ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

SAWLA CAMPUS
Department of Automotive Engineering
Automotive Electrical and Electronics System
COURSE CODE – AEng3172
INDIVIDUAL- ASSIGNMENT
NAME ID NO
YOHANIS AGUMASE……………………………..NSR/2559/12

Sumited to mr.Mussa D
1.Draw firing diagram according to the following firing orders of four stroke engine using
1.1 2 4 5 3 –five-cylinder engine
2.1 2 5 6 4 3-six-cylinder engine
3.1 6 3 5 4 7 2 8-eight—cylinder engine
1.
FO STROKE

1 P E I C
2 C P E

4 C P I
5 I I C P E
3 E E I C P
144 288 432 576 720

2.
FO STROKE

1 P E I C
2 C P E I
5 C P E I
6 I C P E
4 E I C P
3 E I C P
120 240 360 480 600 720

3.
 FO STROKE

1 P E I C
6 C P E I
3 C P E I
5 C P E I
4 I C P E
7 E I C P
2 E I C P
8 E I C P
90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

2.Define the purpose of multifunctional/dimmer switch and explain head lump system with
sketch ?
A dimmer switch is an electrical switch which turns off the full beam of a headlamp and turns
on the low beam.
Controls on the panel to the driver's left are for emergency flasher and headlamp dimmer switch.
A dimmer switch is used for changing headlamps from high beam to low beam.
The dimmer switch is connected in series within the headlamp circuit and controls the current
path for high and low beams.
Multi-Function Switch
Robust design and high grade materials meet the stringent demands of today's service
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equipment ignition products, we maintain complete quality control throughout the manufacturing
process from componentry to finished product.
What Does a Multifunction Switch Control?
Or rather, what does a multifunction switch control? The multifunction switch has various
functions, the most important of which is controlling the turn signals. But that’s not all this
switch does. Modern cars have additional features that the multifunction switch also controls.
These include
The high beam headlights
The fog lights
The windshield wipers
The horn
The multifunction turn signal switch is responsible for operating all these functions. In some
cars, the switch may also control other features such as cruise control, headlight dimmer, and
lane change signals. How Does a Multifunction Switch Work?
Now that we’ve seen what the multifunction switch does, let’s take a look at how it works. To
help you understand the switch’s operation, let’s first see the parts that make it. The typical
multifunction switch assembly has the following components.
The switching mechanism, including the canceling cams
The switching lever/stalk
The wiring system
The switching assembly is the heart of the multifunction turn signal switch. It’s a set of
electromechanical switches that are activated when the multifunction lever is moved. These
switches complete or break electrical circuits to operate various car functions.
The switching lever is what you see and use to operate the multifunction switch. The lever is
connected to the switching assembly and moves it when operated.
The wiring system is a set of electrical wires and connectors that provide power to the switch and
carry electrical signals from the switch to the car computer.
Diagram of multifunction/dimmer circuit
Headlights are one of the most essential parts of the car when driving down a dark and dingy
road. It helps to light the road ahead, warns the oncoming traffic about your presence, and does
much more. Headlight technology has come a long way from Carbide lamps used in the early
days of cars to laser lights of the modern era. There are numerous types of headlights that are
being used by manufacturers. Today, we list down five main types that are being mostly used:-

