MATHS IN FOCUS 11

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 5: Trigonometry

Exercise 5.01 Trigonometric ratios

Question 1

adjacent 5
=cosθ =
hypotenuse 13
opposite 12
=sin θ =
hypotenuse 13
opposite 12
=tan θ =
adjacent 5

Question 2

adjacent 3
=cosβ =
hypotenuse 5
opposite 4
=sin β =
hypotenuse 5
opposite 4
=tan β =
adjacent 3

Question 3

a 2 + b2 =
c2
52 + 7 2 =
c2
74= c= hypotenuse
adjacent 5
=cosβ =
hypotenuse 74
opposite 7
=sin β =
hypotenuse 74
opposite 7
=tan β =
adjacent 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 1

 Question 4

a 2 + b2 =
c2
52 + b 2 =
92
b=
2
9 2 − 52
=b =
56 opposite
adjacent 5
=cos x =
hypotenuse 9
opposite 56
=sin x =
hypotenuse 9
opposite 56
=
tan x =
adjacent 5

Question 5

opposite 4
tan θ
= =
adjacent 3
a 2 + b2 =
c2
42 + 32 =
c2
c = 25
c= 5= hypotenuse
adjacent 3
=cosθ =
hypotenuse 5
opposite 4
=sin θ =
hypotenuse 5

Question 6

adjacent 2
=cosθ =
hypotenuse 3
a 2 + b2 =
c2
22 + b 2 =
32
b=
2
32 − 22
=
b =
5 opposite
opposite 5
tan θ
= =
adjacent 2
opposite 5
=sin θ =
hypotenuse 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 2

 Question 7

opposite 1
=sin θ =
hypotenuse 6
a 2 + b2 =
c2
12 + b 2 =
62
b=
2
62 − 12
=b =
35 adjacent
opposite 1
tan θ =
=
adjacent 35
adjacent 35
=cosθ =
hypotenuse 6

Question 8

adjacent 0.7 7
=
cosθ = 0.7
= =
hypotenuse 1 10
a 2 + b2 =
c2
72 + b2 =
102
b=
2
102 − 7 2
=b =
51 opposite
opposite 51
tan θ
= =
adjacent 7
opposite 51
=sin θ =
hypotenuse 10

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 3

Question 9

a AB 2 + CB 2 =
AC 2
12 + 12 =AC 2
= =
AC 2 hypotenuse
b ∠BCA = ∠BAC (opposite angles in isosceles triangle)
∠BCA + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180°
∠BAC + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180°
2∠BAC + 90= ° 180°
2∠BAC = 90°
∠BAC = 45°
c adjacent 1
=
cos 45° =
hypotenuse 2
opposite 1
tan 45° = = = 1
adjacent 1
opposite 1
=
sin 45° =
hypotenuse 2

Question 10

a BC 2 + AC 2 =
AB 2
12 + AC 2 =
22
AC=
2
22 − 12
AC = 3
b adjacent 3
=
cos30° =
hypotenuse 2
opposite 1
=
tan 30° =
adjacent 3
opposite 1
=
sin 30° =
hypotenuse 2
c adjacent 1
=
cos 60° =
hypotenuse 2
opposite 3
tan 60=
° = = 3
adjacent 1
opposite 3
=
sin 60° =
hypotenuse 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 4

Question 11

a 47° d 77°
b 82° e 52°
c 19°

Question 12

a 47° 13′ d 76° 37′

b 81° 46′ e 52° 30′

c 19° 26′

Question 13

45 21
a 77°45=′ 77 = 77.75° d 68°21=′ 68 = 68.35°
60 60

30 31
b 65°30′ = 65 = 65.5° e 82°31=′ 82 = 82.517°
60 60

51
c 24°51=′ 24 = 24.85°
60

Question 14

32 54
a 59.53°= 59 = 59°32′ d 46.9°= 46 = 46°54′
60 60

14 13
b 72.231°= 72 = 72°14′ e 73.213°= 73 = 73°13′
60 60

53
c 85.887°= 85 = 85°53′
60

Question 15

a sin 39°25′ =
0.635 d sin 68°06′ =
0.928

b cos 45°51′ =
0.697 e tan 54°20′ =
1.393

c tan18°43′ =
0.339

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 5

Question 16

a sin θ = 0.298 d tan θ = 1.056

θ = sin 0.298
−1
θ = tan −1 1.056
θ= 17°20′ θ= 46°34′

b tan θ = 0.683 e cosθ = 0.188

θ = tan −1 0.683 θ = cos −1 0.188
θ= 34°20′ θ= 79°10′

c cosθ = 0.827
θ = cos −1 0.827
θ= 34°12′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 6

Exercise 5.02 Finding a side of a right-angled triangle

Question 1

a opposite f opposite
sin θ° = sin θ° =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
x 5
sin 31°43′ = sin 21°45′ =
12 x
12 × sin 31°43′ =x x × sin 21°45′ =5
=x 6.30862... ≈ 6.3 5
x=
sin 21°45′
b adjacent
cosθ = =x 13.4931... ≈ 13.5
hypotenuse
y g adjacent
cos51°14′ = cosθ =
8.9 hypotenuse
8.9 × cos51°14′ = x 5.4
cos57°27′ =
=y 5.5727... ≈ 5.6 y
y × cos57°27′ = 5.4
c opposite
tan θ = 5.4
y=
adjacent cos57°27′
tan 45°39′ =
b =y 10.0365... ≈ 10.0
3.8
3.8 × tan 45°39′ =b h
tan 71°12′ =
9.6
=b 3.8872... ≈ 3.9 p
p × tan 71°12′ = 9.6
d opposite
sin θ° = 9.6
hypotenuse p=
tan 71°12′
x
sin 29°51′ = =p 3.2681... ≈ 3.3
11.2
11.2 × sin 29°51′ = x i adjacent
cosθ =
=x 5.5745... ≈ 5.6 m hypotenuse
x
e adjacent cos 61°50′ =
cosθ = 10.7
hypotenuse
10.7 × cos 61°50′ =x
m
cos 67°22′ = =x 5.0508... ≈ 5.1 cm
7.6
7.6 × cos 67°22′ = m
=m 2.9247... ≈ 2.9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 7

 j opposite o opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
18.9 3.7
tan 33°42′ = tan 39°47′ =
t y
t × tan 33°42′ = 18.9 y × tan 39°47′ = 3.7
18.9 3.7
t= y=
tan 33°42′ tan 39°47′
=t 28.3393... ≈ 28.3 =y 4.4435... ≈ 4.4 m

k opposite p
tan θ = adjacent
cosθ =
adjacent hypotenuse
x
tan 31°12′ = cos 46°5′ =
14.3
5.4 k
5.4 × tan 31°12′ =x k × cos 46°5′ = 14.3
=x 3.2703... ≈ 3.3 14.3
k=
l opposite cos 46°5′
sin θ° = =k 20.6167... ≈ 20.6 cm
hypotenuse
x
sin 37°22′ = q opposite
tan θ =
4.7 adjacent
4.7 × sin 37°22′ = x
h
=x 2.8524... ≈ 2.9 cm tan 74°29′ =
4.8
4.8 × tan 74°29′ =h
m adjacent
cosθ = =h 17.2887... ≈ 17.3 m
hypotenuse
6.3 r
cos 72°18′ = cosθ =
adjacent
x hypotenuse
x × cos 72°18′ = 6.3
0.45
6.3 cos 68°41′ =
x= d
cos 72°18′ d × cos 68°41′ = 0.45
=x 20.7214... ≈ 20.7 cm
0.45
d=
n opposite cos 68°41′
sin θ° = =d 1.2378... ≈ 1.2 m
hypotenuse
x
sin 63°14′ =
23
23 × sin 63°14′ =x
=x 20.5355... ≈ 20.5 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 8

 s opposite t opposite
sin θ° = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
5.75 17.3
sin19°17′ = tan 6°3′ =
x b
x × sin19°17′ = 5.75 b × tan 6°3′ = 17.3
5.75 17.3
x= b=
sin19°17′ tan 6°3′
=x 17.4115... ≈ 17.4 cm =b 163.2281... ≈ 163.2 m

Question 2

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
2.7
tan 60° =
x
x × tan 60° =2.7
2.7
=x = 1.5588... ≈ 1.6 m
tan 60°

Question 3

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
l
tan 73° =
6.2
6.2 × tan 73° =l
=l 20.2792... ≈ 20.3cm

