conbol

Unde
uot Ps trauistor
a
broadly CMosFETs)
juncion Pop denotes
tat
Sigual d ta )
coubrolled veremno clanijed BTs) BJT 2r n-vegion
lect bansiktor
e current
The l6 hoo one
.
ces Coubol,teuulal.
s
Siaual
(BTTs)
feld- ( ansistors:-(pONe lar'
,
bipo
trawistors
tanutstorsSITs)
deui Posses layeeoi DPo soiehtug
One
loug be
a 4 covductor
Trausstors devia heteum
bolled Koheu conlol cau three ,n-regions
Modue2ties
characteis
houwr a turned
Uncou -stat trens?stors bipolar
seui a
conductorSand
on te .obtain
td
oY on Kohens
bauistors, 9uto
tve
Categore s tooPegions
tuuned Junctio Gat tnductrnJoncton
BJT
A
porce
travutstoy owde Seu
turn-4 baue
and
diodes
Ponoeu b the
Po lnsulated-
5)cooLMOs. by
Lntroduetion: au poseu
pooL BipolaY ansistor
trte
Sandwoiched
prwent
9s Metal statc Pop
Yemalnb Bipolay too
PonouThee or
pouoehe A npn ott,
) a) 3) u)
 (c), (b) collector
tauststDY
PNP Joncttou
lu
cotlector E
,a (b)
saisto
PNp
Bau
to
collkctor B junct'ons
deu
and naed
clechos Emille
Emi Collector
s P base p+
P
deviu too
teuunala Bas
has aand
e holes (B) tansistoy
NPN-
(a) traistor
(cBs)
tretor
NP-
(o)
n
has base
hree collector
Bas
flo bol and Collector cttou
Current
lE)
bipolar
jun En?lla P
ent
Movem Eutlte nt
BJT
A emiItee P base(BEJ)
Base A
te
 Vg
). taistoY )a Ot Paralld
diagrag
ctrut(0) characteristicsCurrnt contdered as
s Com
mon in
charactertstic!
Steady
state Cmi The
Input
NP
sistor
WPn la N
VBE
npn
bae ype
Ig TesisBane palls
characteushu:-
Vee and
tanwistor
and
Suoitchiug
caruut ConOn Yes
)
base- |lt8ng ucole
RcE
shouon yor
emille possible CON) ctor and
teaistica
|npu(b) a
arraugmnt
Emillu in
a
obtaining
A pplicatous currents hoo/p
belo
voltage circuit low

characteristesit state
on- jlow
betsee So regfony
VBE bape contguratow a
VgE VeEn>VeE com thuough
colectoy t
mow Ma
input
for too
 The is
1S Jonctonare .base le characteustes
Output-
(2)
onctos
s Suttivnty tehotanplifiu,
s 9aùn, polanhu or Emila
toutput Current
Haac vo A
low In cutoH) vottagu
Theu
are a
nte In BEJ he eurrest graph
1 ihe
Ihe rtie and pnp J
are
characteisthcs.
(cB3 and isbase active cuteH active and
hi gu
Sahuratou tae oheu s tanistor,
al) betoce
th Yewehse
ste, and e forard not (bree Tewehe d.
currnt VeE
so Cument
collector the regiou, regioM) and collector
trausistor cuough
BE) liat base biased. (t Cotlector
blased - saturaton e
regiou) The fhe
a the Enmillu the Te’Aievegion.
ohich act . CBJ current to
colleetor tranaistor trasistor characteistca
outputC9
-torard
biaued. turn rSategieunraton
as te
es S Vo
it
a a rwese iage s
base on
plot SoitehEnile - amplifed aca c
decreases and
Current o!
