JLALFLD

Xrijisg Akskdltle

(Xkengngale Akskdltle Xlnl Gengvgnu Nle @kr`lolg Akfijpia Jlsylrlalt)

Ljkfgl Niesu, R.R^, J.Aks

IFKD =

Krfgenl Xunkdialeo

?<<; >8<< 4804

^GEOAL^ GG-L

XIFG^KAEGA AKRKDL^LE AKJKEAKR JLELNI

XPING NGGG- AK@GNLELE

^.L 0808/080<
 AL^L XKEOLE^LP

Xumg syuaur
Xumg syuaur akplnl
akplnl ^udle
^udle Wleo
Wleo Jldl
Jldl Ksl alrkel
alrkel ltls `kralt nle rldjlt
rldjlt-Ey
-Eyll
skdgeo
skd geool
ol slyl
slyl nlplt
nlplt jkeykf
jkeykfkslg
kslgale
ale pkeyus
pkeyusuel
uele
e jlalfld
jlalfld ktg
ktgaif
aifkol
kolff prlatk
prlatka
a ak`gnl
ak`gnlele
ele
nkeo
keole munmunuf ‖Xk
Xken
engn
gnga
gale
le Aksk
Akskdl
dltl
tle
e Xlnl
Xlnl Geng
Gengvg
vgnu
nu Nle
Nle @kr`
@kr`lo
lolg
lg Akfi
Akfijp
jpia
ia
Jlsylrlalt‚ tkplt
tkplt plnl
plnl wlatue
wlatueyl.
yl. ^krgjl
^krgjl alsgd
alsgd muol
muol slyl
slyl dltura
dlturale
le akplnl
akplnl g`u niske
pkeolsud jltl aufgld Xrijisg Akskdltle yleo tkfld jkj`krgale tuols jkeokelg jlalfld
geg skdgeool pkeoktldule slyl nlflj pkeufgsle Jlalfld geg skjlage `krtlj`ld nle tkjle-
tkjle yleo tkfld jkj`letu uetua jkeykfkslgale pkeyusuele jlalfld geg .
^gnla lnl jleusgl yleo skjpurel, ifkd alrkel gtu slyl jkeylnlrg jlsgd tkrnlplt
`leyla akslfldle yleo tlepl skeolml ng`ult, `lga altl jlupue tltl `ldlsl ng nlflj jlalfld
geg. [etua gtu slyl jkeodlrlpale argtga nle slrle yleo jkj`leoue uetua akskjpurelle
jlalfld geg . Rkjiol jlalfld geg `krjlecllt `log agtl skjul.

Jlelni , 0 Lprgf 0808

Xkeufgs

g
gg
 NLC^LP GRG

AL^L XKEOLE^LP....................
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NLC^LP GRG........................................
GRG..............................................................
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XKENLD[F[LE.....................
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L. Fltlr @kflaleo......................
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@. Pujusle Jlslfld...................
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B. ^umule Xkeufgsle...................
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@L@ GG......................
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XKJ@LDLRLE...................
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L. Jkeokelg Jlslfld…………………………………………………………………..0
@. Jkeokelg Ak`utudle Akfijpia……………………………………………………0

B..
B Xkenkaltle Akfijpia………………………………………………………………2
N. Jkeyusue Pkeblel Xkengngale Akfijpia…………………………………………;

K. Xkflaslelle Xkengngale Akfijpia…………………………………………………3

C. Kvlful
Kvlfulsg
sg Xkflas
Xkflaslle
lle Xkengn
Xkengngal
gale
e Akfijp
Akfijpia…
ia…………
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3