Halogen
Halogen headlights are the most widely used type of headlights that you will find in almost every
car. A halogen bulb works by sending electricity through the tungsten filament placed in a glass
capsule filled with halogen gas. The gas is extremely heat resistant, and so, the filament, once
supplied with electric current, begins to heat and glow. This is the reason that the light that
halogen bulbs emit is yellow.
Halogen bulbs are not very efficient–a lot of energy is wasted as heat. As a result, the light throw
is just around 100 metres.
Xenon or HID
High-intensity discharge(HID) or Xenon headlight is a bit similar to CFL (compact fluorescent
light) bulbs that we used to use in our homes. There is no filament required in Xenon headlights.
Instead, it works by creating a high voltage area between two electrodes. The remaining space is
filled with Xenon gas. These types of bulbs take a bit of a time to reach their maximum
brightness because they need some time to heat up. But once they reach their peak brightness,
they emit a bluish-white light. Because they take a bit of time to warm up, the Xenon headlights
are used in conjunction with some other type
of headlight, which is used as a high beam.
HID headlights are a lot powerful and brighter than the conventional halogen headlamps and
have a throw of around 200 to 250 metres.
LED
Light-emitting diodes or LEDs as they are popularly known, work by flowing electricity through
light-emitting diodes. The process of LEDs is relatively simple and they don’t need any warm-up
time and there is almost no heat emitted. They are the most energy-efficient and produce bright
light. They are easy to retrofit to any headlamp and light up instantly.
One more advantage is that you can use them in different ways, shapes and they can throw light
up to 300 metres. You must have seen the LED technology on premium cars that make various
shapes through the use of LEDs.
Matrix
Matrix lights are also known as pixel lighting. Many different individual LEDs are used to make
a headlight, and all of them are independently controlled. A camera is mounted
behind the inside rearview mirror, which can detect the headlight and taillight of cars. When the
system detects a vehicle, it turns off the individual LED so that the driver of other cars is not
dazzled. So, the headlights do not project the light vertically as well as horizontally on vehicles.
This way,a driver can use high beam headlights even if there is oncoming traffic.

Head light circuit

3.Explain ignition key switch and indicate its terminal with sketch ?
The ignition switch is a more complex electrical component that has to “read” anti-theft coding
in the key before it will activate electrical systems in the vehicle so the vehicle can start or allow
an automatic transmission to be shifted out of Park. On vehicles with push-button start, the
ignition switch has to recognize the anti-theft code transmitted by the key fob before it will allow
the engine to start. If nothing happens when the key is turned in the ignition lock or no dashboard
lights come on when it’s turned to the On position, those are signs that an ignition switch has
failed or there’s a the ignition switch, lock cylinder and keys.
problem with the wiring from the switch to the starter or other electrical components. Those
could also be signs of other problems, such as a failed starter motor or a dead battery. Another
potential issue is that a heavy key ring can cause wear on the lock cylinder and the ignition
switch, allowing the switch to turn to the Off position when a car hits a bump or pothole,
disabling the power-steering, air bags and other systems. That’s what led to General Motors
recalling 2.6 million vehicles in 2014 to replace
How Does A Car's Key Ignition Work?
The key ignition of an automobile serves two purposes: It ensures that only the person who
carries the keys can start the car and drive it away, and it not only starts the engine but activates
all the other electronic and mechanical systems in the vehicle. The same key also often gives
access to the trunk and perhaps even a lockable glove box.While some cars now use keyless
ignition, car keys are still used for a majority of the new cars in the world. Keys are now usually
symmetrical, so that drivers can insert them either way--unlike most house keys, for example.
As the key slides into the slot, it pushes a set of tumblers in the ignition into a precise pattern to
allow the key to be rotated to close the ignition circuit. That circuit then delivers power to the
starter motor, which turns the engine so the spark plugs can fire and the engine operates.
These switches typically have four terminals with the labels:
BATT (battery). A thick red wire that is always energized usually connects here.
IGN (ignition input). This is the primary terminal that controls your vehicle's ignition and other
electronics. It may be connected with a yellow or red wire.
ST (starter). This terminal connects to the starter solenoid.
It may have a brown or yellow wire.
ACC (accessory). This terminal sends power to the accessories on your car, such as the lights,
radio, and windshield wipers. It usually has a purple wire
4. . Write the components for each of the following, turn signal, hazard signal, clearance
light,backup light and headlight?
Turn Signals
Your car is equipped with turn signal lights on its four corners. On the inside of your car, these
turn signals usually appear as green arrows facing the direction of the intended turn
On most cars, the turn signal lever is located to the left of the steering wheel. Shifting the lever
up indicates a right turn and shifting it down indicates a left turn. Your turn signal should turn off
after a turn or a lane change, but if it does not, you should turn it off manually, as soon as
possible
Components:1 fuse2 turn signal switch3 flasher unit4 turn signal bulbs5 indicator bulbs6 related
wiring
Hazard light
Hazard warning lights are a pair of intermittent flashing indicator lights that flash in unison to
warn other drivers that the vehicle is a temporary obstruction. They are also called hazard
flashers and hazard lights. Different countries use hazard warning lights in different ways.
1Hazard lights1 switch2 flasher3 turn signal lamps4 related wiring5 When the switch is closed,
current flows through the emergency flasher, causing all turn signals to flash
Clearance light
Trucks over 80 inches wide are required to run clearance lights on the front and back. Clearance
lights alert other drivers of the extreme width of the truck. Clearance lights on the front of the
truck should be yellow, while the lights on the rear should be red. Note: The rear clearance lights
must be separate indicators from the tail lights.
components of clearance
1 bulb 2 socket 3 wiring
4 reflector 5 Lens

