. Universal adult franchise
v. Free compulsory primary education
vi. Protection to culture, language, script of minorities
• Abolition of untouchability was NOT one of the FR
ii. National Economic Programme
• Communal Award, 1932
a. On recc of Lothian Committee (Indian Franchise Committee) - announced
by British PM Ramsay Macdonald
b. Reserved seats and separate electorates for minorities for 20 years -
i. Muslims - first in 1909
ii. Europeans - 1919
iii. Sikhs - 1919
iv. Indian Christians - 1919
v. Anglo-Indians - 1919
vi. Depressed Classes
vii. Marathas (for some seats in Bombay)
c. 3% reservation for women in all provinces (except NWFP)
d. Labourers
• Poona Pact, 1932
a. Signed by Madan Mohan Malviya (representing Hindus) and Ambedkar
b. Separate electorates repealed
c. Reservation for Dalits in Central and provincial assemblies
d. Education grants of state - due consideration for promotion of education
among depressed classes
e. Gandhi started -
i. All India Anti-Untouchability League, 1932
ii. Harijan weekly, 1933
• Round Table conferences

i. First : Dec 1930 - Jan 1931

▪ Congress boycott
o Gandhi Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact) : Mar 1931
b. Second : Dec 1931

▪ Gandhi (sole rep of Congress), Madan Mohan
Malviya
▪ Lord wellingdon
▪ Deadlock over question of minorities
▪ Gandhi returned and started Phase 2 of CDM
• Communal Award
• Poona Pact
c. Third, 1932
▪ Congress, Gandhi boycott
▪ Committee for GOI 1935
• Pakistan Declaration, 1933

a. "Now or Never: are we to live or perish forever?"
b. Pamphlet by Chaudhary Rahmat Ali - circulated to delegates of 3rd
Round table conference
• Congress Nationalist Party, 1934
a. By Madan mohan Malviya
b. Opposition to communal award
c.
• Congress Socialist Party, 1934

a. Founded at Bombay by JP Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev, and Minoo
Masani
b. Formed as a party within the Congress
c. Against elections (unlike Swaraj party)

d.
• Lottery Committee - funds for town planning were raised through public
lotteries
70. GoI Act, 1935

a. All India Federation - Princely States too (couldn't be enacted)
b. Federal Executive
i. Federal Dyarchy - Reserved and Transferred subjects
ii. Executive councillors not responsible
c. Federal Legislature
i. Bicameral
ii. Council of states - direct election
iii. Federal Assembly - indirect election (unlike LS direct now)
iv. 20% budget votable
d. Provincial Autonomy

i. Replaced dyarchy
ii. Direct under crown
iii. 60% budget votable
e. Separate Electorates to extended to - Women, Depressed classes, Labour
f. Franchise extended to women
• New Swarajists - want to contest in assembly elections (after GoI, 1935)
71. Faizpur Session, 1936

a. JL Nehru pres
b. First village session
72. All India Kisan Sabha, 1936
a. By Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
b. Inspired by national agrarian programme talks in Faizpur Session of INC,
1936
c. Peasant front of CPI
d. Boycotted Quit India Movement
73. Wardha scheme of Education, 1937
a. Proposed by Gandhi, and endorsed by Zakir Hussain Committee
b. Gandhi gave the idea for Congress' education plan for 6-14 yo
i. Curriculum promotes handicrafts
ii. Focus not only on theory but also on vocational skills
iii. Primary education in vernacular language
iv. Mother tongue (English only after Class VIII)
v. No religious instruction
vi. Flexible curriculum - students and teachers were free to work acc
to interest and equipment
c. Hindu Mahasabha opposed
74. Congress Ministries (1937-39)
a. Result of direct elections introduced by GoI Act, 1935
b. Congress could not make govt in 3 of 11 provinces - Bengal, Punjab, Sindh
c. Measures taken -
i. Tenancy Act in UP, Bihar, Orissa => taking away landlords right
ii. Madras => T. Prakasam committee to review land revenue
d. Resigned in 1939 to protest against India entry into WW2
i. Day Of Deliverance (youm-e-nijat), 1939 - Jinnah called upon
Indian Muslims to celebrate as rival Congress resigned
75. National Planning Committee , 1938

a. Appointed by Congress President Bose in Haripura session
b. Set up under chairmanship of Nehru => to draw up a development plan
for free India
76. Pirpur Committee, 1938

