‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﱰﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ�ﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫‪Some Consequences‬‬
‫‪of the First Law‬‬
 ‫א‬

‫‪Energy Equation‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪1-4‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪1-1-4‬‬

‫ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ u‬ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬

‫‪ du‬ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ‪ u‬ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪ P‬ﻭ ‪ V‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ V‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪f (u,V,T) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(1-4‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪2-1-4‬‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﰐ ﺳﻄﺤﹰﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ u‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ V‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ‪) u-V-T‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-P-T‬ﻭﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫‪ u-V-P‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪1 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫א‬

‫‪ u‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳ‪‬ﻦ ﹸﻛﻞﱟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪T and v independent‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ u‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ u‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﻭﻧﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ du‬ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪:u-T-v‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬

‫‪du = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬ ‫)‪(2-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫ﻧ‪‬ﺬﻛﱢﺮ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪  ‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ v‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪  ‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.T‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪  ‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪  ‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﳐﱪﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﳘﻴ‪‬ﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪d′ q = du + d′w = du + P dv‬‬ ‫)‪(3-4‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ du‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 2-4‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪d′ q = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT +   + P  dv‬‬ ‫)‪(4-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪2 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T v‬‬ ‫‪ u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ) dv = 0‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ( ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪G′ q‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬
‫‪d′ q = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT = c v dT‬‬ ‫)‪(5-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬
‫‪cv = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(6-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ cv‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ ،v‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ (v‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ v‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﳛﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ v‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ .(v‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ cv‬ﳐﱪﻳﹰﺎ ﳚﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩﻳ‪‬ﺔ ‪ β‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ v‬ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ P-v-T‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ κ‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳ‪‬ﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻨﺎ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪.(cP‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪  ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪ βv‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪  ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ cv‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 4-4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ u ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪d′q = c v dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ + P  dv‬‬ ‫)‪(7-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ dP =0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪ d'q = cP dT :‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ u ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪cP dTP = c v dTP + ‬‬ ‫‪ + P  dvP‬‬ ‫)‪(8-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪∂v ‬‬ ‫‪dvP‬‬

‫‪: ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺑﹻ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ dT‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪dTP‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪3 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T v‬‬ ‫‪ u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂v ‬‬

‫‪cP − cv =   + P  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(9-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂v  T‬‬ ‫‪  ∂ T P‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﻴ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻧ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻤ‪‬ﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ‪ cv‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،cP‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ cv‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ dT =0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ u ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ∂u‬‬

‫‪d′ qT = ‬‬ ‫‪ + P  dv T = ‬‬ ‫‪ dvT + P dvT‬‬ ‫)‪(10-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﲢﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (cT‬ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ d′ qT = c T dT‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ‬

‫‪d′ q T‬‬ ‫ﺚ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫‪ d′ qT‬ﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ dT = 0‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ∞‪ cT = ±‬ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﹸﺣﺮﻯ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺚ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫‪G′ T‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ‪ reversible adiabatic process‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪cv ‬‬ ‫‪ = − ‬‬ ‫‪ + P‬‬ ‫)‪(11-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v s‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬ﻳﻌ‪‬ﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪ s‬ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺘﺮﻭﰊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪4 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T v‬‬ ‫‪ u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :1-4‬ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩ ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫‪u = cv T −‬‬ ‫‪+ constant‬‬
‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﺃﹸﺭﺳﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-v-T‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ cv‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪cP − cv = R‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩ ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﺲ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪2 a( v − b‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪R T v3‬‬

‫ﺍﳊـــﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ u-T-v‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ T1‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺃ(‬
‫ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ v1‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ u‬ﻭ ‪.T‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂v ‬‬

‫‪cP − cv =   + P ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬
‫‪ ∂v  T‬‬ ‫‪  ∂ T P‬‬

‫= ‪ a + P  = R T  ∂u  + P   ∂ v ‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ∂ T ‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪ ( v − b)  ∂v  T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(v - b‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪cP − cv‬‬ ‫× ‪=R‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -2 a ( v − b )2 + RT ‬‬ ‫)‪2 a (v − b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪R ( v − b )  v3 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪R T v3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪5 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T v‬‬ ‫‪ u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :2-4‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻐﺎ ٍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ (P + b) v = R T :‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪u = a T + b v + u0‬‬

