Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Transportation Engineering -I Chapter -1: Introduction to Transportation

Planning and Engineering

• 1.1 Introduction
Chapter – I: Introduction to
• 1.2 Modes of Transportation
Transportation Planning and
• 1.3 Comparison between Various Modes of
Engineering Transportation
• 1.4 Historical Development of Roads and Road
Construction in Nepal
• 1.5 Transport Planning including Objective of Road
Sandip Duwadi Planning
Asst. Professor • 1.6 Classification of Roads (NRS)
sandip.duwadi@ioepas.edu.np
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But do not limit yourself to these references only

References: Transportation Engineering
1. Dinesh Kumar Shrestha, Anil Marsani, Transportation
Engineering volume 1, Jasni Publications, Mid
Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal (2013).
2. C E G Justo, S K Khanna, Highway Engineering, Khanna
Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. S. K. Sharma, Principles, Practice and Design of Highway
Engineering, S Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi,
1985.
4. Nepal Road Standard 2070
5. Nepal Rural Road Standard 2071
6. Nepal Urban Road Standard 2076
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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Chapter -1: Introduction

Transportation ( Transport)
- Is the movement of people and goods (organisms and
things) from one place to another.

Transportation = “ Infrastructure of all Infrastructure”

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Transportation Engineering Modes of Transportation

Primary Modes Secondary Modes
Definition: The application of scientific principles and
technologies to the planning, design, analysis, A) Land A) Ropeways
i) Highways B) Canals
operation and management of any mode of ii) Railways
transportation to provide safe and efficient C) Belt Conveyors
B) Air
movement of people and goods. D) Pipelines (Water, Gas,
i) Domestic Sewer)
ii) International
C) Water
i) Inland
ii) Coastal
iii) Ocean
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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Highway Engineering Road Transport

Definition: The Science which deals with the planning,
design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads and • One of the most common modes of transport
roadway facilities for the convenience of road traffic. which were used even from pre-historic times.
• It may be in the form of track ways, human
Scope of Highway Engineering: pathways etc
1) Development, planning and location
2) Highway design
3) Materials, construction and its control
4) Roadside development, landscaping and others road
furniture.
5) Economics, finance and administration

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Advantages of Road Transport

Disadvantages of Road Transport
• Wide geographical coverage.
• Large influence area
• Land coverage
• Low capital investment
• Door to door service
• Environmental pollution
• Flexibility • Rate of accident is high (Safety)
• Quick and assured deliveries • Energy consumption
• Highest employment potential • Uneconomical (due to accident and
• Low cost packaging environmental effect)
• Personalized travel and service • Delay and congestion (Problem of motorization)
• Economy
• Safety
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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Constraints on the development of other modes of

Constraints on the development of Road
transportation in Nepal
Transportation in Nepal
• Railways:
- Initial investment is high
• Unfavorable geographical condition (Hilly and - Geographical condition
mountainous) - Technological development(lack of experience)
• Poor geological condition ( unstable soil, landslide
etc) • Waterways:
- (Nepal is land-lock country so only inland transportation is possible)
• Hydrological (River system) - High velocity of water in monsoon period
– number of river crossings - Water level in rivers
– run-off is very high in monsoon and velocity is high • Airways:
– Lack of financial resources - Transportation cost is very high and not affordable for each people.
– Technological development. - Only for small aircraft/ helicopters.

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Objectives of Road Planning Transportation Planning Goals

1) Forecast the future requirements of roads needed.

2) Set up priorities and schedules of construction and
renewal program in accordance with natural
resources.
3) Financial planning and management

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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

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Historical development of road construction Tresaguet Road (1775 A.D)

• Roman Road (312 B.C)

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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Telford Road (1803 A.D) Macadam Road (1827 A.D)

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The main features of Macadam’s construction Modern Road

• The new method of road construction as compared to all the
previous methods.
• Sub-grade was compacted and prepared with a cross slope of 1 in
36.
• Heavy foundation stones are not necessary to be placed at the
bottom layer of the construction (stress below the wheel will be
reduced as depth increases.
• Total thickness of construction was less than previous methods.
• The pavement surface was also prepared with a cross slope of 1 in
36.
• Various improved method were based on Macadam’s
construction still use are known after his name. Such as Water
Bound Macadam, Penetration Macadam and Bituminous
Macadam construction.
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Transportation Engineering I: Chapter 1

Modern Road Road Construction in Nepal

• Development of heavy vehicle and need of high speed
resulted to the more stable and durable pavement structures.
• Crushed stone of different gradation are suitable for
compaction and interlocking between them.
• Top layer of the pavement is constructed by stone aggregates
bound by bitumen, tar or other binding materials.
• For good friction to the wheel and to resist the forces during
movement, surface treatment (thin layer) is constructed.
• Pavement is designed by considering wheel loads, natural soil
and other construction materials.
• Modern roads are constructed according to Standards, Norms
and Procedures, developed by government authority.

