Roads are recognized as an essential part of a nation's infrastructure, serving as a vital

conduit for transportation and communication. The significance of roads is of utmost

importance and should not be underestimated. Transportation networks serve as vital routes

linking urban centers, suburban regions, and remote rural areas, thereby enabling the efficient

and seamless transportation of individuals, supplies, and essential services.

This road network is often troublesome to our travelers since road failures are prone to this area

resulting to transportation and economic development setbacks. It has been highlighted that

Naval-Caibiran Cross Country Road (NCCCR) have often been characterized with long cracks,

potholes and other pavement defects.

The importance of road network in Naval-Caibiran Cross Country Road connects people from

Naval going to Caibiran and Culaba and vice versa and has its benefits because of its socio-

economic impacts which includes increase in income level, increase in employment level,

increase in agriculture output and sales, increase in health awareness, and increase in education

awareness. (Hine et al, 2019).

i. Increase in income level

According to a study conducted by Limi et al. (2018) in Brazil, there was a notable rise in

agricultural employment by 17%, accompanied by an increase in monthly household

income ranging from US$48 to US$67.In a study conducted in China by Wang and Sun

(2016), it was found that there is a positive correlation between the size of a certain

variable and its corresponding rise of 1%. The presence of a rural road network is

associated with a statistically significant increase of 0.14% in per capita net income
 within rural areas. In the immediate timeframe, there is a notable impact on

households. Furthermore, in accordance with Khandker's (2006) research,

enhancements to rural road infrastructure have been shown to have positive effects.

Bangladesh exerted a notable influence on the agricultural wages of males, resulting in a

substantial increase of 27%. Additionally, the country played a role in the reduction of

fertilizer prices. With an approximate increase of 5%, there are additional enhancements

in household salaries, resulting in a cumulative impact on overall household income. The

per capita yearly consumption exhibited a growth rate of 11%.

ii. Increase in Employment Level

According to Yamauchi's (2016) study conducted in Indonesia, there was an observed

increase in transportation speeds and earnings in both agricultural and non-agricultural

sectors. There is also a discernible trend within the labor market wherein relatively well-

educated households are transitioning from agriculture to nonagricultural sectors. In

addition to this, a study conducted by Nguyen et al. (2017), individuals residing in areas

where road developments have been implemented exhibit a higher propensity to secure

employment within the industrial sector. Moreover, individuals are less inclined to be

employed in the service industry.

iii. Increase in Health Awareness

The proper rural road access provides faster and quick access to healthcare institution,

thus promoting preventive health care practices and reduction in morbidity (Hine et al.

2019). Additionally, it guarantees the availability of uninterrupted medical services by

 healthcare professionals to rural regions for the purpose of medical consultation or

treatment.

iv. Increase in Education Awareness

The provision of adequate rural infrastructure significantly contributes to increased

school enrolment rates and improved student attendance. The study conducted by Limi

et al. (2015) provides support for the notion that in two out of the four locations

examined, there was a decrease in the number of households with children unable to

attend school due to inadequate road conditions. Furthermore, this initiative has

resulted in a notable enhancement in the attendance of female students at educational

institutions.

Rural roads are also considered as lifelines, providing protection to communities by facilitating

emergency response operations, including evacuations in time of natural calamities. Thus, these

roads need to be resilient in the midst of natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes in

order for the very same communities that use them to be able to recover quickly from such

calamities. Experience during Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 emphasized the importance of the

restoration of passable roads for relief and rescue operations as the Department of Public

Works and Highways endeavored to clear and open the 36 roads rendered impassable by the

typhoon. (Napalang & Regidor, 2014).

Field observation and laboratory experiments have shown that road failures are not primarily

due to road usage, inadequate supervision, poor construction materials, noncompliance to

specifications or design problems alone but can equally arise from inadequate knowledge of the

characteristics and behavior of residual soils on which the roads are built (Ajayi, 1987).
Therefore, geological and geophysical experts have frequently cited inadequate information on

subsurface conditions prior to construction as a significant contributor to this phenomenon.