CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Hydrological studies are pivotal in comprehending and quantifying runoff parameters in

catchment areas, particularly in establishing the correlation between rainfall events and
catchment responses (Mudashiru et al., 2020). These studies play a crucial role in various
applications, such as rainfall-runoff simulation, flood forecasting, urban drainage projects, and
hydrograph separation (Lestari, 2015; Salimi et al., 2017).

Among the temporal parameters used in hydrological analysis, Time of Concentration

(Tc) holds a significant position. Tc is defined as the longest travel time taken by runoff to travel
from the hydraulically most distant point in the watershed to the outlet (NRCS 2010). This
definition has been widely accepted and utilized in various applications and studies (Kirpich
1940; Guermond 2008; Li and Chibber 2008; Mark and Marek 2011; Efstratiadis et al. 2013).

The importance of Tc lies in its direct connection to the peak discharge at the catchment
outlet. Accurate estimation of Tc is critical for avoiding significant errors in peak flow
estimation (Fang et al., 2008; de Almeida et al., 2017). Failure to precisely determine the time of
concentration can lead to substantial inaccuracies in hydrological analysis.

Despite its importance, the definition and estimation of Tc have remained a subject of
controversy among researchers (Nnaji & Siwobi, 2023). Various methods are employed to
estimate Tc, with the NRCS velocity method being a commonly used approach in hydrological
analysis. This method is based on the physical concept that travel time is a function of runoff
flow length and runoff flow velocity (Fang et al., 2007). Essentially, the velocity method
assumes that the time of concentration is the sum of travel times for segments along the
hydraulically most distant flow path (USDA, 2010).

In the specific case of the Laguna de Bay watershed, which is subdivided into 24
subbasins, this study will focus on three key sub-basins: Sta, Rosa, Binan, and Cristobal. By
concentrating on these sub-basins, the research aims to provide a detailed analysis of Time of
Concentration using Velocity Method, and its significance in these specific areas.

1.2 Objective to the Study

The main objective of the study is to conduct a watershed analysis to determine the time
concentrations using velocity method for the 3 municipalities of the Laguna Lake watershed sub-
basins namely: Binan, San Cristobal, and Santa Rosa. The specific objectives of the Study are
presented below:

1. Determine the number of rivers and its length within the jurisdiction.
2. Tabulate the precipitation and the estimated area of the sub-watershed.
3. Create a hydrograph for the month of August 2018 for each sub/sub-watershed similar to the
attached example, i.e., showing the peak rainfall and the peak discharge.
4. Determine the type of velocity flow method to adopt, appropriate aquation and Manning’s
coefficient to use.
5. Determine the water velocity, tabulate in excel the assessed and calculated data.
6. Calculate the “time of concentration” of each sub-watershed and the overall time of
concentration of your assigned area.

1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study only covers the four municipalities within the Laguna watershed which
includes Binan, San Cristobal, and Santa Rosa. The time of concentration was calculated from
the two-year period from September 2021 to August 2023.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research aims to offer valuable insights into the duration it takes for water to
traverse from the farthest reaches of a watershed to its outlet. Such findings are essential for
residents of the area, as they can better understand and prepare for potential flooding in low-
lying areas. By comprehending the flow patterns within the watershed, individuals can take
proactive measures to safeguard their properties and themselves against the risks associated with
flooding events.
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study Area

The study areas are the three selected municipalities that is located in the province of
Laguna, Philippines. The three municipalities are Santa Rosa, Biñan and San Cristobal. These
municipalities are included in the Laguna Lake watershed.

Figure 2.1 Santa Rosa, Biñan and San Cristobal Sub- Basin Map

The Sta. Rosa Sub-basin, situated along the western edge of Laguna de Bay, stands out as
a significant component of the broader Laguna Lake Basin. Its boundaries are delineated by the
Biñan sub- basin to the northwest, the expansive waters of Laguna de Bay to the northeast, and
the San Cristobal Sub-basin to the south. Encompassing a total land area spanning 12,030
hectares, this sub-basin plays a pivotal role in the hydrological dynamics of the region. Its reach
extends across various municipalities and cities, including Cabuyao and Silang, as well as the
cities of Santa Rosa, Biñan, and Tagaytay. This geographical context underscores the sub-basin's
importance within the larger hydrological framework, highlighting its interconnectedness with
neighboring areas and its influence on local ecosystems and communities.

The Biñan Sub-basin occupies a strategic position in the western expanse of the Laguna
de Bay Basin, as well as the southern fringes of Metro Manila. It spans across the municipalities
of San Pedro and Biñan within the province of Laguna, while also extending its reach to the
towns of Carmona, General Mariano Alvarez, Silang, and the city of Tagaytay. This sub-basin
finds itself flanked by two prominent bodies of water: Laguna Lake to the north and Taal Lake to
the south, illustrating its integral connection to the broader hydrological network of the region.
Within its confines, the Biñan Sub-basin encompasses the administrative territories of six towns
and a city, namely Biñan and San Pedro in Laguna, along with General Mariano Alvarez,
Carmona, Silang, and Tagaytay City in Cavite. This delineation emphasizes the multi-
jurisdictional nature of the sub-basin, underscoring the collaborative efforts required for effective
management and conservation initiatives across these varied locales.