‫‪cP - cv = R‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ‪ .cv‬ﺏ( ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬

‫‪ c v‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v s‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪= −‬‬
‫‪ ∂v T ‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ‪+ P ‬‬

‫‪. T vR c v = constant‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂u ‬‬ ‫ﺃ(‬
‫‪cv = ‬‬ ‫‪ =a‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂v ‬‬

‫‪cP − c v =   + P  ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ (R T / (P + b ))  = R‬‬
‫‪ = (P + b ) × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬
‫‪ ∂v  T‬‬ ‫‪  ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ u ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬

‫‪cv ‬‬ ‫‪ = − ‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ + P  = (P + b‬‬ ‫ﺝ(‬
‫‪ ∂ v s‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v  T ‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫‪∂T R ∂v‬‬ ‫‪dT R ∂ v‬‬

‫⇔ ‪+   =0‬‬ ‫‪+   =0‬‬
‫‪T cv  v ‬‬ ‫‪T cv  v ‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪ln T + ln v‬‬
‫‪R cv‬‬
‫‪)= 0‬‬ ‫‪⇔ Tv‬‬
‫‪R cv‬‬
‫‪= K = constant‬‬

‫‪T and P independent‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ h‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ P‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪3-4‬‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ‪ h‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ dh‬ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ‬

‫ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﰐ ﺳﻄﺤﹰﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪6 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T P‬‬ ‫‪ h‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪h-V-T‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ h-P-T‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ h‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ P‬ﻭ ‪) T‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ‪ h-V-P‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪:h-P-T‬‬

‫‪ ∂h ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂h‬‬

‫‪dh = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ dP‬‬ ‫)‪(12-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ P T‬‬

‫‪∂h‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪  ‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ∂ P T‬‬

‫‪∂h‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪   ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ‪.dh‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬

‫‪h=u+Pv‬‬

‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ‪ dh‬ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ‪‬ﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﲣﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴ‪‬ﻦ ‪ dv‬ﻭ ‪ dP‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪dh = du + P dv + v dP‬‬ ‫)‪(13-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ )ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ (3-4‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪d′ q = du + d′w = du + P dv = dh − v dP‬‬ ‫)‪(14-4‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ dh‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 11-4‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂h ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪d′ q = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ − v  dP‬‬ ‫)‪(15-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ P  T ‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ dP = 0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂h‬‬ ‫‪ ∂h ‬‬

‫‪d′ q = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT = cP dT ⇔ ‬‬ ‫‪ = cP‬‬ ‫)‪(16-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ cP‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،P‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ (P‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺎﺭﻱ ‪ P‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺎﺭﻱ ‪ P‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪7 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪T P‬‬ ‫‪ h‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ .(P‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ cP‬ﳐﱪﻳﹰﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺎﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 14-4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪d′ q = F P dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ − v  dP‬‬ ‫)‪(17-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P  T ‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ dv =0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪ d′ q = cP dT :‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪F v dTv = F P dTv + ‬‬ ‫‪ − v  dPv‬‬ ‫)‪(18-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P  T ‬‬

‫‪ ∂P ‬‬ ‫‪d Pv‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺑﹻ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ dTv‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬ ‫‪d Tv‬‬

‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪  ∂P ‬‬

‫‪cP − c v = − ‬‬ ‫‪ − v ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(19-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P  T   ∂ T  v‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﻴ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻧ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺑ‪‬ﻴﻨ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ dT =0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪d′q T = ‬‬ ‫‪ − v  dPT‬‬ ‫)‪(20-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P T ‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ) ‪ ( d′ q = 0‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ h ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪cP ‬‬ ‫‪ = − ‬‬ ‫‪ − v‬‬ ‫)‪(21-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P s‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ P  T ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪8 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪P v‬‬ ‫‪ h u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪P and v independent‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ u‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪4-4‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ h‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ u‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ h‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﻳ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪ P‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪:u-P-v‬‬

‫‪∂u ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ u  dv‬‬

‫‪du = ‬‬ ‫‪ dP + ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(22-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v P‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺘﺎﻥ ‪   ،  ‬ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ‬
‫‪ ∂ v P  ∂ P  v‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(2-4‬‬