Question 4

opposite
sin θ° =
hypotenuse
12.8
sin 67° =
x
x × sin 67° =12.8
12.8
=x = 13.9054... ≈ 13.9 m
sin 67°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 9

Question 5

a opposite b adjacent
tan θ = cosθ =
adjacent hypotenuse
DE 6
tan 64°12′ = cos 64°12′ =
6 AE
′
6 × tan 64°12 = DE AE × cos 64°12′ = 6
DE = 12.4115... 6
AE =
DE = 12.4cm cos 64°12′
= DE + CD
CE AE = 13.7857...
= 12.4 + 6
CE AE = 13.8cm
CE = 18.4cm

Question 6

adjacent opposite
cosθ = sin θ° =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
x y
cos 43°36′ = sin 43°36′ =
14.5 14.5
14.5 × cos 43°36′ =x 14.5 × sin 43°36′ = y
x = 10.5004... y = 9.9994...
x = 10.5 cm y = 10.0 cm

Question 7

adjacent
cosθ =
hypotenuse
26
cos56°44′ =
h
′
h × cos56°44 = 26
26
h=
cos56°44′
h = 47.3988...
hypotenuse = 47.4 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 10

Question 8

adjacent
cosθ =
hypotenuse
10.2
cos59°54′ =
h
′
h × cos59°54 = 10.2
10.2
h=
cos59°54′
h = 20.3385...
AC = 20.3 m

Question 9

a opposite c opposite
sin θ° = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
5.3 5.3
sin 46° = tan 46° =
AC AD
AC × sin 46° =5.3 AD × tan 46° =5.3
5.3 5.3
AC = AD =
sin 46° tan 46°
AC = 7.3678... AD = 5.1181...
AC = 7.4 cm AD = 5.1 cm
opposite
b opposite tan θ =
sin θ° = adjacent
hypotenuse
5.3
5.3 tan 54° =
sin 54° = BD
CB BD × tan 54° =5.3
CB × sin 54° =5.3
5.3
5.3 BD =
CB = tan 54°
sin 54° BD = 3.8506...
CB = 6.5511...
BD = 3.9 cm
CB = 6.6 cm
AD + BD = AB
5.1 cm + 3.9 cm =
AB
AB = 9.0 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 11

Question 10

a opposite b opposite
sin θ° = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
6 6
sin 28°23′ = tan 28°23′ =
s o
′
s × sin 28°23 = 6 o × tan 28°23′ = 6
6 6
s= =o = 11.1044... = 11.1 cm
sin 28°23′ tan 28°23′
s = 12.6217... diagonal = 2 × o = 2 ×11.1 cm = 22.2 cm
side = 12.6cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 12

 Question 11

Let intersection where diagonals cross = E

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
AE
tan 57°29′ =
7.9
7.9 × tan 57°29′ =AE
AE = 12.3925...
= 12.4 cm
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
EC
tan 72°51′ =
7.9
7.9 × tan 72°51′ =EC
EC = 25.5998...
EC = 25.6 cm
= AE + EC
AC
= 12.4 cm + 25.6 cm
= 38.0 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 13

Exercise 5.03 Finding an angle in a right-angled triangle

Question 1

a opposite e opposite
tan θ = tan α =
adjacent adjacent
5 4.6
tan x = tan α =
6 5.7
5 4.6
x = tan −1 α = tan −1
6 5.7
x= 39°48′20′′ α= 38°54′14′′
x= 39°48′ α= 38°54′

b adjacent f opposite
cos α = sin β =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
9 6.5
cos α = sin β =
11 8.4
9 6.5
α = cos −1 β = sin −1
11 8.4
α= 35°05′48′′ β= 50°41′ 50′′
α= 35°06′ β= 50°42′

c opposite g adjacent
sin θ = cos x =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
8 3.9
sin θ = cos x =
13 5.5
8 3.9
θ = sin −1 x = cos −1
13 5.5
θ= 37°58′47′′ x= 44°50′20′′
θ= 37°59′ x= 44°50′
d adjacent h opposite
cos α = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
5.9 4.6
cos α = tan θ =
9.3 7.7
5.9 4.6
α = cos −1 θ = tan −1
9.3 7.7
α= 50°37′25′′ θ= 30°51′ 15′′
α= 50°37′ θ= 30°51′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 14

 i opposite m opposite
sin α = sin θ =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
5.8 6.9
sin α = sin θ =
11.7 11.3
5.8 6.9
α = sin −1 θ = sin −1
11.7 11.3
α= 29°43′3′′ θ= 37°38′03′′
α= 29°43′ θ= 37°38′

j adjacent n adjacent
cosθ = cosθ =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
14.9 3
cosθ = cosθ =
21.3 7
14.9 3
θ = cos −1 θ = cos −1
21.3 7
θ= 45°36′38′′ θ= 64°37′23′′
θ= 45°37′ θ= 64°37′

k opposite o opposite
tan α = tan β =
adjacent adjacent
3.8 11.6
tan α = tan β =
2.4 5.1
3.8 11.6
α = tan −1 β = tan −1
2.4 5.1
α= 57°43′27′′ β= 66°16′01′′
α= 57°43′ β= 66°16′

l opposite p adjacent
sin θ = cos α =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
5.7 13
sin θ = cos α =
8.3 15
5.7 13
θ = sin −1 α =cos −1
8.3 15
θ= 43°22′23′′ α= 29°55′35′′
θ= 43°22′ α= 29°56′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 15

 q adjacent s opposite
cos θ = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
4.4 5
cos θ = tan θ =
7.6 3
4.4 5
θ =cos −1 θ = tan −1
7.6 3
θ= 54°37′24′′ θ= 59°02′10′′
θ= 54°37′ θ= 59°02′

r opposite t adjacent
sin α = cos γ =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
8.4 10.3
sin α = cos γ =
14.3 18.9
8.4 10.3
α =sin −1 γ =cos −1
14.3 18.9
α= 35°58′25′′ γ= 56°58′37′′
α= 35°58′ γ= 56°59′

Question 2 Question 3

opposite opposite
sin θ = tan θ =
hypotenuse adjacent
12.3 5.6
sin θ = tan θ =
20 13.7
12.3 5.6
θ =sin −1 θ = tan −1
20 13.7
θ= 37°57′06′′ θ= 22°13′57′
θ= 37°57′ θ= 22°14′

Question 4 Question 5

opposite adjacent
sin θ = cos ∠DAB =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
18 4.5
sin θ = cos ∠DAB =
30 7
18 4.5
θ =sin −1 ∠DAB = cos −1
30 7
θ= 36°52′11′′ ∠DAB = 49°59′41′′
θ= 36°52′ ∠DAB =
50°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 16

Question 6

a AC 2 + DE 2 =
AE 2 b opposite
tan ∠DEA =
7 2 + 92 =
AE 2 adjacent
7
AE = 130 tan ∠DEA =
9
AE = 11.4 cm
7
∠DEA = tan −1
9
∠DEA = 37°52′29′′
∠DEA =37°52′

Question 7

adjacent adjacent
cos β = cos α =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
52 52
cos β = cos α =
74.5 61.3
52 52
β =cos −1 α =cos −1
74.5 61.3
β= 45°44′08′′ α= 31°58′27′′
β= 45°44′ α= 31°58′

Question 8

a opposite b opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
h 13
tan θ = tan θ =
15 6
15 × tan 41 = h 13
θ = tan −1
h = 13.0393... 6
h = 13 m θ= 65°13′29′′
θ= 65°13′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 17

Question 9

a opposite b opposite
tan ∠AED = tan ∠BEC =
adjacent adjacent
5 5
tan ∠AED = tan11°19′ =
1 EC
∠AED = −1
tan 5 EC × tan11°19′ =5
∠AED = 78°41′ 24′′ 5
EC =
∠AED = 78°41′ tan11°19′
∠BEC + ∠AED + ∠AED
= 180° EC = 24.98
180° − ∠AED − ∠AED = ∠BEC EC = 25 cm
∠BEC = 180° − 78°41′ − 90° = EC + DE
DC
∠BEC =° 11 19′ =
DC 25 cm + 1 cm
DC = 26 cm

Question 10

a opposite b opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
w 12.9
tan 39° = tan θ =
15.9 15.9 − 7.4
15.9 × tan 39° = w 12.9
tan θ =
w = 12.8755... 8.5
w = 12.9 m θ = tan −1
12.9
8.5
θ= 56°37′6′′
θ= 56°37′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 18