The San Cristobal Sub-basin occupies a strategic position in the western region of the
Laguna de Bay Basin, spanning across six towns and cities: Calamba City, Cabuyao, Santa Rosa
City, Silang, Tagaytay City, Talisay, and Tanauan City. In the Province of Laguna, three key
urban centers—Calamba City, Cabuyao, and Santa Rosa City—are situated within this sub-basin.
Calamba City, bordered on its eastern side by Laguna de Bay, serves as a pivotal hub for
economic and cultural activities. Cabuyao, positioned in the northern part of the province, lies
approximately 45 kilometers from Manila, boasting strategic connectivity. Santa Rosa City,
located about 40 kilometers south of Manila, is flanked by Biñan to the northwest and Cabuyao
to the south and southwest, with the province of Cavite forming its western border, and Laguna
de Bay to the northeast. Silang, nestled in the eastern precincts of Cavite Province, contributes to
the diverse landscape of the sub-basin. Tagaytay City, situated in Cavite, approximately 56
kilometers south of Manila, offers scenic vistas and serves as a popular tourist destination.
Expanding beyond the confines of Laguna, the San Cristobal Sub-basin encompasses Talisay and
Tanauan City, both situated in the province of Batangas. These areas further enrich the sub-
basin's ecological diversity and underscore the interconnectedness of watersheds across
administrative boundaries.
2.2 Determination of number of rivers and watershed area

The quantity of rivers within the Laguna Lake watershed was determined by leveraging
the Synthetic Aperture Radar – Digital Elevation Model (SAR-DEM) derived from Lidar data.
Employing ArcGIS version 10.1 (Redlands, California), an extensive analysis was conducted to
ascertain the number of rivers present in the area, along with their respective lengths.

To further enhance the understanding of the watershed's topography, the slopes of the
Sta. Rosa, Binan, and San Cristobal River basins were acquired through the utilization of the
Google Earth Pro. By integrating data from various sources and employing both GIS software
and online tools, a comprehensive assessment of river characteristics, including their abundance,
length, and slope, was achieved. This approach facilitated a thorough understanding of the
hydrological dynamics within the Laguna Lake watershed, aiding in effective watershed
management and planning initiatives.

2.3 Gathering of Rainfall

Precipitation data spanning from September 2021 to August 2023 was sourced from
World Weather Online (https://www.worldweatheronline.com). This platform offers
comprehensive records of average daily, monthly, and annual rainfall. For the purposes of this
study, the focus was specifically on the daily rainfall data for August 2023, which was utilized in
plotting the hydrograph.

In addition, the two-year period of rainfall data was analyzed to calculate the time of
concentration in various river basins. This timeframe was chosen to provide a robust dataset for
assessing the hydrological characteristics and temporal patterns of rainfall across the different
river basins under consideration.

By leveraging the wealth of precipitation data available from World Weather Online and
strategically selecting relevant time periods for analysis, this study was able to effectively
explore the impact of rainfall on hydrological processes, thereby contributing to a deeper
understanding of watershed dynamics and flood risk management.

2.4 Determination of Curve Number

 The Curve Number (CN) is influenced by several primary factors, including the
hydrologic soil group (HSG), surface cover type, treatment, hydrological status, and antecedent
runoff conditions (ARC).

1. Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG): This categorizes soils based on their hydrological properties,
such as infiltration rates and water retention capacity. Different soil groups have varying
impacts on runoff generation, thus affecting the CN.
2. Cover Type: Surface cover, including vegetation, impervious surfaces, or bare soil, plays a
crucial role in determining runoff. Each cover type interacts differently with rainfall,
influencing the CN value assigned to the area.
3. Treatment: Any modifications or treatments applied to the land, such as urbanization,
agricultural practices, or conservation measures, can alter surface characteristics and affect
runoff generation, consequently impacting the CN.
4. Hydrological Condition: This refers to the current state of the hydrological system, including
factors like soil moisture levels, groundwater table depth, and existing water storage
capacity. Hydrological conditions at the time of a rainfall event influence the CN by affecting
infiltration rates and runoff generation.
5. Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC): ARC accounts for the prior history of runoff events
and soil moisture levels preceding the current rainfall event. The amount of rainfall needed to
generate runoff is influenced by the moisture content of the soil, which is reflected in the CN.

After considering all the factors mentioned above, it can then be referred to the Table 4B-
3, which provides Runoff Curve Numbers (CN) for specific agricultural, suburban, and rural
areas. This table is found in the TR-55 Curve Number Tables within the WSDOT Highway
Runoff Manual M 31-16.04.