Backup light
The backup/reverse light is truly more useful than you think! It lights up when you engage the
reverse gear of the car. This offers a signal to the vehicle that is coming from behind that you are
just about to reverse the car. In the same manner, as hazard lights, the backup light is also
tailored to be a signal for other vehicles, helping in averting major mishaps or accidents. Simply
imagine that the vehicle right behind you does not have any conception that you are just about to
reverse your car and it will keep hurling towards you. This will naturally lead to an accident right
away.
Components:1 fuse2 brake light switch3 rear lamps4 related wiring
 HEAD LIGHT
A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to illuminate the road ahead. Headlamps
are also often called headlights, but in the most precise usage, headlamp is the term for the
device itself and headlight is the term for the beam of light produced and distributed by the
device.
Head light components:1 battery2 headlamp wiring 3 fuse panel4 light switch5 dimmer
switch6 headlamps, taillights, marker lights and instrument lights

5.Explain with sketch the purpose of relay and flasher unit.

What are the uses of a relay in car?
Relays are frequently utilized in circuits to lessen the current that flows via the number one
control switch. An enormously low amperage switch, timer, or sensor may be used to show a
miles better potential relay on and stale. Another number one use for relays is while upgrading to
halogen headlights on an older car.
The current draw for halogens is an awful lot more than the OEM headlight switches have been
designed to carry, thereby setting extra pressure at the headlight switch. This can cause the
untimely failure of the switch. Another required use for relays is while you’re putting in an
electric-powered cooling fan. If you twine directly, without a relay, all the extra strain from the
fan can be positioned at the switch, mainly once more to early failure
Components of Automotive Relays All relays have identical number one additives however a
few types can also additionally incorporate extra components relying on their functions on
applications. Below are the most important additives as a way to be located on all varieties of
relays: Frame – is a field or heavy-obligation body that includes and helps the numerous
components of the relay. Coil – is a twine wounded around a metallic core. It’s the component
that reasons an electromagnetic subject
Armature – is a switching component that opens and closes the contacts. There is a connected
spring that returns the armature to its authentic role .Contacts – it’s the carrying out of a
component that reasons the relay to make (closes) or breaks (opens) a circuit.

How does the wiring of a relay work?

