Hsgly 10 Vna

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KHÓA HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 10

BÀI 01: CHUYỂN ĐỘNG THẲNG
Ví dụ 1: [VNA] Hai chiếc xe đang chuyển động thẳng
đều trên hai đoạn đường vuông góc với nhau được
minh họa như hình vẽ. Hai xe khởi hành cùng lúc từ
A và B đi về ngã tư tại O với OA = OB = 2,0 km. Tốc
độ xe đi từ A là 5,0m/s và xe đi từ B là 3,0m/s. Tìm
khoảng cách nhỏ nhất giữa hai xe trước khi qua ngã tư
O. (Coi kích thước của hai xe là rất bé và không đáng kể)
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Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 1

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Ví dụ 2: [VNA] Trên mặt phẳng ngang rộng có một con đường x C b N y

thẳng xy, trên đường có một bến xe buýt ở điểm N. Một hành
khách đang đứng tại điểm M cách đường thẳng xy một đoạn a
MC = a = 30m (hình bên). Biết NC = b = 100m . Khi quan sát thấy
M
xe buýt bắt đầu rời bến N chuyển động hướng về C với vận tốc
không đổi V = 10m / s thì hành khách quyết định chuyển động đều theo đường thẳng ra đường để
đón xe buýt.
a. Để đón được xe buýt tại C thì hành khách phải chuyển động với vận tốc bằng bao nhiêu?
b. Hành khách chuyển động với vận tốc nhỏ nhất bằng bao nhiêu, theo hướng nào thì gặp được xe
buýt?
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Ví dụ 3: [VNA] Một ô tô chuyển động từ A đến B dài L = 800 m . Khởi hành từ A, ô tô chuyển
động nhanh dần đều, sau đó ô tô chuyển động chậm dần đều và dừng lại ở B. Biết độ lớn gia tốc
của xe không vượt quá a0 = 2 m / s2 . Hãy tính thời gian ngắn nhất mà ô tô chạy từ A đến B?
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Ví dụ 4: [VNA] Một vật chuyển động có đồ thị gia tốc a (m/s2)

theo thời gian được cho bởi hình bên
20
a. Vật bắt đầu chuyển động từ trạng thái nghỉ, xác định 15
vận tốc của vật theo thời gian? 10
b. Tại thời điểm t = 0 vật có vận tốc 40m / s , xác định vận 5
t (s)
tốc của vật theo thời gian? O 10 20 30
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Ví dụ 5: [VNA] Một người đứng cạnh đường

ray nhìn ngang đầu toa tàu thứ nhất của một
đoàn tàu bắt đầu chuyển bánh. Thời gian toa
thứ nhất qua trước mặt người ấy là t1 = 10s .
Hỏi toa thứ 10 qua trước mặt người ấy trong bao lâu? Biết rằng đoàn tàu chuyển động thẳng
nhanh dần đều, chiều dài các toa bằng nhau và khoảng hở giữa 2 toa là không đáng kể.
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Ví dụ 6: [VNA] Một chiếc xe chuyển động thẳng liên tục giữa hai địa điểm A và B cách nhau đoạn
S. Biết xe tăng tốc từ trạng thái nghỉ tại A với gia tốc không đổi a1 , khi xe đạt đến vận tốc v thì
chuyển sang trạng thái chuyển động thẳng đều trong một khoảng thời gian, tiếp theo xe giảm tốc
với độ lớn gia tốc không đổi a 2 để đến B thì dừng lại. Tìm tổng thời gian chuyển động của xe từ A
đến B theo a1 , a 2 , S, v.
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Ví dụ 7: [VNA] Hai vật nhỏ giống nhau đặt cách

nhau d = 1,6m trên mặt phẳng nghiêng, góc d
nghiêng so với phương ngang là α = 30 . Vật ở 0
dưới cách chân mặt phẳng nghiêng là L = 90cm .