2.5 Predicted Surface Run-off and Hydrograph

The daily rainfall data for the month of August 2023 for Sta. Rosa, Biñan, and San
Cristobal were obtained from World Weather Online. These rainfall data were tabulated in Excel
2016 (Redmond, Washington). The predicted volume was obtained following the equations
developed by USDA-SCS (1972) (Ward et al., 2016).
 The equations for predicting the volume of total runoff were shown in the succeeding
paragraphs. The rainfall excess (volume runoff) could be determined using the NRCS curve
number procedure. Wherein the infiltration losses are combined with surface storage by the
relationship:

2
(P−I a )
Q= Equation 1
(P−I a +S i)

Where: Q = is the accumulated runoff of rainfall excess in inches or millimeters,

P = is the rainfall depth in inches or millimeters,

Ia = is the initial abstractions in inches or millimeters and includes surface storage,

interception, and infiltration prior to runoff.

Initial abstraction (Ia) encompasses all losses occurring prior to the initiation of runoff.
These losses comprise water retained in surface depressions, intercepted by vegetation, subject to
evaporation, and undergoing infiltration. Ia exhibits considerable variability but is typically
associated with soil and surface cover characteristics. Empirical studies conducted across
numerous small agricultural watersheds have approximated Ia using the following equation:

I a=0.2 S i Equation 2

Si = is the surface storage in inches or millimeters, is a parameter given by:

100
Si=k ( −10) Equation 3
CN

CN = is known as the curve number;

k = is a constant, k = 1, if Q and P are in inches;

 k = is a constant, k = 25.4, if Q and P are in millimeters;

Figure 2.2 Solution of runoff equation

Eliminating Ia as an independent parameter enables the utilization of a combination of S and P to

generate a singular runoff quantity. Substituting equation 2 into equation 1 yields:

2
(P−0.2 S i)
Q= Equation
(P+0.8 Si )
4
 To compute the volume of stormflow using the USDA-SCS (1972) equations, it is
necessary to determine the curve numbers corresponding to the surface description based on land

use. The land use map utilized for this purpose was obtained from the Laguna Lake Development
Authority, as depicted in Figure 2.2.

Figure: Land Cover Map of Sta. Rosa, Laguna Figure: Land Cover Map of Biñan, Laguna

Figure: Land Cover Map of San Cristobal, Laguna

2.6 Determination of water velocity for shallow concentrated and open channel flow
 The velocity method assumes that time of concentration is the sum of travel times for
segments along the hydraulically most distant flow path as presented in Equation 5

T tn =T t 1+T t 2 +T t 3 +… T tn Equation 5

Where:

T tn = time of concentration, h

T tn = travel time of a segment n, h

n = number of segments comprising the total hydraulic length

The segments in the velocity method consist of three types of flow namely: sheet flow, shallow
concentrated flow, and open channel flow.

1. Sheet flow is characterized by the flow over flat or gently sloping surfaces. This
phenomenon commonly manifests in the upper reaches of a stream, typically near the
watershed's ridgeline boundary. Sheet flow typically persists for relatively short
distances, typically not exceeding 100 feet, before transitioning into shallow concentrated
flow. The time it takes for sheet flow to reach concentration, known as the sheet flow
time of concentration, is presented below,

0.8
0.007 (nl)
T t= Equation 6
P 20.5 S 0.4

Were,

𝑇𝑡 = travel time, h

n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

l = sheet flow length, ft

𝑃2 = 2-year, 24-hour rainfall, in.

S =slope of land surface, ft/ft

2. After covering about 100 feet, sheet flow transitions into shallow concentrated flow,
where it gathers in swales, small rills, and gullies. Shallow concentrated flow lacks a
distinct channel and typically exhibits depths ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 feet. It is presumed
that shallow concentrated flow can be categorized into one of seven flow types. The data
presented in Table 2. was derived using the curves illustrated in Figure 2.3, which were
utilized to delineate the characteristics of these flow types.

Figure 2.3 Velocity versus slope for shallow concentrated flow (NRCS, 2010)

Table 2.1 Equations and assumptions developed from Figure 13 (NRCS, 2010)

Flow Type Depth(ft) Manning’s Velocity Equation

Coefficient (ft/s)
0.5
Pavement and small upland gullies 0.2 0.025 V =20.238(s)
0.5
Grassed waterways 0.4 0.050 V =16.135 (s )
0.5
Nearly bare and untilled (overland 0.2 0.051 V =9.965(s)
 flow); and alluvial fans in western
mountain regions
0.5
Cultivated straight row crops 0.2 0.058 V =8.762(s )
0.5
Short-grass pasture 0.2 0.073 V =6.962(s )
0.5
Minimum tillage cultivation, 0.2 0.101 V =5.032 (s)
contour or strip cropped, and
woodlands
0.5
Forest with heavy ground litter and 0.2 0.202 V =2.516(s)
hay meadows

3. Open channel flow follows shallow concentrated flow. It is presumed to initiate after
sheet flow ceases, typically at shallow depths ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 feet. Open channels
are considered to commence where cross-sectional data have been surveyed, where
channels are discernible on aerial imagery, or where streams are indicated by bluelines on
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle sheets.