‫‪ ∂u ‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬

‫‪du = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ‪ dT‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴ‪‬ﻦ ‪ dv‬ﻭ ‪ dP‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪dT = ‬‬ ‫‪ dP + ‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬ ‫)‪(23-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v P‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ‪ dT‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 2-4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ u   ∂ T  ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ u   ∂ T   ∂ u  ‬‬

‫‪du = ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  dP + ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ +‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T  v  ∂ P  v ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T  v  ∂ v P  ∂ v  T ‬‬ ‫)‪(24-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 22-4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪ ∂u  ∂ T‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(25-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P v  ∂ T v  ∂ P v‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪9 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪P v‬‬ ‫‪ h u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪∂u ‬‬ ‫‪∂T‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = cv ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ P v‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪ ∂u  ∂ T  ∂u ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ +‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(26-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v P  ∂ T  v  ∂ v P  ∂ v  T‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﲣﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴ‪‬ﻦ ‪ dv‬ﻭ ‪:dP‬‬

‫‪∂h‬‬ ‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪dh = ‬‬ ‫‪ dP + ‬‬ ‫‪ dv‬‬ ‫)‪(27-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ P v‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ v P‬‬

‫‪∂h‬‬ ‫‪∂h‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺘﺎﻥ ‪   ،  ‬ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ‬
‫‪ ∂ v P  ∂ P  v‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(11-4‬‬

‫‪ ∂h ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂h‬‬

‫‪dh = ‬‬ ‫‪ dT + ‬‬ ‫‪ dP‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ P T‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ‪ dT‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (23-4‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂ h  ∂ T‬‬
‫‪dh = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫) ( ) (‬
‫‪ ∂ T P ∂ v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ ∂h‬‬
‫) () (‬
‫‪ ∂ T‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ dv‬‬
‫)‪(28-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 26-4‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬

‫) () ( ) (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(29-4‬‬
‫) ( ) (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= cP‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻭ‪:‬‬

‫) () ( ) ( ) (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫)‪(30-4‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧ‪‬ﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﹻ ‪ .PvT‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪10 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪P v‬‬ ‫‪ h u‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﲔ ‪) 25-4 ،24-4‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﺎﻥ ‪ (29-4 ،28-4‬ﻷﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ w‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪ y ،x‬ﻭ ‪ z‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪:‬‬

‫) () ( ) (‬
‫‪∂w‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∂w‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫)‪-31-4‬ﺃ(‬

‫) () ( ) ( ) (‬
‫‪∂w‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∂w‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪∂w‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫)‪-31-4‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪-31-4‬ﺃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﱠﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ w‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ ،u‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ )‪ (x, y, z‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ )‪ (v, P, T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫‪ 24-4‬ﻭ ‪ .25-4‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ w‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ ،h‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ )‪ (x, y, z‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪ (P, v, T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ‪ 28-4‬ﻭ ‪.29-4‬‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :( 3-4‬ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪d′ q T = cP‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪dv T + c v‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪dPT‬‬ ‫)‪(32-4‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪cv‬‬ ‫) ( ) (‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪= cP‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪(33-4‬‬

‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ‪-‬ﺟﻮﻝ ﻭﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪5-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪11 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪1-5-4‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺘﺎﻥ ) ( ﻭ ) (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯﻱ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ( ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﺝ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﱠﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬

‫) () () (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪= −1‬‬ ‫)‪(34-4‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬

‫) (‬‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= − cv‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫)‪(35-4‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻨﺒﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﱠﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪:‬‬

‫) () () (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂h‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= −1‬‬ ‫)‪(36-4‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬

‫) (‬‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= − cP‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫)‪(37-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻨﺒﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪12 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ‪ -‬ﻣ‪‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪2-5-4‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻼﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺑﺮﻳﺴﻜﻮﺕ ﺟﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1-4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :1-4‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ‪ -‬ﺟﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﹸﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ‪ B‬ﻋﱪ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺻﻨﺒﻮﺭ )‪ .(O‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣ‪‬ﻐﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﳏﻴﻄﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪ‪‬ﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﲤﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺣ‪ ‬ﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﳝﻸ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ )‪ .(W=0‬ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪13 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺗﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﹰﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﻛﱢﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﺍﹰ‪.،‬‬

‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺣﺮ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪ Q=0) .‬ﻭ ‪.(W=0‬‬

