07/08/2023

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE – UFCG

CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA EM RECURSOS NATURAIS – CTRN
UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE CIÊNCIAS ATMOSFÉRICAS – UACA
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM METEOROLOGIA – PPGMET

Disciplina: Radiação Solar e Terrestre

Professor: Carlos A. C. dos Santos

Aula - 8
Porque Deus amou o mundo de tal maneira que deu o seu Filho unigênito, para que
todo aquele que nele crê não pereça, mas tenha a vida eterna. (João 3:16)

For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in
him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)

Campina Grande – PB

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.1 Introduction

- We will discuss the integrated value of the extraterrestrial solar

radiation over all wavelengths.

- Mathematical formulations are developed to determine the

irradiation at various surface orientations and for different
time periods.

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

- The expressions for radiation on horizontal surfaces will be

formulated for different time periods: an hour, a day, a month,
and so forth.

1
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

ሶ be the extraterrestrial irradiance (rate of

- On a given day, let 𝐼0𝑛
energy) on a surface normal to the rays from the sun, where
ሶ = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐼0𝑛 ሶ 𝑟0 Τ𝑟 2 ሶ 𝐸0
= 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (1)

2
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

ሶ be the extraterrestrial irradiance (rate of

- On a given day, let 𝐼0𝑛
energy) on a surface normal to the rays from the sun, where
ሶ = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐼0𝑛 ሶ 𝑟0 Τ𝑟 2 ሶ 𝐸0
= 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (1)

- It is obvious from Fig. 4.2.1 that the irradiance on a horizontal

surface can be written

𝐼0ሶ = 𝐼0𝑛
ሶ cos 𝜃𝑧 (2)

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- where cos 𝜽𝒛 is given by

𝐼0ሶ = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
ሶ 𝐸0 sin 𝛿 sin 𝜙 + cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔 (3)

- The units of Eqs. (1)-(3) are W m-2.

- The irradiation (amount of energy) d𝑰𝟎 during a short period of

time dt will be

𝑑𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑑𝑡 (4)

3
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- The irradiation (amount of energy) d𝑰𝟎 during a short period of

time dt will be
𝑑𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 cos 𝜃𝑧 𝑑𝑡 (4)
- where dt is in hours and the solar constant (𝑰𝒔𝒄 with no overdot)
is in energy units, kJ m-2 h-1.

- On the right-hand side of this equation, cos 𝜽𝒛 contains the solar

hour angle ω in degrees or radians.

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- The time in hours can be converted to the hour angle as follows:

- Let

Ω = rotational speed of the earth around its polar axis

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝜔
𝛀= =
24 ℎ 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡 = 12Τ𝜋 𝑑𝜔 (5)

4
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Equation (4) now reduces to the following:

𝑑𝐼0 = 12Τ𝜋 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 sin 𝛿 sin 𝜙 + cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔 𝑑𝜔 (6)

- One can now readily obtain 𝑰𝟎 , the radiation over a period of 1 h.

- Let us consider the ith hour from solar noon, and ωi the hour
angle at the middle of this hour.

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- The radiation over a period of 1 h will be

𝜛𝑖 +𝜋Τ24
12
𝐼0 = 𝐼 𝐸 න sin 𝛿 sin 𝜙 + cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔 𝑑𝜔
𝜋 𝑠𝑐 0 𝜛𝑖 −𝜋Τ24
(7)
or
24 𝜋
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 sin 𝛿 sin 𝜙 + ( ) sin cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔𝑖
𝜋 24
(8)

5
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Since

24 𝜋
( ) sin = 0.9972 ≈ 1
𝜋 24
- we may write Eq. (8)

𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑖 (9)

- The above yields extraterrestrial irradiation for 1 h centered

around the hour angle 𝝎𝒊 .

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Equation (9) can also be written in a slightly different form.

- From the expression for sunset hour angle on a horizontal

surface, Eq. (1.5.3 – Livro do Iqbal), the zenith angle can be
written
cos 𝜃𝑧 = cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔 − cos 𝜔𝑠 (10)

- Consequently, Eq. (9) reduces to

𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐸0 cos 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜔𝑖 − cos 𝜔𝑠 (11)

6
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- In some instances, radiation for a period other than an exact

hour may be required.

- Let us consider that the radiation on a horizontal surface

between hours t1 and t2 is required.

- Counting the hours from midnight, and as long as t1 and t2 are

during daylight, the radiation between any two hours will be as
follows:

(12)

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Let the quantity ത𝑰𝟎 be defined as the extraterrestrial monthly

average hourly radiation on a horizontal surface.

- In this text the terms "monthly average" and "monthly mean"

are used interchangeably and synonymously.

- 𝑰ത𝟎 is the average of all hourly irradiation received during the

same local apparent time over a period of one month.

- This quantity will be needed to calculate solar radiation on the

earth's surface in the presence of its atmosphere.

7
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

A) Hourly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- ത𝑰𝟎 can be expressed mathematically as

𝑛2
1
𝐼0ҧ = ෍ 𝐼0 (13)
𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝑛1

where n1 and n2 are the day numbers at the beginning and end of
the month, respectively.

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

B) Daily Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Some examples of the diurnal variation of the extraterrestrial

radiation on horizontal surfaces are presented in Fig. 4.2.2.

- The irradiation during a day, from sunrise (sr) to sunset (ss), is

given by the area under the curves.

- Therefore
𝑠𝑠
𝐻0 = න 𝐼0 𝑑𝑡 (14)
𝑠𝑟

8
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

B) Daily Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Assuming that E0 remains constant during one day and after

converting the time at to the hour angle, we obtain

(15)
or

(16)
where s is in degrees.

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

B) Daily Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- It is possible to write the above expression for H0 in two slightly

different forms. Thus:
(17)
- Combining the Eqs (16) and (17) gives
(18)
or

(19)

9
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

B) Daily Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- Two special cases of the extraterrestrial daily radiation on a

horizontal surface are noteworthy:

(i) At the equator???

(ii)In the polar regions, during the summer, there is no

sunset or sunrise???

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface

B) Monthly Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

- The monthly average extraterrestrial daily radiation on a

ഥ 𝟎 , is often required.
horizontal surface, 𝑯

- This quantity is defined as follows:

𝑛2
1
ഥ0 =
𝐻 ෍ 𝐻0 (20)
𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝑛1

10
 07/08/2023

4 - EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR IRRADIATION

4.3 Radiation on Inclined Planes

A. Radiation on Surfaces Tilted Toward the Equator???

B. Extraterrestrial Radiation on an Arbitrarily Oriented

Surface???

11