To estimate the average flow velocity, Manning's equation or water surface profile data
can be employed. The average flow velocity is typically determined for the bankfull
elevation. This is achieved using Equation 6.
2 1
1.49 r 3 s 2 Equation
V=
n
7
Where:
V = average velocity, ft/s
r = hydraulic radius, ft
s = slope of the hydraulic grade line (channel slope), ft/ft

From the hydraulic radius derivations (Fang et al., 2007)

considered a 2:1 (horizontal: vertical) based from Figure 2.4, the stream bed width (b)
 can be calculated from the stream height (y) and stream surface width (B) by Equation 7.
While Equation 8 shows how to calculate stream bed width (b) from stream height (y).

2y b 2y

y 1
2

Figure 2.4. Trapezoidal channel shape for the hydraulic

b radius assumption (Fang et al., 2007)

B=2 ( 2 y )+ b Equation 8

2y
b= Equation
√3
9

The lag time was calculated based on time of concentration as shown in Equation 9 below.

Lag Time=0.6 T c Equation 10

2.6 Determination of Peak Discharge

The Graphical method was derived from hydrograph analyses conducted with TR-20, known as
"Computer Program for Project Formulation—Hydrology" (SCS 1983). The equation utilized for
peak discharge is as follows:

q p=q u A m Q F p Equation 11

Where,

q p= peak discharge (cfs)

q u= unit peak discharge (csm/in)

Am = drainage area (mi2 )

Q = runoff (in)
F p=pond and swamp adjustment factor

The input parameters necessary for the Graphical method include:

1. Time of concentration (Tc) in hours

2. Drainage area in square miles (mi^2)

3. Selection of an appropriate rainfall distribution type (I, IA, II, or III)

4. 24-hour rainfall amount in inches

5. Curve Number (CN)

Additionally, if there are pond and swamp areas distributed throughout the watershed, and these
areas are not factored into the time of concentration calculation, an adjustment for these features
is required.

Unit peak discharge, q p, can be computed through plotting it Exhibit 4 (unit peak discharges for
SCS tvpe I, IA, II, and III distributions) of 210-VI-TR-55, Second Ed or use the formula,

2
log ( q u )=C 0 +C 1 log ( T c ) +C 2 [log ( T c ) ] Equation 12

Where,

q u=unit peak discharge

T c= time of concentration

C 0 ,C 1 , C 2=coefficients from table F-1 of 210-VI-TR-55, Second Ed

 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa Rivers and Watershed Areas

Figure 3.1 shows how drainage information was retrieved from the Synthetic
Aperture Radar-Digital Elevation Model (SAR-DEM) using ArcGIS 10.1 (Redlands,
California). Rivers and other streams were delineated using watershed flow line analysis, as
described in Table 3.1. Based on the ArcGIS watershed area analysis, Biñan, San Cristobal,
and Sta. Rosa both have a major river. The watershed areas are 89,073,375.01m²,
122,248,356.28 m², and
59,422,020.76 m².
 Figure 3.1 Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa Rivers and Sub-basin Map

Table 3.1. Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa drainage lines detected by ArcGIS

Object Shape Length (m) Object Shape Length (m) Object Shape Length (m)
ID ID ID
1 1227.35 23 943.92 45 6829.39
2 1167.67 24 4497.55 46 1943.54
3 4220.26 25 1801.52 47 3547.60
4 8127.18 26 9344.49 48 20028.11
5 1955.68 27 2214.04 49 4931.72
6 2251.00 28 20633.07 50 21744.82
7 7996.84 29 1937.81 51 1783.68
8 3706.30 30 4665.79 52 3936.75
9 427.01 31 450.86 53 3883.54
10 7930.41 32 2573.99 54 9867.49
11 3884.00 33 855.23 55 6854.77
12 557.99 34 4465.11 56 3577.09
13 2577.07 35 1454.07 57 615.95
14 4636.23 36 520.97 58 2704.73
15 1325.76 37 920.75 59 2322.54
16 5587.57 38 7884.72 60 2152.03
17 5832.83 39 3143.78 61 5104.92
18 641.56 40 3590.94 62 1818.94
 19 4094.25 41 2415.57 63 111.68
20 3680.23 42 2994.85 64 199.79
21 10527.34 43 5819.06 65 30.74
22 2689.39 44 6107.21 66 207.28

There were about sixty six (66) drainage lines five (5) outlets that were detected in
Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa as shown in Figure(). Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa
River are the major rivers in the considered municipalities.

3.2 Precipitation

Presented in Tables () are the daily precipitation of Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa
respectively taken from World Weather. With highest precipitation of 24.3 mm in Biñan, 20.6
mm in San Cristobal both occurred on August 22, 2023, and 30.8 mm in Sta. Rosa occurred on
August 30, 2023.