‫‪∆U = 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ‪= 0‬‬ ‫)‪(38-4‬‬

‫‪∂7‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ )‪ (Joule coefficient‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪.η‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫‪ ∂ v u‬‬

‫≡‪η‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫)‪(39-4‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ‪ -‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-v-T‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬ ‫‪3-5-4‬‬

‫ﺚ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ cv‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= − cv‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪33-4‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬

‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(40-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪14 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫= ‪u‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫)‪ .u(T‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-v-T‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﹸﻤﺜﱢﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪dT‬‬
‫=‬ ‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﱠﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ) ( ﻣﺸﺘﻘﱠﺔ ﺗﺎﻣ‪‬ﺔ ) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪cv‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪du‬‬
‫‪dT‬‬
‫‪⇒ d u = cv d T‬‬ ‫)‪(41-4‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫‪∫ du = u − u‬‬
‫‪u0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∫c‬‬
‫‪T0‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪dT‬‬ ‫)‪(42-4‬‬

‫ﺚ ‪ u0‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ‪ .T0‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ cv‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﳌﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ T0‬ﻭ ‪) T‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ( ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪u ( T ) = u0 + c v ( T − T0‬‬ ‫)‪(43-4‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺧﻄ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 2-4‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-v-T‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﱄ )ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ cv‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪15 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :2-4‬ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ u-v-T‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﱠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪ .v‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ‪ u‬ﺧﻄ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ،41-4‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺠﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪.v‬‬

‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ) ِﻛﻠﹾﻔﻦ(‬ ‫‪4-5-4‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺣ‪‬ﺮ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻏﺎﻱ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ‪-‬ﺟﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﻉ‬

‫ﺟﻮﻝ ﻭﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ( ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻻ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺟﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﱢﺮ‬

‫‪T1‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3-4‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻭﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﺠﱪ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ P1‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪ P2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ .T2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻌﺰﻭ ﹰﻻ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺓ ‪ ،steady state‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪16 -‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :3-4‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻭﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‬

‫‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‬

‫ﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺰﻭ ﹰﻻ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﺸﻜﱢﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ "ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ" ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫ﻛﺨﺮﺝ )‪ (output‬ﻫﻮ ‪ Wshaft‬ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ "ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ"‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ‪ ،h1‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ z1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ V1‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ‪،h2‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ z2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ V2‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ‪ q‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪) Wshaft‬ﻭ ‪ g‬ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪h + 1 V 2 + g z  − h + 1 V 2 + g z  = q − w‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2  1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪shaft‬‬ ‫)‪(44-4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺚ ‪ q = 0‬ﻭ ‪ wshaft = 0‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (z1 = z2‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 42-4‬ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ‪) h1 = h2‬ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﲢﺪﺙ "ﻋﻨﺪ" ﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪17 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ‪ - isoenthalpy‬ﻣ‪‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(T1, P1‬ﻗﺪ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬

‫ﺚ ﻧﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ .(… ،P3 ،P2‬ﻟﻨﺴ ‪‬ﻢ )‪ (… ،T3 ،T2‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻂ" ﲝﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ‪ ،hα ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ِﻟ ﹸﻜﻞﱟ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺍﺝ )‪ (Tα, Pα‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺸﻜﱠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )‪ (Tα, Pα‬ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ )‪ (h1‬ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪.h-P-T‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 4-4‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﻀﻊ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﱪ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ "ﻏﲑ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ" )‪ (nonquasistatic process‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ‬

‫"ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ" ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﳝ ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ "ﻏﲑ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺮ‪‬ﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ )’‪ (T1’, P1‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-4‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﺒﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ِﻟ ﹸﻜﻞﱟ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘ‪‬ﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﹾﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﲤ ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋ‪‬ﻈﻤﻰ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬

‫) ‪ .(inversion point‬ﻳ‪‬ﺴ ‪‬ﻤﻰ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻟﻸﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﺒﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ hf‬ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ )‪) (inversion curve‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍ ﹸﳌ‪‬ﻨﻘﱠﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ(‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻩ ‪:µ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ) (‬

‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫≡‪µ‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫)‪(45-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪18 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :5-4‬ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﺒﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :4-4‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬

‫‪PT‬‬

‫ﺚ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﺒﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﻛﻤ‪‬ﺴﻠﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﹸﻓﻘﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ) (‬
‫‪∂T‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻣﺜﺎﻟ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﺠﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺎﱐ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ‪ µ‬ﳌﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ )ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:(34-4‬‬

‫) (‬‫‪∂h‬‬
‫‪∂P‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ( ‪= 0‬‬ ‫)‪(46-4‬‬

‫‪cP - cv = R‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‪ η=0 :‬ﻭ ‪⇔ µ = 0‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ‪ 8-4‬ﻭ ‪) 18-4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪cP − c v = P ‬‬
‫‪∂v ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂P ‬‬
‫‪ =v ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(47-4‬‬
‫‪ ∂ T P‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ T v‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ )‪ (Pv = R T‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪P ∂ v  = P R = R‬‬
‫‪  ∂ T ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(48-4‬‬
‫‪v  ∂ P  = v R = R‬‬
‫‪  ∂ T  v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪19 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪cP − c v = R‬‬ ‫)‪(49-4‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،3-2‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ cP‬ﻭ ‪ cv‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪) 1‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ ،( 1%‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻳﱪ‪‬ﺭ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ h-P-T‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬ ‫‪5-5-4‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪h(7 ) = h0 + c3 (7 − 7‬‬ ‫)‪(50-4‬‬

‫ﺚ ‪ h0‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻧ‪‬ﺜﺎﻟﱯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ‪ T0‬ﻭﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩ ) ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ T0‬ﻭ ‪.(T‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺎﻣ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ )ﻛﻠﻔﻦ(‬

‫ﺩ‪‬ﺭﺳﺖ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺩ‪‬ﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ )ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪.‬‬

‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪T1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺟﻮﻝ‪-‬ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ‪ P1‬ﻭ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳ‪‬ﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ b ،a‬ﻭ ‪ c‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪20 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪ .5-4‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ a‬ﺇﱃ ‪ b‬ﺃﻭ ‪ c‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ d‬ﺇﱃ ‪.e‬‬

‫‪Reversible adiabatic process‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪6-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪1-6-4‬‬

‫ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻷﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫) (‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪∂v s‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪= P‬‬
‫‪cv‬‬
‫‪∂P = γ ∂P‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂ v T‬‬
‫)‪(51-4‬‬

‫‪cP‬‬
‫= ‪ .γ‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺚ ﺃﲰﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬
‫‪cv‬‬

‫‪ ∂P  = − P‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(52-4‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬

‫) (‬
‫‪∂P‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪d Ps‬‬
‫‪d vs‬‬
‫)‪(53-4‬‬

‫ﻭﹸﺛﻢ‪ ‬ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪ s‬ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪dP‬‬ ‫‪dv‬‬
‫‪+γ‬‬ ‫‪= 0‬‬ ‫)‪(54-4‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ γ‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳌﺪﻯ ﳏ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫‪ln P + γ ln v = ln K‬‬ ‫)‪(55-4‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪Pvγ=K‬‬ ‫)‪(56-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪21 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺚ ‪ K‬ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ γ‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ‪ P v γ‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﳚﺐ ﺃ ﹾﻥ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺤ ﱢﻘ ‪‬ﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (54-4‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣ‪‬ﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺃﻭ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪ P‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪R T‬‬
‫‪P v γ = P ‬‬ ‫‪γ 1− γ‬‬
‫‪ = RT P‬‬ ‫‪⇒ T P1− γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪= K′‬‬ ‫)‪(57-4‬‬
‫‪ P ‬‬
‫‪RT γ‬‬
‫= ‪P vγ‬‬ ‫‪v ⇒ T v γ −1 = K′′‬‬ ‫)‪(58-4‬‬
‫‪v‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴ‪‬ﻦ ‪ 10-4‬ﻭ ‪ 20-4‬ﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫‪ ، cP‬ﻭﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪∂T‬‬

‫‪∂P s‬‬
‫‪ ∂h‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪ ∂P T‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪− v‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ cv‬ﻭ‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪∂v s‬‬
‫‪∂T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪∂u‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‪+ P  ،‬‬
‫‪ ∂v T ‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﳏﺮ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‬