Relays range of their size, potential, and corresponding makes use of. However, even though
they’ll range in those respects, all relays feature in basically the identical way: one circuit is used
to power any other.
The unique way wherein this happens relies upon whether or not the relay is normally open (NO)
or normally closed (NC)
 Relay circuit
Flasher unit
The flasher unit, often called “flasher relay”, controls the flashing impulse of the vehicle’s
flasher. A defect of the flashing light is signalized by a change of the flashing frequency of the
indicator lamps. When towing a trailer, the original flashing unit normally is replaced by a
flashing unit with C2 function, and an additional indicator lamp is installed in the combination
instrument.
When exchanging the flasher unit, the connecting panel of the original flasher unit has to be
considered. Three different models are common in the market (European, Japanese and French
connecting panel).
There are two basic types of flasher unit. One is operated by a piece of wire or a bimetallic
strip which
expands and contracts as it is heated by the current ; the other is a relay operated by a
transistorised circuit .The first type is easy to locate if it is working at all because of the clicking
sound it makes. To check whether it is faulty, use a circuit tester or test lamp in the way
described below. The transistorized type does not make a clicking sound, and cannot be checked
with a circuit tester. It can be damaged by a short circuit .The only way to determine if a
transistor rised type is faulty is by eliminating all the other components in the circuit.
6.Draw headlight and tail light circuit including the ignition key switch and dimmer switch
7.Draw turn signal, hazard lamp and brake light control circuit

8.What does it mean aiming head light ? Explain with a sketch…….

Properly configuring your vehicle’s high beam headlights is essential for safe driving. Taking the
right steps to adjust them appropriately can guarantee maximum visibility on roads and promote
a secure driving experience. Follow our step-by-step guidelines for how to aim headlights
properly when installing driving beams or high beam only
headlights.
We recommend that headlights are aimed with a headlight aiming system for proper alignment.
If you are not familiar with the legal requirements for aiming headlights, please see a
professional service provider.
How to Aim Headlights—Before Installation
1. Vehicle is being aimed on a level surface.
2. All tires are properly inflated.
3. Vehicle is at normal driving height (applicable to listed vehicles).
NOTE: If a lift kit is added or removed from the vehicle, headlights MUST be AIMED AGAIN.
Required Supplies:
Tape or chalk to mark lines Corresponding tools for your vehicle's aiming mechanism
Optional Supplies:
Laser level to expedite the aiming process and will help to increase accuracy in aiming

Wiper Motor

The wiper motor is one part of the wiper system that is useful for moving the wiper
automatically. The commonly used wiper motor utilizes a magnet with a reduction gear. There
are at least 2 types of wiper motors that can cause magnetic fields, namely the ferrite magnet
type which uses permanent magnet ferrite, and the wound rotor type which uses a coil to produce
an electromagnet.
The wiper motor that is often used recently is the ferrite magnet type because this type of wiper
has a relatively small size and has lightweight, so it is very suitable to be attached to any type of
car.
Wiper Link
The wiper link is often referred to as the wiper lever which is useful for changing the rotation
motion of the wiper motor into a movement that goes back and forth from the left and right. The
front of the car usually uses a wiper system that uses two blades at once and the mechanism used
to move the two blades using a parallel tandem system.

Wiper Arm
The wiper arm usually consists of a head that is used to tie the wiper arm to the wiper shaft. The
springs will be useful for holding the blade. While the arm piece will be useful for the process of
installing the blade and retainer to hold it completely.
 Wiper Blade
The wiper blade usually consists of a rubber which is useful for cleaning the surface of the car
glass. There is a combination of leaf spring packing with levers and clips to attach the blade to
the wiper arm.
Working mechanism of windshield wiber
This model shows an application of a four-bar mechanism that converts the rotation of an electric
motor into the sweeping motion required for a windshield wiper mechanism. The friction
between the wiper blades and windshield is accounted for in the Bearing Friction component.
The model also features a self-park mechanism that ensures that the wipers return to the parked
position after the switch is turned off. The LEDs in the 3-D visualization window indicate when
the switch is on (above) and when the motor circuit is energized (below).

9. write component of windshield wiper and explain a working mechanism

A windshield wiper is a straightforward part. Yet, it relies on several different components that
work together:

-Windshield wiper motor

-Windshield wiper arm

-Windshield wiper blade

-Windshield washer pump

Wiper Motor

In most cars, you'll find the windshield wiper motor on the firewall in the engine compartment.
It's a small tube-like motor that connects to the wiper arm. Most vehicles have two windshield
wipers, so they use a linkage to connect the wiper arms. When you turn on the wipers, you kick
the following events into motion:

-The switch sends a signal to the wiper motor via the fuse and sometimes a relay.