Exercise 5.04 Applications of trigonometry

Question 1

a g

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 19

Question 2

a i S 35° E c i N 23° W

ii 180° – 35° = 145° ii 360° – 23° = 337°

b i 90° – 10° = 80° d i S

N 80° E ii 180°

ii 080°

Question 3

260° – 180° = 080° (Alternate angles)

Question 4

180° + 30° = 210°

Question 5

360° – 340° = 20° (360°)

180° – 20° = 160°

Question 6

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 42°12′ =
11.5
11.5 × tan 42°12′ =h
h = 10.4275...
h = 10.4 m

Question 7

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 39°20′ =
25.8
25.8 × tan 39°20′ =
h
h = 21.1421...
h = 21 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 20

Question 8

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
100
sin 52° =
w
100
w=
sin 52°
w = 126.902
w = 126.9 m

Question 9

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
4.2
tan θ =
1.3
4.2
θ = tan −1
1.3
θ= 72°48′05′′
θ= 72°48′

Question 10

a adjacent b adjacent
cos θ = cos θ =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
A A
cos 65° = cos 25° =
2500 2500
2500 × cos 65° = A 2500 × cos 25° = A
A = 1056.5456... A = 2265.7694...
A = 1056.5 km A = 2265.8 km
c 180°+ 65° = 245°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 21

Question 11

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 39°44′ =
100
100 × tan 39°44′ =
h
h = 83.1199...
h = 83.1 m

Question 12

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
d
sin 65° =
2
2 × sin 65° =d
d = 1.8126...
d = 1.8 km

Question 13

adjacent
cos θ =
hypotenuse
8
cos 46°08′ =
A
A × cos 46°08′ =8
8
A=
cos 46°08′
A = 11.5443...
A = 12 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 22

Question 14

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
2.4
tan θ =
1.3
2.4
θ = tan −1
1.3
θ= 61°33′25′′
θ= 62°
Bearing= 62° + 180°
= 242°

Question 15

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
390
tan θ =
560
390
θ = tan −1
560
θ= 34°51′ 16′′
θ= 35°
= 035°
Bearing

Question 16

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
h
sin 67°13′ =
10
10 × sin 67°13 = h
h = 9.2197...
h = 9.2 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 23

Question 17

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 59°42′ =
100
100 × tan 59°42′ =
h
h = 171.1294...
h = 171m

Question 18

adjacent
cos θ =
hypotenuse
7.5
cos 40° =
d
d × cos 40° =7.5
7.5
d=
cos 40°
d = 9.7905...
d = 9.8 km

Question 19

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
20
tan θ =
15.8
20
θ = tan −1
15.8
θ= 51°41′ 29′′
θ= 51°41′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 24

Question 20

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 72°25′ =
1.8
1.8 × tan 72°25′ =h
h = 5.6800...
h = 5.7 m
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
2.6 + 5.7
tan 72°25′ =
x
x × tan 72°25′ = 8.3
8.3
x=
tan 72°25′
x = 2.6302...
x = 2.6 m

Question 21

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
15.9
tan θ =
100
15.9
θ = tan −1
100
θ = 9°02′04′′
θ = 9°02′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 25

Question 22

195° – 180° = 15°

adjacent
cos θ =
hypotenuse
d
cos15° =
2000
2000 × cos15° =d
d = 1931.8516...
d = 1931.9 km

Question 23

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
15
sin 25°41′ =
d
d × sin 25°41′ =15
15
d=
sin 25°41′
d = 34.6103...
d = 35m

Question 24

2.7
tan θ =
1.6
2.7
θ = tan −1
1.6
θ= 59°20′57′′
θ= 59°
Bearing = θ + 90°
Bearing= 59° + 90°
= 149°
Bearing

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 26

 Question 25

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
h
tan 38°19′ =
250
1250 × tan 38°19′ =
h
h = 197.5562...
h = 198m

Question 26

=θ Bearing − 90°
=
θ 127° − 90°
θ= 37°
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
3.6
tan 37° =
d
d × tan 37° =3.6
3.6
d=
tan 37°
d = 4.7773...
d = 4.8 km

Question 27

opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
h
sin 22°32′ =
24
24 × sin 22°32′ = h
h = 9.1973...
h = 9.2 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 27

Question 28

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
5.8
tan θ =
7.8
5.8
θ = tan −1
7.8
θ= 36°38′03′′
θ= 37°
Bearing = θ + 180°
Bearing= 37° + 180°
= 217°
Bearing

Question 29

a θ= 90° − Bearing b adjacent

cos θ =
θ= 90° − 75° hypotenuse
θ= 15° a
cos 25° =
opposite 2.9
sin θ =
hypotenuse 2.9 × cos 25° =a
n a = 2.6282...
sin15° =
4.7 a = 2.63 km
4.7 × sin15° =n adjacent
cos θ =
n = 1.2164... hypotenuse
n = 1.2 km b
cos15° =
4.7
4.7 × cos15° =b
b = 4.5498...
b = 4.55 km
Home= a + b
= 2.63 + 4.55
Home
Home = 7.18km
= 7.2 km

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 28

Question 30

a opposite b opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
h 13.1
tan 71° = tan θ =
4.5 10.8
4.5 × tan 71° =h 13.1
θ = tan −1
h = 13.0689... 10.8
h = 13.1m θ= 50°25′48′′
θ= 50°26′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 29

Exercise 5.05 The sine rule

Question 1

a a b d a b
= =
sin A sin B sin A sin B
x 8 b 8.5
= =
sin 57°14′ sin 49°15′ sin 41°22′ sin 31°40′
8 × sin 57°14′ 8.5 × sin 41°22′
x= b=
sin 49°15′ sin 31°40′
x = 8.8798... b = 10.7003...
x = 8.9 b = 10.7
b a b e 180° − 104° − 23°= 53°
=
sin A sin B a b
=
y 14.7 sin A sin B
=
sin 38°56′ sin 78°42′ d 9.7
=
14.7 × sin 38°56′ sin 53° sin104°
y=
sin 78°42′ 9.7 × sin 53°
d=
y = 9.4203... sin104°
y = 9.4 d = 7.9839...
c a b d = 8.0
=
sin A sin B
a 6.1
=
sin105°31′ sin 35°49′
6.1× sin105°31′
a=
sin 35°49′
a = 10.0439...
a = 10.0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 30

Question 2

a sin A sin B d sin A sin B

= =
a b a b
sin θ sin 28°9′ sin θ sin 21°31′
= =
7 4.2 4.9 3.7
7 × sin 28°9′ 4.9 × sin 21°31′
sin θ = sin θ =
4.2 3.7
 7 × sin 28°9′   4.9 × sin 21°31′ 
θ =sin −1   θ =sin −1  
 4.2   3.7 
θ= 51°50′28′′ θ= 29°03′36′′
θ= 51°50′,128°10′ θ= 29°04′
180° − 29°04′ = θ
b sin A sin B
= θ 150°56′
=
a b
sin α sin 43°52′ e sin A sin B
= =
5.7 4.5 a b
5.7 × sin 43°52′ sin β sin 53°12′
sin α = =
4.5 8.7 10.9
 5.7 × sin 43°52′  8.7 × sin 53°12′
α =sin −1   sin β =
 4.5  10.9
α= 61°22′31′′  8.7 × sin 53°12′ 
β =sin −1  
α= 61°23′,118°37′  10.9 
β= 39°43′33′′
c sin A sin B
= β= 39°44′
a b
180° − 53°12′ − 39°44′ = α
sin x sin 32°4′
= α= 87°04′
9 7
9 × sin 32°4′
sin x =
7
 9 × sin 32°4′ 
x = sin −1  
 7 
x= 43°02 47 ,180° − 43°02′47′′
′ ′′
x= 43°03′,136°57′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 31

Question 3
sin A sin B
=
a b
sin θ sin 33°47′
=
4.6 3.2
4.6 × sin 33°47′
sin θ =
3.2
 4.6 × sin 33°47′ 
θ =sin −1  
 3.2 
θ= 53°03′77′′
θ= 53°04′
180° − 53°04′ = ∠A
∠A= 126°56′

Question 4
a a b b 180° − 48° − 32° = θ°
=
sin A sin B θ°
= 100°
s 18.9 a b
= =
sin 32° sin 48° sin A sin B
18.9 × sin 32° l 18.9
s= =
sin 48° sin100° sin 48°
s = 13.4771... 18.9 × sin100°
l=
s = 13.5 mm sin 48°
l = 25.0460...
l = 25.0 mm

