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12.8. What is the current that flows through each of the following light bulbs: 40 W,
60W, 75W, 100W. Each light is connected to a 120-V line.
SOLUTION
P VI
12.9. If a 1500-W hair dryer is connected to a 120-V line, what is the maximum current
drawn?
SOLUTION
P VI
12.10. Referring to Table 12.1, create a table that shows the relative resistance of 1-ft-
long wires having diameters of 1 mil made of the metals given in Table 12.1 to 1-
ft-long copper with a diameter of 1mil. For example, using the data given in Table
12.1, the relative resistance of 1-foot-long, 1-mil-diameter aluminum wire to 1-ft-
long, 1 mil copper wire is 1.64 (17.01 /10.37 = 1.64).
165
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SOLUTION
Relative Resistance to
Metal Resistance () Copper
Aluminum 17.01 1.64
Brass 66.8 6.44
Copper 10.37 1.00
Gold 14.7 1.42
Iron 59.9 5.78
Lead 132 12.73
Nickel 50.8 4.90
Platinum 63.8 6.15
Silver 9.8 0.95
Tin 70 6.75
Tungsten 33.2 3.20
Zinc 35.58 3.43
12.18. Determine the total resistance and the current flow for the circuit shown in the
accompanying figure.
SOLUTION
The light bulbs are connected in a series arrangement; therefore, the total
resistance is given by:
Rtotal R1 R2 R3 9 9 6 24
We can now use Ohm's Law to determine the current flowing through the circuit.
V 12
I 0.5 A
Rtotal 24
166
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12.19. Determine the total resistance and the current flow in each branch for the circuit
shown in the accompanying figure.
SOLUTION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rtotal 1.5
Rtotal R1 R2 R3 6 3 6
Since the light bulbs and the resistor are connected in a parallel arrangement, the
voltage drop across each light bulb and the resistor is equal to 9 Volts. We use
Ohm's Law to determine the current in each branch in the following manner:
V R1 I1 12 6 I1 I1 2.0 A
V R2 I 2 12 3I 2 I 2 4.0 A
V R3 I 3 12 6 I 3 I 3 2.0 A
167
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12.20. Use Kirchhoff's current law to determine the missing current in the circuit shown
in the accompanying figure.
SOLUTION
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4
1 A 1 A 0.5 A I 4
I 4 1.5 A
12.23. For Example 12.6, we computed the total current drawn by the circuit. Determine
the current in each branch of the circuit given in Example 12.6.
SOLUTION
The circuit given in Example 12.6 has components which are in both series and
parallel arrangements. Recall that we will first combine the light bulbs in the
parallel branches into one equivalent resistance.
168
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1 1 1 1 1
Requivalent 3.9
Requivalent R2 R3 7 9
Next, we added the equivalent resistance to R1, noting that the two resistors are in
series now.
Also,
Vdropacross R1 R1 I1 Vdropacross R1 31.3 A Vdropacross R1 3.9 volts
V R2 I 2 9 3.9 7 I 3 I 2 0.73 A
V R3 I 3 9 3.9 9 I 3 I 3 0.57 A
12.29. According to Sylvania, a light-bulb manufacturer, its 40-W CFL light consumes 9
watts and produces 495 lumens. What is the efficacy for this light?
SOLUTION
12.30. Calculate the efficacy for the following lights: (a) Sylvania accent LED light,
which uses 2 watts and produces 60 lumens, and (b) Sylvania 40-W CFL, which
uses 9 watts and produces 495 lumens.
SOLUTION
169
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12.31. The Sylvania Super Saver 75 W light uses 20 watts, produces 1280 lumens, and
costs $4.49. As an alternative a generic 75-W-incandescent light bulb costs $0.40,
produces 1200 lumens, and has a service life of 750 hours. Compare the
performance of each light by calculating the efficacy for each light and estimate
how much it would cost to run each light for 4 hours per day for 300 days in a
year. Assume electricity costs 9 cents per kWh.
SOLUTION
1280
Efficacy = = 64 lumens/watts
20
4 hours 1 kW $0.09
cost = ( ) (300 days)(20 W) ( )( ) = $2.16
day 1000 W kW. h
1200
Efficacy = = 16 lumens/watts
75
4 hours 1 kW $0.09
cost = ( ) (300 days)(75 W) ( )( ) = $8.10
day 1000 W kW. h
It should be obvious that the Sylvania Super Saver light is more efficient and
170
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by one into the arms of gendarmes below. The palaces along the
Riva were a broad ribbon of color with a binding of black coats and
hats. The wall of San Giorgio fronting the barracks was fringed with
the yellow legs and edged with the white fatigue caps of two
regiments. Even over the roofs and tower of the church itself specks
of sight-seers were spattered here and there, as if the joyous wind in
some mad frolic had caught them up in very glee, and as suddenly
showered them on cornice, sill, and dome.
Beyond all this, away out on the lagoon, toward the islands, the red-
sailed fishing-boats hurried in for the finish, their canvas aflame
against the deepening blue. Over all the sunlight danced and blazed
and shimmered, gilding and bronzing the roof-jewels of San Marco,
flashing from oar blade, brass, and ferro, silvering the pigeons
whirling deliriously in the intoxicating air, making glad and gay and
happy every soul who breathed the breath of this joyous Venetian
day.
None of all this was lost upon the Professor. He stood in the bow
drinking in the scene, sweeping his glass round like a weather-vane,
straining his eyes up the Giudecca to catch the first glimpse of the
coming boats, picking out faces under flaunting parasols, and waving
aloft his yellow rag when some gondola swept by flying Pietro’s
colors, or some boat-load of friends saluted in passing.