@L@ GGG………………………………………………………………………………………..4

XKE[^[X…………………………………………………………………………………….4

L. Aksgjpufle………………………………………………………………………………4

@. Rlrle……………………………………………………………………………………..4

NLC^LP X[R^LAL…………………………………………………………………………7
X[R^LAL…………………………………………………………………………7

gg
 @L@ G
XKENLD[F[LE

L. Fltlr @kflaleo

Akskdltle jkruplale dla lslsg jleusgl nle slfld sltu uesur akskmldtkrlle yleo
dlrus ngwumunale sksulg nkeole bgtl-bgtl `leosl Genieksgl sk`lolgjlel tkrtufgs ng
pkj`ualle [enleo-[enleo Nlslr <7>;. [etua gtu, uplyl akskdltle dlrus skflfu
ngusldlale pkegeoaltleeyl skblrl tkrus jkekrus lolr jlsylrlalt yleo skdlt sk`lolg
gevkstl
gev kstlsg
sg nlflj
nlflj pkj`le
pkj`leoue
ouele
le nlplt
nlplt dgnup
dgnup prinua
prinuatgc
tgc skblrl
skblrl sisglf
sisglf nle kaieij
kaieijgsgs
(Eur`ktg, J. 0887). Xkeokrtgle Xkj`krnlylle jlsylrlalt lnlfld sultu uplyl ltlu
prisks uetua jkeuj`udale akslnlrle, akjlule nle akjljpule jlsylrlalt nlflj
jkeokelfg,
jkeok elfg, jkeoltlsg,
jkeoltlsg, jkjkfgdlrl,
jkjkfgdlrl, jkfgenueog
jkfgenueog nle jkegeoalta
jkegeoaltale le akskmldtkrlle
akskmldtkrlle
jkrka
jk rkall skeng rg.. Nlflj
skengrg Nlflj pke
pkenka
nkaltl
ltle
e geg pkt
pktuol
uolss priji
prijisg
sg `kr
`krdu`
du`ueo
ueole
le nke
nkeole
ole
skaifijpia
skaifi jpia slslrle.
slslrle. @k`krlpl jktink pkeypkeyufudl
ufudle e yleo jlsua nlflj aktko
aktkoirg
irg geg
letlrl flge = Xkrtkjule, Nkjistrlsg, Ngsausg akfijpia, Xkrtkjule CON, nle flge-
flge. Xkrtkjule ngsausg lnlfld uetua akfijpia yleo fk`gd akbgf ltlu fk`gd skngagt
pkskrtleyl ylgtu `kragslr <0-<; irleo slml. Dlrus lnl plrtgsgplsg yleo `lga nlrg
pkskrtl yleo dlngr. @glsleyl ngpkrouelale uetua jkemkflsle sultu gecirjlsg yleo
fk`gd rgebg nle jkenktlgf skrtlpkrtual
skrtlpkrtualrle
rle pkenlplt
pkenlplt jkeokelg
jkeokelg pkru`ldle
pkru`ldle pkrgflau
akskdlt
aksk dltle.
le. Nkjiet
Nkjietrlsg
rlsg lnlfld
lnlfld jkjpkr
jkjpkrfgd
fgdlta
ltale
le skblrl
skblrl sgeoal
sgeoaltt akplnl
akplnl sultu
sultu
akfijpia

`lolgjlel jkflauale sultu pkrgflau akskdltle `lru. Jktink geg fk`gd jkekaleale
plnl `lolgjlel blrl jkflaualeeyl sultu pkrgflau akskdltle. Akogltle geg `uale fld
sultu pkrbi`lle ltlu pkeoumgle, tktlpg sk`uld usldl pkengngale. ^umuleeyl lnlfld
uetua
uetua jkylag
jkylageal
eale
e irleo-
irleo-irl
irleo
eo `ldwl
`ldwl sksult
sksultu
u pkrgfl
pkrgflau
au akskdl
akskdltle
tle tkrtke
tkrtketu
tu yleo
yleo
nglemurale gtu lnlfld `krouel nle prlatgs skalfg `log jlsylrlalt. Nkjiestrlsg geg
jkeolmlrale sultu aktrljpgfle yleo `lru.

@. Pujusle Jlslfld
l. Lpl pkemkflsle jkeokelf jlslfld
`. Lpl pkemkflsle jkeokelg ak`utudle akfijpia

b. @lolgjlel pkenkaltle akfijpia

n. @lolgjlel jkeyusue rkeblel pkengngale akfijpia

k. @lolgjlel pkflaslle pkengngale akfijpia

c. Kvlfulsg pkflaslelle pkengngale akfijpia

B. ^umul
umule
e Xkeufg
eufgssle

Lnlpue tumule pkeufgsle jlalfld geg lnlfld lolr jldlsgswl jljpu jkjldljg tketleo
Xkengngale Akskdltle Xlnl Gengvgnu Nle @kr`lolg Akfijpia Jlsylrlalt

<
 @L@ GG
XKJ@LDLRLE

L. JKEO
JKEOKE KELF
LF JLRL
JLRLFL FLDD
[etua nlplt jkeokelf jlslfld, akogltle yleo ngflauale ng letlrleyl =
l) Jkeokelf priorlj yleo lale ngtuemleo nkeole pkeyufudle

`) Jkeokelf jlslfld yleo lale ngtleooufleog ifkd priorlj tkrsk`ut.