Question 5
a 180° − 86° − 51° = θ° b a b
=
θ°= 43° sin A sin B
a b l 2.1
= =
sin A sin B sin 86° sin 51°
s 2.1 2.1× sin 86°
= l=
sin 43° sin 51° sin 51°
2.1× sin 43° l = 2.6956...
s=
sin 51° l = 2.7 m
s = 1.8428...
s = 1.8m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 32

Question 6

180° − 63° − 48° = θ°

θ°= 69°
a b
=
sin A sin B
XZ 5.4
=
sin 69° sin 63°
5.4 × sin 69°
XZ =
sin 63°
XZ = 5.6580...
XZ = 5.7 cm

Question 7

a 180° − 47° − 53°= A° b a b

=
A°= 80° sin A sin B
a b AC 12.7
= =
sin A sin B sin 47° sin 80°
AB 12.7 12.7 × sin 47°
= AC =
sin 53° sin 80° sin 80°
12.7 × sin 53° AC = 9.4314...
AB =
sin 80° AC = 9.4 m
AB = 10.2991...
AB = 10.3 m

Question 8

a sin A sin B b 180° − ∠P − ∠R = ∠Q

=
a b 180° − 60°22′ − 62°29′ =∠Q
sin ∠P sin 62°29′ ∠Q = 57°09′
=
14.7 15
14.7 × sin 62°29′
sin ∠P =
15
 14.7 × sin 62°29′ 
∠P = sin −1  
 15 
∠P = 60°21′ 31′′
∠P = 60°22′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 33

Question 9
∠ABC =
∠BCA ( base angles of isosceles triangle )
180° = ∠ABC + ∠BCA + ∠BAC
180° − ∠BAC = ∠ABC + ∠ABC
180° − 52° = 2∠ABC
128° = 2∠ABC
64° = ∠ABC = ∠BCA
∠BCA + ∠ACD
= 180° ( supplementary angles
= 180° )
64° + ∠ACD
= 180°
∠ACD = 116°
∠CAD
= 180° − ∠ACD − ∠CDA ( angle sum of a triangle )
∠CAD= 180° − 116° − 32°= 32°
∠BAD = ∠BAC + ∠CAD
∠BAD= 52° + 32°= 84°

a = AC
AB = 8.3 cm b a b
=
a b sin A sin B
=
sin A sin B BD 8.3
=
AD 8.3 sin 84° sin 32°
=
sin116° sin 32° 8.3 × sin 84°
BD =
8.3 × sin116° sin 32°
AD =
sin 32° =BD 15.5769... ≈ 15.6 cm
=AD 14.0775... ≈ 14.1cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 34

Question 10
∠ABC =
∠BCA = 60° ( property of equilateral triangles )
∠CAB =
∠CAB = ∠DAB + ∠DAC
60°= 26°15′ + ∠DAC
33°45′
∠DAC =
180° − ∠BCA − ∠DAC = ∠ADC ( angle sum of a triangle )
180° − 60° − 33°45′ = ∠ADC
∠ADC =° 86 15′

a a b b a b
= =
sin A sin B sin A sin B
AD 63 DC 63
= =
sin 60° sin 86°15′ sin 33°45′ sin 86°15′
63 × sin 60° 63 × sin 33°45′
AD = DC =
sin 86°15′ sin 86°15′
=AD 54.6766... ≈ 54.7 mm =DC 35.0760... ≈ 35.1mm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 35

Question 11

a sin A sin B c sin A sin B

= =
a b a b
sin ∠B sin 67° sin ∠B sin 29°
= =
7.5 7.2 8.3 4.9
7.5 × sin 67° 8.3 × sin 29°
sin ∠B = sin ∠B =
7.2 4.9
 7.5 × sin 67°   8.3 × sin 29° 
∠B = sin −1   ∠B = sin −1  
 7.2   4.9 
∠B= 73°30′28′′,180° − 73°30′28′′ ∠B = 55°12 21 ′ ′′
∠B = 74°,106° ∠B = 55° or 125°

b sin A sin B
=
a b
sin ∠B sin 92°
=
8.4 10.7
8.4 × sin 92°
sin ∠B =
10.7
 8.4 × sin 92° 
∠B = sin −1  
 10.7 
∠B = 51°40′50′′
∠B = 52°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 36

Exercise 5.06 The cosine rule

Question 1

a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
m 2 = 52 + 82 − 2 × 5 × 8cos 46°39′
m = 25 + 64 − 80cos 46°39′
m = 5.8381...
m = 5.8

b c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
b 2= 102 + 82 − 2 × 10 × 8cos 69°14′
b= 100 + 64 − 160cos 69°14′
b = 10.3571...
b = 10.4 m

c c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
h=
2
5.42 + 5.7 2 − 2 × 5.4 × 5.7 cos83°19′
h= 29.16 + 32.49 − 61.56cos83°19′
h = 7.3814...
h = 7.4cm

d c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
n=
2
9.32 + 11.82 − 2 × 9.3 ×11.8cos101°45′
n = 86.49 + 139.24 − 219.48cos101°45′
n = 16.4446...
n = 16.4

e c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
y=
2
8.7 2 + 15.92 − 2 × 8.7 ×15.9cos 28°52′
y = 75.69 + 252.81 − 276.66cos 28°52′
y = 9.2852...
y = 9.3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 37

Question 2

a a 2 + b2 − c2 d a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = cos C =
2ab 2ab
7 + 62 − 62
2
5.3 + 6.12 − 10.42
2
cos θ = cos β =
2× 7× 6 2 × 5.3 × 6.1
 49   −42.86 
θ =cos −1   β =cos −1  
 84   64.66 
θ= 54°18′52′′ β 131°31′ 03′′
=
θ= 54°19′ β 131°31′
=

b a 2 + b2 − c2 e a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = cos C =
2ab 2ab
5.9 + 8.12 − 7.32
2
7.6 + 8.22 − 9.52
2
cos θ = cos θ =
2 × 5.9 × 8.1 2 × 7.6 × 8.2
 47.13   34.75 
θ =cos −1   θ =cos −1  
 95.58   124.64 
θ= 60°27′20′′ θ= 73°48′40′′
θ= 60°27′ θ= 73°49′

c a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
4.2 + 3.62 − 3.82
2
cos x =
2 × 4.2 × 3.6
 16.16 
x = cos −1  
 30.24 
x= 57°41′ 50′′
x= 57°42′

Question 3

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AC=
2
12.92 + 23.82 − 2 ×12.9 × 23.8cos125°
AC = 166.41 + 566.44 − 614.04cos125°
AC = 32.9400...
AC = 32.94 mm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 38

Question 4

Other interior angle = 180° – 79°25′ = 100°35′

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
x 2= 112 + 52 − 2 ×11× 5cos 79°25′
x= 121 + 25 − 110cos 79°25′
x = 11.2159...
x = 11.2 mm

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
y 2= 112 + 52 − 2 ×11× 5cos100°35′
y= 121 + 25 − 110cos100°35′
y = 12.9...
y = 12.9 mm

Question 5

a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C c a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
AC 2= 122 + 10.42 − 2 ×12 ×10.4cos 63°57′ 2ab
AC = 144 + 108.16 − 249.6cos 63°57′ 9.7 2 + 8.42 − 11.92
cos ∠ADC =
2 × 9.7 × 8.4
AC = 11.9392...
 23.04 
AC = 11.9 cm ∠ADC = cos −1  
 162.96 
∠ADC =° 82 12′13′′
b a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = ∠ADC =° 82 12′
2ab
9.7 2 + 11.92 − 8.42
cos ∠DAC =
2 × 9.7 ×11.9
 165.14 
∠DAC = cos −1  
 230.86 
∠DAC = 44°11′ 29′′
44°11′
∠DAC =

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 39

Question 6

∠XYZ =
∠YZX
7.32 + 5.92 − 7.32
cos ∠XYZ =
2 × 7.3 × 5.9
 34.81 
∠XYZ = cos −1  
 86.14 
∠XYZ = 66°09′52′′
∠XYZ = 66°10′
∠YZX =

a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
7.32 + 7.32 − 5.92
cos ∠YXZ =
2 × 7.3 × 7.3
 71.77 
∠YXZ = cos −1  
 106.58 
∠YXZ = 47°40′14′′
∠YXZ =47°40′

