er

Unit V: Switching Power Supplies 5.1- 5.14

5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.1.1 Linear DCPower Supply 5.1
5.1.2 Switching DCPower Supply 5.1
5.1.3 Types of Switching Regulator S.1
5.1.4 Step-Down Converter (Buck Regulator) 5.2
5.1.5 Step-up Converter (Boost Requlator) 5.2
5.1.6 Flyback Converter 5.2
5.2 Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 5.4
5.2.1 Forward Converters for SMPS 5.6

5.3 Resonant Converter 5.7

5.3.1 Introduction 5.7

5.3.2 Need for Resonant Converters 5.7

5.3.3 Classification of Resonant Converters 5.7

5.3.4 5.8
Advantages of Resonant Converter
5.3.5 5.8
Disadvantages
5.3.6 5.8
Series Loaded Half Bridge DC-DC Converter
 5.9
5.4 Concept of Soft Switching
5.9
5.4.1 Resonant Switch Converters
5.9
5.5 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) Resonant Converters 5.10
5.5.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) Resonant Converter 5.13
5.5.2 Comparison between ZVS and ZCS Resonant Converter 5.13
Summary 5.14
University Questions 5.14
Exercise 6.1-6.l6
nit V: Applications 6.1
 UNIT V
SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.1.2 Switching DC Power Supply

were first introduced in
Switching DC power supplies
In electronics, a regulator is a device or mechanism are the most popular form
the late 1970's, today they their
which can regulate the power output constantly. There power supplies in the market due to
of DC
and great overall
are different kinds of regulators available in the power exceptional power efficiency
power supply (also
supply domain. But mainly, in the case of DC to DC performance. A Switching DC
supply) regulates the
conversion, there are two types of regulators available: known as switch mode power
process called pulse width
Linear or Switching. output voltage through a
modulation (PWM).
ALinear Regulator regulates the output using a generates some high frequency
resistive voltage drop. Due to this Linear regulators The PWM process
switching power supplies to be
provide lower efficiency and lose power in the form of noise, but enables the
very high power efficiency and small form
heat. The Switching Regulator use inductor, Diode, and built with
switching power supply
apower switch to transfer energy from its source
to factor. With agood design, a
and line regulation. Typical
can have excellent load
the output supplies include:
applications for switching DC power
5.1.1Linear DC Power Supply General purpose use
including R&D,
mainstay of power
Linear DCpower supplies were the advancement
manufacturing and testing
With the
conversion until the late 1970's. current applications
technology, linear power > High power / high network
of switching power supply Communications systems, mobile stations,
but still find themselves
Supplies are less popular today require very low equipments, etc.
indispensable in applications that Électroplating. anodizing electroforming.
ripple and noise. drop electrophoresis, etc.
transformer to
supply uses abig for Lithium lon
A linear power
lower AC voltage, and Battery charging and equalization
line to much vehicle batteries
voltage from AC filtering batteries, aviation, marine and
of rectifier circuitry and generator,
then uses a series voltage. That low Electrolysis, waste treatment, hydrogen
produce a vey clean DC
process to
regulated into the desired voltage fuel cell applications, etc.
aviation and marine
then across
DC voltage is difference in voltage DC motors, slot cars,
dropping the Typical applications,etc.
level by a shunt regulator).
(the
transistor or IC
power supplies include but 5.1.3 Types of Switching Regulator
applications of linear dc regulators available.
There are three types of switching
not limited to: Regulator)
Studio mixer/audio amplifier 1. Step-up converter (Boost
regulator)
Low noise amplifiers 2. Step-Down converter (Buck
Regulator)
multiplexers, 3. Flyback Converter (Isolated
Signal processing and boost regulator
including sensors, The difference between the buck
- circuits. placement of inductor,
DataAcquisition sample and hold is, in the buck regulator the
converters, and circuit is different than the
A/D diode and the switching
Automatictest egquipment of boost requlator the
boost regulator. Also, in case
input voltage, but in
Laboratory test equipment output voltage is higher than the
A output voltage will be lower
Control circuits regulation and/or
low the buck regulator, the
topology or buck
excellent than the input voltage. A buck
Anywhere that (5.1)
ripple is required
 sWITCHING POWERSUPPLIES
(5.2)
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) Regulator)
(Boost
converter is one of the most used basic topology
used 5.1.5 Step-up Converter
circuit diagram of boost
in SMPS. It's a popular choice where
we need to Following Fig. 5.2 shows the
convert a higher voltage to a lower output voltage. converter.
Iout
regulator
Other than those regulators, there is another Lin
exists which is a popular choice among all designers, Vout
This is
which is Flyback regulator or Flyback converter. SW Cout
multiple Cin
a versatile topology which can be used where
outputs are needed from a single output supply. Not
only that, a flyback topology allows the designer to power stage
change the polarity of the output at the same time. For Fig. 5.2:Boot converter
example, we can create +5V, +9V and -9V output from a DC-to-DC
Aboost converter (step-up converter) is
asingle converter module. The conversion efficiency is power converter that steps up
voltage (while stepping
high in both cases. to its output
down current) from its input (supply)
Another thing in Flyback converter is the Electrical (load). It is a class of switched-mode
power supply
Isolation in both input and output. Why we need semiconductors (a
(SMPS) containing at.least two
isolation? In some special cases, for minimizing the storage
diode and a transistor) and at least one energy
power noise, and safety-related operations, we need element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in
an isolated operation, where the input source is
combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of
completely isolated from the output source. Let's inductors)
explore basic single output flyback operation. capacitors (sometimes in combination with
5.1.4 Step-Down Converter (Buck Regulator) are normally added to such a converter's output (load
side filter) and input (supply-side filter).
Abuck converter is the most basic SMPS topology. It is
widely used throughout the industry to convert a 5.1.6 Flyback Converter
higher input voltage into a lower output voltage. Following Fig. 5.3 (a) shows the flyback design, we will
The buck converter (voltage step-down converter) is a identify the basic main components which are required to
non isolated converter, hence galvanic isolation
build one.
between input and output is not given.
The buck converter is the most popular topology used
to distribute power in complex systems, e.g. server
motherboards, broadband communication boards, etc. ESec
S. Source
C, Load
Switch
c.
D,fgw D, Vout
PWM control
Fig. 5.1 : Buck regulator
Table 5.1 :Specification Fig. 5.3: Fly-back topology
12V Operation:
Input voltage
Abasic fly back converter requires a
Output voltage 1.8 V switch, which can
be aFET or transistor, aTransformer, an output Diode,
Maximum power 120W
a Capacitor.
Switching frequency 500kHz
The main thing is the transformer. We need to
Inductor Current ripple 30%
understand the proper working of a transformer before
Output voltage ripple 10 mV
understanding the actual circuitry operation.
POW
(BATU E8TC) SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
(5.3)
The
transformer consists of
vnown as secondary and minimum two inductors, If we assume that the switch has been turned OFF for a
coil former with a primary coil, winded up in a long time, the current in the circuit is 0 and there is no
core in
between. The core
determines the fluxdensity which is an
voltage present.
parameter for
transferring important In this situation, If the switch is turned ON then the
electrical
winding to the other. Another most energy from one current will increase and the inductor will create a