a. By Muslim League => charged Congress for interference with Muslim
religious rites
77. Forward Bloc, 1939
a. SC Bose => new party within Congress
b. After differences with Gandhi in Tripuri Session of 1939
78. INA
a. Conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of British army
during WW2
b. Indian PoW were handed by Japanese to Mohan Singh who recruited
them to INA
c. Phase 2 - 1943 => SC Bose arrival in Singapore
i. Setup Provisional Indian Govt - Oct 1943
ii. Battle of Kohima, 1944 - "stalingrad of the East" - decisive British
victory over Japan
79. Pakistan Resolution/Lahore Resolution, 1940
a. March 1940 => Creation of Separate state for Muslims
80. August Offer, 1940
a. By Lord Linlithgow to get cooperation of India in WW2
b. Proposals -
i. Dominion Status
ii. Expansion of viceroy executive council => majority of indians
iii. Immediate setting up of Constituent Assembly after war (mainly
Indian)
iv. No future consti without consent of minorities
c. Congress rejected
d. Jinnah : - consent yes but partition only solution
81. Individual Satyagraha, 1940
a. Result of August Offer of Linlithgow
b. Individual/limited satyagraha by a few individuals in every locality -
i. Freedom of speech against WW2 - anti-war declaration
ii. And spread the message if not arrested, by walking towards Delhi
- Delhi Chalo
c. Gave British govt opportunity to peacefully accept Indian demands
d. Vinoda Bhave - first to offer satyagraha and JL Nehru second, Brahma
Dutt third
82. Cripps Mission, 1942
a. Aim to secure active cooperation of Indians in WW2
i. Japanese threat
ii. Allied pressure
b. Promised Dominion status and a constitution making body (all Indian
members) after the war

c. After end of war, commission would be appointed to demarcate Muslim
majority distt and then plebiscite (including Non-Muslims) on basis of
adult suffrage
d. Acceptance of consti if-
i. Will of provinces to join union => can secede and have own consti
ii. Safeguard of religious and social minorities
e. Gov-Gen post will remain - Defence in hands of British
f. Rejected all-round. By Congress, Muslim League, Hindu mahasabha
g. JL Nehru and Maulana Azad => represented Congress
h. Gandhi called it "a Post Dated Cheque"
83. Quit India Movement
a. Muslims => not much support. No hostility either
b. Main participants - Gandhi, Rammanohar Lohia, JP Narayan, Aruna Asaf
Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju patnaik, Sucheta Kriplani
c. Spontaneous and violent - Do or Die Call
d. No communal violence
e. Gandhi asked people to -
i. Govt servants => declare allegiance to Congress, but don't resign
ii. Soldiers => refuse to fire on their own people, but not leave their
posts
iii. Princes => to accept sovereignty of their own people
iv. Peasant => support Nationalist Zamindars
f. Spread to north, south and west India
g. Aug 9, 1942 => all top Congress leaders arrested => movt became
leaderless
h. Groups that did not join =>
i. Communists (CPI)
ii. Muslim league
iii. Hindu Mahasabha
iv. Princely states
i. Underground Radio by Usha Mehta
j. Karnataka Method - violent and underground activities by farmers at
night (farmed during the day, revolution at night)
k. Parallel Govts-
i. Jatiya Sarkar, Tamluk (WB)
i. Armed organisation in Midnapore, Bengal by Satish
Chandra Samanta
ii. Undertook -
a. Cyclone relief work
b. Gave grants to school
c. Organised armed vidyut vahini
d. Bhagini Sena - women volunteers
e. Setup arbitration courts

f. Distributed surplus paddy to poor
ii. Prati Sarkar, Satara (MH)
i. By YB Chavan, Nana Patil
ii. Village libraries, Gandhi marriages (frugal marriage
without showoff and inviting untouchables), Nyayadan
Mandals
iii. Ballia, UP
i. By Chittu Pandey
ii. Released many Congress leaders
84. Bengal Famine, 1943
a. Reasons-
i. Diverting food for army
ii. Rice imports stopped from Burma & Southeast Asia
iii. Mismanagement, profiteering, Hoarding
iv. Refugee influx from Burma
85. Rajagopalachari Formula, 1944

a. For Congress-League cooperation - to solve ongoing consti crisis
b. Supported by Gandhi => Gandhi and Jinnah held talks on basis of Rajaji
Formula in 1944
c. Implicitly accepted demand for Pakistan
d. Opposed by Hindu Mahasabha, National Liberal Federation, Sikhs
e. Points-
i. League to endorse Congress demand for independence
ii. NW and NE pop to decide by plebiscite whether or not to form
separate state -> all people in muslim majority areas will vote =>
ML said that only Muslims will vote
iii. If partition - common center for defence, commerce, comms
f. Jinnah opposed, wanted-
i. Muslims of NW and NE to vote in plebiscite, not all pop
ii. Congress to accept 2 Nation theory
iii. Opposed idea of common center
86. Desai-Liaquat Pact, 1945
a. By Bhulabhai Desai of Congress and Liaquat Ali Khan of ML => formation
of interim government at center
b. Proposed -
i. Equal representation from Congress and ML in central legislature
=> and ML would drop demand for pakistan
ii. 20% reservation of minorities (SCs and Sikhs)
c. Not formally endorsed by either ML or Congress
d. NO Conlusion
87. Wavell Plan, 1945
a. At Shimla Conference -