Question 7

a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
NP=
2
8.92 + 122 − 2 ×12 × 8.9cos119°15′
= 79.21 + 144 − 213.6cos119°15′
NP
NP = 18.0991...
NP = 18.1mm

b a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
12.7 2 + 15.62 − 18.12
cos ∠NOP =
2 ×12.7 ×15.6
 77.04 
∠NOP = cos −1  
 396.24 
∠NOP = 78°47′02′′
∠NOP = 78°47′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 40

Question 8

a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AC=
2
8.42 + 3.7 2 − 2 × 3.7 × 8.4cos 42°08′
AC= 70.56 + 13.69 − 62.16cos 42°08′
AC = 6.1768...
AC = 6.2cm

b c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AD=
2
9.92 + 6.22 − 2 × 9.9 × 6.2cos101°38′
AD = 98.01 + 38.44 − 122.76cos101°38′
AD = 12.6816...
AD = 12.7 cm

Question 9

Interior angle of a regular pentagon = 108°

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AD 2 = 82 + 82 − 2 × 8 × 8cos108°
AD = 64 + 64 − 128cos108°
AD = 12.9442...
AD = 12.9 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 41

Question 10

a Interior angle of a regular pentagon = 120°

∠ABC =120°
∠BAC = 30° ( base angles of isosceles triangle )
∠BCA =
∠ACD =
90°
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AC=
2
5.52 + 5.52 − 2 × 5.5 × 5.5cos90°
AC = 30.25 + 30.25 − 60.5cos120°
AC = 9.5262...
AC = 9.5 cm
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AC=
2
9.52 + 5.52 − 2 × 9.5 × 5.5cos90°
AC = 90.25 + 30.25 − 104.5cos90°
AC = 10.9999...
AC = 11 cm

b a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
9.52 + 112 − 5.52
cos ∠ADF =
2 × 9.5 ×11
 181 
∠ADF = cos −1  
 209 
∠ADF = 29°59′58′′
∠ADF =
30°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 42

Exercise 5.07 Area of a triangle

Question 1

a 1 d 1
A = ab sin C A = ab sin C
2 2
1 1
A = × 5 × 4 × sin 48°27′ A = × 8.3 × 7.6 × sin 73°19′
2 2
A = 7.4837... A = 30.2123...
A = 7.5 cm 2 A = 30.2 units 2

b 1 e 1
A = ab sin C A= ab sin C
2 2
1 1
A = × 8 × 9 × sin 63°49′ A = × 5.8 × 3.4 × sin139°57′
2 2
A = 32.3059... A = 6.3444...
A = 32.3 units 2 A = 6.3cm 2

c 1
A = ab sin C
2
1
A = × 3 × 7 × sin109°
2
A = 9.9279...
A = 9.9 mm 2

Question 2

OA = 4 cm (radii of a circle are equal)

1
A = ab sin C
2
1
A = × 4 × 4 × sin110°
2
A = 7.5175...
A = 7.5 cm 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 43

Question 3

1
A = ab sin C
2
1 
A =  × 3.5 × 4.8 × sin 67°13′  × 2
2 
A = 15.4891...
A = 15.5 cm 2

Question 4

1
A = ab sin C
2
1 
A=  × 5 × 8 × sin119°30′  × 2
2 
A = 34.8142...
A = 34.8cm 2

Question 5

1
A= ab sin C
2
1
A = ×1.7 ×1.5 × sin 65°
2
A = 1.1555...
A = 1.2 m 2

Question 6

a AE = AB, ∴ isosceles triangle 1

b=A ab sin C + lb
2
EB = 10.5
1
∠AEB = ∠ABE = (180° − 84° ) ÷ 2 A = × 7.8 × 7.8 × sin 84°
2
∠AEB =
∠ABE =
48° + 10.5 ×14.3
a b = 180.6583...
=
sin A sin B = 180.7 m 2
AE 10.5
=
sin 48° sin 85°
10.5 × sin 48°
AE =
sin 85°
AE = 7.8328...
AE = 7.8m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 44

Question 7

a ∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° a b

c =
∠ACB + 44° + 58=
° 180° sin A sin B
∠ACB = 78° BC 5.6
=
∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180° sin 58° sin 44°
∠ACD + 78=
° 180° 5.6 × sin 58°
BC =
∠ACD = 102° sin 44°
BC = 6.8365...
a b BC = 6.8 cm
=
sin A sin B
AC 9.4 1
= A = ab sin C
sin 36° sin102° 2
9.4 × sin 36° 1
A = × 6.8 × 5.6 × sin 78°
AC =
sin102° 2
AC = 5.6486... A = 18.8863....
AC = 5.6 cm A = 18.9 cm 2

1
b A= ab sin C
2
1
A = × 9.4 × 6.7 × sin 36°
2
A = 18.5093...
A = 18.5 cm 2

Question 8

1
A= ab sin C
2

1
= × 5 × 5 × sin (60°)
2

25 3
= ×
2 2

25 3
= cm2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 45

 Exercise 5.08 Mixed problems

Question 1

a 2 + b2 − c2 a 2 + b2 − c2
a cos C = b cos C =
2ab 2ab
392 + 682 − 522 522 + 682 − 392
cos θ = cos θ =
2 × 39 × 68 2 × 52 × 68
 392 + 682 − 522   522 + 682 − 392 
θ =cos −1   θ =cos −1  
 2 × 39 × 68   2 × 52 × 68 
θ= 50° θ= 35°
90° − θ = bearing 270° + θ = bearing
90° − 50° = bearing 270° + 35° = bearing
bearing= 40° = 305°
bearing

Question 2

a b
=
sin A sin B
h 12.8
=
sin 54°37′ sin (180° − 54°37′ − 85°58′ )
12.8 × sin 54°37′
h=
sin 39°25′
h = 16.4 m

Question 3

a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
8 + 112 − 5.52
2
cos θ =
2 × 8 ×11
 82 + 112 − 5.52 
θ =cos −1  
 2 × 8 ×11 
=θ 28.4466...°
≈ 28°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 46

Question 4

a 324° – 270° = 54°

a b
=
sin A sin B
d 1.3
=
sin 49° sin 54°
1.3 × sin 49°
d=
sin 54°
d = 1.21km

1.21
b × 60 =
1minute
80

Question 5

a b
=
sin A sin B
d 80
=
sin 20° sin 55°
80 × sin 20°
d=
sin 55°
d = 33.4 m
a b
=
sin A sin B
d 33.4
=
sin 75° sin 90°
33.4 × sin 75°
d=
sin 90°
d = 32 m

Question 6

166° – 65° = 101°

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
x 2= 502 + 852 − 2 × 50 × 85cos101°
x = 2500 + 7225 − 8500cos101°
x = 107 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 47

 Question 7

a b
=
sin A sin B
h − 4.1 3.9
=
sin 65° sin 54°
3.9 × sin 65°
h − 4.1 =
sin 54°
3.9 × sin 65°
=h + 4.1
sin 54°
h = 8.5

Question 8

a b
=
sin A sin B
d 15.7
=
sin 22° sin130°
15.7 × sin 22°
h=
sin130°
h = 7.7 km

Question 9

a b
=
sin A sin B
a 3.8
=
sin 65° sin 40°
3.8 × sin 65°
a=
sin 40°
a = 5.4 km

a b
=
sin A sin B
b 3.8
=
sin 75° sin 40°
3.8 × sin 75°
b=
sin 40°
b = 5.7 km

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 48

 Question 10

a b
=
sin A sin B
d 852
=
sin 34° sin15°
852 × sin 34°
b=
sin15°
b = 1841km

Question 11

a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
82 + 82 − 11.32
cos ∠DAB =
2×8×8
−1  8 + 8 − 11.3 
2 2 2
∠DAB = cos  
 2×8×8 
89°52′
∠DAB =

Question 12

a b
=
sin A sin B
d 8.7
=
sin 97° sin 61°
8.7 × sin 97°
b=
sin 61°
b = 9.9 km

Question 13

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
=
x 2 83.7 2 + 105.62 − 2 × 83.7 ×105.6cos119°
=x 83.7 2 + 105.62 − 2 × 83.7 ×105.6cos119°
x = 163.5km

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 49

 Question 14
360° – 130° – 149° = 81°

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
=
x 2 12802 + 32152 − 2 ×1280 × 3215cos81°
=x 12802 + 32152 − 2 ×1280 × 3215cos81°
x = 3269 km