the transformer phasing, the important thing is
dots shown in the
primary and secondary winding.
Also, as we can see, aPWM signal is
connected across
the transistor switch. It is due to
the frequency of
turning off and turning on time of the switch. PWM
stands for Pulse Width modulation technique.
In Flyback regulator, there is two circuitry operation,
One is Switch On phase when the primary winding of
the transformer charged up, and another one is
Switch off or the transfer phase of the transformer
when the electrical energy gets transferred from
voltage drop, which is dot-negative as the voltage is
more negative across the primary dotted end. During
this situation, the energy flows to the secondary due to
the flux generated in the core. On the secondary coil,
voltage is created in the same polarity but the voltage
is directly proportional with the Secondary to Primary
coil turns ratio. Due to the dot negative voltage, the
diode gets turned off and no current will flow in the
secondary. If the Capacitor was charged in the previous
switch-OFF-ON cycle, the output capacitor will only
provide the output current to the load.
Current flow i D.

primary tothe secondary and finally to the load.

If we assume that the switch has been turned OFF for a
ESec
long time, the current in the circuit is 0 and there is no Source+ BLoad
Pri
voltage present. Switch
turned ON then the
In this situation, If the switch is
inductor will create a Kof
Current will increase and the PWM_ Control
as the voltage is
voltage drop, which is dot-negative end. During
more negative across the primary dotted Fig. 5.5 :Working of Fly-back topology
to
situation, the energy flows to the secondary due If we assume that the switch has been turned OFF for a
this coil, a
generated in the core. On the secondary long time, the current in the circuit is 0 and there is no
the flux voltage
same polarity but the
voltage is created inthe Primary voltage present.
proportional with the Secondary to In this situation, If the switch is turned ON then the
IS directly the dot negative
voltage, the
ratio. Due to current will increase and the inductor will create a
Coilturns will flow in the
turned off and no current
diode gets charged in the previous voltage drop, which is dot-negative as the voltage is
Capacitor was
Secondary. If the capacitor will only more negative across the primary dotted end. During
the output
SWitch-OFF-ON Cycle, this situation, the energy flows to the secondary due to
output current to the load. the flux generated in the core. On the secondary coil, a
provide the
voltage is created in the same polarity but the voltage
Current flow i
is directly proportional with the Secondary to Primary
Sec coil turns ratio. Due to the dot negative voltage, the
SLoad diode gets turned off and no current will flow in the
Sourcel + pri secondary. If the Capacitor was charged in the previous
Switch switch-OFF-ON cycle, the output. capacitor will only
On
PWM control
provide the output current to the load.
topology
Fly-back
Workingof
Fig.5.4:
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