-The motor starts running at the speed set by the switch.

-The windshield wiper arm is connected to the motor. When the motor is activated, the wiper
arm starts moving back and forth. In doing so, it pulls the blade across the windshield.
 Wiper Arm

The wiper arm serves as the connection between the motor and the blade. It's a long stick-like
part that:

Pivots on one end (the end that connects to the wiper motor)

Connects to the wiper blade on the other end

The wiper arm is a long plastic arm with connections at both ends. Sometimes the arm is made of
plastic and metal, and some arms have joints that enable the arm to flex. Each Mazda model
comes with wiper arms that are designed to work with the car's windshield. Wiper arms go
through extensive testing to make sure they do a good job in all air speed and weather
conditions. If you need to replace your windshield wiper arm, it's important to get one that's
made for your exact Mazda model. A generic arm may lift at higher speeds, creating streaks. Or
worse, not cleaning the window at all. Luckily, it's easy to find the right OEM part number. All
you need to do is look up your Mazda in our catalog of wiper arms.

Wiper Blade

The blade is the part that wipes your windshield. It's a plastic and rubber part that connects to the
wiper arm. The rubber part stays in contact with the windshield at all times. The plastic part
serves as the backing, and it connects to the wiper arm.

When you activate the windshield wipers, the wiper arms drag the blades back and forth across
the windshield. The rubber part wipes the moisture and debris off the windshield. This helps
maintain the driver's visibility.

Wiper blades are the disposable part of the assembly. The rubber part wears out over time.
Depending on how often you use your wiper blades, you should replace them every 6-12 months.

If you're looking for replacement wiper blades, look no further. We're authorized sellers of
genuine OEM Mazda parts, including wiper blades. Look up your Mazda in our catalog of wiper
blades!

Windshield Washer Pump

The windshield washer pump is not attached to the wiper arms, but it works with the wipers.
When you spray windshield washer fluid all over the windshield, the vehicle activates the
wipers. This way, the vehicle cleans the windshield on the road.
The windshield cleaning system is simple. It contains two major components:

Windshield washer fluid reservoir

Windshield washer pump

The reservoir stores the washer fluid. When activated, the pump draws the fluid out of the
reservoir and then sprays it on the windshield. If you're certain that there's washer fluid in the
reservoir, but the fluid isn't being sprayed on your windshield, the pump may be the problem. In
that case, you would need to replace the pump. You'll save a lot of money by ordering a genuine
OEM replacement washer pump from us. We offer wholesale pricing for a variety of OEM
Mazda parts.

Working principle of windshield wiper

Windshield wipers are operated by an electric motor. The electric motor is attached to a worm
gear, which transmits the necessary force to a long rod that sets the wiper arms in motion. The
worm gear is able to generate the force required to move the wipers as fast as they need to move.
The arms move the actual windshield wiper blades. The blades are made of rubber and must
apply enough pressure to the windshield in order to remove all moisture without any streaks. The
arms attach to the middle of each wiper blade, and each wiper blade has several arms that
distribute the pressure onto the windshield evenly. Windshield wipers are basically the same on
every car. They have two pivot points (one on the driver’s side and one in the middle of the
windshield) that work together to remove moisture. This is called the tandem system, and it
provides the most coverage to clean the area of the windshield through which the driver looks
out. There are other systems that are used; these include the single arm system (used on
Mercedes vehicles) in which a single arm (controlled) system extends and retracts as it moves,
and the opposed system that has pivot points on opposite ends of the windshield, and the wipers
move in the opposite direction. Windshield wipers operate at several different speeds. There is
usually a slow and a fast setting, along with several intermittent settings.