Suddenly there came down on the shifting wind, from far up the
Giudecca, a sound like the distant baying of a pack of hounds, and
as suddenly died away. Then the roar of a thousand throats, caught
up by a thousand more about us, broke on the air, as a boatman,
perched on a masthead, waved his hat.
“Here they come! Viva Pietro! Viva Pasquale!—Castellani!—Nicoletti!
—Pietro!”
The dense mass rose and fell in undulations, like a great carpet
being shaken, its colors tossing in the sunlight. Between the thicket
of ferros, away down the silver ribbon, my eye caught two little
specks of yellow capping two white figures. Behind these, almost in
line, were two similar dots of blue; farther away other dots, hardly
distinguishable, on the horizon line.
The gale became a tempest—the roar was deafening; women waved
their shawls in the air; men, swinging their hats, shouted themselves
hoarse. The yellow specks developed into handkerchiefs bound to
the heads of Pietro and his brother Marco; the blues were those of
Pasquale and his mate.
Then, as we strain our eyes, the two tails of the sea-monster twist
and clash together, closing in upon the string of rowers as they
disappear in the dip behind San Giorgio, only to reappear in full
sight, Pietro half a length ahead, straining every sinew, his superb
arms swinging like a flail, his lithe body swaying in splendid,
springing curves, the water rushing from his oar blade, his brother
bending aft in perfect rhythm.
“Pietro! Pietro!” came the cry, shrill and clear, drowning all other
sounds, and a great field of yellow burst into flower all over the
lagoon, from San Giorgio to the Garden. The people went wild. If
before there had been only a tempest, now there was a cyclone. The
waves of blue and yellow surged alternately above the heads of the
throng as Pasquale or Pietro gained or lost a foot. The Professor
grew red and pale by turns, his voice broken to a whisper with
continued cheering, the yellow rag streaming above his head, all the
blood of his ancestors blazing in his face.
The contesting boats surged closer. You could now see the rise and
fall of Pietro’s superb chest, the steel-like grip of his hands, and
could outline the curves of his thighs and back. The ends of the
yellow handkerchief, bound close about his head, were flying in the
wind. His stroke was long and sweeping, his full weight on the oar;
Pasquale’s stroke was short and quick, like the thrust of a spur.
Now they are abreast. Pietro’s eyes are blazing—Pasquale’s teeth
are set. Both crews are doing their utmost. The yells are demoniac.
Even the women are beside themselves with excitement.
Suddenly, when within five hundred yards of the goal, Pasquale
turns his head to his mate; there is an answering cry, and then, as if
some unseen power had lent its strength, Pasquale’s boat shoots
half a length ahead, slackens, falls back, gains again, now an inch,
now a foot, now clear of Pietro’s bow, and on, on, lashing the water,
surging forward, springing with every gain, cheered by a thousand
throats, past the red tower of San Giorgio, past the channel of spiles
off the Garden, past the red buoy near the great warship,—one
quick, sustained, blistering stroke,—until the judge’s flag drops from
his hand, and the great race is won.
“A true knight, a gentleman every inch of him,” called out the
Professor, forgetting that he had staked all his soldi on Pietro. “Fairly
won, Pasquale.”
In the whirl of the victory, I had forgotten Pietro, my gondolier of the
morning. The poor fellow was sitting in the bow of his boat, his head
in his hands, wiping his forehead and throat, the tears streaming
down his cheeks. His brother sat beside him. In the gladness and
disappointment of the hour, no one of the crowd around him seemed
to think of the hero of five minutes before. Not so Giorgio, who was
beside himself with grief over Pietro’s defeat, and who had not taken
his eyes from his face. In an instant more he sprang forward, calling
out, “No! no! Brava Pietro!” Espero joining in as if with a common
impulse, and both forcing their gondolas close to Pietro’s.
A moment more and Giorgio was over the rail of Pietro’s boat,
patting his back, stroking his head, comforting him as you would
think only a woman could—but then you do not know Giorgio. Pietro
lifted up his face and looked into Giorgio’s eyes with an expression
so woe-begone, and full of such intense suffering, that Giorgio
instinctively flung his arm around the great, splendid fellow’s neck.
Then came a few broken words, a tender caressing stroke of
Giorgio’s hand, a drawing of Pietro’s head down on his breast as if it
had been a girl’s, and then, still comforting him—telling him over and
over again how superbly he had rowed, how the next time he would
win, how he had made a grand second—
Giorgio bent his head—and kissed him.
When Pietro, a moment later, pulled himself together and stood erect
in his boat, with eyes still wet, the look on his face was as firm and
determined as ever.
Nobody laughed. It did not shock the crowd; nobody thought Giorgio
unmanly or foolish, or Pietro silly or effeminate. The infernal Anglo-
Saxon custom of always wearing a mask of reserve, if your heart
breaks, has never reached these people.
As for the Professor, who looked on quietly, I think—yes, I am quite
sure—that a little jewel of a tear squeezed itself up through his
punctilious, precise, ever exact and courteous body, and glistened
long enough on his eyelids to wet their lashes. Then the bright sun
and the joyous wind caught it away. Dear old relic of a by-gone time!
How gentle a heart beats under your well-brushed, threadbare coat!
SOME VENETIAN CAFFÈS
VERY one in Venice has his own particular caffè, according
to his own particular needs, sympathies, or tastes. All the
artists, architects, and musicians meet at Florian’s; all the
Venetians go to the Quadri; the Germans and late
Austrians, to the Bauer-Grünwald; the stay-over-nights, to the
Oriental on the Riva; the stevedores, to the Veneta Marina below the
Arsenal; and my dear friend Luigi and his fellow-tramps, to a little
hole in the wall on the Via Garibaldi.