Review for the 2nd Long Exam

GEC 14
Mathematics in the Modern World

Department of Mathematics
College of Science
Bicol University

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Quiz

1) A consumer group has tested a sample of 8 size-D batteries

from each of 3 companies. The results of the tests are shown in
the following table. According to these tests, which company
produces batteries for which the values representing hours of
constant use have the smallest standard deviation?

Company Hours of constant use per battery

EverSoBright 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3, 7.5, 9.3
Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2
Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5

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 2) A data set has a mean x̄ = 212 and a standard
deviation of 40. Find the z-score for each of the
following.
a. 200 b. 300

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 3) Kevin scored at the 65th percentile on a test
given to 9840 students. How many students scored
lower than Kevin?

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 4) Find the mean, median, and mode(s) if any, for
the given data.

8, 3, 3, 17, 9, 22, 19

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 5) Find the range of the following data.

5.2, 11.7, 19.1, 3.7, 8.2, 16.3

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True or False

• The median is also considered as the 50th

percentile.

• A z-score of -1.5 for a data value y means that

y is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean.

• The mean is the data value that occurs most

frequently in a given data set.

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True or False

• The mode is the middle number of a ranked

data set.

• The variance of a data set is always greater

than the standard deviation.

• The 50th percentile is also the second quartile,

Q2.

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 Orland obtained the following grades last semester. Compute
for his general weighted average (GWA).

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 A test involving 380 men ages 20 to 24 found that their blood
cholesterol levels had a mean of 182 mg/dl and a standard
deviation of 44.2 mg/dl. The z-score for one man was -1.58.
What was his blood cholesterol level?

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 Find the first, second, and third quartiles of the following data
obtained from 15 samples. 12, 13, 11, 11, 23, 16, 21, 18, 20,
14, 17, 19, 21, 15, 10.

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Box-Whisker Plots

A box-and-whisker plot (sometimes called a box plot) is

often used to provide a visual summary of a set of data. A
box-and-whisker plot shows the median, the first and third
quartiles, and the minimum and maximum values of a data set.

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Normal Distribution
One of the most important statistical distributions of data is
known as a normal distribution. A normal distribution forms a
bell-shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical line through
the mean of the data.

Example:
This is a graph of a normal distribution with a mean of 5.

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Properties of a Normal Distribution

Every normal distribution has the following properties.

• The graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the
mean of the distribution.
• The mean, median, and mode are equal.
• The y -value of each point on the curve is the percent
(expressed as a decimal) of the data at the corresponding
x-value.
• Areas under the curve that are symmetric about the
mean are equal.
• The total area under the curve is 1.

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Empirical Rule for a Normal Distribution
In a normal distribution, approximately
 68% of the data lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
 95% of the data lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
 99.7% of the data lie within 3 standard deviations of the
mean.

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The Standard Normal Distribution

If the original distribution of x

values is a normal distribution,
then the corresponding
distribution of z-scores will also
be a normal distribution. This
normal distribution of z-scores is
called the standard normal
distribution. The standard
normal distribution is the
normal distribution that has a
mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.

Please see the scanned copy of the table of values for the area under the standard normal curve.

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Area Under the Standard Normal Curve

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Normal Distribution Exercises
1. Humans are, on average, taller today than they were 200 years
ago. Today, the mean height of 14-year-old boys is about 65 in.
Use the following relative frequency distribution of heights of a
group of 14-year-old boys from the 19th century to answer the
following questions.

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Exercises

a. What percent of the group of 19th-century boys was

at least 65 in. tall?
b. What is the probability that one of the 19th-century boys
selected at random was at least 55 in. tall but less than 65
in. tall?

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 2. In a normal distribution, what percent of the data lie
a. within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
b. more than 1 standard deviation above the mean?
c. between 1 standard deviation below the mean and 2 standard
deviations above the mean?

