Surveying

𝑚
Pace factor (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠)

- measuring using your steps alone

- Finding distance per step. Decimal value

𝑑𝑖𝑠 tan 𝑐𝑒
- Pace factor = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒

Actual length

- Radius of the earth = 6400 km

- Actual length = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 ⋅ 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑑𝑖𝑠1 𝑟1
- 𝑑𝑖𝑠2
= 𝑟2

Leveling symmetric distance between BS & FS

- First station has no FS & last station has no BS and HI

- Nakaharap ung stations papunta sa first station

- First station is nakatutok sayo kaya BS lang meron ka

- 𝐻𝐼0 = 𝐵𝑆0 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣0

- 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣1 = 𝐻𝐼0 − 𝐹𝑆1

- 𝐹𝑆1 = 𝐻𝐼0 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣1

Leveling Unsymmetric distance

- The farther you are the greater the error

𝑑𝑖𝑠 tan 𝑐𝑒
- Error per BS & FS = Known Error x 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

- Error in every setup = FS – BS

- Total Error = # of Set ups x Error in every setup

 - Correct Elevation = Elevation of the station + or - Total Error

Stadia Surveying

- Used in military, sa mga snipers

- Middle (MHR)– from the ground hanggang sa sinukat mo

- Length of Line AB = (D to A) + (D to B)

- D to A or D to B = (Upper – Lower) (Stadia interval factor) + Stadia constant

- Horizontal distance between A and B (H) = 𝑘𝑠 cos2 ∅ + 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠∅

sin2 ∅
- (V) = 𝑘𝑠 2
+ 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ [V is the distance from the instrument to the middle cross hair]

Where:

k = upper – lower

s = Stadia interval factor

C = stadia constant

Area Computation

- Latitude = y; Departure = x; sign changes depending on the quadrant

- Reference of the angle is always N or S

- 𝐷𝑀𝐷0 = Copy the first departure

- 𝐷𝑀𝐷1 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝0 + 𝐷𝑀𝐷0 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝1

- Double Area (DA) = Lat x DMD

∑ 𝐷𝐴
- Area = 2
Trapezoidal rule

ℎ𝑖 +ℎ𝑓
- A = L( 2
+ ∑ ℎ)where: ∑ ℎ = summation of intermediate heights

Simpson’s One-Third Rule

𝐿
- A = 3 (ℎ𝑖 + ℎ𝑓 + 2 ∑ ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑑 + 4 ∑ ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ): where L is common interval

Rise and Fall method

- Rise or Fall (1) = 𝐵𝑆0 + 𝐼𝐹𝑆1 [Rise if +]

- Rise or Fall (2) = 𝐼𝐹𝑆1 + 𝐼𝐹𝑆2 [Fall if -]