(5.4)
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATUE&TC)
Analysis of Flyback Converter
takes into account the main
The model of the supply
component parts.
parasitic elements of its electronic on
using only basic functions
The model is implementedenvironment. The modeling Ucet
of MATLAB programming
procedure can be used to analyze
and implementation
converters.
more complex DC-DC
of Flyback converter is
One of the major advantages
output filter inductor, thus
that they don't require an 0
also makes Flyback I4max
saving cost and volume. This
voltages unlike
converters valuable for high output
output inductor
foward converters which have an o
inductor must
potentially causing problems as the
doesn't require a
sustain large voltages. Flyback also
high voltage freewheeling diode.
typically larger in 2max
The filter capacitor at the output is
the load current
Flyback converters as it alone supplies DCM- CCM
when the transistor is ON.
DCM and CCM
from ground Fig. 5.6:Wave forms for
Equivalently the full DC current flows SUPPLY
through the capacitor to the load
during the transistor 5.2 SWITCHED-MODE POWER
rating of the capacitor [May 15, 17, Nov. 16]
ONtime. Thus the ripple current (SMPS)
requirement collectively
and output ripple voltage capacitor. SMPS transfers power from AC mains power
to a load,
determines the final choice of output filter such as a computer, while converting
voltage and
switching power
The circuit diagram of a Fly-back transistor is in
current characteristics.
the
converter as shown in Fig. 5.6. When In a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), the AC
transformer act as an
ON state primary winding of the isolation mains input is directly rectified and then filtered to
inductor. The transformer assures
supply when obtain a DCvoltage.
between the load and the input power If the SMPS uses an adequately insulated high
the transformer T; is turned OFF.
frequency transformer, the output will be electrically
load circuit request as
It provides an output voltage as isolated from the mains and this feature is often
the magnetic core
long as there is energy stored in essential for safety.
with turns ratio n = n,/n2.
operation modes of Switched-mode power supplies are usually regulated,
The waveforms that describe the and to keep the output voltage constant, the power
converter are shown in
the switched mode Fly-back supply employs a feedback controller that monitors
in steady state
Fig. 5.6. If the converter operates current drawn by the load.
means the
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) which
transformer is SMPSS often include safety features such as current
energy that exist the operation in
the supply and limiting circuit to protect the device and the user from
greater or at least equal to zero during
are considered for harm.
if input U, and output Uo voltagesvolt-second balance
simplicity both constant using the Switched mode power supplies are a source of power
derive the next line harmonics and have a very poor power
or the primary winding, one can factor.
relation: Many modern computer power supplies built in the
last few years noW include power factor
U = N! 1- U, correction.
 WERELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) SWITCHING POWER SUPPIES
(5.5)
Alinear power supply regulates the output high frequency
voltage by Switching occurs at a very
continually dissipating power in the pass transformers and filter
transistor. therefore the used
lighter, and less
[deally, a switched-mode power supply capacitors are much smaler,
power and thus provides high
dissipates no expensive than those
found in
linear power
power. This higher
power conversion efficiency is an supplies.
#aswitched-mode power supply.
important advantage stage which converts
Actually this is the inverter
to AC by running it
da switched-mode supply is much lighter and less DC from the rectifier stage
costly, and is more efficient, than an equivalent linear through a power oscillator.
chosen to be above 20
powersupply. The frequency is usually
humans. The switching
MPS B0ock Diagram kHz, to take it inaudible to
MOSFET amplifier.
isconsists of a multistage
3. Power Transformer :
high-frequency transformer used
This is insulated
Chopper
to final output from input.
Output
Input of chopper is used
The high frequency AC output
rectiñication high Power rectification
C
frequency transformer and Output this high-frequency
to drive the primary winding of
and
rout Switch filtering
filtering DC
transformer.
voltage
down to
Feedback Transformer converts the voltage up or
and its secondary
control circuitry the required output level on
winding.
power supply block diagram transformer core loss
ig. 5.7:Basic switched mode At higher frequencies
circuit of SMPS has its own increases. Therefore ferrite material is used as
core
Each functional block or
blocks works together to which has alow loss at the high frequencies.
separate function and these
constant power supply at the output. Some Output of transformer is given to another
deliver
explained. rectification and filtering circuitry.
Important blocks are as
Rectification and Filtering : DC
AC to 4. Output Rectification and Filtering:
convert the input
is to
Ine first stage rectification). If a DC output is required, the AC output from the
transformer must be rectified.
(this is called as DC voltage
produces an unregulatedfiltering. For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are used as the
Ine rectifier to afilter
circuit for rectifier elements as they have faster recovery
then sent therefore
Which is pure DC times than silicon diodes and a lower voltage drop.
is not
of rectifier
ne output used nextto
rectifier.
The rectified output is then smoothed by using
filter cirCuits are shape of
distortsthe wavedistorted filter circuits consists of inductors and capacitors.
The rectifier input stagethe Supply and this Output of this stage is then directly supplied to
from wires.
current drawn heatingin the
Current causes
extra incoming rectifier load such as computer system.
in the current
uses filters of the 5. Feedback and Control Circuitry :
Some SMPS the
waveform
circuit to improve A
feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and
line. signal. compares it with a reference voltage.
taken from the AC willbe DC
stage
The Output ofthis switched ON
and
To keep the output voltage constant, the SMPS
uses afeedback controller that monitors current
Chopper Stage : DC
then
voltageis electronic
switching
drawn by the load.
The resulting frequency by current.
OFF at a highproducingAC
circuitry, thus
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPUES
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) (5.6)