Table 3.2. Biñan Precipitation during the month of August

Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm)

1 20.2 12 9.3 23 14.7
2 21 13 3.6 24 8
3 8.1 14 6.7 25 2
4 3.7 15 4 26 5
5 1.8 16 5.7 27 6.6
6 3.5 17 6.3 28 2
7 6.9 18 4 29 17.1
8 7.4 19 18.5 30 21.6
9 6.1 20 7.6 31 4.7
10 9.8 21 14.9
11 10.6 22 24.3

Table 3.2. San Cristobal Precipitation during the month of August

 Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm)
1 10.4 12 1.8 23 14.7
2 9.5 13 1.9 24 5.9
3 8.4 14 2.6 25 4.6
4 3.2 15 2.1 26 1
5 1.9 16 2.4 27 3.2
6 1.6 17 3.7 28 0.8
7 3.4 18 2.3 29 5.7
8 4.1 19 8.2 30 6.5
9 3.1 20 9.4 31 1.8
10 3.5 21 6.1
11 3.1 22 20.6

Table 3.2. Sta. Rosa Precipitation during the month of August

Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm) Day Precipitation (mm)

1 10.4 12 1.8 23 13.5
2 11.1 13 1.9 24 5.9
3 9.8 14 2.6 25 2.9
4 3.2 15 2.1 26 11.4
5 1.9 16 2.4 27 9.6
6 1.6 17 3.7 28 5.7
7 3.4 18 2.3 29 23.3
8 4.1 19 7.3 30 30.8
9 3.1 20 4.2 31 16.4
10 3.5 21 6.1
11 3.1 22 20.7

Table 3.3. Biñan Two-Year Precipitation

Month Precipitation Month Precipitation (mm)

 (mm)
Sep-21 428.91 Sep-22 484.7
Oct-21 266.6 Oct-22 414.47
Nov-21 96 Nov-22 178.9
Dec-21 80.2 Dec-22 92.7
Jan-22 39.9 Jan-23 158.5
Feb-22 41.6 Feb-23 69.9
Mar-22 67.1 Mar-23 1.6
Apr-22 96.6 Apr-23 156.35
May-22 411.9 May-23 282.75
Jun-22 332 Jun-23 445.3
Jul-22 421.1 Jul-23 579.8
Aug-22 509.12 Aug-23 285.6

Table 3.3. San Cristobal Two-Year Precipitation

Month Precipitation Month Precipitation (mm)

(mm)
Sep-21 312.59 Sep-22 303.2
Oct-21 148.2 Oct-22 274.6
Nov-21 60.2 Nov-22 96.9
Dec-21 42.4 Dec-22 81.5
Jan-22 14.7 Jan-23 115.4
Feb-22 4 Feb-23 65
Mar-22 17.8 Mar-23 2
Apr-22 23.6 Apr-23 160.5
May-22 199.7 May-23 179.15
Jun-22 187.4 Jun-23 204.7
Jul-22 337.1 Jul-23 427.6
Aug-22 414.6 Aug-23 157.3
Table 3.3. Sta. Rosa Two-Year Precipitation

Month Precipitation Month Precipitation (mm)

(mm)
Sep-21 318.26 Sep-22 303.2
Oct-21 148.2 Oct-22 280.56
Nov-21 60.2 Nov-22 96.9
Dec-21 42.4 Dec-22 81.5
Jan-22 14.7 Jan-23 116.49
Feb-22 4 Feb-23 64.4
Mar-22 17.8 Mar-23 0.5
Apr-22 23.6 Apr-23 160.7
May-22 199.7 May-23 170.6
Jun-22 187.4 Jun-23 253.5
Jul-22 337.1 Jul-23 495.45
Aug-22 412.73 Aug-23 229.75

The average two-year precipitation from September 2021 to August 2023 was 9.75 inches
for Biñan, 6.28 inches for San Cristobal, and 6.59 inches for Sta. Rosa, as detailed in Table [X].
Throughout this period, the highest precipitation events were observed in August 2022,
September 2022, and July 2023 for Biñan, with average monthly precipitation amounts
approximately totaling 509.12 mm, 484.7 mm, and 579.8 mm, respectively. Similarly, for San
Cristobal, the highest precipitation occurred in July 2022, August 2022, and July 2023, with
average monthly precipitation values around 337.1 mm, 414.6 mm, and 427.6 mm, respectively.
Likewise, in Sta. Rosa, the highest precipitation months were July 2022, August 2022, and July
2023, with average monthly precipitation amounts approximately totaling 337.1 mm, 412.73
mm, and 495.45 mm, respectively. These observations are consistent with the typical rainy
season in the Philippines. Conversely, the lowest precipitation was observed in February 2022
and March 2023 for all study areas, which coincide with the dry season in the country.

