Atoms and The Periodic Table

Chapter 14:
Atoms and the Periodic

Table
 Atoms are Ancient and Empty
 The Elements
 Protons and Neutrons
 The Periodic Table
 The Quantum Hypothesis
 The Shell Model
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atoms Are Ancient and Empty
• Atoms are
• ancient
• origin of most atoms goes back to birth of universe
• mostly empty space
• Elements heavier than hydrogen and much of
the helium were produced in the interiors of
stars.

Which of the following are incorrect statements

about the atom?
A. Atoms have been around since the beginning
of the universe.
B. Atoms are mostly empty space.
C. Atoms are perpetually moving.
D. Atoms are manufactured in plants, and in
humans during pregnancy.

Which of the following are incorrect statements

about the atom?
A. Atoms have been around since the beginning
of the universe.
B. Atoms are mostly empty space.
C. Atoms are perpetually moving.
D. Atoms are manufactured in plants, and in
humans during pregnancy.

The Elements
• Element: A material made of only one kind of

atom. Pure gold is an example as it is made of
only gold atoms.
• Atom: The fundamental unit of an element.
The term "element" is used when referring to

macroscopic quantities.
The term "atom" is used when discussing the
submicroscopic.

The Elements
• Atoms:
• make up all matter around us
• to date, 115 distinct kinds of atoms—90 found
in nature, remainder synthesized
• Element
• any material consisting of only one type of
atom

Protons and Neutrons
• Protons:
• carry a positive charge—same quantity of
charge as electrons
• are about 1800 times as massive as an
electron
• have the same number of protons in the
nucleus as electrons surrounding the nucleus
of an electrically neutral atom

• Neutrons:
• are present in the nucleus along with protons
• carries no charge (neutral)
• are about 1800 times as massive as an
electron
• number of neutrons may vary for atoms of the
same element
Both protons and neutrons are nucleons.

• Electrons:
• are identical
• repel electrons of neighboring atoms
• have electrical repulsion that prevents atomic
closeness

• Atomic number:
• is the number of protons in each element listed
in the periodic table.
• Mass number:
• is the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons)
an atom contains.
Mass number 56
Atomic number 26
Fe
Isotopes and Atomic Mass
• Isotopes:
• refers to atoms of the same element that contain the
same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons in the nucleus
• identified by mass number, which is the total number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• differ only in mass and not by electric charge;
therefore, isotopes share many characteristics
Total number of neutrons in isotope = mass number –

atomic number



• Atomic mass:
• total mass of the atom(s) [protons, neutrons,
and electrons]
• listed in periodic table as atomic mass unit
One atomic mass unit is equal to

1.661 × 10–24 gram or 1.661 × 10–27 kg

The atomic number of an element matches the

number of
A. protons in the nucleus of an atom.
B. electrons in a neutral atom.
C. both of the above.
D. none of the above.

The atomic number of an element matches the

number of
A. protons in the nucleus of an atom.
B. electrons in a neutral atom.
Comment:
When the atomic number doesn't match the
number of electrons, the atom is an ion.

A nucleus with an atomic number of 44 and a mass number

of 100 must have
A. 44 neutrons.
B. 56 neutrons.
C. 100 neutrons.

A nucleus with an atomic number of 44 and a mass number

of 100 must have
A. 44 neutrons.
B. 56 neutrons.
C. 100 neutrons.
Comment:
Be sure to distinguish between neutron and nucleon. Of the
100 nucleons in the nucleus, 56 are neutrons. A neutron is
a nucleon, as is a proton.

The Periodic Table
• The Periodic Table is a listing of all the known

elements.

The Periodic Table

elements.

The Periodic Table

elements.
• It is NOT something to be memorized.
• Instead, we learn how to READ the Periodic
Table.
• A chemist uses the Periodic Table much like a
writer uses a dictionary. NEITHER need be
memorized!

The Periodic Table
• The elements are highly organized within the

Periodic Table.
• Each vertical column is called a "group."
• Each horizontal row is called a "period."

The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table
Atomic size trend

The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table
Which is larger: a lithium atom or a fluorine atom?
Li F
A. A lithium atom
B. A fluorine atom
C. There is no way to tell without memorizing the periodic
table.
The Periodic Table
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which is larger: a lithium atom or a fluorine atom?
Li F
A. A lithium atom
B. A fluorine atom
table.
The Periodic Table
Which is larger: an arsenic atom or a sulfur atom?
S
As
A. An arsenic atom
B. A sulfur atom
table.
The Periodic Table
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which is larger: an arsenic atom or a sulfur atom?
S
As
A. An arsenic atom
B. A sulfur atom
table.
The Quantum Hypothesis
• Quantum Hypothesis
• Max Planck, German physicist,
hypothesized—warm bodies emit radiant
energy in discrete bundles called quanta.
Energy in each energy bundle is proportional
to the frequency of radiation.
• Einstein stated that light itself is quantized. A
beam of light is not a continuous stream of
energy but consists of countless small
discrete quanta of energy, each quantum
called a photon.

• Is light a wave, or a stream of particles?

• Light can be described by both models—it
exhibits properties of both a wave or a particle,
depending on the experiment.
• The amount of energy in a photon is directly
proportional to the frequency of light:
E~

• Spectral Lines of Various Elements

• Atomic Excitation

The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation is known as the
electromagnetic spectrum.

Each spectral line in an atomic spectrum represents

A. a specific frequency of light emitted by an element.
B. one of the many colors of an element.
C. a pattern characteristic of the element.
D. all of the above.