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Road Construction in Nepal

Once upon a time… in 1958 BS
Ministry of Physical infrastructure and transport:
- Department of Roads (DoR)
Strategic Road Network;
1). National Highways (NH)
2). Feeder Roads (FR)

Ministry of Urban Development:

- DoLI- (Department of Local Infrastructure). (Previously DOLIDAR)
1). District Road
2). Village Roads

Metropolitan City/Municipality:
1) Urban Roads
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Road Standards in Nepal

1) Nepal Road Standard -2070 ( NRS -2070)
2) Nepal Rural Road Standard -2071 (NRRS – 2071)
3) Nepal Urban Road Standard -2076 (NURS -2076)
Road Classification in Nepal (As per NRS – 2070)
1. Administrative Classification 2. Technical Classification
Road Classification in Nepal (As per NRRS – 2071)
1) District Road Core Network (DRCN)
- important roads joining a VDC or nearest economic
center to the district a HQ via either a neighboring
district HQ or the SRN

1) National Highway 1) Class – I 2) Village Roads

2) Feeder Roads 2) Class – II - Other than DRCN
3) District Roads 3) Class – III
4) Urban Roads 4) Class – IV

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National Highways
1) Mahendra Rajmarg (H01)
2) Tribhuvan Rajpath (H02)
3) Arniko Rajmarg (H03)
4) Prithivi Rajmarg (H04)
5) Narayanghat Munglin
Rajmarg (H05)
6) Dhulikhel Sindhuli Birtamod
Rajmarg (H06)
7) Mechi Rajmarg (H07)
8) Koshi Rajmarg (H08)
9) Sagarmatha Rajmarg (H09)
10) Siddhartha Rajmarg (H10)
11) Rapti Rajmarg (H11)
12) Ratna Rajmarg (H12)
13) Karnali Rajmarg (H13)
14) Mahakali Rajmarg (H14)
15) Seti Rajmarg (H15)
16) Kathmandu Ring Road (H16)
17) Bhadrapur-Daiji (Postal
Highway) (H17)
18) Chiyabhanjyang Jhulaghat
Midhill Highway (H18)
19) Shabha Brahmadev (H19)
20) Kathmandu Terai Fast Track
(H20)
21) Kathmandu Outer Ring Road
(H21)
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Feeder roads National Transport Network

• Feeder roads are of secondary nature in the road
network. They connect district head quarters or Importance of national transport network:
zonal head quarters to NH.
• Feeder roads are further classified into • Long distance travel
-Feeder road-major (AADT>100veh. /day) and • National economy
- Feeder road minor. • Overall development of country
There are 208 Feeder Road in Nepal:
• Rational distribution of agricultural products
• F01- Birtamod-Chandragadhi • Distribution of Industrial products
• F02- Padajungi damak-Gaurigunj • National integrity
•.
• F51- Silgadhi-Sanfebajar. • Social and regional justice
•. • Political balance
• F208 - Triveni-Sanahi-Gandak Nahar Sadak-Nawalparasi

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Urban Road Network Road patterns in urban area

• Urban road network is the road system within – Rectangular pattern

the urban areas. – Radial/star and block pattern
• Urban road network may be classified as: – Radial star and circular pattern
– Arterial – Radial star and grid pattern
– Sub-Arterial – Hexagonal patterns
– Collector streets
– Local streets

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Rectangular or Block Radial or Star and Block

Ring Road
• Ring road is a link roughly circumferential about the
centre for an urban area and which permits traffic
to avoid the centre.
• The main traffic generator is located within the
central area. Lacks of suitable by-pass for through
traffic, central area becomes congested. Solution
for this problem is to build a ring road around the
central business area.
Hexagonal
• Depending upon the population first, second and
third ring road may be developed.
………………………………………………………….
Radial or star and Circular Radial or Star and Grid41 42

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