3.3 Hydrograph for August 2023

 The predicted volumes for August 2023 were determined using the United States Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number procedure following the USDA-SCS
methodology of 1972, as outlined by Ward et al. (2016). Predicted surface runoffs were
computed based on the daily precipitation in the respective municipalities under consideration.
NRCS curve numbers were assigned according to the land use characteristics, with Biñan
categorized under Soil Group B, San Cristobal under Soil Group C, and Sta. Rosa under Soil
Group B. The specific curve numbers corresponding to the land use of the designated
municipalities are presented in Table 3.4, based on the classification provided by Tiongson et al.
(2012). Additionally, Tables 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7 depict the predicted volumes of stormflow for
Caliraya, San Juan, and Pila, respectively.
(https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/fulltext/Hydraulics/HRM/App4B_2014.pdf)

Table (). Curve Numbers according to land use of Caliraya, San Juan, and Pila

Watershed Arabl Composit

Grass
Name e Brushland Forest Marsh Plantation Urban e
Binan 78 48 0 58 81 82 92
Percent 10.76 37.14 0 30.39 2.05 13.88 5.78 100
8.392 17.626 1.660
Composite 8 17.8272 0 2 5 11.3816 5.3176 62
San
Cristobal 75 67 70 79 88 75 79
Percent 13.8 28.6 0.03 35.8 0.37 8.4 13 100
0.325
Composite 10.35 19.162 0.021 28.282 6 6.3 10.27 75
Santa Rosa 75 67 79 81 82 92
Percent 9.99 17.27 0.03 35.65 0.48 2.99 33.59 100
7.492 28.163 0.388 30.902
Composite 5 11.5709 0 5 8 2.4518 8 81

Table 3.5. Biñan predicted volume of stormflow in August 2023

Binan
Da Precipitatio Curve Number, Runoff, River Discharg
y n CN Si Q Basin e
155.677 0.82619 89,073,37
1 20.2 62 4 3 5
155.677 0.70583 89,073,37
2 21 62 4 1 5
 155.677 4.00049 89,073,37
3 8.1 62 4 6 5
155.677 89,073,37
4 3.7 62 4 5.86942 5
155.677 6.81144 89,073,37
5 1.8 62 4 1 5
155.677 5.96460 89,073,37
6 3.5 62 4 8 5
155.677 4.46857 89,073,37
7 6.9 62 4 9 5
155.677 4.26985 89,073,37
8 7.4 62 4 7 5
155.677 4.79765 89,073,37
9 6.1 62 4 9 5
155.677 89,073,37
10 9.8 62 4 3.38839 5
155.677 3.12046 89,073,37
11 10.6 62 4 8 5
155.677 3.56232 89,073,37
12 9.3 62 4 4 5
155.677 5.91689 89,073,37
13 3.6 62 4 9 5
155.677 4.54955 89,073,37
14 6.7 62 4 9 5
155.677 89,073,37
15 4 62 4 5.72836 5
155.677 89,073,37
16 5.7 62 4 4.9674 5
155.677 4.71409 89,073,37
17 6.3 62 4 5 5
155.677 89,073,37
18 4 62 4 5.72836 5
155.677 1.11614 89,073,37
19 18.5 62 4 4 5
155.677 4.19184 89,073,37
20 7.6 62 4 9 5
155.677 1.89032 89,073,37
21 14.9 62 4 8 5
155.677 0.31391 89,073,37
22 24.3 62 4 6 5
155.677 89,073,37
23 14.7 62 4 1.93997 5
155.677 4.03834 89,073,37
24 8 62 4 9 5
155.677 6.70826 89,073,37
25 2 62 4 2 5
 155.677 5.27291 89,073,37
26 5 62 4 4 5
155.677 89,073,37
27 6.6 62 4 4.59037 5
155.677 6.70826 89,073,37
28 2 62 4 2 5
155.677 1.39079 89,073,37
29 17.1 62 4 4 5
155.677 0.62217 89,073,37
30 21.6 62 4 2 5
155.677 5.40718 89,073,37
31 4.7 62 4 3 5

Table 3.5. San Cristobal predicted volume of stormflow in August 2023

San Cristobal
Curve
Da Precipitatio Number, Runoff, Discharg
y n CN Si Q River Basin e
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
1 27 75 7 1.06972 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
2 21 75 7 0.18638 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
3 11 75 7 0.44714 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
4 11 75 7 0.44714 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
5 8 75 7 1.05376 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
6 4 75 7 2.33185 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
7 16 75 7 0.0104 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
8 18 75 7 0.01327 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
9 21 75 7 0.18638 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
10 30 75 7 1.74698 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
11 27 75 7 1.06972 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
12 31 75 7 2.0041 8
13 29 75 84.6666666 1.50521 122,248,356.2
 7 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
14 21 75 7 0.18638 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
15 14 75 7 0.10527 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
16 9 75 7 0.82021 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
17 11 75 7 0.44714 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
18 3 75 7 2.74464 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
19 0 75 7 4.23333 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
20 13 75 7 0.19163 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
21 22 75 7 0.28608 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
22 27 75 7 1.06972 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
23 26 75 7 0.877 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
24 23 75 7 0.40563 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
25 2 75 7 3.19796 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
26 5 75 7 1.9579 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
27 6.6 75 7 1.43647 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
28 2 75 7 3.19796 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
29 17.1 75 7 0.00033 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
30 21.6 75 7 0.24378 8
84.6666666 122,248,356.2
31 4.7 75 7 2.0661 8