i. Viceroy's executive council to have all indian members (EXCEPT
Viceroy and commander-in-chief)
ii. Viceroy will still have power to veto (but minimal use) => on
advice of COM
iii. Equal representation of both caste Hindus and Muslims in
Viceroy's Executive Council
b. Initially Congress agreed
c. Failed because differences btw ML and INC -
i. Jinnah said only ML members could represent Muslims
d. League got virtual veto => position strengthened
88. INA Trials, 1945
a. Public Trial of INA PoW who sided with Japanese
b. Red Fort Trial (Nov 1945 - May 1946)
c. 3 prisoners -
i. Hindu - Prem Sehgal
ii. Muslim - Shah Nawaz Khan
iii. Sikh - Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon
d. Support from all sections - Fund collection etc
i. Congress lawyers - Nehru, Katju, Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur
Sapru
ii. Muslim League
iii. Unionists
iv. Hindu Mahasabha etc
89. Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946
a. In Bombay in feb, 1946 => HMIS Talwar => rebellion by Naval Ratings
b. Led by BC Dutt
c. Protest against -
i. Poor quality of food
ii. Racial discrimination
iii. Abuse by superior officers
iv. Arrest of rating for scrawling 'Quit India' on HMIS Talwar
d. Mutiny came to end with intervention by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
90. Elections
a. In winters of 1945-46
b. fCongress -
i. 57/102 seat in central Provinces
ii. 91% Non-muslim votes
iii. Majority in most provinces except - Bengal, Sindh, Punjab
91. Cabinet Mission, 1946
a. To negotiate the setting up of a national govt and to set into motion a
machinery for transfer of power
b. Proposals-
i. Pakistan demand => Rejected

ii. Formation of Constituent Assembly
iii. Federation of provinces and princely states => Common center
controlling defence, foreign affairs and communications i.e. Weak
Center
iv. Grouping of provinces into Sections (A,B,C)
v. Federal structure - provinces have full autonomy and all
Residuary powers with provinces
vi. 3 tier executive and legislative structure - Union, Sectional and
Provincial
vii. Indian right to cede from Commonwealth
viii.
c. Plan was initially accepted by Muslim League and INC both => later
Congress opposed grouping of provinces on basis of religion
92. Atlee's Statement, 1947
a. Feb 20, 1947
b. Deadline fixed of June 30, 1948 for transfer of power
93. Mountbatten Plan, 1947
a. June 3, 1947
b. Initially Dickie Bird Plan - provinces be declared independent successor
states and then be allowed whether to join constituent assembly or not
=> Nehru opposed this plan => said it would lead to "Balkanisation of
India"
c. Then Mountbatten came up with another plan called "June 3 Plan" : aka
Mountabtten Plan - for both countries =>
i. Partition (1st time mentioned)
i. 2 Dominions
ii. 2 Consti Assemblies

ii. Autonomy
iii. Sovereignty
iv. Right to make consti
d. Provisions
i. Punjab & Bengal -> vote for Partition
ii. NWFP & Sylhet(distt of Bengal) -> referendum
iii. Boundary Commission was estd under Radcliffe
iv. Ruled out independence of Princely states -> have to join either
India or Pakistan
v. Etc…
e. Plan put into action by Indian Independence Act 1947
94. India Independence Act, 1947
a. For implementing June Plan & Atlee's statement
b. Creation of India & Pakistan
95. Dixon Plan, 1949

a. Members nominated by India and Pakistan and 3 others
b. Meant to divide J&K btw India and Pakistan
i. Ladakh to India
ii. POK to Pakistan
iii. Jammu split
iv. Plebiscite in Kashmir valley
v. River Chenab => natural boundary
c. Opposed by both
96. Nehru-Liaqat Pact, 1950
a. Aka Delhi Pact - to provide framework for treatment of minorities in the
two countries


MIH Gen &amp; Timeline

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MIH Gen &amp; Timeline

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MODERN INDIAN HISTORY Gen & Timeline

b. 1608 - Jehangir gives Farman to English Capt. William Hawkins

• Regional Kingdoms Summary

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

a. 1st war (1746-48) - Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, 1748

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

b. Ranjit Singh united 12 misls

• Education (18th century)

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• National Social Conference, 1887

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Indian Revolutionary Missions

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Swadeshi Movement, 1905

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Passive Resistance Association, 1906

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Delhi Durbar, 1911

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Lucknow Session, 1916

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Protests Firsts in India

• Women's India Association, 1917

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Indian Liberal Association/Indian National Liberal Foundation, 1919

• Rowlatt Satyagraha, 1919

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• All India Trade Union Congress , 1920

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Chamber Of Princes, 1921

• Bardoli Resolution of Working Committee of Congress, 1922

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• All India States People's Conference, 1927

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Not accepted by Jinnah => Fourteen Points by Jinnah - demanded

• Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928

• Cunningham Circular, 1930

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• Karachi Session, 1931

• Round Table conferences

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

o Gandhi Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact) : Mar 1931

b. Second : Dec 1931

• Pakistan Declaration, 1933

• Congress Socialist Party, 1934

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

70. GoI Act, 1935

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

• New Swarajists - want to contest in assembly elections (after GoI, 1935)

71. Faizpur Session, 1936

75. National Planning Committee , 1938

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020

MIH Gen & Timeline

MIH Gen & Timeline