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 3. Find the area, to the nearest thousandth, of the standard
normal distribution between the given z-scores.
a. z = 0 and z = 1.5
b. z = 0 and z = −1.85

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 4. Find the area, to the nearest thousandth, of the indicated
region of the standard normal distribution.
a. The region where z > 1.3
b. The region where z < −0.38

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The Standard Normal Distribution, Areas, Percentages,
and Probabilities

In the standard normal distribution, the area of the

distribution from z = a to z = b represents

 the percentage of z-values that lie in the interval

from a to b.

 the probability that z lies in the interval from a to b.

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 5. A highway study of 8000 vehicles that passed a checkpoint
found that their speeds were normally distributed with a mean of
61 mph and a standard deviation of 7 mph.
a. How many of the vehicles had a speed of more than 68 mph?
b. How many of the vehicles had a speed of less than 40 mph?

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Linear Regression

How two variables are related?

w
w


Linear Regression
- use linear equation to model the relationship
between two variables

Note: Data involving two variables are called bivariate data.

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Least-Squares Regression Line

Goal: To find the line that fits the data better than any other
line that might be drawn.
w
w


line of best fit or least-squares regression line

The least-squares regression line for a set of bivariate data

is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the
vertical deviations from each data point to the line.

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Formula for the Least-Squares Line

The equation of the least-squares line for the n ordered pairs

(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ), ..., (xn , yn )

is ŷ = ax + b , where
P P P
n xy − ( x)( y )
a= P P and b = ȳ − ax̄.
n x 2 − ( x)2

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Linear Correlation Coefficient

To measure the strength of a linear relationship between two

variables, we use the linear correlation coefficient, which is
denoted by the variable r and is defined as follows.

For the n ordered pairs (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ), . . . , (xn , yn ),

the linear correlation coefficient r is given by
P P P
n( xy ) − ( x)( y )
r=p P P p P P
n( x 2 ) − ( x)2 · n( y 2 ) − ( y )2

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Linear Correlation Coefficient

Note: The linear correlation coefficient is denoted by r .

• positive r =⇒ positive correlation

If one variable increases, the other variable also
tends to increase.

• negative r =⇒ negative correlation

If one variable increases, the other variable
tends to decrease.

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Linear Regression and Correlation - Exercises
Given the bivariate data:

a. Draw a scatter diagram for the data.

P P P 2 P 2 P
b. Find n, x, y, x , ( x) , and xy .

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 x 2 , ( x)2 , and
P P P P P
b. Find n, x, y, xy .

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 c. Find a, the slope of the least-squares line, and b, the
y -intercept of the least-squares line.
d. Draw the least-squares line on the scatter diagram from a.
P P P
n xy − ( x)( y )
a= and b = ȳ − ax̄.
n x − ( x)2
P 2 P

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 e. Is the point (x̄, ȳ ) on the least-squares line?
f. Use the equation of the least-squares line to predict the value
of y when x = 3.4.

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 g. Find, to the nearest hundredth, the linear correlation
coefficient.
P P P
n( xy ) − ( x)( y )
r=p P p P
n( x 2 ) − ( x)2 · n( y 2 ) − ( y )2
P P

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Exercise #1

There are 364 first year students in the Institute of

Mathematics. If there are 26 more females than males, how
many females are there?

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Exercise #2

What is the 44th decimal digit in the decimal representation of

1 1
? Note that = 0.09090909...
11 11

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Exercise #3

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Exercise #3

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Exercise #4

A room measures 12 feet by 15 feet. How many 3-foot by 3-foot

squares of carpet are needed to cover the floor of this room?

*students’ outputs

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Exercise #4

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Exercise #5

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Exercise #5

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Exercise #5

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 X Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy
• Understand the problem
• Devise a plan
• Carry out the plan
• Review the solution

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 X Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean
• Median
• Mode

X Measures of Dispersion
• Range
• Standard Deviation
• Variance

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 X Measures of Relative Position
• z-score
• Percentiles
• Quartiles

X Normal Distribution
• Properties of a Normal Distribution
• Standard Normal Distribution

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 X Linear Regression and Correlation
• Least-squares regression line
• Linear correlation coefficient
• Positive vs negative correlation

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 Thank you very much! :)
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