Organic chemistry II

COURSE OBJECTIVES
How to separate organic mixtures?
The solubility of an organic compound depends on its basicity or
acidity .

Based on the solubility factor, the proper solvent will be chosen.

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 Safety Rules

 Wear the lab coat.

 Wear glasses, mask and gloves (Bring your OWN).
 Tie your hair.
 Do not eat or drink in the lab.
 Read the instructions of the experiment before working.
 Use the safety tools (Tube holder).
 Read the name of the chemical before using it.
 Close the bottle after use.
 Do not smell, taste or touch any chemical.
 If you are asked to smell any chemical, do not put it directly into your nose.
 When heating do not direct the open end of the tube to you or your friends.
 When using flammable materials, keep them away from flame.
 Use the fume hood if an experiment produces gases or odor.
 Clean your spot after work.

5% of your grade 4
 COURSE TOPICS -TYPES OF MIXTURES
ALIPHATIC ACID +
AROMATIC ACID
(A+A)

ACID + BASE
(A+B)

ACID + PHENOL
(A+P)

ACID + NEUTRAL
(A+N)

BASE + PHENOL
(B+P)

BASE + NEUTRAL
(B+N)

NEUTRAL + NEUTRAL
(N+N)

NEUTRAL + PHENOL
(N+P)
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ACID + ACID
LAB (1)

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Methods for Acids and Salts of acids
1) Acidity: Add sodium bicarbonate solution to solid acid
:effervescence and evolution of carbon dioxide are observed.

2) Neutral solution: Add drops of ammonium hydroxide solution to a

the acid solution until the red litmus paper becomes violet .

3) Unsaturation test: (for Cinnamic , Formic acid and their salts)

Add acidified potassium permanganate to the solution, discoloration
of purple color if the compound is unsaturated.

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Methods for Acids and Salts of acids
4) Ding's test: (for Citric acid and Citrate salt)
Add 1 ml of mercuric sulfate solution (Ding's I) to the solution then
boil. Leave it to cool and then add potassium permanganate solution
(Ding's II), white precipitate is formed.

5) Fenton's test: (for Tartaric acid and Tartrate salt)

Add 1 ml of freshly prepared ferrous sulfate solution to the acid
solution, then add one drop of hydrogen peroxide , pour the mixture
into NaOH solution, a deep violet color is obtained.

6) Fluorescence test: (for Succinic acid and Succinate salt)

In a dry test tube, Add the solid , resorcinol and 2 drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid, heat until the resorcinol melts.
Pour the tube content into a beaker of sodium hydroxide.
Green-yellow fluorescence color is obtained.
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Methods for Acids and Salts of acids

7) Phthalein test: (Phthalic acid and it's salt)

In a dry test tube, Add the solid, phenol and 2 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid . Heat until the phenol melts.
Pour the tube content into a beaker of sodium hydroxide.
Pink color is obtained.

8) FeCl3 test: (Salicylic acid)

Add Ferric chloride solution to acid solution a violet color is observed.

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Acid/ Acid mixture

Esterification

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Acid solution (filtrate) +AgNO3

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