Jgslfeyl priorlj jkeokelf okmlfl ngeg pkeylagt NDC skpkrtg nkjlj, akplfl
pusgeo, skeng tkrlsl eogfu nle fkjls, jlslfld yleo lale ngtleooufleog lnlfld
rgsgai syia yleo `krlag`lt plnl lebljle akjltgle plnl plsgke. Jlslfld ogzg
(prior
(priorlj
lj pke
pkeleo
leoouf
oufleo
leole
le aka
akaurl
urleol
eolee vgt
vgtljg
ljge
e L), jla
jlall jlsl
jlslfld
fld yle
yleo
o lal
lale
e
ngtleooufleog lnlfld xkrictlfjgl yleo `gsl jkeolag`ltale ak`utlle.

b) Nlslr pkrtgj
pkrtgj`leol
`leole
e lpl yleo ngpkrouelale
ngpkrouelale uetua jkeke
jkeketuale
tuale jlslfld yleo
lale ngpkbldale
@lolgj
@lo lgjlel
lel ple
plenle
nleole
ole plr
plrll pgj
pgjpge
pgele
le nle ldf
ldfgg aks
akskdl
kdltle
tle tkrd
tkrdlnl
lnlp
p jls
jlslfld
lfld
tkrsk`ut, lplald jlslfld tkrsk`ut jkruplale prgirgtls jlslfld skdgeool pkrfu
uetua skokrl ngtleooufleog, `lolgjlel plenleole jlsylrlalt tkrdlnlp jlslfld,
lplald
lplal d jkrka
jkrkall jkeo
jkeoleool
leoolpp jlslfld tkrsk`ut sk`lolg jlslfld utljl, lplald
jlslfld tkrsk`ut `gsl ngpkbldale, skrtl lplald nkeole pkeyufudle jlslfld sunld
`gsl ngltlsg.

n) Xkflmlrg jlslfld tkrsk`ut skrtl akelfg nlrg skog pkrgflaueyl.

Xkfl
Xkflml
mlrg
rg pk
pkeo
eokrt
krtgl
gle,
e, sg
sgal
alp,
p, nl
nlee tg
tgen
enla
lale
le lplpll nl
nlrg
rg ge
geng
ngvg
vgnu
nu,, ak
akfi
fijp
jpia
ia lt
ltlu
lu
jlsylrlalt yleo jkeyk`l`ale jlslfld tkrsk`ut.

@. JKEOKE
JKEOKELF LF AK@[^[
AK@[^[DLE DLE AKFIJ
AKFIJXIAXIA
Xriorlj
Xriorlj pkeyufudle
pkeyufudle geg lnlfld uetua jlsylrlalt,
jlsylrlalt, jlal plnl tldlp pkrkeblelle
pkrkeblelle
pkeyufudle yleo dlrus sunld tkralmg plnl jlsylrlalt lnlfld sk`lolg `krgaut =
l) Mujfld
Mujfld pkenunua,
pkenunua, `krlpl mujfld
mujfld pkenunuae
pkenunuaeyl, yl, `lolgjlel
`lolgjlel nkeole
nkeole akfijpia-
akfijpia-
akfijpia adusus yleo `krksgai skpkrtg g`u dljgf, g`u jkeyusug, flesgl, nle flgeeyl.
`) Aklnlle sisglf `unlyl nle kaieijg jlsylrlalt, `lolgjlel nkeole tgeoalt
pkengngale jlsylrlalt (lplald jlsgd lnl yleo tla `gls `lbl tufgs), eirjl
jlsy
jl sylr
lrla
lalt
lt sksktk
tkjp
jpltlt,, ln
lnla
lald
ld tlet
tletle
leol
ole
e sk skdu
du`u
`ueo
eole
le nknkeo
eole
le pr prgf
gfla
lauu ylyleo
eo
ngdlrlplale, pifl akpkjgjpgele yleo tkrlpale lnlald akfijpia-akfijpia yleo
`krpkeolrud, du`ueole yleo sltu nkeole yleo flgeeyl (sglpl yleo `krpkeolrud
nlflj
nlflj jkeolj
jkeolj`gf `gf akputu
akputusle
sle ng jlsylrla
jlsylrlalt lt tkrjls
tkrjlsua
ua akfulr
akfulrol)
ol).. pifl
pifl plrtgs
plrtgsgpl
gplsg
sg
jlsy
jl sylrl
lrlal
altt sktkj
sktkjplpltt nl
nle
e ir
irol
oleg
egsls
slsgg si
sisgl
sglff yl
yleo
eo lnlnl,
l, skrtl
skrtl tgeo
tgeoal
altt kakaie
ieij
ijgg
jlsylrlalt sktkjplt (jltl pkebldlrgle).
b) Xifl
Xifl aiaiju
jueg
egal
alsg
sg ng jlsy
jlsylrl
lrlal
alt,
t, `l`lol
olgjgjle
lell ge
geci
cirj
rjlsg
lsg ng
ngsk`
sk`lrf
lrful
ulsasale
le ng
jlsylrla
jlsy lrlalt,
lt, sglpl
sglpl sk`lol
sk`lolgg suj`kr
suj`kr gecirj
gecirjlsg,
lsg, puslt-
puslt-pus
puslt
lt pkeyk`
pkeyk`lrlelrle gecirj
gecirjlsg
lsg
(wlrueo, lrgsle, mljlld-mljld ylsgele, tldfgf, ltlu flgeeyl), skrtl slfurle aijuegalsg
yleo lnl ng jlsylrlalt (rlngi, surlt al`lr, pkeokrls sulrl, nle flge-flgeeyl).