L
Thả đồng thời cho hai vật trượt xuống không vận
tốc đầu. Bỏ qua ma sát. Biết hai vật chuyển động
trên mặt phẳng nghiêng với gia tốc không đổi bằng
𝛂
nhau và bằng a = g.sinα . Lấy g = 10m / s .
a. Tìm vận tốc của mỗi vật ở chân mặt phẳng nghiêng và thời gian trượt của mỗi vật trên mặt
phẳng nghiêng.
b. Sau khi đến chân mặt phẳng nghiêng thì hai vật lại trượt sang mặt phẳng ngang theo cùng một
đường thẳng với tốc độ không đổi bằng tốc độ của chúng ở chân mặt phẳng nghiêng. Hỏi khoảng
cách giữa các vật bằng bao nhiêu khi vật phía trên đến chân mặt phẳng nghiêng. Tính khoảng
cách từ vị trí hai vật gặp nhau đến chân mặt phẳng nghiêng.
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Ví dụ 8: [VNA]
a. Thanh thước AB có chiều dài l = 25cm được treo vào trần nhà bằng một sợi
dây. Phía trên đầu A của thanh thước có một viên bi nhỏ. Hỏi phải thả rơi tự
do viên bi từ độ cao h bằng bao nhiêu so đầu A của thước để thời gian viên bị h

rơi ngang qua thanh thước từ đầu A đến đầu B là 0,1s. Lấy g = 10m / s . A
b. Chứng minh rằng trong chuyển động rơi tự do, quãng đường vật rơi được
trong những khoảng thời gian bằng nhau liên tiếp tỉ lệ với các số lẻ liên tiếp 1, l
3, 5, 7,... B
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Ví dụ 9: [VNA] Một vật nhỏ đặt tại điểm A trên mặt phẳng nghiêng
của một cái nêm nghiêng góc 𝛼. Phải truyền cho nêm gia tốc bằng
a A
bao nhiêu theo phương ngang để vật A rơi tự do?
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Ví dụ 10: [VNA] Một chiếc thuyền chuyển động với vận tốc u không đổi đối với nước, hướng
vuông góc với dòng nước. Biết vận tốc chảy của nước tăng tỉ lệ với khoảng cách, từ giá trị 0 ở bờ
đến giá trị v0 ở giữa sông. Khoảng hai bờ sông là l . Hãy xác định:
a. Khoảng cách thuyền bị dòng nước đưa trôi.
b. Quỹ đạo của thuyền.
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Ví dụ 11: [VNA] Một bánh xe bán kính R và tâm C lăn không trượt trên y
trục Ox trong khi khi vẫn nằm trong mặt phẳng (Oxy). M là một điểm gắn
cố định với bánh xe, ở thời điểm t0 = 0 , M trùng với gốc tọa độ O, vận tốc
của bánh xe (tâm C) là không đổi và bằng v.
C
v
a. Xác định quĩ đạo chuyển động của điểm M đối với hệ tọa độ Oxy đứng
yên.
b. Xác định vận tốc và gia tốc của M

M O x
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BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN

Câu 1: [VNA] Con bọ A cố gắng đuổi kịp con bọ B. Khoảng cách ban đầu giữa hai con bọ là
L = 100 ( m ) . Con bọ A vượt qua quãng đường L trong thời gian t1 nhưng con bọ B cũng đã kịp đi
được một khoảng bằng x1 . Khi con bọ A vượt qua đoạn x1 trên thì con bọ B lại đi được một
khoảng x 2 và cứ tiếp tục như vậy. Trọng tài cuộc đua là con bọ M chỉ kịp đo được quãng đường
x3 = 20 ( m ) , và thời gian t8 = 1( s ) . Hỏi sau bao lâu tính từ khi xuất phát thì con bọ A đuổi kịp con
bọ B. Coi con bọ A và B chuyển động trên cùng một đường thẳng và vận tốc của cả hai con không
thay đổi.
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Câu 2: [VNA] Trong một tiết học thể dục, thầy giáo tổ chức một trò
chơi như sau: Một đường thẳng xy được kẻ trên sân hai bạn Bảo và B
Nhi đứng tại hai điểm tương ứng B và N cùng một phía so với xy, B
cách xy một khoảng BA = 48m , N cách xy một khoảng NM = 28m ,
với AM = 100m . Giả sử Bảo chạy nhanh nhất với tốc độ v1 = 6m / s , N
còn Nhi là v2 = 4m / s .
a. Thầy giáo yêu cầu hai bạn xuất phát cùng lúc, cùng chạy thẳng x y
với tốc độ lớn nhất về điểm I trên đoạn AM, với MI = 45 m . Bạn A M
nào tới đích trước, sớm hơn bao lâu so với bạn còn lại?
b. Thầy giáo yêu cầu hai bạn xuất phát cùng lúc, chạy thẳng với tốc độ lớn nhất về một điểm H
trên đoạn thẳng AM sao cho hai người cùng đến H một lúc. Tính khoảng cách AH.
c. Bạn Nhi đứng yên, Bảo phải chạy đến gặp Nhi, theo cách thầy giáo quy định: Chạy thẳng từ B
đến xy, tiếp tục chạy trên xy một đoạn 20 m, rồi chạy thẳng đến N. Nếu Bảo chọn được đường
chạy với thời gian nhỏ nhất thì thời gian chạy đó bằng bao nhiêu?
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Câu 3: [VNA] Hai anh em cùng chơi một trò chơi lăn các vật với tốc độ
đều trên mặt sân phẳng nhẵn. Ban đầu người anh lăn vật một (1) ở tại A
Y Z
với tốc độ v1 = 4m / s dọc theo đường thẳng AZ cố định, theo hướng từ A
đến Z. Cùng lúc đó, người em lăn vật hai (2) tại E cách A là AE = 20m ,
cách đường thẳng AZ là EH = 12m với tốc độ v 2 như hình vẽ. Xét hai
trường hợp sau:
1. Nếu người em lăn vật (2) dọc theo đường thẳng EY chuyển
động song song và cùng chiều vật (1) với tốc độ v2 = 2m / s . Tính quãng E H
đường mỗi vật lăn được sau thời gian 2s và tính khoảng cách giữa hai
vật ứng với thời gian chuyển động đó. A
2. Nếu người em lăn vật (2) sao cho gặp vật (1) trên đường thẳng
A2.
a. Tính tốc độ v 2 của vật (2) để nếu người em lăn vật (2) theo hướng từ E đến H vuông góc với AZ
thì hai vật gặp nhau tại H.
b. Với mỗi hướng lăn của vật (2), người em phải xác định tốc độ lăn v 2 của vật (2) để gặp vật (1)
trên đường thẳng AZ. Xác định góc hợp bởi giữa hướng lăn của vật (2) và hướng lăn của vật (1) để
tốc độ lăn v 2 của vật (2) đạt giá trị nhỏ nhất và tính giá trị nhỏ nhất đó.
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Câu 4: [VNA] Hai tàu thủy chuyển động thẳng x A B y

đều trên biển theo hai đường thẳng xy và mn
m
vuông góc với nhau; xy cách ngọn hải đăng D
một khoảng DB = 40km ; mn cách ngọn hải đăng
D một khoảng DC = 100km . Lúc 8 giờ sáng tàu C
D
thứ nhất khởi hành từ A chuyển động theo
hướng Ay với hành vận tốc 15 km/h và đi qua B
n
lúc 12 giờ trưa. Tàu thứ hai cũng khởi hành lúc 8
giờ sáng nhưng từ điểm C chuyển động theo hướng Cn với vận tốc 15 km/h. Hỏi vào lúc mấy giờ
khoảng cách giữa hai tàu là nhỏ nhất cách nhỏ nhất đó là bao nhiêu?
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Câu 5: [VNA] Một vận động viên xuất phát từ điểm A trên
A C D
đường quốc lộ để trong một thời gian ngắn nhất phải đến
điểm B trên cánh đồng. Khoảng cách từ B đến đường là l .
Vận tốc của vận động viên trên đường là v1 , trên cánh đồng l
là v 2 . Hỏi vận động viên phải chạy theo quỹ đạo như thế
nào (đi thẳng từ A tới B hay đi một đoạn trên đường rồi mới
v
B
đi tới B)? Cho n = 1
v2
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Câu 6: [VNA] Một con bọ dừa đậu ở đầu B của một thanh cứng mảnh
AB có chiều dài L đang dựng đứng cạnh một bức tường thẳng đứng như A
hình vẽ. Vào thời điểm mà đầu B của thanh bắt đầu chuyển động sang
phải theo sàn ngang với vận tốc không đổi v thì con bọ bắt đầu bò dọc
theo thanh với vận tốc không đổi u đối với thanh. Trong quá trình bò
trên thanh, con bọ đạt được độ cao cực đại là bao nhiêu đối với sàn. Cho
đầu A của thanh luôn tỷ lên tường thẳng đứng. Nhận xét kết quả. B u
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Câu 7: [VNA] Một thanh đồng chất AB có chiều dài l, đầu A tựa vào tường
thẳng đứng, đầu B đặt trên sàn nằm ngang. Kéo cho đầu B trượt trên sàn với
A
vận tốc v không đổi. Gọi G là trung điểm của AB. Tại thời điểm thanh hợp
với phương thẳng đứng một góc α . Hãy xác định độ lớn vận tốc của điểm A α
và điểm G.
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Câu 8: [VNA] Một cái thước mảnh AB đang