Depending on design and safety requirements, the Single Switch Forward Converter Operations
controller may contain an isolation mechanism to flows in
When the transistor switch O, is ON, current
isolate it from the DC output. to
the primary winding and causes a secondary current
In the event that an abnormal high-current power flow, through D, and the output filter. This gives an
flow is detected, the SMPS control circuit assumes Output voltage Vo. When the transistor is switched off.
this is a direct short and will shut itself down the transformer voltage will tend to reverse the action
before damage is done. and increase the voltage at the cathode of Diode D,
until it turns on.
SMPS with this circuit may turn on for short time
but then shut down when no load has been
D, Lo Vo
detected. Go
D,
5.2.1 Forward Converters for SMPS
Cin
Aforward converter is a switching power supply circuit
that transfers the energy from the primary to the
in
secondary while the switching element is "on," which is
the opposite of a flyback converter.
Dir
Forward and fly back converters are the two commonly
used topologies used to either increase or decrease Fig. 5.8: Single switch forward converter
D.C voltages, or convert a single voltage to multiple Advantages of Single Switch Converter
D.Coutput voltages.
Simple construction and operation
typical forward
A converter consists of a: Low input capacitor ripple current
Transformer which is either a step-up or step Lower current on the secondary diodes
down with a single or multiple secondary windings.
The type used depends on the available input Disadvantages
voltage and desired output voltage. It also Requires a high transistor rating (twice the
voltage). input
provides isolation of the load from the input
voltage. Requirement for an active snubbers
resetting the transformer core. circuits for
> Transistor such as a MOSFET which acts as the
switching device Higher conduction losses.
> Diodes Bigger transformer.
Two Switch Forward
> Capacitors Converter Operations
> Inductor
Energy transferred from the
is
secondary of the transfornmer when theprimary
two
to the
turned on. WNhen the transistors
are
off, simultaneously
Energy is passed directly through the transformer
during the transistor's conduction phase. The
voltage is determined by the input output
the
transformner magnetizing current transistors
the source, flows back to
are
voltage, the through diodes DË and D, which are
transformer turns ratio and the duty cycle. forward biased. The diodes now
The two commonly used magnetizing conducts
energy in the primary along until all the
topologies are the single
switch, and two switch forward
energy stored in the leakage with the
converters. the input supply. inductances returned to
is
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATUE&TC) (5.7)
Q. 5.3 RESONANT CONVERTER
D2 5.3.1 Introduction
Cin
+
"Resonant converter is a converter which uses an LC
resonant circuit, so it is called as resonant converter".
pri Using high frequency component used in all the four
Power flow during on DC-DC
types of converters; AC-DC, AC-AC, DC-AC and
will be desirable because it will provide tremendous
know
Fig. 5.9 (a) : Power Transfer Stage of Operation savings in components sizes and weights. As we
Conveter
that highest switching frequency of
operation is limited by the losses in the switching
D, mag devices. Furthermore, the transformers are the primary
Gin band-limiting components. Parasitic inductance and
capacitance in all components add further limitations.
5.3.2 Need for Resonant Converters
iD, Power flow during off
Resonant converter/inverter is defined as a class of
converter/ inverter in which the topology consisting of
A
Fig. 5.9 (b): Power Flow from Output Cap to Power at least.one resonant tank circuit as a sub-circuit.
resonant tank is a sub-circuit consisting of at least one
To ensure atransformer reset during the OFF time, a
inductor and one capacitor. More specially, resonant
duty cycle of less that 50% is used to give a longer OFF
converters have a resonant tank as a part of the circuit
time than the ON time. In this operation, the primary
during at least one of the circuit mode in the steady
winding of the transformer acts as the reset winding. state converter operation.
Advantages In SMPS and in the PWM inverters the switching
Does not require a snubber circuit. devices are made to turn-on and turn-off the entire
as input load current at high di/dt.
Less voltage stress for the MOSFET (same
voltage). Due to use of high frequency components used in
wide range circuits, the size and weight of converter is to be
Simple construction and operation over a reduced. Switching frequencies are increased.
of input and output voltages.
5.3.3 Classification of Resonant Converters
Ability to provide multiple isolated outputs. Depending on the use of a resonant tank, resonant
noise.
Low system power losses and converters are classified as :
Resonant converter
Disadvantages
Limited frequency of operation. Resonant link Resonant switch Resonant Resonarnt
converters Converter DC link AC link
components.
Slightly expensive since it uses more converter Converter