Table 3.5. San Cristobal predicted volume of stormflow in August 2023

Santa Rosa
Curve
Precipitatio Number, Runoff, Discharg
Day n CN Si Q River Basin e
 59.5802469 59,422,020.7
1 10.4 81 1 0.039584 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
2 11.1 81 1 0.011332 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
3 9.8 81 1 0.077921 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
4 3.2 81 1 1.493575 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
5 1.9 81 1 2.024067 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
6 1.6 81 1 2.160207 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
7 3.4 81 1 1.420234 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
8 4.1 81 1 1.180171 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
9 3.1 81 1 1.531054 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
10 3.5 81 1 1.384364 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
11 3.1 81 1 1.531054 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
12 1.8 81 1 2.068859 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
13 1.9 81 1 2.024067 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
14 2.6 81 1 1.726652 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
15 2.1 81 1 1.936228 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
16 2.4 81 1 1.808782 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
17 3.7 81 1 1.314212 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
18 2.3 81 1 1.850693 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
19 7.3 81 1 0.387669 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
20 4.2 81 1 1.147948 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
21 6.1 81 1 0.629163 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
22 20.7 81 1 1.128629 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
23 13.5 81 1 0.041019 6
 59.5802469 59,422,020.7
24 5.9 81 1 0.675691 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
25 2.9 81 1 1.607642 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
26 11.4 81 1 0.004509 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
27 9.6 81 1 0.093673 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
28 5.7 81 1 0.724067 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
29 23.3 81 1 1.826193 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
30 30.8 81 1 4.544794 6
59.5802469 59,422,020.7
31 16.4 81 1 0.313839 6

3.4 Velocity flow type adopted

Figures 3.. show the Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa River profiles, respectively. The
river characteristics were obtained from ArcGIS analysis.

Figure 3.3. Biñan River profile

 Figure 3.3. San Cristobal River profile

Figure 3.3. Sta. Rosa River profile

Table 3.8 presents the watershed or sub-watershed areas, river or stream lengths, and average
slope of the river basin for the municipalities under consideration. These parameters were
derived from the results of ArcGIS analysis.
Table 3.8. Watershed/sub-watershed area, river/stream length and average slope of the river
River/ Average
Watershed Sub-watershed Stream Slope
Name Area River/Stream Length (km) (km/km)
Binan 89,073,375 Binan River 29.83 0.01087
 8
San Cristobal 0.00884
San Cristobal 122,248,356.28 River 25.89 6
Sta. Rosa 0.00563
Sta. Rosa 59,422,020.76 River 23.2 6

Table 3.9 displays the characteristics of shallow concentrated flow for the Biñan, San Cristobal,
and Sta. Rosa River basins. The types of segment flows are categorized based on slope. Among
these river basins, Biñan River exhibits the highest slope, resulting in the fastest velocity. To
further determine the velocity of open channel segments, it is necessary to identify the surface
description and select the appropriate Manning's coefficient, as presented in Table 3.10.
Table 3.9 Velocity and Manning’s coefficient for shallow concentrated flow
Watershed Average Slope Velocity Velocity
Name (km/km) Surface Description equation (ft/s) (ft/s)
0.010878 Cultivated straight
0.5
Binan row crops V =8.762(s ) 0.91
0.008846 Cultivated straight
0.5
San Cristobal row crops V =8.762(s ) 0.82
0.005636 Cultivated straight
0.5
Sta. Rosa row crops V =8.762(s ) 0.66

3.5 Time of Concentration

To differentiate the time of concentrations according to the flow segments, specific
parameters for each segment need to be identified. For example, for sheet flow, the slope and
Manning’s coefficient were determined as depicted in Table 3.11. Subsequently, Table 3.12
presents the time of concentration for the three river sub-basins in Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta.
Rosa. The time of concentration was computed using Equation 5.
Table 3.10. Manning’s coefficient obtained based on open channel flow rigid boundary channels
Watershed
Name Surface description Manning’s coefficient
Light brush and trees in
Binan summer 0.04 – 0.08
Light brush and trees in
San Cristobal summer 0.04 – 0.09
Light brush and trees in
Sta. Rosa summer 0.04 – 0.10

Table 3.11. Manning’s coefficient obtained based on sheet flow surface description
Watershed Average Slope Surface Description Manning’s
 Name (km/km) coefficient
Cultivated straight row
Binan Watershed sub- 0.0146206 crops P2 0.17
basin n l Cultivated
(ft) (in) straight row
S (ft/ft) Tt (hr)
San Cristobal
Binan 0.015778
0.17 crops
100 9.75 0.0146206 0.1172 0.17
San Cristobal 0.17 Cultivated
100 straight
6.28 row
0.015778 0.14166
Sta. Rosa
Sta. Rosa 0.010222
0.17 crops
100 6.59 0.010222 0.16451 0.17

Table 3.12 Time of Concentration for Sheet Flow Segment of Pililla, Siniloan and Sta. Maria