trượt trên một mặt phẳng nhẵn nằm ngang. Tại v
một thời điểm, vận tốc của đầu A của thước có α O B
độ lớn v và hợp với tia BA góc α , vận tốc của A β
đầu B của thước hợp với tia BA góc β như hình
vẽv (cả α và β đều là góc nhọn). Tìm độ lớn vận tốc của trung điểm O của thước tại thời điểm đó.
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Câu 9: [VNA] Hai tàu A, B cách nhau một khoảng a, đồng thời chuyển động đều với cùng độ lớn
vận tốc là v, từ hai điểm sát với bờ hồ thẳng. Tàu A chuyển động theo hướng vuông góc với bờ,
trong khi tàu B luôn hướng về tàu A. Sau một thời gian đủ lâu, tàu A và tàu B chuyển động trên
cùng một đường thẳng nhưng cách nhau một khoảng không đổi là d. Tìm d.
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Câu 10: [VNA] Hai xe chuyển động thẳng đều từ A và B cùng

hướng về điểm O với cùng vận tốc v. Biết AO = 20km ;
v O
BO = 30km ; góc α = 600 . Hãy xác định khoảng cách ngắn nhất A α
giữa chúng trong quá chuyển động?
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Câu 11: [VNA] Hai đường thẳng d1 và d 2 tạo với nhau góc
α = 600 . Chúng chuyển động với các vận tốc v1 = 4m / s và
d1
v2 = 3m / s . Tìm vận tốc giao điểm O của hai thanh, biết hướng O
α 1
v
chuyển động của mỗi đường thẳng vuông góc với các đường
thẳng. v2
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Câu 12: [VNA] Hai ngọn nến có chiều cao ban đầu như
nhau là h được đặt cách nhau một đoạn là a và mỗi ngọn
lại được đặt cách tường gần nhất một đoạn cũng là a. Tìm
vận tốc của bóng đen các ngọn nến trên các tường, biết
rằng ngọn nến thứ nhất cháy hết trong thời gian t1 và ngọn h
nến thứ hai cháy hết trong thời gian t 2
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Câu 13: [VNA] “Running man” là câu chuyện về