Each spectral line in an atomic spectrum represents

A. a specific frequency of light emitted by an element.
B. one of the many colors of an element.
C. a pattern characteristic of the element.
Explanation:
Many lines make up a pattern that is characteristic of the
element, so choice C doesn't fly. Interestingly, the line
shape of each spectral line is an image of a thin slit in the
spectroscope.

The hydrogen spectrum consists of many spectral

lines. How can this simple element have so many
lines?
A. One electron can be boosted to many
different energy levels.
B. The electron can move at a variety of speeds.
C. The electron can vibrate at a variety of
frequencies.
D. Many standing electron waves can fit in the
shell of the hydrogen atom.

The hydrogen spectrum consists of many spectral

lines. How can this simple element have so many
lines?
A. One electron can be boosted to many
different energy levels.
B. The electron can move at a variety of speeds.
C. The electron can vibrate at a variety of
frequencies.
D. Many standing electron waves can fit in the
shell of the hydrogen atom.

When an atom is excited, its

A. electrons are boosted to higher energy
levels.
B. atoms are charged with light energy.
C. atoms are made to shake, rattle, and roll.

When an atom is excited, its

A. electrons are boosted to higher energy
levels.
B. atoms are charged with light energy.
C. atoms are made to shake, rattle, and roll.

The frequencies of light emitted by an atom often add up to

A. a higher frequency of light emitted by the same
atom.
B. a lower frequency of light emitted by the same atom.

The frequencies of light emitted by an atom often add up to

A. a higher frequency of light emitted by the same
atom.
B. a lower frequency of light emitted by the same atom.
Explanation:
This follows from two energy transitions in an atom
summing to equal another energy transition. See the next
slide.

In the relationship E ~ , the symbol stands for the

frequency of emitted light, and E stands for the
A. potential energy of the electron emitting the light.
B. energy of the photon.
C. kinetic energy of the photon.

In the relationship E ~ , the symbol stands for the

frequency of emitted light, and E stands for the
A. potential energy of the electron emitting the light.
B. energy of the photon.
C. kinetic energy of the photon.
Explanation:
For those answering choice A, note that the energy of the
photon is equal to the difference in energy levels for the
electron emitting the photon—not its value at one energy
level.

Which of these has the greatest energy per

photon?
A. Red light.
B. Green light.
C. Blue light.
D. All have the same.

Which of these has the greatest energy per

photon?
A. Red light.
B. Green light.
C. Blue light.
Explanation:
In accord with E ~ , the highest frequency light
has the greatest energy per photon.

Which of these photons has the smallest energy?

A. Infrared.
B. Visible.
C. Ultraviolet.

Which of these photons has the smallest energy?

A. Infrared.
B. Visible.
C. Ultraviolet.
Explanation:
In accord with E ~ , the lowest frequency radiation
has the smallest energy per photon.

• Using the quantum hypothesis:

• Danish physicist Niels Bohr explained the
formation of atomic spectra as follows:
• The potential energy of an electron depends on its
distance from the nucleus.
• When an atom absorbs a photon of light, it absorbs
energy. Then a low-potential-energy electron is
boosted to become a high-potential-energy
electron.

• Using quantum hypothesis:

• When an electron in any energy level drops
closer to the nucleus, it emits a photon of light.
• Bohr reasoned that there must be a number of
distinct energy levels within the atom. Each
energy level has a principal quantum number n,
where n is always an integer. The lowest level
is n = 1 and is closest to the nucleus.
Electrons release energy in discrete amounts that
form discrete lines in the atom's spectrum.

Which of the following is a quantum number?

A. 0.02
B. 0.2
C. 2
D. 2.5

Which of the following is a quantum number?

A. 0.02
B. 0.2
C. 2
D. 2.5
Explanation:
Quantum numbers are integers only.

• Bohr's model explains why atoms don't collapse:

• Electrons can lose only specific amounts of
energy equivalent to transitions between
levels.
• An atom reaches the lowest energy level
called the ground state, where the electron
can't lose more energy and can't move closer
to the nucleus.

• Planetary model of the atom:

• Photons are emitted by atoms as electrons
move from higher-energy outer levels to
lower-energy inner levels. The energy of an
emitted photon is equal to the difference in
energy between the two levels. Because an
electron is restricted to discrete levels, only
lights of distinct frequencies are emitted.

The Shell Model
• Cutaway view of shells in the shell model of the

atom

The Shell Model
• Shell model showing the first three periods of the

periodic table

Atoms and The Periodic Table

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Chapter 14:

Atoms and the Periodic

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following are incorrect statements

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following are incorrect statements

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Element: A material made of only one kind of

The term "element" is used when referring to

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Both protons and neutrons are nucleons.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Total number of neutrons in isotope = mass number –

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

One atomic mass unit is equal to

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The atomic number of an element matches the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The atomic number of an element matches the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

A nucleus with an atomic number of 44 and a mass number

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

A nucleus with an atomic number of 44 and a mass number

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The Periodic Table is a listing of all the known

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The Periodic Table is a listing of all the known

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The Periodic Table is a listing of all the known

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The elements are highly organized within the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atomic size trend

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which is larger: a lithium atom or a fluorine atom?

Which is larger: an arsenic atom or a sulfur atom?

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Is light a wave, or a stream of particles?

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Spectral Lines of Various Elements

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Each spectral line in an atomic spectrum represents

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Each spectral line in an atomic spectrum represents

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The hydrogen spectrum consists of many spectral

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The hydrogen spectrum consists of many spectral

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

When an atom is excited, its

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

When an atom is excited, its