In the case of the sheet flow segment, Sta. Rosa River exhibited the longest time of
concentration, recorded at 0.16451 hours, followed by San Cristobal with 0.14166 hours, and
finally, Binan with 0.1172 hours for the 100 feet sheet flow distance.
Table 3.13 displays the time of concentration for the shallow concentrated flow in the four
river or stream sub-basins located in Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa. The equations utilized
for calculation were derived from the velocity versus slope graph specific to shallow
concentrated flow, considering various flow types based on land cover. Additionally, the slopes
employed in the calculations were extracted from Table 3.9. For the flow length considered,
ArcGIS was used. Google Earth Pro were utilized to obtain the slopes and segmented distance of
Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa River.
Table 3.13. Time of Concentration for Shallow Concentrated Flow
Watershed sub-
basin l (ft) V (ft/s) Tt (hr)
Binan 25112.56562 0.91 7.665618321
San Cristobal 20402.79528 0.82 6.911516015
Sta. Rosa 858.7276903 0.66 0.361417378

The longest time of concentration (Tc) for shallow concentrated flow, recorded at 7.67
hours, was observed for Binan River. Binan River features an average slope of 1.38% and holds
the highest length among the three rivers, spanning 25,112.57 feet. Following Binan River is San
Cristobal River, with a Tc of approximately 6.91 hours. Despite its slightly shorter Tc, San
Cristobal River possesses a slope of 1.33% and holds the second-longest length, contributing to
its relatively shorter time of concentration. Conversely, Sta. Rosa River boasts the shortest Tc for
shallow concentrated flow, standing at 0.36 hours, owing to its shorter length of 858.72 feet.
 Table 3.14. Travel time in Channel flow of Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa
Wetted Manning's Slope, Travel
Watershed Bankfull Perimeter Hydrauli coefficient, s Velocity time
sub-basin l (ft) area , Pw (ft) c radius, r R^2/3 n (ft/ft) s^1/2 (V), ft/s (hr)
Binan 36810 516.67 76.82549 6.72522 3.5629 0.04 0.007 0.08 10.726 0.95327
San
Cristobal 65195 581.25 83.38716 6.97051 3.649 0.04 0.007 0.09 11.738 1.54286
Sta. Rosa 62908 145.31 52.3106 2.77788 1.9761 0.04 0.006 0.07 5.4912 3.18223

In the open channel flow segment, only flow lengths with slopes of 1% and below were
taken into consideration. Sta. Rosa River recorded the highest time of concentration (Tc), with
approximately 3.18 hours, attributed to its longer flow length. San Cristobal River followed with
a slightly shorter length therefore a travel time of 1.54 hours, and Biñan River exhibited the
shortest Tc among the three. Notably, the results indicate that the slope of the flow lines plays a
more significant role in determining the Tc compared to the flow length in the open channel
segment flow.
Table 3.15. Time of Concentration of Biñan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa
Travel Travel time
Watershed Travel time time in in open Time of Lag
river sub- in sheet concentrate channel concentrati time
basin flow (hr) d flow (hr) (hr) on (hr) (hr)
7.6656183 0.9532685 5.241
Binan 0.1172 2 81 8.73609 7
San 6.9115160 1.5428600 5.157
Cristobal 0.14166 1 56 8.59604 6
0.3614173 2.224
Sta. Rosa 0.16451 8 3.1822345 3.70816 9

Among the three river sub-basins detailed in Table 3.15, Biñan River stands out with the
longest time of concentration (Tc) recorded at 8.73 hours. San Cristobal River follows with a Tc
of 8.60 hours, while Sta. Rosa River exhibits the shortest Tc of 3.71 hours. This variation in Tc
highlights the influence of topography, rainfall amounts, and land use within the watershed on
the time of concentrations. These factors collectively impact the flow characteristics and
drainage patterns within the river sub-basins, ultimately affecting the Tc values observed.
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Watershed analysis was conducted to determine the time of concentration using velocity
method for the three (3) municipalities of the Laguna Lake watershed sub- basins namely: Binan,
San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa. The conclusions of the study are presented below:

 Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa both have a major river in the considered
municipalities.
 Based on the ArcGIS watershed area analysis, Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa have
an area of 89,073,375.01m², 122,248,356.28 m², and 59,422,020.76 m² respectively.
 Based on the hydrograph results, the peak rainfall occurred on the month of August,
recording by the Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa their highest precipitation were 24.3
mm, 20.6 mm, and 30.8 mm respectively.
 The adopted shallow concentrated velocity equation that was adopted was V=8.762 (s)0.5
for cultivated straight row crops.
 The shallow concentrated velocity obtained for Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa were
0.91 ft/s, 0.82 ft/s, and 0.66 ft/s respectively.
 The Manning’s coefficient adopted for sheet flow for cultivated soils was 0.17, while 0.4
for open channel flow for light brush and trees in summer.
 The time of concentrations obtained for Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa were 8.736
hours, 8.596 hours, and 3.708 hours respectively.
  The lag time obtained for Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa were 5.241 hours, 5.157
hours, and 2.224 hours respectively.

Therefore, the authors recommended to implement appropriate drainage measures and

infrastructure in Binan, San Cristobal, and Sta. Rosa, considering the unique characteristics of
each municipality. Moreover, ongoing monitoring and maintenance are crucial to ensure
effective water management, especially during peak rainfall periods in August. Collaborative
efforts between local authorities and communities can contribute to sustainable watershed
management in the Laguna Lake area.

References: