COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Processes of Compressible Flow

Week # 2

Dr. Zohaib Atiq Khan

Assistant Professor
zohaib.atiq@uet.edu.pk
Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite
Materials Engineering (New Campus)

1
Compressible Flow Summary Lecture 1

1. Mach Number
2. Continuity equation
3. Total-energy balance
4. Mechanical-energy balance with wall friction
5. Equation for the velocity of sound
6. Equation of state of the ideal gas
7. Acoustical Velocity for Ideal Gases
8. Mach Number for Ideal Gases
9. The Asterisk Condition
10. Stagnation Temperature

UET 2
LAHORE Copyright ® Dr Zohaib Atiq Khan
Compressible Flow Fundamental Concepts

Mach Number for Ideal Gases

𝑢
𝑁𝑀𝐴 = (1)
𝑎

2
𝜌𝑢2 𝑀𝑢2
𝑁𝑀𝐴 = = (23)
𝛾𝑝 𝛾𝑅𝑇

The Asterisk Condition

• The condition where 𝑢 = 𝑎 and 𝑁𝑀𝐴 = 1 is called the asterisk condition.

• The pressure, temperature, density, and enthalpy are denoted by 𝑝∗ , 𝑇 ∗ ,

𝑝∗ , and 𝐻∗ at this state.

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Compressible Flow Fundamental Concepts

Stagnation Temperature
• The stagnation temperature of a high-speed fluid is defined as the
temperature the fluid would attain were it brought to rest adiabatically
without the development of shaft work.
𝑸 𝒖𝟐𝒃 𝒖𝟐𝒂
= 𝑯𝒃 − 𝑯𝒂 + − (6)
𝒎 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖𝟐𝒃
𝑯 − 𝑯𝒔 = − (24)
𝟐
𝑯 = 𝑯𝒔 + 𝒄𝒑 (𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
(25)
𝒖𝟐
𝑻𝒔 = 𝑻 + (26)
𝟐𝒄𝒑
𝒖𝟐
𝑯𝒔 = 𝑯 + (27)
𝟐

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Compressible Flow Processes of Compressible Flow

Isentropic Expansion

Convergent
Section Divergent Section

Reservoir Flow Receiver

Thermal Insulation

The cross-sectional area of the conduit must change, and the process is
described as one of variable area.

Since the process is adiabatic, the stagnation temperature does not change in
the conduit.
𝑸
= 𝑯𝒃𝒔 − 𝑯𝒂𝒔 = 𝒄𝒑 (𝑻𝒃𝒔 − 𝑻𝒔𝒂 ) (28)
𝒎

UET 5
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Compressible Flow Processes of Compressible Flow

Adiabatic Frictional Flow

Isentropic
Section Adiabatic Section

Reservoir Flow Receiver

Thermal Insulation

This process is irreversible, and the entropy of the gas increases

𝑸
= 𝑯𝒃𝒔 − 𝑯𝒂𝒔 = 𝒄𝒑 (𝑻𝒃𝒔 − 𝑻𝒔𝒂 ) (28)
𝒎
Since 𝑄 = 0, the stagnation temperature is constant throughout the conduit.

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Compressible Flow Processes of Compressible Flow

Isothermal Frictional Flow

Isentropic
Section Isothermal Section

Reservoir Flow Receiver

Heating Jacket

This process is nonadiabatic and nonisentropic

The stagnation temperature changes during the process, since 𝑇 is constant

𝒖𝟐
𝑻𝒔 = 𝑻 + (26)
𝟐𝒄𝒑

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Isentropic Expansion Flow through Variable Area Conduits

Convergent
Section Divergent Section

Reservoir Flow Receiver

Thermal Insulation

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Isentropic Expansion Processes of Compressible Flow
Convergent Section Divergent Section

Reservoir Flow Receiver

𝒑𝟎 𝒑𝒓
𝒑𝒕

Thermal Insulation

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Isentropic Expansion Equations For Isentropic Flow

Gas Properties During Isentropic Flow

• For an ideal gas, an isentropic path follows the equations

𝒑 𝑻
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 (18)
(17) 𝟏
𝟏−𝜸
𝝆−𝜸 𝒑
𝒑 𝒑𝟎 𝑻 𝑻𝟎
= (29) 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝝆−𝜸 𝝆−𝜸 𝟏−𝜸 𝟏−𝜸 (30)
𝟎 𝒑 𝒑𝟎

Apply both to frictionless subsonic and supersonic flow, but not applicable near shock
front.