Question 15
a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
AC=
2
11.32 + 4.62 − 2 × 4.6 ×11.3cos 78°
=
AC 11.32 + 4.62 − 2 × 4.6 ×11.3cos 78°
AC = 11.3cm

b sin A sin B
=
a b
sin ∠ADC sin 23°30′
=
11.3 6.4
11.3 × sin 23°30′
sin ∠ADC =
6.4
 11.3 × sin 23°30′ 
∠ADC = sin −1  
 6.4 
∠ADC = 44°45′,180 − 44°45′
=44°45′,135°15′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 50

Question 16
sin A sin B
=
a b
sin α sin 34°
=
875 630
875 × sin 34°
sin α =
630
 875 × sin 34° 
α =sin −1  
 630 
α= 51°
180° – 51° – 34° = x
x = 95°
360 – 95° – 124° = θ
θ = 141°

Question 17

a c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
BD=
2
7.22 + 7.22 − 2 × 7.2 × 7.2cos107°
= 7.22 + 7.22 − 2 × 7.2 × 7.2cos107°
BD
BD = 11.6cm

b a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
8.92 + 10.42 − 11.62
cos ∠DCB =
2 × 8.9 ×10.4
 8.92 + 10.42 − 11.62 
∠DCB = cos −1  
 2 × 8.9 ×10.4 
73°14′
∠DCB =

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 51

Question 18

a sin θ sin 92° b i l 2.3

= =
2.3 4 sin 92° sin 31°
2.3 × sin 92° 2.3 × sin 92°
sin θ = l=
4 sin 31°
 2.3 × sin 92°  l = 4.5m
θ =sin −1  
 4 
ii a b
θ= 35°05′ =
sin A sin B
a 4
=
sin 52°55′ sin 92°
4 × sin 52°55′
a=
sin 92°
a = 3.2 m

a b
=
sin A sin B
b 2.3
=
sin 57° sin 31°
2.3 × sin 57°
b=
sin 31°
b = 3.75m

b–a=d

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 52

Question 19

a The insert is a right-angled triangle of height 8 cm.

Let the base of the triangle have length c, which is the diagonal of the bottom face
of the box.

c 2 = 252 + 112 = 746

c = 746

1
Area = × 746 × 8
2

= 109.2520 …

≈ 109 cm2

b 8
tan θ =
746
θ =16.325...
= 16°19′31.26′′
≈ 16°20′

Question 20

θ 7
sin =
2 13
θ
= 32.5789...
2
θ ≈ 65°09'

Question 21

a a b b Let angle of elevation be θ.

=
sin A sin B
9.37
h 15 tan θ =
= 20
sin 32° sin 58°
=θ 25.1030...°
15 × sin 32°
h= θ ≈ 25°
sin 58°
h ≈ 9.37 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 53

 Question 22
a a b b a b
= =
sin A sin B sin A sin B
d 100 h 56
= =
sin 34° sin 94° sin 58° sin 32°
100 × sin 34° 56 × sin 58°
d= h=
sin 94° sin 32°
d = 56 m h = 89.7 m

Question 23
a
sin 25° =
h c c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
114 =
x 2 128.62 + 1142 − 2 ×128.6 ×114cos 47°
h= 114 × sin 25°
=x 128.62 + 1142 − 2 ×128.6 ×114cos 47°
h = 48m
x = 97.7 m
b 48
sin 22° =
h
48
h=
sin 22°
h ≈ 128.6 m

Question 24
950
950 m/h ÷ 3 =
3
a b
=
sin A sin B
x 3000
=
sin17° sin 73°
3000 × sin17°
=x = 917.192 044 4 m
sin 73°
y 3000
=
sin12° sin 78°
3000 × sin12°
=y = 637.669 685 m
sin 78°
a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
6382 + 917 2 − ( 950 ÷ 3)
2

cos θ =
2 × 638 × 917
−1 638 + 917 − ( 950 ÷ 3 )
 2 2 2

θ= cos  = 11°10′
 2 × 638 × 917 
 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 54

Exercise 5.09 Radians

Question 1

π 180 7 π 180
a × =36° f × =140°
5 π 9 π

2π 180 4π 180
b × =120° g × = 240°
3 π 3 π

5π 180 7 π 180
c × = 225° h × = 420°
4 π 3 π

7 π 180 π 180
d × = 210° i × =20°
6 π 9 π

180 5π 180
e 3π× = 540° j × =50°
π 18 π

Question 2

π 3π π 7π
a 135 × = f 63 × =
180 4 180 20

π π π π
b 30 × = g 15 × =
180 6 180 12

π 5π π 5π
c 150 × = h 450 × =
180 6 180 2

π 4π π 5π
d 240 × = i 225 × =
180 3 180 4

π 5π π 2π
e 300 × = j 120 × =
180 3 180 3

Question 3

π π
a 56 × =
0.98 d 289 × =
5.04
180 180

π π
b 68 × =
1.19 e 312 × =
5.45
180 180

π
c 127 × =
2.22
180

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 55

Question 4

π π
a 18°34′ × =
0.32 d 88°29′ × =
1.54
180 180

π π
b 35°12′ × =
0.61 e 50°39′ × =
0.88
180 180

π
c 101°56′ × =
1.78
180

Question 5

180 180
a 1.09 × =62°27′ f 3.2 × =183°21′
π π

180 180
b 0.768 × =44°00′ g 2.7 × =154°42′
π π

180 180
c 1.16 × =66°28′ h 4.31× = 246°57′
π π

180 180
d 0.99 × =56°43′ i 5.6 × =320°51′
π π

180 180
e 0.32 × =18°20′ j 0.11× 6°18′
=
π π

Question 6

a sin 0.342 = 0.34 f sin 2.8 = 0.33

b cos1.5 = 0.07 g tan 5.3 = −1.50

c tan 0.056 = 0.06 h cos 4.77 = 0.06

d cos 0.589 = 0.83 i cos3.9 = −0.73

e tan 2.29 = −1.14 j sin 2.98 = 0.16

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 56

Question 7

π 1 π 1
a sin   = f sin   =
4 2 6 2

π 1 π 1
b cos   = g cos   =
3 2 4 2

π 1 π 3
c tan   = h cos   =
6 3 6 2

π 3 π 3
d sin   = i tan  = = 3
3 2 3 1

π 1
e tan  = = 1
4 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 57

Exercise 5.10 Length of an arc

Question 1

a l = rθ d π π
θ= 30°× =
l = 4× π 180 6
l = 4π cm l = rθ
π 3π π
b l = rθ l =3 × = = cm
6 6 2
π
l= 3× e π π
3 θ= 45°× =
l= πm 180 4
l = rθ
c l = rθ π 7π
l =7 × = mm
5π 50π 4 4
l =10 × =
6 6
25π
l= cm
3

Question 2

a l = rθ d π
θ= 23°12′ × = 0.404...
=
l 1.5 × 0.43 180
l = 0.65m l = rθ
=
l 5.9 × 0.404...
b l = rθ l = 2.39cm
=l 3.21×1.22
l = 3.92cm e π
θ= 82°35′ × = 1.441...
180
c π 11π l = rθ
θ= 55°× =
180 36 =
l 2.1×1.441...
l = rθ
l = 3.03m
11π
=
l 7.2 ×
36
l = 6.91mm

Question 3
π
θ= 29°51′ × = 0.520...
180
l = rθ
=
l 3.4 × 0.520...
l = 1.8m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 58

Question 4

l = rθ
3π π
= ×θ
2 5
3π π
÷ =θ
2 5
θ =7.5m

Question 5

l = rθ
2π
= 3θ
7
2π
θ=
21

Question 6

C = 2πr
300= 2πr
300
=r
2π
150
r=
π
l = rθ
150 π
l= × = 25mm
π 6

Question 7

A = πr 2
60 = πr 2
60
= r2
π
60
r=
π
l = rθ
60
=8 ×θ
π
60
8÷ =
θ
π
θ =1.83

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 59

Question 8
π 2π
θ= 40°× =
180 9
C = 2πr
124= 2πr
124 62
=r =
2π π
l = rθ
62 2π 7
l= × =13 mm
π 9 9

Question 9
a θ b l = rθ
=
c 2r × sin
2 π
=l 48.3 ×
π 6
= 2r × sin
25
12 l = 25.3mm
25
r=
π
2sin
12
r = 48.3mm