andVeELg biased as bobbot5 Ortausistor
Voltage or
Bolt by an -L82
lke VeE TB=0
es and
a
 The Current the The
urrent Knouonas rato
The
fs Current
Collector be The
cajuaten
relata helous VeE(sat)
coll input base Vec
etoy Madel Vee
and Icurrent
undu
to
current current characteish'u
Transfe cut
curent curent
ufor
oavd ol
te le large le-Active
olhu base Tle
fsaud
collector
tthe Hechvey sigual
is has Currentg output tu NPN
currenttlo
is
Ihe too Vgecsat)
de
-tsan tSatraton
eatage B
ponnt, opecatiou sistor
Cunent IeEo VBE ’
s
E
shoun
one
CBJthe
t in
base
 TransistDY
Sioitch koheu
rauistor Ret Sue
Joheru KOKT,
lceo
Be le
s IE
Condee >>I =
opera = ko;tb
Conmpard ollector
-VBE Vg Ie( farIe le
ted 1e base
e
Iate +le
as can t
Jceo lbopen to
cercuit
a
swoltch. be for Enilee
t Cruit
erpressed Ig Ig
be
loo learaq
and
ohe as
cument

lte ncglgible
w biased
torusard focreases
faly Yegion CBJtae fs Also ’ Vec
ns;sto Can Theactve in aboe he VcE
conespondingante
d ie Vce = = =
maimube
be Vee Vec VcE
lous (he base Veg
ay hen obBained Vee = RB -bEle -JeRc +
= IeRc
VBE. curret
Collector rewerse Vce VBE +
begoes fndicala Rc
koith collector
by
This VceVec -
d into s Re VBE
VBc urrent setting blaed
ratiou. Corinuesincreased valu Current lhatas
o +
about VBE
fhe increases Vcc-
VBE Veg and
in
Until above currt
base Re =o le
int The long VeE
The o.4 rgon
and achue
the
to heand , BM VCeau
achvetrausistor VBE,
bove tran osV: c8J VBE
sistor Ihe
The VBE =
ahich EsVce Vee es
 he VolHagealwost any
dus
Vot
milla
tage A he and uighe Notma
pooe hgh lbforced
oheru and h
ovendyve CollectoY
Current
he 'jnerease
to PP total he ly, fs
Los constant
loss - han correspoudgtie Satuvation
tncreased Valu ponoeu rato he IBslcs =
VBr = VcE
n Jasthe.
o le
tactor ciYCuit Vee Csat) in
he loss oLBs Rc - he
ificanyttobase ODE + Ies VeE(sat) (te )
BEJ. (oDF): te siquif to nty
VeEJc n is he base
Current Ca be to ratto collector
nnot leeB, Va
lu
cotlector
too deigncd coll current
, is ector
resulting reduce jonchton Ie -emiltu
Deoen, called urrert
to So current base ?5 Current doe
he as Ias lkat
tn VBE PS Soturahons nbt
Ps torcad Iz
hereased collector
inrease s Yemain nrease
caled ?s
B
 ratiote Ybe ,not Para
(0) shoon tnThedel o the lhey
Capaatance: Capactance.
dyyuion a
The t
eetive taus?stor. play Under |lSoonhohi
el n
ie Mode infuene A A
Mo CapauBances
tans -be reverse fornoard
nsconduclante Ccb
capactance any
steady-
oiltf characteusties: -
Co role
clane Cwrent belo, he state blascd -blased
brautstoy :
rc
Yo toewer a

gain ohee tum-on

, y coudittons Pn- depletion
gn the
gm B Under juncton Po-jonction
(6) c8T Coh and Under
Vge A o -
a Model and laye
and trausient turn-A heie
tansient has
BJT be enhbia
loil5 BEJ Cbe ony
3 capaitance capa
ane he
he behaviou
tansconduckna
deyncd Yespechvely. conditions condiHons, depleton ctana too
as
Vbe Yosla and
do
 0.92cs and Itae and 1hese
turnnotonPue o·|les Yce
nd -Te2 -V Ccb
to and te
VBbase Millerayeeà Ca
the be pautances
tr
kt multipliation physical
to
inteeal -KT emare he
nty tllu he
ntstto faput ae
conshuctiou
Yespectively
resistances
apauiances
The capaulaue depudent
s ect
tig C-K)T
o)
above o jonction
Voltagu
te on
te
colletor
Squifcantty
browsPstor
does t
travsts
flus
tra 5 tor
la emille Q-10
lie du
 andtie cer e
The ’ and
S a. Yeaui
Satru
edralto Votaqe te dlayCurrent IteAs
erlra reaiowghuuThe Capacitauadepend
mouut AjA urrent
la
skeody capacitauee te
Current
base
proportoualcharge
minoily IheOn lkis 0-4V): J
o Capx.VBE louws. does bae frput
atclainvgeg exra
stat
currntle. ohich Carrie
delay, This
notcurrent
Tes to timevalu Vottage
Cs o lrespoud
ay de
tie chaga delay
Ies s Ihe tie te
