Lab Report 01

IC Engine Lab

Submitted to
Dr. Syed Amjad Ahmad

Submitted by
Waqas Ibrahim

Roll no.
18-MCE-49

Section:
“B”

NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research,

Faisalabad
Mechanical Engineering Department
2022

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 Table of Content
Heat Engine ................................................................................................................................... 3
Historical development ................................................................................................................. 3
Huygens Gunpowder Engine ...................................................................................................... 3
Four Stroke Cycle ....................................................................................................................... 3
The Diesel Engine (1892) ........................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
External Combustion Engines..................................................................................................... 4
Internal Combustion Engines ...................................................................................................... 4
Advantage of IC Engines over EC Engines ................................................................................ 4
The standard terminology used in I.C Engine. ........................................................................... 4
IC Engine Classification ............................................................................................................. 4
Parts of IC Engines ....................................................................................................................... 5
1. Piston ring ............................................................................................................................ 5
2. Engine Block with assembly ................................................................................................ 5
3. Crank Case ........................................................................................................................... 5
4. Cylinder Head ...................................................................................................................... 6
5. Engine Cylinder Head gas kit .............................................................................................. 6
6. Water pump .......................................................................................................................... 6
7. Glow plug............................................................................................................................. 6
8. Spark plug ............................................................................................................................ 7
9. Connecting rod with piston .................................................................................................. 7
10. Valves ............................................................................................................................... 7
11. Valves seal........................................................................................................................ 7
12. Fuel pump ......................................................................................................................... 8
13. Crank Shaft ....................................................................................................................... 8
14. Cam Shaft ......................................................................................................................... 8

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 Heat Engine

Heat engines is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and
uses this energy to produce mechanical work. Heat engines are divided into two broad classes.
• External combustion engines
• Internal combustion engines.

Historical development

Huygens Gunpowder Engine

The earliest internal combustion can be credited to famous Dutch physicist Christian Huygens
(1629-1695) in the year 1680. Huygens engine employing gunpowder.

Four Stroke Cycle

All the engines developed until 1860 provided combustion of the charge at about atmospheric
pressure. In 1862, Beau de Rocha’s, a Frenchmen, wrote a paper describing the fundamental
principles for efficient operation of piston combustion engine, which were demonstrated in a
practical engine by Otto, a German engineer. This laid the foundation of four stroke cycle engine
which is used till today in all four-stroke spark-ignition engines. This method of operation was
explained in the four operations as follows.

• 1st Stroke Induction of charge during the outward stroke of piston.

• 2nd Stroke Compression of the charge during inward stroke of the piston.
• 3rd Stroke Ignition of the air fuel mixture during inward dead Centre, followed by
expansion during the next outward stroke of the piston.
• 4th Stroke Exhaust during the next inward stroke of the piston.

The Diesel Engine (1892)

The term diesel engine is used throughout the world to denote compression-ignition oil engines,
two stroke or four stroke, with air less fuel injection. This very important concept of compression-
ignition can be credited to Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), a German engineer born in Paris. In 1892
he proposed compression of air alone until a sufficient high temperature was attained to ignite the
fuel which was to be injected at the end of the compression stroke. In his first experiments he tries
to injects coal dust into a cylinder containing air that had already been highly compressed.

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 Introduction

External Combustion Engines

In an external combustion engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to a
second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle, as in the case of steam engine or a steam
turbine plant where the heat of combustion is employed to generate steam which is used in the
piston engine or turbine. Sterling engine is also an external combustion engine.

Internal Combustion Engines

In an internal combustion engine, the product of the combustion is directly the motive fluid. Petrol,
gas & diesel engines, Wankel engine, and open cycle gas turbine are example of internal
combustion engine. Jet engine and rockets are also internal combustion engine.

Advantage of IC Engines over EC Engines

The main advantages of internal combustion engines over external combustion engines are greater
mechanical simplicity, lower ratio of weight and bulk to output due to absence of auxiliary
apparatus like boiler and condenser and hence lower first cost, higher overall efficiency, and lesser
requirement of water for dissipation of energy through cooling system.

