Hypotheses:

𝜕𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
1) Flow under steady state ( = 0);
𝜕𝑡

2) Annular two-phase flow in the upward vertical direction;

3) Uniform velocity and concentration profiles at any pipe cross-section
along the pipeline;
𝑑𝐴
4) No change in the pipe cross-sectional area ( 𝑑𝑧 = 0);
𝑑𝑥
5) Adiabatic flow process with no phase change (𝑑𝑧 = 0);

6) Air is modeled as an ideal gas (𝑃𝜐𝑔 = 𝑅𝑔 𝑇);

𝑑𝜐
7) Water is treated as a condensed fluid phase ( 𝑑𝑃𝑙 ≈ 0);

8) Blasius-type equation for Fanning friction coefficient for smooth pipe

𝐶𝑓 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑒 −𝑛
Flow regime Constants Application range
Laminar 𝐶𝑎 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 1 𝑅𝑒 < 2. 103
1
𝐶𝑎 = 0.079 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 2. 103 < 𝑅𝑒 < 105
4
Turbulent
1
𝐶𝑎 = 0.046 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒 > 105
5

Frictional, gravitational and accelerational components have been included in the

calculus of the total pressure gradient and comparisons are made between
model-predicted and experimentally measured values;
Homogeneous flow model (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 ℎ)

The total pressure gradient is given by the following expression:

2 𝐺2
𝑑𝑃 𝐷 𝐶𝑓 𝜌ℎ + 𝜌ℎ 𝑔
(− ) =
𝑑𝑧 ℎ 𝐺2 𝛼
1 − 𝜌 𝑃ℎ
ℎ

for what some flow variables are defined to apply the homogeneous flow model.

𝑚̇
𝐺= = 𝜌ℎ 𝑗 in which 𝑗 = 𝑗𝑔 + 𝑗𝑙
𝐴

𝑗𝑔
𝜌ℎ = 𝛼ℎ 𝜌𝑔 + (1 − 𝛼ℎ )𝜌𝑙 in which 𝛼ℎ =
𝑗

𝜇ℎ = 𝛼ℎ 𝜇𝑔 + (1 − 𝛼ℎ )𝜇𝑙

To calculate 𝐶𝑓 the Reynolds number is based on density and viscosity of the

two-phase flow mixture that is being treated as a homogeneous pseudo-fluid.

𝜌ℎ 𝑗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇ℎ

It has been noted that 𝑅𝑒 > 105 for most data points. For a first approximation,
the following expression for friction coefficient is then used.

1
𝐶𝑓 = 0.046𝑅𝑒 −5
Separated flow model using the Drift-Flux method (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑑𝑓)

The total pressure gradient is now given by the following expression:

2 𝐺2
(𝐶𝑓 ) 𝜙 2 + 𝜌𝑑𝑓 𝑔
𝑑𝑃 𝐷 𝑔0 𝜌𝑔 𝑔0
(− ) =
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑓
𝑥 2 𝑑𝜐𝑔 𝜕𝛼 (1 − 𝑥)2 1 𝑥2 1
1 + 𝐺2 𝛼 +( ) [ − ]
⏟𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑃 ⏟𝜕𝑃 𝑥 (1 − 𝛼𝑑𝑓 )2 𝜌𝑙 𝛼𝑑𝑓 2 𝜌𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑙_1
{ 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑙_2 }

for what some flow variables are defined to apply the separated flow model.

𝑚̇𝑔 𝐺𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑗𝑔
𝑥= = =
𝑚̇ 𝐺𝑔 + 𝐺𝑙 𝜌𝑔 𝑗𝑔 + 𝜌𝑙 𝑗𝑙

𝜌𝑑𝑓 = 𝛼𝑑𝑓 𝜌𝑔 + (1 − 𝛼𝑑𝑓 )𝜌𝑙

𝑑𝜐𝑔 1
=− using the ideal gas law
𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝜌𝑔

𝜕𝛼 𝛼𝑑𝑓 (1 − 𝑥)
( ) =− using the ideal gas law
𝜕𝑃 𝑥 𝑃

The Drift-Flux method is used to determine an average concentration (𝛼𝑑𝑓 ) for

each data point presented in the table of experimental data (Sawant’s thesis).

𝑗𝑔
𝛼𝑑𝑓 =
𝐶0 𝑗 + 𝑉𝑔𝑗

Woldesemayat and Ghajar (2007) correlation for the vertical flow direction:

0.25
𝑎
𝑔𝐷𝜎(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 ) 105 Pa
𝑉𝑔𝑗 = 2.9(2.44) [ ] 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 =
𝜌𝑙 2 𝑃
 𝑏
𝑗𝑙 𝜌𝑔 0.1
Dix(1971) Correlation: 𝐶0 𝑗 = 𝑗𝑔 [1 + ( ) ] with 𝑏=( )
𝑗𝑔 𝜌𝑙

Recognizing that 𝑅𝑒 > 105 for most data points, (𝐶𝑓 )𝑔0 and 𝜙𝑔0 2 are expressed

as follows:

1
−
𝜌𝑔 𝑗𝐷 5
(𝐶𝑓 )𝑔0 = 0.046 ( )
𝜇𝑔

1 6
−
2 𝜇𝑔 − 5 𝜌𝑙 5
𝜙𝑔0 = [𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥) ] [𝛼𝑑𝑓 + (1 − 𝛼𝑑𝑓 ) ]
𝜇𝑙 𝜌𝑔
Results obtained using Sawant’s thesis for annular flow conditions