‫‪P-v-T‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6-4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﻀﻊ ﳍﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪22 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :7-4‬ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6-4‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪P-v-T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :6-4‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫‪P-v‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6-4‬ﻭ ﻣﺴﻘﻄﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ P-v‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻴ ﹲﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪) .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ P‬ﻭ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫‪(1-γ)/γ‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 53-4‬ﻭﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 54-4‬ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬
‫ﺚ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ‬

‫)‪ ،v(γ-1‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ γ > 1‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻀﻐﻄﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫‪(Diesel type of internal combustion‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﺰﻝ‬

‫)‪ engine‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻻﺭ ﻛﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﹸﺤﺮ‪‬ﻙ ﻳ‪‬ﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ 1/15‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻀﺦ‪ ‬ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻭﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﳛﺘﺮﻕ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﴰﻌﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻝ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺟﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪2-6-4‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮ‪‬ﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ )‪(P1, v1, T1‬‬

‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (P2, v2, T2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪23 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪w‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪P dv = K‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫= ‪v- γ d v‬‬ ‫‪[ K v1 - γ‬‬ ‫‪] vv‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(59-4‬‬
‫‪1− γ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪v1‬‬ ‫‪v1‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ 54-5 ،53-4‬ﻭ ‪ ،55-4‬ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1 v1γ = K = P2 v2γ‬‬

‫)‪T1 P1( γ −1) γ = K′ = T2 P2( γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬

‫‪T1 v 1γ −1 = K′′ = T2 v2γ −1‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪w‬‬ ‫] ‪[ P2 v2 − P1 v1‬‬ ‫)‪(60-4‬‬
‫‪1− γ‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ )‪:(P v = R T‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
‫= ‪w‬‬ ‫] ‪[ T2 − T1‬‬ ‫)‪(61-4‬‬
‫‪1− γ‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ) ‪( d′q = 0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ) ‪ ( d′q = 0‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ .w = u1 - u2‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬
‫ﺚ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ )ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ (40-4‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪u = u0 + cv (T - T0‬‬

‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫)‪w = u1 - u2 = cv (T1 - T2‬‬ ‫)‪(61-4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪24 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪Carnot Cycle‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‬ ‫‪7-4‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻ‪‬ﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﻭ ‪‬ﺳﻤ‪‬ﻴﺖ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ "ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ "‪ .‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻟﻠﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻭﺳﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﲑﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋ ﹰ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﳝ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱠﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ P-v-T‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6-4‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ P-v‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪.7-4‬‬

‫‪PvT‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :7-4‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﰲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

 ‫‪Pv‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :7-4‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T2‬ﺑﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺰ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .b‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ M‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺍﱁ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ Q2‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪ W2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ b‬ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺣﻴ ﹸ‬

‫ﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .c‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪ .T1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ‪ ’W‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹸﺛﻢ‪ ‬ﻳ‪‬ﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﲤﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T1‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .d‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪Q1‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺷﻐﻞ ‪ W1‬ﱠﰎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ d‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ )ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ( ‪ .a‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﻐﻞ ‪ W2‬ﱠﰎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻠﺨ‪‬ﺺ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻫ ‪‬ﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﻠﹼﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪.T1‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﻠﹼﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪.T2‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪26 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﳜﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ" )‪ (working substance‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛ‪‬ﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﹸﻤﺜﱢﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ W2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ Q2‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Pa va T2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪b←a‬‬

‫’‪ W‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Q=0‬‬ ‫‪Pb vb T2‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪c←b‬‬

‫‪ W1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ Q1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Pc vc T1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪d←c‬‬

‫’’‪ W‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Q=0‬‬ ‫‪Pd vd T1‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪a←d‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :1-4‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎ ‪‬ﻡ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ٍﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳ ٍﺔ ﳛﺪ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺘﺎﻥ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣ‪‬ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﱢﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ ) ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪Q2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪ .T2‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ( ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻭ‪‬ﺟﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪Q1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻ ‪‬ﺑﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ )ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‬

‫ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪T1‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﻧ‪ ‬ﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪ T2‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪T2‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ b ← a‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪27 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫‪Vb‬‬
‫‪|Q2| = W2 = n R T2 ln‬‬ ‫)‪(62-4‬‬
‫‪Va‬‬

‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ d ← c‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vd‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪|Q1| =| - W1| = |- (n R T1 ln‬‬ ‫) ‪)| = (n R T1 ln c‬‬ ‫)‪(63-4‬‬
‫‪Vc‬‬ ‫‪Vd‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ c ← b‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪T2 Vbγ −1 = T1 Vcγ −1‬‬ ‫)‪(64-4‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪ a ← d‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪T2 Vaγ −1 = T1 Vdγ −1‬‬ ‫)‪(65-4‬‬

‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 64-4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ 65-4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vb‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= c‬‬ ‫)‪(66-4‬‬
‫‪Va‬‬ ‫‪Vd‬‬

‫‪Q2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪Q1‬‬

‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫) ‪ln( Vb Va‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫)‪(67-4‬‬
‫‪Q1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫) ‪ln( Vc Vd‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫‪Q2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪.T2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪Q1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪28 -‬‬

‫‬
‫‪The Heat Engine - the Refrigerator‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬‬ ‫‪8-4‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪1-8-4‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻬﺎ "ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ" ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ‪ (input‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺷﻐ ﹰ‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ)ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ‪ (output‬ﻭ"ﺗﻠﻔﻆ"‬

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ )‪ ،(∆U=0‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻣ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ‪ W‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ِﻟ ﹸﻜﻞﱢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ Q2‬ﻭ ‪ Q1‬ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻼﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ )ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ ‪ Q‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫|‪Q = |Q2| - |Q1‬‬ ‫)‪(68-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ ‪ W‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫|‪W = Q = |Q2| -|Q1‬‬ ‫)‪(69-4‬‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪2-8-4‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ )ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ( ‪ η‬ﳌﻮﻟﱠﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ )ﻣﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ‪ ( output‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺃﻭ ‪ ( input‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Q − Q1‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬

‫= ‪η‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1− 1‬‬ ‫)‪(70-4‬‬
‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ |‪ |Q1‬ﻫﻮ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻜﻨ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﻫﺒﺎﺀً‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪29 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (exhaust‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺮﺍﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﻨﺎ |‪ |Q1‬ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ" ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ‪ .η > 100%‬ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻣﺜﺎﻟ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T − T1‬‬

‫‪η = 1−‬‬ ‫‪= 1− 1 = 2‬‬ ‫‪<1‬‬ ‫)‪(71-4‬‬
‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪3-8-4‬‬

‫ﻼ ﲣﻄﻴﻄ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 8-4‬ﲤﺜﻴ ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :8-4‬ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ( ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺰ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )ﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ (T2‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪- Q2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ )ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ( ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﺰ‪‬ﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )ﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ‪ (T1‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Q1‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪30 -‬‬

‫‬
 ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﹸﺼﻤ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﱢﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﹸﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ "ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻮﻇﺔ" ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣ‪‬ﻌﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Q − Q1‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬

‫= ‪η‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1− 1‬‬ ‫)‪(72-4‬‬
‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬ ‫‪Q2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪4-8-4‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻜﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻟﻴ‪‬ﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Q1 ،Q2‬ﻭ ‪ W‬ﺍﳉﱪﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻷﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﺼﺒﺢ ‪ Q1‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺰ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺼﺒﺢ ‪ W‬ﺷ‪‬ﻐ ﹰ‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺒﺬﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ ‪ Q2= Q1 + W‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫‪heat‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺰ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﱪﻯ )‪ .(T2‬ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ "ﺛﻼﱠﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪."pump‬‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-4‬ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺖ ﰲ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺘ‪‬ﺺ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻀﺨ‪‬ﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﱰﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺬ ﹸﻝ ﳏﺮ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ Q2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.T2‬‬

‫ﻣ‪‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪5-8-4‬‬

‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻣ‪‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﱠﺟﺔ ‪ c‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ‪) Q1‬ﻣﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ‪ ( output‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ( ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q1‬‬ ‫‪Q1‬‬
‫= ‪c‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪>1‬‬ ‫)‪(73-4‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪Q2 − Q1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪31 -‬‬

‫‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ c‬ﺗﻜﱪ ﹸﻛﻠﱠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ "ﻣﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ" ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﺛﻼﱠﺟﺔ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ‪‬ﻳﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ‪ .-‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﻼﱠﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ c‬ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪T1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫)‪(74-4‬‬
‫‪T2 − T1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪32 -‬‬

‫‬