Question 10
θ 2 π 25π
SA= A= πr = × π× 52= cm
2π 6π 6

Ccone = Arc length of sector

π
5π
= 2π× 5 × 3
=
2π 3
5π 5
rcone= ÷ 2=π
3 6
a +b =
2 2
c 2

2
5
  +h =
2
52
6
2
5
h= 5 −  
2 2

6
25 875 5 35
h= 25 − = =
36 36 6
1 2
V= πr h
3
 5  5 35 π× 25 × 5 35 125π 35
2
1
V= × π×   × = = cm3
3 6 6 3 × 36 × 6 648

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 60

Exercise 5.11 Area of a sector

Question 1

a 1 2 d π π
=
A rθ 30°× =
2 180 6
1 2 1 2
A= ×4 ×π =
A rθ
2 2
A = 8π cm 2 1 π
A = × 32 ×
2 6
b 1 2 9π 3π 2
=
A rθ =
A = cm
2 12 4
1 π
A = × 32 ×
2 3 e π π
45°× =
3π 2 180 4
A= m
2 1 2
=
A rθ
2
c 1 2 π
=
A rθ 1
A = × 72 ×
2 2 4
1 5π 49π
A = ×102 × A= mm 2
2 6 8
500π 125π
=A = cm 2
12 3

Question 2

a 1 2 d π
=
A rθ 23°12′ × =
0.404...
2 180
1 1 2
A = ×1.52 × 0.43 =0.48m 2 =
A rθ
2 2
1
b 1 2 A = × 5.92 × 0.404... =7.05cm 2
=
A rθ 2
2
1 e π
A =× 3.212 ×1.22 =
6.29cm 2 82°35′ × =
1.441...
2 180
1 2
c π 11π =
A rθ
55°× = 2
180 36 1
1 2 A = × 2.12 ×1.441... =3.18m 2
=
A rθ 2
2
1 11π
A =× 7.22 × =24.88mm 2
2 36

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 61

Question 3

1 2
=
A rθ
2
1
A = × 4.32 ×1.8
2
A = 16.6 m 2

Question 4

1 2
=
A rθ
2
1 2
20= ×3 ×θ
2
= 4.5 × θ
20
θ =4.4

Question 5

1 2
=
A rθ
2
1 2 π
6 π= ×r ×
2 3
π
6π= r2 ×
6
π
r2 = 6π ÷
6
r= 36
r=6

Question 6

a π π b 1 2
30 × = =
A rθ
180 6 2
l = rθ 1 π
A = × 72 ×
π 2 6
l= 7 ×
6 49π
A=
7π 12
l=
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 62

Question 7

C = 2πr
185= 2πr
185
r=
2π
1 2
=
A rθ
2
1  185  π 34 225 6845
2

A = ×  × = =
2  2π  5 40π 8π

Question 8

A = πr 2
200 = πr 2
200
r2 =
π
200
r=
π
1 2
=
A rθ
2
2
1  200  3π 600
A = ×   × = =75cm 2
2  π  4 8

Question 9

l = rθ
4.2= 5.7 × θ
14
θ=
19
1 2
=
A rθ
2
1 2 14
A = × ( 5.7 ) × =11.97 cm 2
2 19

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 63

Question 10

l = rθ
π
= rθ
5
π
r=
5θ
1 2
=
A rθ
2
3π 1  π 
2

= ×  ×θ
10 2  5θ 
6π π2
= ×θ
10 25θ2
π2
15π =
θ
15 1
=
π θ
π
θ=
15
π
r= ÷θ
5
π π
r= ÷
5 15
r = 3cm

Question 11

a l = rθ b 1 2
=
A rθ
π 3π 2
l =3 × = cm
1 π 9π
7 7 A = × ( 3) × =
2
cm 2
2 7 14

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 64

Question 12

a l = rθ
π 5π
l =5 × = cm
6 6

θ π
c = 2r × sin   = 2 × 5 × sin   = 2.6 cm
2  12 

b 1 2
=
A rθ
2
1 π 25π
A = × ( 5) × =
2
cm 2
2 6 12

c  π  opp
sin   =
 12  5
π
5sin   = opp
 12 

π
Length of chord = 2 × 5sin   ≈ 2.6cm
 12 

Question 13

a π π b 1 2
45 × = =
A rθ
180 4 2
θ 1 π
A= × (10.5 ) ×
2
=
c 2r × sin  
2 2 4
π = 42.9 mm 2

8 = 2 × r × sin  
8
8
=r = 10.5mm
π
2sin  
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 65

Question 14

a 1 2 c 1
=
A rθ A= ab sin C
2 2
1 π 1 π
A =× ( 4 ) ×
2
A = × 4 × 4 × sin
2 4 2 4
16π 2 1 1
A= cm = × 4× 4×
8 2 2
A= 2π cm 2 = 4 2 cm 2

b θ d Area of shaded minor segment

=
c 2r × sin  
2 = 2π − 4 2
π
c = 2 × 4 × sin  
8
π
= =
r 8sin   3.1cm
8

Question 15

a θ b
A=
1
=
c 2r × sin   ab sin C
2 2
θ 1
15 =2 ×12 × sin   A = ×12 ×12 × sin 77°22′
2 2
A = 70.3 cm 2
θ
15 = 24sin  
2 c 1 2
θ =
A rθ
 15 
= sin −1   2
2  24  1
A =× (12 ) ×1.35
2

 15  2
θ = 2sin −1  
 24  =A 97.22 − 70.3
θ =1.35 A = 26.96cm 2
180
θ=1.35 × =77° 22′ d Acircle = πr 2 = π×122
π
= 144π − 26.96
Amaj seg cut off
= 425.43cm 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 66

Question 16

π 5π
=
θ 100 × =
180 9
l = rθ
5π 20π
l =4 × = cm
9 9
20π  20π 
P = 4+4+ = 8 +  cm
9  9 

≈14.98 cm

Question 17

V= A × w
1 2
=
A rθ
2
1 2
=
V r θ× w
2
1 π
V = × (15 ) × × 6
2

2 6
225π
A= cm3
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 67

Test Yourself 5

Question 1

l = rθ
25π 5π
= r×
8 4
25π 5π 5
r= ÷ = =2.5 cm
8 4 2

Question 2

A, C

Question 3

180° + 35° = 225° D

S 35° W C

Question 4

a 2 + b2 =
c2
32 + 52 =
c2
c 2 = 34
c = 34
5
cos θ =
34
3
sin θ =
34

Question 5

a sin 39°54′ =
0.64 d sin 0.14 = 0.14

b tan 61°30′ =
1.84 e tan 3.5 = 0.37

c cos19°2′ =0.95

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 68

Question 6

a sin θ =0.72 c 5
−1
tan θ =
θ =sin 0.72 7
θ= 46°03′ 5
θ = tan −1
7
b cos θ =0.286 θ= 35°32′
θ =cos −1 0.286
θ= 73°23′

Question 7

adjacent
cos θ =
hypotenuse
100
cos35 =
h
100
h=
cos35
h = 122   km

Question 8

opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
5
tan 30 =
AB
5 1
AB = =÷5 =5 3
tan 30 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 69

Question 9

a a b
=
sin A sin B
x 11.8
=
sin 32°14′ sin 91°53′
11.8 × sin 32°14′
x=
sin 91°53′
x = 6.3cm

b c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
x=
2
3.42 + 7.12 − 2 × 3.4 × 7.1× cos106°25′
=x 3.42 + 7.12 − 2 × 3.4 × 7.1× cos106°25′
x = 8.7 m

Question 10

180 180
a 0.75 × =42°58′ d 4.2 × = 240°39′
π π

180 180
b 1.3 × =74°29′ e 5.66 × =324°18′
π π

180
c 3.95 × = 226°19′
π

Question 11

a adjacent c sin A sin B

cos θ = =
hypotenuse a b
8.3 sin θ sin 31° 41′
cos θ = =
19.7 17.3 14.2
 8.3  17.3 × sin 31° 41′
sin θ =
θ= cos −1  = 65°05′ 14.2
 19.7 
 17.3 × sin 31° 41′ 
θ = sin −1  
b a 2 + b2 − c2  14.2 
cos C =
2ab
5 + 82 − 9 2
2 θ= 39°47′,180° − 39°47′
cos θ = =39°47′,140°13′
2× 5×8
−1  5 + 8 − 9 
2 2 2
θ= cos  = 84°16'
 2× 5×8 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 70