a C N M
một cổ động viên tên là Tiến chạy đuổi theo một
Z
chiếc xe buýt của đội bóng mà anh yêu thích. Cho
a và b là hai con đường thẳng song song và ngăn
cách nhau bởi một thảm cỏ. Tiến ban đầu ở điểm l d
A, bến xe buýt ở điểm M, các điểm C và H được b α0
chọn sao cho ACMH là hình chữ nhật có chiều
A H
rộng d và chiều dài l = 3d .
1. Biết độ lớn vận tốc mà Tiến khi chạy trên các đường là v1 , còn khi chạy trên thảm cỏ là
v1
v2 = với n = 2 và v1 không đổi.
n
a. Tiến cần phải chạy theo quỹ đạo có dạng gồm các đoạn thẳng như thế nào để thời gian đến bến
M là ngắn nhất?
b. Khi quan sát thấy xe buýt bắt đầu rời bến M hướng về C với vận tốc không đổi có độ lớn
V = 2v2 , thì Tiến quyết định chạy theo đường thẳng qua thảm cỏ để gặp xe buýt. Từ điểm A, Tiến
cần chạy theo hướng nào để gặp được xe buýt?
2. Xe buýt chuyển động từ bến M hướng về C với vận tốc không đổi có độ lớn V = 36km / h . Tại
thời điểm xe buýt đi qua điểm N với NAH = α0 = 60 0 (xem hình vẽ) thì Tiến bắt đầu di chuyển từ
điểm A với vận tốc ban đầu bằng không. Tiến chọn cách chạy sao cho vectơ vận tốc của mình luôn
hướng về xe buýt, còn độ lớn vận tốc luôn tăng để đảm bảo mình luôn tiến lại gần xe buýt với tốc
độ không đổi. Tiến có đuổi kịp xe buýt không? Vì sao?
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Câu 14: [VNA] Hai xe chuyển động trên cùng một đường thẳng với các vận tốc ban đầu là v1 , và
v2 ngược chiều nhau và hướng đến nhau. Gia tốc của chúng là a1 , a2 và ngược chiều với các vận
tốc tương ứng. Khoảng cách ban đầu giữa hai xe nhỏ nhất là bao nhiêu để chúng không gặp nhau.
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Câu 15: [VNA] Hai xe ô tô bắt đầu chuyển động thẳng, nhanh
x2
dần đều hướng đến một ngã tư như hình vẽ. Tại thời điểm ban
đầu, xe 1 ở A với OA = x01 và có gia tốc a1 ; xe 2 ở B với
OB = x0 2 và có gia tốc a 2 . A x1
1. Cho a1 = 3m / s2 , x01 = −15m ; a2 = 4m / s2 , x0 2 = −30m . O
a. Tìm khoảng cách giữa chúng sau 5s kể từ thời điểm ban đầu.
b. Sau bao lâu hai chất điểm lại gần nhau nhất? Tính khoảng B
cách giữa chúng lúc đó.
2. Tìm điều kiện x01 , x0 2 , a1 , a 2 để hai xe gặp nhau.
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Câu 16: [VNA] Vật nhỏ A nằm trên đỉnh bán cầu có bản kính R.
A
Phải truyền cho bán cầu vận tốc v0 , bằng bao nhiêu để vật A rơi v
v0
tự do (vật không chạm mặt bán cầu trong quá trình rơi). Bỏ qua R
lực cản không khí. Gia tốc rơi tự do là g.
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Câu 17: [VNA] Một con kiến chạy ra từ một lỗ nhỏ thông xuống tổ kiến dưới lòng đất. Kiến chạy
theo một đường thẳng s cho độ lớn vận tốc của nó tỉ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách từ nó đến lỗ nhỏ.
Tại thời điểm mà con kiến cách lỗ nhỏ một khoảng d1 = 1m thì vận tốc của nó có độ lớn là
v1 = 2cm / s . Sau thời gian bao lâu kể từ khi kiến cách lỗ nhỏ một khoảng d1 , kiến sẽ cách lỗ nhỏ
một khoảng d2 = 2m ?
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Câu 18: [VNA] Quả cầu nhỏ rơi tự do từ độ cao h0 = 80m . Sau khi chạm đất quả cầu nảy lên và lại
1
rơi xuống. Mỗi lần quả cầu va chạm với mặt đất vận tốc nảy lên của nó chỉ bằng lần vận tốc của
n
nó trước lúc va chạm. Hỏi thời gian từ lúc quả cầu rơi đến khi dừng hẳn là bao nhiêu? Tính tổng
quãng đường mà nó đã đi được. Áp dụng: n = 3 và lấy g = 10m / s2 .
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Câu 19: [VNA] Giả thiết rằng từ khi bắt đầu chuyển bánh trên đường băng đến khi đạt được vận
tốc cuối cùng máy bay siêu âm thực hiện chuyển động nhanh đều với gia tốc a. Sau một thời gian
T kể từ khi bắt đầu chuyển bánh cũng tại nơi xuất phát phát ra một tiếng nổ.
a. Cần phải thỏa mãn điều kiện như thế nào để sóng âm đuổi kịp máy bay (bỏ qua các hiệu ứng
liên quan đến việc giảm năng lượng của sóng theo chiều tăng khoảng cách) ?
b. Xác định thời gian khi máy bay và sóng âm cùng xuất hiện ở cùng một vị trí không gian.
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Câu 20: [VNA] Một bánh xe bán kính R lăn đều

không trượt trên mặt phẳng nằm ngang. Một vết
bùn bắn ra khỏi bánh xe từ điểm A. Tìm vận tốc
v của bánh xe, nếu như sau khi bắn ra, vết bùn A
lại rơi trở lại đúng điểm đã bắn ra? Bỏ qua sức A
cản không khí.
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Câu 21: [VNA] Một vật được ném thẳng đứng, hướng lên, với vận tốc ban đầu v01 từ mặt đất. Sau
đó một khoảng thời gian t0 , từ cùng vị trí vật thứ hai được ném thẳng đứng hướng lên, với vận
tốc ban đầu v02 ( v02  v01 ) . Gia tốc trọng trường là g không đổi.
a. Xác định độ cao cực đại và tốc độ của vật thứ nhất.
b. Điều kiện thời gian trễ to phải thỏa mãn để hai vật gặp nhau:
- Ở độ cao cực đại của vật thứ nhất.
- Trong lúc cả hai cùng chuyển động đi lên.
- Khi vật thứ nhất đi xuống và vật thứ hai đi lên.
c. Giả sử rằng v01  v02 2 . Người ta ném vật thứ hai trễ hơn một khoảng thời gian τ so với thời
điểm vật thứ nhất lên đến độ cao cực đại. Tìm τ để hai vật có thể gặp nhau trong không khí ở độ
cao lớn nhất có thể.
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Câu 22: [VNA] Cho cơ hệ như hình vẽ. Vật B có dạng một
nửa bán trụ bán kính R bắt đầu dịch chuyển với gia tốc không C D
đổi a theo phương ngang đối với mặt đất, còn vật nhỏ A nối A
với điểm C bằng sợi dây không dãn, được nâng lên theo mặt B
R
a
trụ của vật B ngay sau khi B dịch chuyển. Giả sử tại thời điểm
ban đầu, vật A nằm yên trên sàn (h =0), sợi dây luôn căng O
trong quá trình hệ chuyển động.
a. Viết phương trình chuyển động của vật A khi A vẫn còn
trượt trên bề mặt của vật B.
b. Hãy tính vận tốc trung bình của vật A trong quá trình A đi từ sàn lên đến điểm cao nhất của vật
B (điểm D).
c. Hãy tính tốc độ dài trung bình của vật A khi nó lên đến đỉnh bán trụ.
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Câu 23: [VNA] Từ trên cao người ta thả rơi một hòn bi, sau đó t giây người ta thả một cái thước
dài cho rơi thẳng đứng, trong khi rơi thước luôn thẳng đứng. Ban đầu điểm cao nhất của thước
thấp hơn độ cao ban đầu của hòn bi là 3,75m. Khi hòn bị đuổi kịp thước thì chênh lệch vận tốc
giữa hai vật là 5m/s. Sau khi đuổi kịp thước 0,2s thì bị vượt qua được thước. Tìm khoảng thời gian
t, quãng đường mà hòn bị đã đi được cho đến lúc đuổi kịp thước và chiều dài của thước. Lấy
g = 10m / s2 , bỏ qua lực cản không khí.
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Câu 24: [VNA] Một tấm ván bắt đầu chuyển động từ mặt đất lên
cao với gia tốc không đổi và bằng a . Sau khoảng thời gian τ kể từ v0
khi bắt đầu chuyển động, từ mặt của tẩm ván ném một viên bi nhỏ g
theo phương thẳng đứng lên cao với vận tốc ban đầu bằng v0 , so a
với tấm ván. Xem khối lượng viên bi rất nhỏ so với tấm ván. Xét
trong khoảng thời gian từ lúc ném viên bi cho tới khi viên bi chạm
tấm ván lần đầu tiên:
a. Tìm quy luật chuyển động của tấm ván và quả cầu trong hệ quy chiếu gắn với đất.
b. Tìm quãng đường và độ dài của viên bi trong hệ quy chiếu gắn với đất.
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Câu 25: [VNA] Trong khi trời đang mưa đá, một ô
tô chạy trên đường nằm ngang với vận tốc không
g
đổi u = 25km / h . Một hạt mưa đá rơi xuống va
chạm với tấm kính chắn gió phía trước và bật ra
theo phương ngang cùng chiều chuyển động của

xe. Kính chắn gió nghiêng góc α = 300 so với
phương thẳng đứng. Cho rằng trước khi va chạm,
vận tốc các hạt mưa có phương thẳng đứng và va
chạm là hoàn toàn đàn hồi, hãy tìm vận tốc hạt
mưa đá trước và sau khi va chạm.
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Câu 26: [VNA] Một vật có chiều dài l di chuyển với vận tốc v2
v1 và một cây nến có chiều dài 3l di chuyển với vận tốc v 2 .
Ban đầu khoảng cách giữa vật và nến là x0 . Tốc độ nóng
chảy của sáp là không đổi và thời gian nóng chảy của toàn
bộ sáp là t0 . Tìm tốc độ kéo dài của bóng của vật theo thời 3l
v1
gian.
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Câu 27: [VNA] Một con chó chạy với tốc độ không đổi v1 đuổi theo con thỏ, con thỏ chạy dọc theo
một đường thẳng với tốc độ v 2 . Con chó luôn hướng đến vị trí của con thỏ. Tại thời điểm ban đầu
cả hai con vật cùng ở trên một đường thẳng vuông góc với hướng chạy của thỏ và cách nhau một
khoảng a.
a. Vận tốc của thỏ và chó phải thỏa mãn điều kiện nào thì chó đuổi kịp thỏ.
b. Trong điều kiện chó đuổi kịp thỏ, tìm biểu thức quãng đường mà mỗi con đi được cho đến khi
gặp nhau theo a, v1 và v 2 .
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Câu 28: [VNA] Một người chạy từ O dọc theo trục Ox với vận O x
tốc không đổi là v1 . Con chó của người này lúc t = 0 , tại điểm v1
(
A cách O một khoảng L OA ⊥ Ox , bắt đầu chạy với vận tốc )
không đổi là v 2 luôn hướng về phía chủ.
L
1. Tìm gia tốc của chó.
v2
2. Cho v2  v1 . Sau bao lâu chó đuổi kịp chủ?
A
3. Cho v2 = v1 = v . Tìm khoảng cách giữa chó và chủ trong thời y
gian dài.
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Câu 29: [VNA] Người ta buộc một vật nặng khối lượng m
y
vào một sợi dây mảnh, nhẹ, mềm, và không dãn rồi buộc
đầu còn lại vào một điểm cố định cách mặt sàn nằm ngang
m
một khoảng 2R. Sau đó, người ta vắt sợi dây lên một hình trụ
bán kính R sao cho sợi dây nằm trong một mặt phẳng thẳng O x
đứng Oxy và m ở độ cao R so với mặt sàn nằm ngang. Tại
thời điểm t = 0 , khi trục của trụ đang chứa gốc tọa độ O,
người ta bắt đầu kéo trụ chuyển động không vận tốc ban
đầu với gia tốc không đổi a cùng chiều dương với trục Ox.
Trong hệ quy chiếu gắn với sàn và khi m vẫn đang trượt trên bề mặt của trụ:
a. Viết phương trình chuyển động của m.
b. Tìm vận tốc, tốc độ và gia tốc của m tại thời điểm t.
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Câu 30: [VNA] Một con thuyền bơi qua một khúc sông có chiều rộng là a. Mũi thuyền luôn vuông
góc với bờ sông. Vận tốc của thuyền so với nước là u , vận tốc của nước chảy tăng dần và đạt cực
đại khi ở giữa sông. Chọn hệ trục xOy như hình bên O là điểm giữa sông Ox vuông góc với bờ thì
vẫn tốc nước chảy dọc theo bờ sông có độ lớn tuân theo quy luật:
4v0  a 2 
vn = 2 
− x 2  với v0 là một hằng số dương.
a  4 
1. Nếu vận tốc của thuyền so với nước là u là không đổi
a. Lập phương trình quỹ đạo của thuyền.
b. Xác định điểm cập bến.
2. Để con thuyền đi theo quỹ đạo thẳng từ A đến C thì vận tốc con thuyền so với nước thay đổi
như thế nào? Biết C cách điểm đối diện B về phía hạ lưu một khoảng b.
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Câu 31: [VNA] Một con thuyền đi qua sông theo

phương vuông góc với dòng chảy, với ly tâm vận tốc y
không đổi là v1 . Tại mọi nơi dòng chảy luôn luôn song πy
v2 = v0 sin
song với hai bờ, nhưng giá trị vận tốc của nó phụ thuộc L
vào khoảng cách đến bờ, được biểu diễn theo công thức: x
πy O
v2 = v0 sin (L: chiều rộng con sông), v0 và L là hằng
L
số (hình 2.43). Hãy tìm:
a. Giá trị vận tốc con thuyền tính trong hệ quy chiếu gắn với bờ sông.
b. Xác định khoảng cách từ điểm O đến điểm thuyền cập bến ở bờ bên kia theo phương Ox.
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Câu 32: [VNA] Bốn con rùa đứng ở bốn đỉnh của hình vuông cạnh a, chúng bắt đầu chuyển động
không đối với vận tốc có độ lớn v, sao cho mỗi con rùa trong khi bò luôn hướng về con bên cạnh
theo chiều kim đồng hồ. Xem mỗi con rùa là một chất điểm.
a. Các con rùa sẽ gặp nhau ở đâu, sau bao lâu?
b. Quĩ đạo chuyển động của mỗi con rùa có dạng thế nào?
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Câu 33: [VNA] Có 3 viên bi nhỏ đồng chất giống hệt nhau, được thả rơi tự do
cùng một lúc, không vận tốc đầu từ ba vị trí A (bi 1), B (bi 2), C (bi 3) trên C 3
cùng một đường thẳng đứng. Biết AD = AB = BC = a , với D là một điểm trên a
sàn mà bi 1 sẽ va chạm với sàn ở đó. B 2
Coi va chạm giữa các bị với nhau và va chạm giữa bi với sàn là tuyệt đối đàn a
hồi xuyên tâm. Bỏ qua lực cản không khí; bỏ qua sự thay đổi gia tốc rơi tự do
A 1
g theo độ cao; bỏ qua thời gian va chạm. Chọn mốc thời gian lúc các bi bắt
đầu rơi. Gọi T1 là thời gian rơi tự do của bi 1 ở độ cao a đến khi chạm sàn lần a
D
đầu.
a. Phác họa đô thị tọa độ - thời gian của các viên bị trên cùng hình vẽ trong thời gian 0  t  2 3T1 .
Hãy mô tả đồ thị trên cho từng viên bi.
b. Gọi T2 , T3 lần lượt là những khoảng thời gian nhỏ nhất bi 2 và bi 3 nảy lên đạt độ cao lớn nhất
sau nhiều va chạm kể từ lúc bắt đầu rơi. Tìm T2 , T3 .
c. Tìm độ cao lớn nhất mỗi viên bi sau nhiều lần va chạm.
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Hsgly 10 Vna

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Hsgly 10 Vna

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KHÓA HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 10

Ví dụ 1: [VNA] Hai chiếc xe đang chuyển động thẳng

A và B đi về ngã tư tại O với OA = OB = 2,0 km. Tốc

độ xe đi từ A là 5,0m/s và xe đi từ B là 3,0m/s. Tìm

O. (Coi kích thước của hai xe là rất bé và không đáng kể)

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 1

Ví dụ 2: [VNA] Trên mặt phẳng ngang rộng có một con đường x C b N y

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 2

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 3

Ví dụ 4: [VNA] Một vật chuyển động có đồ thị gia tốc a (m/s2)

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 4

Ví dụ 5: [VNA] Một người đứng cạnh đường

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 5

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 6

Ví dụ 7: [VNA] Hai vật nhỏ giống nhau đặt cách

dưới cách chân mặt phẳng nghiêng là L = 90cm .

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 7

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 8

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 9

a. Khoảng cách thuyền bị dòng nước đưa trôi.

b. Quỹ đạo của thuyền.

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 10

b. Xác định vận tốc và gia tốc của M

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 11

BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 12

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 13

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 14

Câu 4: [VNA] Hai tàu thủy chuyển động thẳng x A B y

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 15

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 16

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 17

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 18

Câu 8: [VNA] Một cái thước mảnh AB đang

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 19

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 20

Câu 10: [VNA] Hai xe chuyển động thẳng đều từ A và B cùng

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 21

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 22

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 23

Câu 13: [VNA] “Running man” là câu chuyện về

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 24

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 25

2. Tìm điều kiện x01 , x0 2 , a1 , a 2 để hai xe gặp nhau.

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 26

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 27

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 28

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 29

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 30

Câu 20: [VNA] Một bánh xe bán kính R lăn đều

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 31

- Ở độ cao cực đại của vật thứ nhất.

- Trong lúc cả hai cùng chuyển động đi lên.

- Khi vật thứ nhất đi xuống và vật thứ hai đi lên.

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 32

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 33

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 34

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 35

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 36

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 37

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 38

Thầy Vũ Ngọc Anh − VNA 39