The standard terminology used in I.C Engine.

• Cylinder Bore (B) The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder
• Piston Area (A) The area of the circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore.
• Stroke (L) A nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two
successive reversals of its direction of motion.
• Dead Centre The position of the working piston and that moving parts which are
mechanically connected to it at the momentum when the direction of piston motion is
reversed.
• Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) Dead Centre when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.
• Top Dead Centre (TDC) Dead Centre when the piston is farthest from the crankshaft.
• Displacement volume (Vs) Vs=AxL The nominal volume generated by the working
piston when traveling from one dead Centre to the next one.
• Compression Ratio (CR or r) The numerical volume of the cylinder volume divided by
the numerical value of the combustion space volume.

IC Engine Classification
• Otto Cycle Engines or Spark Ignition Engines
• Diesel Cycle Engines or Compression Ignition Engines.
• Four Stroke Engines (One power stroke in two revolution of crankshaft)
• Two Stroke Engines. (One power stroke in one revolution of crankshaft)

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 Parts of IC Engines

1. Piston ring
A piston ring is a metallic split ring that is attached to the outer diameter of a piston in an internal
combustion engine or steam engine.
The main functions of piston rings in engines are:
• Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is minimal
loss of gases to the crank case.
• Improving heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
• Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the piston
and the cylinder wall
• Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from the
cylinder walls back to the sump.
Most piston rings are made from cast iron or steel.

2. Engine Block with assembly

A cylinder block and head assembly are described for use in an
internal combustion engine, comprising: a closed-deck cylinder
block having a deck and a first fluid chamber; a cylinder head
disposed on the deck and having a second fluid chamber; a gasket
interpose between the cylinder block and the cylinder head

3. Crank Case
A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating
internal combustion engine. In most modern engines, the crankcase
is integrated into the engine block.

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 4. Cylinder Head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the
cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the
cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by
a head gasket

5. Engine Cylinder Head gas kit

In an internal combustion engine, a head gasket provides the seal
between the engine block and cylinder head(s).
Its purpose is to seal the combustion gases within the cylinders and
to avoid coolant or engine oil leaking into the cylinders. Leaks in
the head gasket can cause poor engine running and/or overheating.

6. Water pump
The water pump is a simple centrifugal pump driven by a belt
connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The pump circulates
fluid whenever the engine is running. The fluid leaving the pump
flows first through the engine block and cylinder head, then into
the radiator and finally back to the pump

7. Glow plug
Glow plug is a heating device used to aid in starting diesel engines.
In cold weather, high-speed diesel engines can be difficult to start
because the mass of the cylinder block and cylinder head absorb
the heat of compression, preventing ignition. Pre-chambered
engines use small glow plugs inside the pre-chambers

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 8. Spark plug
A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition
system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite
the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing
combustion pressure within the engine.

9. Connecting rod with piston

A connecting rod, also called a con rod, is the part of a piston engine
which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank,
the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston
into the rotation of the crankshaft

10.Valves
Engine valves are mechanical components used in internal
combustion engines to allow or restrict the flow of fluid or gas to
and from the combustion chambers or cylinders during engine
operation

11.Valves seal
Valve seals are small gaskets fitted in the cylinder head,
embracing valve stems in order to seal them and prevent the valve
control mechanism lubricant from getting into the cylinders.

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 12.Fuel pump
The fuel pump in your car delivers gas from the gas tank to
the engine so your car can run smoothly. If the pump
overheats, becomes damaged, or fails, the car's engine won't
get the fuel to run properly or at all.

13.Crank Shaft
A crankshaft is a shaft driven by a crank mechanism
consisting of a series of cranks and crankpins to which
the connecting rods of an engine is attached. It is a
mechanical part able to perform a conversion between
reciprocating motion and rotational motion.

14.Cam Shaft
The camshaft is a rotating object usually made of metal
that contains pointed cams, which converts rotational
motion to reciprocal motion. Camshafts are used in
internal combustion engines, mechanically controlled
ignition systems and early electric motor speed
controllers.

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