calld tne Yfses
C0DF -BsODFLBs
charge normally costant BEJ VB
Vp
tranststor. collector
Tes Pume
tored 8td, to
-), base
Sahuratng
carge, qrealite sequied to Ytsu
detuined The dia lB,
in MOre ite bafore
dDVe stored urrnt tly. yrom
nt the A timcYlsetr t
base alian
hat collector
orlbayrtheu
and ?n oard
result, by rfsu collector eato
o
. time .Thes tae BEJ
charge
he to blas s
baue lhe a v
p
 oould
tme be to -Vg to
V, ’
harge by
depnda te
Capautauu
Chang Ymoved base
and chage
The the oaly e catled
tmets, -le2
oi
hmeruoven basehghe1heIhremove
The lhout kohen
lhe
base Onee Yewese the
Because Currnt the
capautana on entively -IB tae
baue and
th
nig currente he remove stord colleetor
heca) enlra current fn ta
tme current VBE and volag
knput
the
hagethts basebeloo bylhe lhe collector
Saturatiug
chorge Ihe
falls
er0 to chages
o fau chage to he fs t base Current
constant, Yecombinatiou
te saturahng polail, oil
shouos te to exra l82 sHI| Storaqe
werses Current,
tape current
Saturalad revese Puput is
Zero. helps posiHve
caustng chovge does
charge revenedomn s
storage
enliaIhe Oheh Yemove clange Va a
ved
fnst B b)aued Voltage and to low he a
menot
he from l6oIb a BA
traus'tosr. d, base
from he directoude
dischoge hghee hom longatime to hecha auo
has
beto
isfall
detemed he he , appx
tgh
BEJ. tme -V> Iia charged
t?s uge
BEJ storage to-Ve sforage
he
tsbaue ts
t and o.4 Ihe reajuird for
/. - a
 ) jn
s lheue
pyoduun fornlhe TheSITCHIN6
SecondLIMITS; and time
and
tise The Em?le heYrom
ting ts time
SB, and turn ) chage a
he aYe to ts
hot chage
ohich
Breakdoron tuin-oN -on
chaggeStora c
he Base as and
ovdpro-ile
Yem
spots lCurrent
oca
may to tall tn time sorag
lred s shoon n
e, s loro
- hme time td+ = tr: tn Collector he
a tst in decreanea
uttruent deatructvedes SB):! ( tr ps
baue
by
hot to
tructve
t te to chage
(te
ahe Spot a is
Small Ihe sum om
a
stDY lhe b)
phenom sum prok
d encessie y chavge
ircdloca portiou
he
proflé
enon delimaeytd
l a Ps
thus, enengy tun-4pghle tie,
cfall
9) ,
resullt Storagtime baelchanged
lhe durig
econday -13 2
base, all
 The Cwes
ton dycct iuit indicales he biased. .curvent
oieetoy
ra
Beue s
ca -
FBsoA): vefo subjecled ara
iable lRBSOA):
-
ca
oncen cetain
at
0curs dovon brardou
transistor. ay a
he Ahoun mast l5
by phenoneno conditions,f8soA hgh
caued Current
and
tme
break oA ,io.
held
yevehe
current ( FBs be and Vee
Ihe notItiat
area sistov be
Seoday a be bransistor o) Je-
be opcuathagSecond coudiHons opeuatng
curvent
must
junction Value RBsoA
hgh
om
YesulHng dependent -stalt provide must lkan
transistoY tran
he
may pabilly vottage
structure
The
SB
dissipatou speified
hrgh emilu rovideas
the
Contentathonthe on and a by
Vortage- Sate
conbinatons Sace by ok
ehengy
,involved and peatuely test
tum-on lug usua base-to-
imid tun-o
a sutaincd -emilla
a
, manyatu
tun.
based hand specihied biased belop
tem manuactureu the pOwu biased
an VaE Operatou Curve
cur
FBsOA collector
cuyent s
The d- Pe- or
me y
tansfstor ybasicanoar Dunng
poou
(Unctto Undu fe Rewoe. be Dunng
at,
Yona
ay
for grea Yewe
the he must
The levdThe
the ) 3)
 rfSes
rapidly teminal speutied a ppeatinq
heas lhe
absolutt emilla
hebetoeen lhe
betoee he
s specified fg tempea
OIH Voltag emtlz Ort
VoHage
ing
sustain spejed in
rfses
termva) aHage, shocon
case
teiminals
he
collector a at and a
blased
Curret temtnal
votage
manimur 5foi is he
breakdouon base lter fs Vo cit P,
dyjned twoor
e
votog ot emt
ratg and
tce
VoHage deu cir
shortedhe teminal lablo manimum current
s
-
between ohere ouon emt appled and
This Ihe valentloss
voltagea
Vortage,
At
breakd teral acos Roductante. poKou
open
manlnum
and
tuminal
Coilector uraited.