Question 12

1
A= ab sin C
2
1
A= × 8.7 ×15.4 × sin103°= 65.3cm 2
2

Question 13

a opposite b opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
1.8 3.2
tan θ = tan θ =
3.2 1.8
 1.8   3.2 
θ = tan −1   θ = tan −1  
 3.2   1.8 
θ= 29° + 180° θ= 61°
= 209°
Bearing Bearing= 90° − 61°= 029°

Question 14

a ∠ABC + ∠ADC + ∠BAD = 180°

39° + 42° + ∠BAD = 180°
∠BAD = 99°
a b
=
sin A sin B
AD 20
=
sin 39° sin 99°
20sin 39°
AD =
sin 99°

bLet the height of the pole be h.

h
sin 42° =
AD
=h AD sin 42°
20sin 39° sin 42°
=
sin 99°
≈ 8.5 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 71

 Question 15

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
=
x 2 25002 + 18002 − 2 × 2500 ×1800 × cos85°
=x 25002 + 18002 − 2 × 2500 ×1800 × cos85°
x ≈ 2951km

Question 16

π π π
a 60°× = d 180°× =π
180 3 180

π π π π
b 45°× = e 20°× =
180 4 180 9

π 5π
c 150°× =
180 6

Question 17

a l = rθ 1 2
b =
A rθ
π 5π 2
l =5 × = cm
6 6 1 π 25π
A = × 52 × = cm 2
2 6 12

Question 18

 π  opposite 3 π opposite 1

a tan  =  = = 3 f =
sin   =
 3  adjacent 1  6  hypotenuse 2

π  π  opposite 1
b =
cos   =
adjacent 3 g tan  = = = 1
 6  hypotenuse 2  4  adjacent 1

π π adjacent 1

c =
sin   =
opposite 1 h =
cos   =
 4  hypotenuse 2  3  hypotenuse 2

 π  opposite 1 π opposite 3

d =
tan   = i =
sin   =
 6  adjacent 3  3  hypotenuse 2

π adjacent 1
e =
cos   =
 4  hypotenuse 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 72

Question 19

a C = 2πr b 1 2
=A r ( θ − sin θ )
8π = 2πr 2
8π 1 π π
=
r = 4 A = × 42 ×  − sin 
2π 2 7 7

=
A
1 2
rθ A = 0.12 cm 2
2
1 π 8π
A = × 42 × = cm 2
2 7 7

Question 20

The shaded figure is a right-angled triangle.

Let its base length be c.

c 2 = 122 + 42 = 160
c = 160
160
tan α =
10
α =51.6711...
α ≈ 51°40′

Question 21

sin A sin B
=
a b
sin ∠M sin 43°49′
=
14.9 12.7
14.9 × sin 43°49′
sin ∠M =
12.7
 14.9 × sin 43°49′ 
∠M = sin −1  
 12.7 
∠M = 54°19′ or 125°41′

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 73

 Challenge exercise 5

Question 1

70 × 2 = 140 km

80 × 2 = 160 km

a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
140 + 1602 − 2182
2
cos θ =
2 ×140 ×160
 1402 + 1602 − 2182 
θ =cos −1  
 2 ×140 ×160 
θ= 92°58′

Question 2

Let y be the longest side in the diagram.

The third angle in the obtuse-angled triangle is 180° – 125° – 28° = 27°.

a b
=
sin A sin B
y 15
=
sin125° sin 27°
15sin125°
=y = 27.065...
sin 27°
In the bigger right-angled triangle,
x
sin 28° =
27.065...
=x 27.065...sin 28° ≈ 12.7 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 74

 Question 3

a ∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180° b

a b
=
∠ACB + 81°14′ = 180° sin A sin B
∠ACB = 98°46′ h
=
AC
a b sin 81°14′ sin 74°12′
= AC × sin 81°14′
sin A sin B =h = 25.2 cm
AC 25.3 sin 74°12′
=
sin 39°53′ sin 41°21′
25.3 × sin 39°53′
AC = cm
sin 41°21′

Question 4

a b
=
sin A sin B
y 58
=
sin 52° sin 85°
58 × sin 52°
y=
sin 85°
opposite
sin θ =
hypotenuse
h
sin 43° =
58 × sin 52°
sin 85°
58 × sin 52°
=h =× sin 43° 31m
sin 85°

Question 5

a opposite b opposite
tan θ = tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
h 65
tan 35° = tan θ =
93 124
h= 93 × tan 35°= 65m 65
θ= tan −1 = 27°42′
124

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 75

Question 6

opposite
a tan θ =
adjacent
100
tan 65° =
x
100
x=
tan 65°
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
100
tan 69° =
y
100
y=
tan 69°

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
2 2
 100   100   100  100 
d =
2
 +  − 2   cos 40°
 tan 65°   tan 69°   tan 65°  tan 69° 
2 2
 100   100   100  100 
d=   +  − 2   cos 40°
 tan 65°   tan 69°   tan 65°  tan 69° 
d ≈ 30.1m

b speed = distance ÷ time

speed= 30 m ÷ 60 seconds

speed = 0.5 m s–1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 76

Question 7

Divide hexagon into 6 congruent isosceles triangles by

drawing an interval from the centre of the hexagon to
every vertex.

360°
Each angle at the centre of the pentagon = = 60°.
6

Each equal angle in each isosceles triangle

180° − 60°
= = 60°
2

∴ Each triangle is equilateral (all angles 60°) with sides of length 4 cm.

1 3
Area of 1 triangle = × 4 × 4 × sin 60° = 8 × = 4 3
2 2

Area of hexagon = 6 × 4 3 = 24 3 = 41.5692 … ≈ 42 cm2

Question 8

Divide pentagon into 5 congruent isosceles triangles by

drawing an interval from the centre of the pentagon to
every vertex.
360°
Each angle at the centre of the pentagon = = 72°.
5
Each equal angle in each isosceles triangle
180° − 72°
= = 54°
2
Let d be the length of one of the equal sides of a triangle.
d 12
=
sin 54° sin 72°
12sin 54°
d=
sin 72°
1 1 2
Area of 1 triangle = × d × d × sin 72° = d sin 72°
2 2

5  12sin 54° 
2
1 2
 sin 72° = 247.7487 … ≈ 247.7 mm
2
Area of pentagon = 5 × d sin 72° = 
2 2  sin 72° 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 77

Question 9

r 2θ
Asector =
2
θ
24.3 = r 2
2
θr =
2
48.6
48.6
θ=
r2
l = rθ
8.9 = rθ
8.9
θ=
r
48.6 8.9
=
r2 r
48.6 = 8.9r
48.6
r=
8.9
48.6 79.21
=
θ 8.9 ÷ =
8.9 48.6
r2
=
A ( θ − sin θ )
2
2
1  48.6   79.21 79.21 
A=×  × − sin =9.4cm 2
2  8.9   48.6 48.6 

Question 10

a l = rθ b 1 θ
= A ab sin C − r 2
π 2 2
=
l 11×
9 1 π π
A = ×11× 4 × sin − 112 ×
11π 2 2 18
l=
9 A = 0.88cm 2

l = 3.84cm
c P = BC + CD + BD
P = 11 + 11 + 3.84
P = 25.84 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 78

 Question 11

Diagram shows information, where h is the height of the tower. At point B, tower is on a
bearing of 342°, or 360° – 342° = 18° west from north.

For the left triangle: For the right triangle:

h h
tan 21° = tan 26° =
AC AB

h h
AC = AB =
tan 21° tan 26°

BC2 = AB2 + AC2 – 2 AB × AC cos 71°

2 2
 h   h   h  h 
230 = 
2
 +  − 2   cos 71°
 tan 26°   tan 21°   tan 26°  tan 21° 

 h2   h2  2 cos 71° 
52900 =  +  − 2h  
 tan 26°   tan 21°   tan 26° tan 21° 
2 2

 1 1 2cos 71° 
= h2  2
52900 + −
 tan 26° tan 21° tan 26° tan 21° 
2

52900 = h 2 ( 7.5123...)

52900
=h2 = 7041.719...
7.5123...

h = 7041.719... = 83.9149 … ≈ 84 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 79

Question 12

a 2π π
=
Arc of one hour =
12 6
π 5π
θ= × 5=
6 6
l = rθ
5π 60π
l= 12 × = = 10π ≈ 31.4cm
6 6

b π π
θ= × 2=
6 3
θ
A = r2
2
1 π
A = × ×122 = 75.4 cm 2
2 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 80