Transportation

Severety ratio (SR)

𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙+𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
SR = 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙+𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠+𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒

Accident rate for 100 million vehicles per miles (R)

100000000𝐴
R = 365 𝑥 𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝐿

Accident rate for 1 million vehicles per miles (R)

1000000𝐴
R = 365 𝑥 𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑥 𝑁

Where:

A = # of accidents during period of Analysis

N = time period in years

ADT = average daily traffic

L = length in miles

Space mean Speed (𝑈𝑠 )

∑𝑑 𝑛
𝑈𝑠 = ∑𝑡
= 1
∑
𝑈𝑖

Time mean Speed (𝑈𝑡 )

𝑑
∑ ∑ 𝑈𝑖
𝑈𝑡 = 𝑡
=
𝑛 𝑛

Where:

d = distance travelled

t = time travelled

𝑈𝑖 = spot speed

n = # of vehicles
Min radius of curvature (R)

𝑣2 2𝜋𝑅 𝑑𝑖𝑠 tan 𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚

R = 𝑔(𝑒+𝑓) → 360°
=
∅

Centrifugal ratio (CR) or Impact factor (IF)

𝑣2 𝐹
CR or IF = 𝑔𝑅 = e + f = 𝑊

Where:

v = design speed of car in m/s

𝑚
g = 9.81 𝑠2

e = super elevation in m/m or angle of embarkment

f = coefficient of side friction or skid resistance

Sight distance (S)

𝑣2
S = vt + 2𝑔(𝑓±𝐺)

Where:

v = running speed in m/s

t = perception time + brake reaction time

f = coefficient of friction between tires and pavement

G = grade / slope of the road

Deceleration (a) = g(f±G)

𝑣
Breaking time (𝑡𝑏 ) = 𝑔(𝑓±𝐺)

100%𝑓
Brake efficiency = 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑣2
= braking distance or length of skid mark
2𝑔(𝑓±𝐺)

vt = Perception time