Page No.

UNIT-I
Jasstoo the ton ynsistoy gs dere

ocs)Sinet CìTtt do high resiS 4)ce Cirut.

FE (Ficld effed Psonsistore)

9NsfÊT (Meda oxiae sennj (onduttoe feldefe hraris)

n
Th Concluction B5T akes place due to
bothyelectoorse holes:ybat twh is Called
SiolarnS)stor.
1

) p-- P
Transistor np- N
TransLsdar

((olleco) Ceriitte (ollector

A B(Base) decBase)

P
šP
BBas

ransistom,
pi?
 No
[Pagn
Date

onsuion of BsT

Semiconductoe, uheeS
a pe
fosmeol by Smbiebing thin " seminda
n
boH he
tPes, báse-fn behcolíecto

qre havly coped ager, Emitter is ms heavy

lcoped ar because 0
hgs to emî} Pn elecho.

No ofP-nTunction equraderntClrB
Smiero PHo collector

Bass
gvalentfoo 9-p-n Transishr
BE
ollecfor

for P-n-p Tonnsist

o
tó dlies Connete baCk-do back as
Shibn
 Page No.
Date

Draukenah Biasfng of Tognsis4ora?.

KEpiHekBase Collecfor

emter Collec toy

N

k-DepleicnLkkeplekcm
Bose. ri
A
Deplelin eg jons jn an Unbajsed n-pn frynsst
OA fias)stor ei hos heexemalPower Supplies
mected to s4isCaliesl Unbiase d
tronsisto.
Awo. Depleisn segjon. s Ceated becaye of
vinAS
Ps)de lipsdetoiNSide:
Base Colle cor
|oestednsH P
totiecet

Reconb)hatjo Collector

(onTen of
VEE Dehön
CURH.
Tlotw of

collecdoe b9se Applicatio

Cut-offe Revese bins edReresebAe OS

fusabrdachye a0grd bjo
bini ed
ed Revesse bjiY
eAphA
meajen,
Sotyhvnrd bueclrbjase
 Page No.
Data

biosed tb 0hdth ofdelehon jon atthis JunCHbn islart.

bttays B£Junèo n. £B elecor n he n-ype
mtter to foo fol sds the base. this (onsti4uchs hr
very nietted nt
Scueelhà coping feo ele chans

ld-e sourte Ths (onshuk colletr cutnA

delebrn
Re

.JeJchon ScJunchn.
orasdibiased

Pnp 4ronsistor ý the acHive ireglon.

 Page No.

Date

feqion of oratioh Slas)gise process of

pying txtemavoHage to the frans1Stor.
oepnding uponeernal basYa toge folariHes
Can be opered one of tbe
in for oegjs

APphcaon
JunGon
cHve RB Anpifie
Cut-off RB
Sattrahon
Con ftauetio o£ fronsistor
O
Comnon emitterCce) Confiqu&ation
Common o)lettor Ccc) Comfiqution.
-+

O.
(ommo base-Con fayatiorno

bon
VEE Base Vec
N
Base
P--p
m
aken fo'o 4the olleco base i

olusplut czcets bence tbe ameioannon bae

YBS evNtateeNRs spyoltage

 Paga No

Date

(AVes) to
tbase Volage theKsing change

base ltye(VCB)

|Ve B
(oDstan!

tinvige VEgcv)

afercha nge în cuin vgeBoriey Potenhal,osfr Si,

s ver Small:

E4m A

E22mn)
,!.
.ON

1eonstan nPemieCunenCE
 Paga No.

Date

Dhas thecbscegion
Acive Teqjon-% O
AChre (u.off4saturoi
fr theAhve eqjon the
while tollech
bsenchon Cs revere biasel
is vegjon, ollecteY (UmeO ppYsinalety
WoTk as m pliita.
Ko
VB
Feenstnnt
-emites-base JuncHon CEr)f cole tr basr

)
 [Pago No

Dato

|·VRE(v)
(

seSt
Glecreg ses as nYeaso
o
red ale f Ve£ A

kAchve regjon6
in

otpl churaceshs sholis hat 4be elohon bet

olecfer olp cueat) Vce((olfecfur ole vlge)
th fxed value of R(P Cumet)

Qutpu dngmit tsìstene

 |PRge No.
Diate

rSe mn shaptith nreasing Vce n

Dhve yn 3)ibe (olletor (urrnt the
s mre

-
Ct-ofE Rejon
ut-off

for achveTegien:Veez VE(Sat)

Toansistos Pasamers

o
due to nwmbts electons (ising the colethor base
Tunibn.
Töinirt (urrer bel (allettor
wing de tthe
tont
 No.
|Page
Date

de

qvts +Hhe
Cut} qy n
cß (onf

s tefi ned ay m
of cllecbo cusTeOA C£c)&

i s
Tis denohed as fdc

-
we Knoko hat

.
.
 Page No.
Date

equatio

So
Given data ode o97
fnd
097 32:33
 [Pagn No.

Data

CE C

Hiah.
Wet high Hiqh

applia bt

baseikCollectes
anntasplis

8 lesthn
mediu m es HhinU

e
Audio
6f mbstag jnpdante
 ansss pqramete
=
gcin otput I
Tnpt I

PeverSe biase when brcck amd kw

the cument (S IN

IcGo- Cunent fiow clue to mmty camiey

a
ddc (arsent gain)
isys edin Common base Conguah

PI

3) CO) de ceCom men Colleete

 gActim belB
IB

IE-J
divide HtDby Te

Hh en

->DividetB I6t

I+

Quesim
a
calrCl ate the vale of Ic gnd IE fs
Brt
w

Tth dc =o g1, and IB= 50A,

determine Pdc Frs
the devfce
A

odc=o.97,IB-So
 P+,
Pyard

o9) a333
|-O.g7

Sox|O.G|GS mA
2C=BxT6 32-33
Tc=- GI6SmA
=SoxG+ 1-61GS[O
I-G6S m

* Comprisio be CB¢ CE CC

Pairam aer

Te

(3) T|pvoltoe bel VBE VBE VBc

olpvo ttye VBc

Ouvsent
gain 6

Veg hi9h
esist) high
2.-33
2319123

RO
B

VGECS)ptv

-In SuoHching appllCaioothe toanSTstor

operte ether in ct -ff
Tgim orstratia
-Tnabore circurt hennput is biqh
emitter base s nGimferoqrd biasethen
bese Cureot iS F(os. tt qeacter thott
hence opOCtet B

Saturti
n

Conditim:NcE Sce) =o.2v

-
Hence toânSIStos act qs Closed Soitch
Minmum value of
bae (Ument neededto
Openctte tlnôi Steo
in secturation iS I(min)a4)
 tCemdrhn feopen Suottch.
WO

whhen Tapet S
Both
the Sunethen are n
Yeverse blase
hence toansistrs VO

operrted io ct-off
gin. Ihthis gogic base Cret S
Cerohence Collecter Curent
Qnd tCI
nStr act aS o
i5lSo Zero.
kvL(kivchofs Pen Sotch applgins
We have| Vote \aw)to ColeGtrs
VCe = cirCcit
IcRctvCE)
[VCC=
VCE
g
Draw an Eaplain Rc Coupled Vo
CE
ampiifies
-otvc

Vo

R., KP3Vottye
divicesnetorrt
used Biasiny o pemsye
 diide
enfo The Tesistance
netusark I
RRo RA

isused tar biasing(or)

s a volage
he
slet
tsclnslstay
Tnput capacitax Couple the Ac slanal a the
base texmiaa Aansistor ( Thus, Caupling capaaitae ls uaed fere tanefex Athe
ot
ampliled Castputto the toad Reslstex (R)
pass
G) CE
CEmitex by Capaatoc)
he
Conneted in panaly| Ampllfie
ulth
redctente
RE
touode path for the
4he gzand.
taanafer he
amplfizced slanal.
Tis ta usen
tor the qainiaf theamaliier
Output coupling maeiangls
capacth
Supplg qen to the oincut
 ronga fo (EET)
field ie
-FET.Is a fhree.Jemminc deytce
Dorata (O)Sauce Cs), Gete C4)
as a contreling fesminal
Gule (4) act
The Wallage applied belween Gcake a
Sounie (Vas) contals fhe cratn cur
Thoefo-FET S
ayolaseconfralled
cleyice
The dain Cument (I) is Kno wn as
conra|led parcumelcr
tate
as fhe oSouxce yaltaqe cles) s
cale
Contalltng panameter
The curent flawing
throgh it is
due to ene type of charge only

ther bales. or eletrons parttcals

)Junton field Effect Tocangs
for CTEET)
Melal Oxide Semicandechar
Transisfox(MosFET) Field -Fffecf

For an
n-channel
MosEET,
texmina! emts Fhe Souxce -
ran() callect electrens and fhe )
Doatn them
Caoment CI) foconstefute. the
Vosconfrals thedun
0Pepleton Type MesfETCurret
2) nhantement tyee MesfET...
N Channel epletken lype. Mose ET
(D MeSEE)
n- ype
doped ronan

n.channel

SS
-Stibstale CSubstrate)

ced
AP- type semicanduclox maleial
as aSubstrate. canne cfed ta
ysuallysubstoae is inteAnally
ut sGmetimes it
the sourceerminl,
out cs seperae termina s
a
Staken and Soume ter minals cre
Drain
The
cOnnected to the 4ype n-egtons.
contccts.
throug dhe melallic aoe (inkedwdh
The_n. tyee aeqios
a n-channel as chown
each olhéby
jn figre. {he
TheGclelemnalSinsulctefom dioxide.(Sio)
n-channebya (hin-Slccon
-lay er inputmpedane et
LŠio2layermcukes Qpure
D
fng
MoSfE1 very hgh Taro.fox
Conditeons
 Cperaon wlh Vas =oY

cale, socnce R substrale fexmnals

are Cannedelfo fhe q-cound potnt.
fhul belwe
-A pasifve Veltaqe Vpp is appled
Dran and Sour(e maye
-The majery CariexSCEletfons)
froughhes<hanned fram souce to

- are
Free eiechons fromthechannel
athacted to the chrcun and the clacun
-éurrent starts flauing
he Drain Cuoent at Yas =o V s Los
hisSSource
Toss -
maxihum possible
lue Va of
io
safuratan Cerent
Cperctticn wdh negatve
The sate atll fend ta Vas
epel the free
electrons
&
towacd the P-type substreate
atfacts fhe hales from the
This ntll gadue
the numberr af
subsete
Leletrons available for con
duckon
free
Theces the Dreincurrent
LecreAJe mefh noeae wl
jn negatwe yolkag
es.
AS
JnaeasesIo deeAsefor
Laconsan alue of VS
Culof ralage Ves cf
he yaleof Vas hct malkes
locuincurrett To approximaely. the
appreimaelyesal
 Vees
Ctoc) ivi}h Posye
esve Ves
atfacds all:(anal eoctent
r
fron he type. subsrale
rhus {h Pran rent will jn(sease as we
nASc (he psire
VclHage Ves
fhemse.0Dran_CUrren! S. Yery rap

Transkeycharatlemslics
aaph c Vas versus
Jo=Issfr Vas

Fahanceuest
Mode
Depletton Mode
Toss -pasihie
Negateve Ves.
Ves
2

4
Nas
6-s -4-2-2
VP

*pra Chorcackerislce ot n.channel DMOSFET

Plot af Dtain (onest Vectu Ves.
Saturateon Reyon
To9regro VesoV
V&slV
6
Ves -2
Vos -3V
4

Cut off reg'on

 Nth yin (rease-/n negafveVes the
chcnnel wdh avalable for.condueon
dereaJes
Af a-cexeun yoltag.e- Vasofhe chae
CreH educe foZerO
-Cutoff regog comospond te
2
Satcran eaion
aad
farly consfantp loei
Change nlh chcnge in

he Dratncuret Is Vares wcth

Vercatons n the Dsn 4he chae
egton..
MOSEEÍ s
Sced fo be Valtee Vavnah
YesstoY (YVR jathe ohmec eatn
pchannel Deple ten tyee MesEAT
Constucton ts exactly Cpposite
of
nchannelMoSEeT te thod
o thet

Qute
Ca) Geate

channet Sourret
PChannel
DMOSEeT
 Enhancemerr/ MesrET
E
Channel EMoSEE
n-typedoped
Me-channel

p-type SS
-iafe Substrafe Csubstrale)

-A

Soumce/)
20paxafan hilh Vas-o
&postVe valtce
between tts qhrao Sounce then due
ab.senze of then.channel zenta soein
to
current wl result.
Operadean nhen Vas s positiye
Both Jaes Ves are positve
Peshiepafentecat he Qelte texminal
epellhe
wall hales poejent in he
Ptype substrate
This oesuls in cedteonaf a

leplelion oeyzonneca the Si02

osdlatongLayOX
Monoraly Carrigrs.).e.-electonsin
P type substcle wellbe
alhracted tem
gadheN near the suxace of Sio

Credfe_lnduced n-channel t
Anreaje In postae Yas.
The chaaln_cutent then sfarts flou
{hroughthesaduced channel
The Value of las at whech
Condecfog beqtns
hs
Thore shal d
cclled as {he
Voltade Va)

n-channel
EMOSET p-channel
EmosEEL
The MOSEET
MeSFET Anplseex
MOSrET
aS Sw:h
C

Enhanemenl MOSFET
(he analog canbe used
SNith.
The vcltage applie.s belweer
heOuYCe he aale
fox canEMoFET_Isalnys
and
pasidive.
I
(hs votage s
(ess thag threcheld
Vas <VTH) Then s
Vollage ( MOSEET aff
t will con cect when AoSEET Vass

Closed
 +Cperat'icnál Aplfer- (OPAMp)

A» Cperahonal Aophfrer (OpAMP)

no
satnnèc
Qs
Cmponent bascolly
coltcge 'cmpltften h estremely
high voltase qainandpformVacaa
ghal2oesŠng tasks.
OFAnp swraly wad eechonI
as
tasksuch
Siq
amplcficafeon, flexing
nal ccndcfeonunand madhe matta
-Cpesalion guch a
addifcon,subtadu
inleqra fron derenfiation e.
Symbaland
feminals
+Vec Posckae sipaly
io(tege
TnNextng 2.

inpt 6
Non inertng outpt
input
-VEE
lesad se
velfge Supely
Tro input
Lexminal. termincls end one outptt
1t
Lamingls. hats
Suppy valfage

le cah apply the

he_amplhed-oCnyhpt yolfagc uhchs
be one
afthe Huo ng.
twonputs
The
pins dHerentatly.
inputf exminal
mcrked wlh a neqatrve
cSiqnis called cs an Inveteng texatnet
texvas nel
connect {he input. seqnal. fo thes.
teminal (hen the amplsfced output. stnals
jsc cut cfphcse with respec t. to..npct:
Vec

VEE

The input termnal kbeled wfh pasihve (e)

Sign
4
s callad asanon ferminal
invefthg
2nput sighal fa
weconned the fhes
output siqna
derminal, then the amplked
is in phajewtfh thein put sgqhal

-VEE

Dfferenta
Amplfer
 Bleck Piasasy of a opAmp.

Inlemediee_Jlevel outpat
Stgeshftng
Stage
ckye
oulp
Pul apuk Emtfer Complemeatay
Balanced4e Jmbaanced f fotlower
D-fexenta astng ons fant -Smnety
teraifeal pushul
-Asplfio Amplfis amplefee

shanen o
the black cagam
)Tnpufsfage
1Hs dual input balan(ed autpest
okflerenfal amplcfcr
This Skage pTayides mast
gain of {he opamp of fhe volta
praxdes Ney high inpat inpeáasa
) Tniermedtale. slage.
IA s uaf tnpetunbalanced
amplfcec oufput dfeens
It prsdes lhgh valtaye gan.
9 level shiftng
The slage
nputto the level shfttag
amplcfe Siqna weth
Lesnel nan-zero stge s
shfttas-stage ts
d
level
de lerel 4oZeo used
thespect to qgau
 Ctpufs Stage
Z# .Cemple menlary ouput slage.I
jDras es he magntude of valtage and
nises he curent supplyingcapabiley of
(he OP AMP
1H qlSo ensuYes. that the ocstpt resstaneof
CPANPs/ow.
-
QPAmp panemelexs
ain (Av)
CpenoopelHage cpen
D{lerential gatn of an CpAmp in he
leop canfigucafien

Diffeental Input Rostante CRi)

-Eguiralent mealused ct elher
eSsfaneinvoxting
ornon
hratnqLon texminal
the
Wefh he cther texminal cannecled {o qround
RishoLuld be as
high aspossible

3) Outpuf gesstaneCRo)by the

LResccfane meaused laakingnto
Qutput terminalof OAAMpailh the inpt
Souxcec shoxtcrcuLtod. as possible
Roshouldbe as Mall

offset Yotage
)Tnput at
Small dflexencalVallage applced he
nput ot heAMPomake a
the adput
o4heopAMp Zenxo.Jscaled Tnpt
fSed.Voage
 Fape No,
Date

5 Qutput cffsel yoltage

7he culput valiageprroduced due to
lhput o4sel voltaqe iscalled asoutpus
iofsel oltage.
nputBias curent- (La)
eage thecuments flowtng Into
cf
the fivo Input feminalsof the OpAmp
a
Is clled nputbtas currentIe
=
Tg

) Input offset current

The al4ehc cleflerenLe between (unens|
flouiny into its inyaxtngand non.
nvertinq terminals
Iios =Tei-Lo2
mman Mode
Reectton Ralio (cMmR)
Rafa ot deleentical
mede qain qùn too commman.

AGm
Cmmr shauld be a
hgh as possible.
foner Supply fe jeckon
The fako
Rato (PsRR
chane In cPAmps input
yaltageolue efcet
yaltage s faaoein
calledas fawex in the Suply
Supaly pee
fato
 Mximum ale of changc ef etpt
voltagc PerUnittime
SR =
) Banduidlh.
Rungeef frequencies. cver whichal the
inptSGhals. frequencies_ate amplifted
alnest eyudlly.

)caln Bandwtlfh Praduct

The
bandwih
gain bandwidth pazadaef
of aAmp coTOS, Pon dtag
Ckae) is
the
te the
alfage qatn of unity c)
Tdecl &_ faraclical chaAcdeistues of RAmp

Chaxackeristrcs Value fo
Tdeal
NG. ILT4 Velue.
lolololol8o8

Tnpt RessfanceRi)
CR
2 output Resslante 75

Volfage, Gaay Av)

Bandwidth (B.w) mHz

CMmR
Slew Rate (sR)
tollege(Mi)2mv
Toput ofsef Isov)v
Cunvant() 50 nA
Inpul Bas
 ronfgc«ralion
CCAr o closel locp

back cr
AAnt cf culputIs elred
>csveargegenerufve feedback
3Negaiae aregenera}ive feedkatk
Hegave feedboack
If-fheGiqoal feelbak to are fhe inpt
1B0
aozqinal inputSIgna)
andthe phaethen if is called as the
-fuf ef
negafve feedbck
Re (eedbeck Resostor)

A
iduad Goround conept
It the nen invemng
t ceAmp is lonhefe (t) ennnc
then de lo he yztucH to aeroLnd
between hetwo imput chat exsHy
short
Overting-exmin al
4exmencls,he
qroan pofcntal. wl alsa heat
vec Hencets sad f
cat
Ysa greid
 -
The 1nverling Amptrftor

Rr

Vo

TWput Votage
Vs
t

Vo

tutpet yeliage
The nen invendn 4 ermiaud s
cannectel
fo fhe qround. c=o) ,
Due do ixducd qraund the nveYfeng
tex minat also at qrond pafentea
 Pege Hc.
Date

*TheNon Lnxstng Ampltees

RrtRF

Vo Rit RE
Vs

QAn Qp-Amp rs ased in invexdenq made

ealceelafe the output votage foxc the

following nputs
i. Vinl6am
Rlk Rez L5
Kl
 Ave= '-15ke
-/5
Yo
Avex Vin
-5 XI50 X16 3
Vo= -2.25V
Vo
=AvE Vin -5X2 3O V

ButVo çannerY be
highe than.
tVsat hence Yo weL be estrefel
- =
O.9X Ve)-I3.5V
Vat
Vo=
-35Y
An cpAmpisused io hon-inyexttng
Ri l, (<veVeetI5V
Rf: 12

Calaulale oetput voMage faY

m
Vin
=250
R=kn Re= 2
kr
Gren Vac=t15Y
kn250wr
Ave /+ RE =

AvE= 13 m
X
Vn =LX? 50
woAe
V7
3.25

veAye in =, 13x3=39
 Sut Vecan not.be hghew Hhen
=
Vo Vsat
=o.1_XVee
Vo= 135

Ans

Ie-|.8 mA

Le
98xos