UET 10
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Isentropic Expansion Velocity in Nozzle

𝒅𝒑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒇𝒅𝑳
+𝒅 + =𝟎 (11)
𝝆 𝟐 𝟐 𝒓𝒉
𝟏
𝒅𝒑 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝒑
𝟏−
𝜸
= −𝒅 (31) 𝑵𝟐𝑴𝒂 = −𝟏 (34)
𝝆 𝟐 𝜸−𝟏 𝒑𝟎
𝒑 𝒑𝟎
= (29) 𝒑 𝟏
𝝆−𝜸 𝝆−𝜸
𝟎 =
𝒑𝟎 𝟏
𝜸−𝟏 𝟐 −(𝟏− )
𝜸 (35)
𝒖
𝒖𝟐 𝒑𝟎 𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝟏+ 𝑵𝑴𝒂
𝟐
න 𝒅 = − න 𝟏/𝜸 (32)
𝟎 𝟐 𝝆 𝒑𝟎 𝒑
Critical Pressure Ratio
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏− ∗ 𝟏
𝟐𝜸𝒑𝟎 𝒑 𝜸
(33) 𝒑 𝟐 𝟏− (36)
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟏− 𝒓𝒄 = = 𝜸
𝜸 − 𝟏 𝝆𝟎 𝒑𝟎 𝒑𝟎 𝜸+𝟏
Mass Velocity
Mach Number form of above equation
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏−
𝝆𝒖𝟐 𝑴𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝜸𝝆𝟎 𝒑𝟎 𝒑 𝜸 𝒑 𝜸
(37)
𝑵𝟐𝑴𝑨 = = (23) 𝑮 = 𝒖𝝆 = 𝟏−
𝜸𝒑 𝜸𝑹𝑻 𝜸 − 𝟏 𝒑𝟎 𝒑𝟎

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Isentropic Expansion Effect of Cross-Sectional Area

The relation between the change in cross sectional area, velocity, and Mach number is useful in correlating the various
cases of nozzle flow.

𝒅𝒑 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝑺
= −𝒅 (31) (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) + =𝟎
𝝆 𝟐 𝒖 𝒂 𝑺 (39)

𝒅𝝆 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝑺
+ + =𝟎 (4)
𝝆 𝒖 𝑺 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝒅𝑺
(𝑵𝑴𝒂 − 𝟏) = (40)
𝒖 𝑺
𝒅𝝆 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝑺
− 𝒖𝒅𝒖 + + = 𝟎 (38)
𝒅𝒑 𝒔
𝒖 𝑺
𝑵𝑴𝒂 > 𝟏 𝑮 = 𝒖𝝆 𝑺

𝒅𝒑 𝑵𝑴𝒂 < 𝟏
𝒂= (12)
𝒅𝝆 𝒔

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Isentropic Expansion Example

Air enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at a temperature of 480𝐾 and a pressure of 20 𝑎𝑡𝑚. The
throat area is one-half that of the discharge of the divergent section.

a. Assuming the Mach number in the throat is 0.85, what are the values of the following quantities
at the throat: pressure, temperature, linear velocity, density, and mass velocity?
b. What are the values of 𝑝∗ , 𝑇 ∗ , 𝑢∗ , and 𝐺 ∗ corresponding to reservoir conditions?
c. Assuming the nozzle is to be used supersonically, what is the maximum Mach number at the
discharge of the divergent section?

For air γ = 1.4 and 𝑀 = 29.

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UET 14
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UET 15
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