(transformer and inductor).

Larger components Voltage Current Class E
resonant
used for power outputs of up Source Source

The single switch converter is converters converters Converters

for
switch converter is preferred
to about 100W. The two efficiency and
applications due to its reliability and ZCS ZVS
converters
most with outputs of converters
supply units
widely used inthe ATX power Fig. 5.10
between 150and 750 W.
 swITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATUE&TC) (5.8)

Resonant Link Converters : 5.3.5 Disadvantages

These converters consist of AC-DCor DC-AC current The power devices will carry higher peak current
voltage source, resonant tank circuit as the link and the values.
multistate sink. Resonant link converters are again circuit and control
In addition to resonant converter
classified as:
circuit is required. Therefore it increases the
1. Voltage Source Resonant Converter: complexity.
Converter
(a) Series loaded resonant converter (SLR). 5.3.6 Series Loaded Half Bridge DC-DC
(b) Parallel loaded resonant converter (PLR). bridge and a
If the load is connected through a diode
DC-DC
(c) Hybrid resonant converter. filter circuit, it becomes a series resonant
that the
2. Current Source Parallel Resonant Converters. converter as shown in Fig. 5.11 (a). It is evident
3. Class E Resonant Converter. load resistance appear in series with the LC resonating
circuit (through the diode bridge). For an isolated load,
used,
Resonant SwitchConverters:
acentre-tapped transformer with two diode is
It consist of resonant elements L and C are utilized instead of diode bridge, shown in Fig. 5.11 (b).
primarily in conjunction with the switch to achieve
zero/low loss switching, loss-less snubbering add/or
S. AD, C
soft switching.
It is also called as quasi-resonant, pseudo-resonant
c,R Vo
+
and resonant transition converters. Vin S, Dz
Resonant DC-Link Converters :
(a) SLR half bridge DC-DC converter
A resonant tank circuit behaves as a buffer between
the DC source and an AC load. The DC link is provided Vin s, D, A
by the inductor of resonant tank circuit. These
converters also include zero switching loss topologies. R
Resonant AC-Link Converters :
S D
In this, resonant tank circuit provides as a buffer
between the DC source and an AC load. The link
(b) SLR half bridge DC-DC converter
between the source and load does not have a DC path.
with center-tapped transformer
These converters also include zero switching loss
topologies. Fig. 5.11

5.3.4 Advantages of Resonant Converter The L-section filter easily removes ripple due to
high
switching frequency. At DC side electrolytic capacitors
Due to high frequency components are used in the are used due to its high capacitance density (small
circuit, switching losses are reduced and heating of size). Thus the output voltage (V) is assumed to be
power devices are also reduced. Therefore the cooling constant. For the need of high power density, an SCRiS
requirement is reduced. replaced by a fast switching devices (e.g. MOSFETS).
Weight and size is reduced. Neglecting the voltage drop across L the voltage drop
Eficiency of converter is increased because of power across LCis t (V V).
devices operates under zero voltage and zero current Operation Modes:
condition.
Discontinuous Conduction Mode:
Noise is reduced.
The voltage and current
RF/EMI is reduced.
waveforms for this mode are as
shown in Fig. 5.11 (C).
 OWERELECTRONICS
(BATU E&TC) SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
ES
(5.9)

5.5 ZERO vOLTAGE SWITCHING (ZVS)

RESONANT CONVERTERS (Nov. 15, May 16]
nt
Zero-Voltage Switching Topology : Here the switch
switch is
turns-on and turns-off at zero voltage. The
I II III
ol
Vct IV
Modes series with the
ne
Vint -
Ve parallel with the resonant capacitor and in
and full
inductor, Fig. 5.12. Moreover, there are half-wave
2V wave configuration shown in Fig. 5.13 (a) and Fig.
5.13 (b).
Le
S
a VC, =-2Va
C
Fig. 5.11 (c) :Voltage and current W/Ffor ¶D,
C.
R V,

9 discontinuous conduction mode

d, lode 1 : In this mode of operation, switch S is turned on
0= to and voltage across capacitor is Vo = 2Vo. Fig. 5.12 : ZVS converter
Capacitor voltage start to rise from - 2V, to+ Vdc: transition. The
EMI is also small during the switching
uode 2: In this mode of operation; S, is tuned off due to elements and
system can incorporate parasitic circuit
atural zero of supply voltage. Diode D, is turned on at short-circuit condition.
the converter can withstand a
=t. The voltage across capacitor C is + 2Vo. converter where
Fig. 5.12 shows a ZVS resonant buck
Mode 3 : In this mode of operation, all devices are off is
the switch of a simple buck converter configuration
sate. The voltage across capacitor remains same i.e. + 2Vo replaced by a zero-voltage resonant switch. It is
a
54 CONCEPT OF SOFT SWITCHING combination of an LC circuit and a switch. Normally an
Soft means to achievè smooth current voltage anti-parallel diode is also fabricated with the switching
transitions in the switching moment. By
'hard device (e.g. a MOSFET), then the converter of this
circuitry is configuration is called a half-wave converter. If an
Switching we simply means that no special
high switching additional (external) diode is connected in series with
added to make the circuit soft. At
(ZVS or ZCS) are switch, it is called a full-wave configuration.
trequency soft switching techniques reduced switching
Used to achievegood efficiency and Normally the filter inductor (L) is sufficiently large,
therefore I, is considered to be a constant. During the
stress.
S4.1 Resonant Switch Converters period (Ton), a gate signal is provided to switch the
converter topologies are developed device, as shown in Fig. 5.13 (c). The output voltage
Kesonant switch square
h components (LC) to a PWM due to high value of C; is considered to be constant.
y adding resonant resonant
converter. The main
function of the During mode 0or to' period, the switch is on and a
Wave
reduce switching losses of the constant load current () flows through the switching
is to
SWitch converters operating these devices device and both the inductor.
e
or IGBTS) by
Vices (MOSFET (ZCS) or Zero
Voltage When the switching device turns off at the end of to,
in Zero Current Switching
the voltage across the device due to C, does not jump
Jwitching (ZVS) condition. becomes quasi-
waveform to Vlevel.
voltage the DC
Thus the current or square wave in L Dexternal L
instead of Therefore,these S
sinusoidal(half wave) converters.
to DC or DC to AC PWM converters. The Device Device
quasi-resonant in diode diode
are basically reduced losses
Converters due to
becomes high reduces due to
sinusoidal
efficiency devices and EMI
(a) ZV half-wave switch (b) ZV-full-wave switch

swi tching
Waveshaft.
 sWITCHING POWER SUPPUE
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) (5.10)
Yas The peak of v. that appears
across the switch is given
by,
Toff Ton Vc (max) = I, (5.3)
The inductor current (i) is given by
0<t< t2
= l cos 0,t,
i
= -I, cOS 0,t, 0<t<t .. (5.4)
-Io = T Vc. At the
's The half wave oscillation period, tz
voltage
end of ta, V. = 0 and i = L3. Thus from the
equation,

Full wave
mode Expression t, and I3 can be obtained.
mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 mode 4 mode 5

(c) Waveforms of half, wave configuration t3 =

Fig. 5.13
Since the switch, device turns-off at zero-voltage
condition, that is why, it is called Zero-Voltage
Switching (ZVS). The load current remains constant due
to the large value of L.
At the beginning of tof period (mode 1), the capacitor
gets charged at a constant current (1,). when Vc
exceeds V level, D; becomes forward biased and
conducts. The inductor current, i flows in V, C, L, I
loop. NowLand C resonate in this circuit upto the end
of t, (mode 2). The difference of i and I, flow in DE
(mode 3). In full wave mode, ve becomes negative due
to continuation of the resonating current beyond t¡.
However, in the half wave mode at the beginning of ta
the diode D conducts across the switch and ve remains
zero during the entire ta period.
During mode 1, the capacitor is changed with a
constant current (o), the capacitor voltage rises linearly
which is given by
0 <tti
At the end of this mode, t= tËand v. = Vi.
Therefore, ve = V =I,t/C.
Also, Esin a,t + Vi, 0<t < tz
sin o,t, 0 <t<t; . .(5.2)
and L3 = -I, cos t3 .. (5.5)
During ta period, i, rises linearly from lL3 to L, and it is
given by,
.. (5.6)
At the end of t4, its value is given by,
t4 = (5.7)
Although the period, tg is constant for resonant circuit
but t; is load dependent. The switch must not turned
on before t3, otherwise C discharge through switch.
ZVS converters are used for constant load.
5.5.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) Resonant
Converter [May 15, Nov. 16]
In this resonant converter, turn-off loss of the
switching devices are almost eliminated. The operating
frequency of converter varies from 1 MHz to 2MHZ
which is less than that of ZVS converters.
Fig. 5.14 (a) shows a ZCS resonant buck
...(5.1) converter,
where the switch of a simple buck converter is replaced
by a ZCS circuit (LC resonant circuit and switch).
Normally, an antiparallel diode (D) is also fabricated
across the switching device (e.g. a MOSFET) as shown
in Fig. 5.14 (b). When this type of switch is used,
then it
is called as full-wave
configuration (where the current
reversed is possible).
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
pOWER ELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) (5.11)
or switch (t < 0or
To make the antiparallel diode of the device Before the switching of devices
diode current ipe = 0
ineffective, an external diode is connected in series during t,), D; was conductingand
= 0, i, rises linearly
with the switch. It blocks the reverse current and it is when the switch is turned on at t
called a half-wave configuration. Also the inductances through D;
The difference of I, and i, flows
of the filter inductor is very high (Ly >> L). Therefore,
C remains zero during
the inductor voltage (V) becomes equal to V, - Vo (ibe = Io - i). The voltage across
during the entire on period of the device. Similarly, the the entire period of D; (including t,).
output voltage is considered to be constant due to capacitor voltage are
The inductor current and the
high value Cr (Vo = Vo. given by
L
sin o,t + I,
ww

(For full-wave switch) D, C R Vo and Lmax)

Also, Ve = V(1- cos @,t)

...(5.8)
and Ve (max) = 2V, at t= t =VLC
(a) Circuit for half-wave ZCS resonant converter and the
During t, period, the voltage across capacitor
current through inductor are given by,
i = l,-V,1/Fsin at (5.9)
Device diode (5.10)
Device diode V = 2\V, cos 0,t
(0) ZC full-wave switches
Deyternl
S
Dexternal At the end of ta, Ve = Va the resonating currernt, i, = 0.
Thus from the current equation
Device diode Device diode
(ii) ZC half wave switches
(b) Switch configuration
t3 = (5.11)

During ta period, the switch is off. The capacitor

voltage decreases almost linearly as it supplies a
constant load current (Lo). Therefore, at the end of

-Full wave ta, Ve = 0.

2V dt ty

ta =

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Vest Example 5.1 : Design a ZVS, step-down or forward (buck)
resonant converter. The converter specifications are given as:
Toff Load current, lo (min) = 2A, lo (mo) = 10 A, V, = 24 Vdc,
Switch or device allowable voltage limit, Vs (moy) = 500 V,

(c) Waveforms of a half-wave configuration Resonant frequency, fo = 0.5 MHz and the DC input
Fig. 5.14: Half-wave ZCS resonant
converter voltage regulation = t20%.
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
POWER ELECTRONICS (BATUE&TC) (5.12)

Solution: The maximum load resistance, Vi(maxs 66.67 V

Vi (nom)= 1.2
V, 24 = 12 = 53.4 V
Rmax (nom)
Lo (min) and Vi (min) = (1-0.2) Vi
across the switch,
Minimum load resistance The maximum voltage
Vo 24 (max) Zo
Rmin lo(max) 10
= 2.4 2 Vs (max) = Vi(max) + lo
80+ 10 x 40 =
480 V Ans.
=
The peak value of device voltage, range (i.e. 500 V.
Therefore, V, is within the allowable
Vs (max) =V,+loZ considerations. First the
There are several design
or full wave type
Z, = resonant converter is half wave type
conditions, viz., (i) V. (min)
second, the input and output
For ZVS, the limiting value is, Vi (max) and Io minl
and b (min), (1) V (min) ad Io (max), ())
Vi (max) = o(min) Zo and (iv) Vi (max) and L, (max)
converter with
Therefore, a term conversion ratio (M) is defined which Let us consider, a half-wave resonant
= 10 A.
is given by, Vi(min) and Io(max) Condition, V; (min) = 53.4 V, I,
Vo Vo Lo (min) Rmax Rmax
M =
Vi (max)
The linear charging period of the capacitor,
Io (min) Zo lb (min) Zo Zo
Vimin)C 53.4 x0.008 x 10-5
Let, M = 0.3, then tË = 10
Rmax 12
Z = M = 40 2 tË = 0.0427 us
0.3

which gives Theresponding period for half-wave (a,t, = ).

1
and t =
Z, = 2rfo 2x 0.5 x 10
t = 1 usec
The constant discharging period of capacitor
(40) ta = VLC sin
L = 1600 C
= 0.318 x 10 sin (5.34 x 0.02)
Also the time period at resonance condition, = 0.0426 usec
10
T = f For an ideal inductor, the energy
0.5 x 105 = 0.5
over a cycle is zero. For a constant average
dissipation (stored)
T, = 2x 10 sec value of
load current (i, = I).
T, = 2rVLC Energy =JVidt=S Vdt =0
2x 10-6 = 2rVLC Since L<< Lt
L = 1600 C
TÍr Toff
It gives L =0.01265 mH and C = 0.008 uF
Va 24 = 80 V
Also Vi(max) = M 0.3 or (Vi(min) -V Ton = Vo Tof
The nominal voltage Vi (nom) can be found from the Ton = V i(min)Vo 24
V, Toff = 53.4- 24 3.44 = 2.8 us
equation of voltage regulation, which is given by.
V max) Vi(nom) We also have, the minimum
= 0.2 switching time period,
(nom) T, = Toff + Ton = 3,44 +
2.8 = 6.24 us... Ans.
AOWERELECTRONICS (BATU E&TC) SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
(5.13)
the maximum switching
frequency, 5.5.2 Comparison between ZVS and ZCS
Resonant
f, = =160.25 kHz Converter
.. the end of ts period, the ZVS Resonant Converter ZCS Resonant Converter
time elapsed after the
beginning of the oscillation is (tz +t3). 1 Turn-off loss of switching
1 Turn-off loss of switching
I13 = I, cos [a, (tz + t)] devices are almost
devices is present.
= 10 cos (2T x 0.5 x 10° (1 + eliminated.
0.04)]
=-9.9 A
2. The operating frequency of 2 The operating frequency of
During tå, the inductor current rises linearly v = Converter is more than ZCS Converter varies from 1
dt) MHz to 2 MHz which is less
resonant converter.
Therefore, ta = ,-Ia) L (10 +9.9) (12.65) than that of ZVS converter.
Vi (min) 53.4
ty = 4.71 us ... Ans. 3 In ZCS, the switch is 3 In ZVS, the switch is
The switch turn on at the mid of ta period. required to handle a peak required to withstand a
current of lo + peak voltage of V + b
Therefore, total off-period, Z,
ZCS.
ta
Toff = t; + tz + tg + 2
4 ZVS has high switching 4. ZCS has low switching
4.71 frequency than ZVS.
= 0.0427 + 1+ 0.0426 + frequency than ZCS, so
that ZVS is preferred over
Toff = 3.44 usec ZCS.
Example 5.2: The input unregulated DC voltage to a ZCs 5 Draw the circuit diagram of 5. Draw the circuit diagram of
BSonant converter varies from 70 V to 100 V. The output
Fig.5.12. Fig. 5.14 (a).
bad current varies from 2A to 10A at 24 V. Find the peak
resonant
alues of the capacitor voltage, where the SUMMARY
Tequency is 1 MHz.
voltage and Resonant converters are highly efficient DC-to-DC
Oution : For the worst case (lower input
and DC-to-AC converters. In case of converters with
higher load current). PWM control, the switching devices experience high
80 = 8 2
voltage and current stresses. Therefore, the switching
10 losses are significant. In case of resonant converters,
and L = 64 C
LC resonating circuit is operated at or near resonant
1 frequency which generates almost sinusoidal current
fo =
2Tt and/or voltage waveforms. The switching devices
Put L=64 C in above equation, we get operate (turn-on and turn-off) at ZVS or ZCs
C= 0.02 uF condition.

and L = 1.27 uH Thus the switching losses and EMI reduce drastically.
Since fast switching devices (MOSFET, IGBT, etc.) are
Peak current,
available, these converters operate at very high
Ipeak = lo Zo resonant frequency (tens of kHz to several MHz). At
Ans. this condition, the requirements of L and C
= 10 +
80 = 20 A
parameters in resonant circuit and filter circuit
peak capacitor voltage, drastically reduce.
The Ans.
200 V
Vc(max) = 2V; =
 No is May 1ê 17, 10 Narks

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EXERCSE

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[May 15 Nov. 16 May 17, SNarks
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[May 15 Nou. l6S Marks'