coilector : Eajul
voMagc stant
manimum
,
directon mair
ke
base
VEBO:- the Noltage deratinq
cireuited.
open heCSUS)
VCEO Srmuttancouly aUuage
A teumfualcon toto
dounbreakdown oingmanyactureu
and VcEx! orVeEV Coilector theumal
open manimum
Break
rewceYelatively teuminal negative
:
loadpokoer he
third baue The
The 5) y PS
4) Or - the
 oc/w teypuatur
tawistor
ts
c)w poOlL
nimum
ma
Is lly ture ambient
RsA P
RsA ase, amblent,
norma
K, peua be thenal
Res to sRn be tem mut
)Rea junetion s ambient
Te +Rsa) to to |50c, unetion the derata
Rge -B CaeSink thengoe, he
tedisipa es
reslstanc
kom dissipatiou or
-(s from = -for
Res from lhe TTtmax)the ratug
ves
ce
+ resistan restance breardo
RRac R(Re rsstance y ) Can practcal.
theumal cu
is powure ponsehand, the
Ps rature =
TA pate de0iu the
deratng
t theumal thumal neuo
ratu Res tempeRsA Te =thumal um
=
lha and tng d!
tempeR - Te lo not pre Secon
- - im at inueasedo he is tempeuature
- = nte
SfueTe bient Ts Tg-TA Kc
RsA ma Speuted he
ean
dissi ,
=o
this ond
= am = Kes
KoheruRcs On ohenshous
he Ts Ta and The and
he n Te
 tenests t set cirauil
b
time
tun-94 are mut tianctstor.
a protechon
the
operatng
storage 2) and
koowyons and characteistis
and O tun--he
he Po.fg
tun-on beoro.
showu du dt Eqs e
and --.
le-cs in
Keep beli
Curnt and
imitation
S
: td and
to
ceitein
tme curent d svoltchlug ble
and lhe Ves and turn-onveajuired
voa
lay
deIhe to
colleetor-
emilte
vottag allo
veq'resvoHage
Tran
sistor Ike rlaton dv
collector di
current
colleetr
the s Vs. stordunng he
du
anddt di dt Ics tr conditions ormaly
on tn-og tronsi
and
Noglecng
pical -trn )
the in the dt
otin
ty During and ise Sahicjed
tr During o the
dudt
di dt the Yises Mustfall he ave
 oa
Vetovms
in uau ohth have
Knoon
Sometmes
he
dvdt be
y Conditons,
Dm collecto
Dm
e
and ?s diode
operathug
heoits mit becaue
trousistor,s he
di di feeoheelengthro
state tme ,on
koith and te fals
reovey
turaed
shorteh limit
the Snubber steady D
protectou, acoss e diode
loo ircuit
protecton
(a) ohich Under A,
loxo
tgube
tansistor Rs or
Snubbe
Senes
1eweAe !
tgube R L
The
RcNetoorK
circutt transistoy
Ls Assuming ret
du
and
i oductor is has
negligble
cur
dt
yplcaln Dm Snubber 1
shoun
cb).
tg Rs aCalled
Ls Current ohen and
YPses
dt A is + he
the
 The crcuited.
short-as
Mode-2 characteistics ) KohenDurne
Modet tigyu
dt dt
Ve
dt dv
steady cutClr
davqd belo
cqjualet
Dunng Kn Ls
dt dv tr tr ouo
Cs JL state and
Vs
Ves toturn Ls Vs
hat Operation
tun-on
andVes Vee and trnon
from
Ves
= 4: Ics Yeached,
dLttCs
= Ls = is dt
by J in
Vs Vs
tr
Vs three sheurn
to-on is
Vs
Ls
modes
 the te by
trawisto ’t nod
Ls, lt voided Sioithing
in nd placing
a
stored peaká
atug
currnt
Ahoon througl be g belo he
Ls
can instead9
engy a
to en a
transistorshouon
discharge third
iruit Cs
charged
lte 3mode
in normally acnssss
oue-
to resonant damped
cntcatty
made damping, to Ihe througb
Current imebe
Value
te alo e
3fsCs
Due
Capacitor es oscallatons
avod
to
bas Inereasestor discharge
lhe
Rs Shoutd tne
Clvit
opuala
in
. urcuit Cs resis discharge 3RsCs
=
ou cottcalLs Capacitox
nge ohen
choo
sing discharge
.Coneidened
tumsnuped dascha
Rs le
Ite da RLe Uty i placiug -
diode Modi-3 the Cs
Once
a he for The and The Rs A
is