0
 n) Xkflmlrg
Xkflmlrg jlslfld tkrsk`ut
tkrsk`ut skrtl akelfg
akelfg nlrg skog pkrgflaueyl.
pkrgflaueyl. Xkflmlrg pkeokrtgle,
pkeokrtgle,
sgalp, nle tgenlale lpl nlrg gengvgnu, akfijpia ltlu jlsylrlalt yleo jkeyk`l`ale
jlslfld tkrsk`ut.

2) Jkeokelf Jlslylrlalt
Xriorlj
Xriorl j pkeyufudle
pkeyufudle geg lnlfld uetua jlsylrlalt,
jlsylrlalt, jlal plnl tldlp pkrkeblelle
pkrkeblelle
pkeyufudle yleo dlrus sunld tkralmg plnl jlsylrlalt lnlfld sk`lolg `krgaut =
l) Mujfld
Mujfld pkenunua,
pkenunua, `krlpl mujfld
mujfld pkenunuae
pkenunuaeyl, yl, `lolgjlel
`lolgjlel nkeole
nkeole akfijpia-
akfijpia-
akfijpia adusus yleo `krksgai skpkrtg g`u dljgf, g`u jkeyusug, flesgl, nle flgeeyl.
`) Aklnlle sisglf `unlyl nle kaieijg jlsylrlalt, `lolgjlel nkeole tgeoalt
pkengngale jlsylrlalt (lplald jlsgd lnl yleo tla `gls `lbl tufgs), eirjl
jlsy
jl sylr
lrla
lalt
lt sksktk
tkjp
jpltlt,, ln
lnla
lald
ld tlet
tletle
leol
ole
e sk skdu
du`u
`ueo
eole
le nknkeo
eole
le pr prgf
gfla
lauu ylyleo
eo
ngdlrlplale, pifl akpkjgjpgele yleo tkrlpale lnlald akfijpia-akfijpia yleo
`krpkeolrud, du`ueole yleo sltu nkeole yleo flgeeyl (sglpl yleo `krpkeolrud
nlflj
nlflj jkeolj
jkeolj`gf `gf akputu
akputusle
sle ng jlsylrla
jlsylrlalt lt tkrjls
tkrjlsua
ua akfulr
akfulrol)
ol).. pifl
pifl plrtgs
plrtgsgpl
gplsg
sg
jlsy
jl sylrl
lrlal
altt sktkj
sktkjplpltt nl
nle
e ir
irol
oleg
egsls
slsgg si
sisgl
sglff yl
yleo
eo lnlnl,
l, skrtl
skrtl tgeo
tgeoal
altt kakaie
ieij
ijgg
jlsylrlalt sktkjplt (jltl pkebldlrgle).
b) Xifl
Xifl aiaiju
jueg
egal
alsg
sg ng jlsy
jlsylrl
lrlal
alt,
t, `l`lol
olgjgjle
lell ge
geci
cirj
rjlsg
lsg ng
ngsk`
sk`lrf
lrful
ulsasale
le ng
jlsylrla
jlsy lrlalt,
lt, sglpl
sglpl sk`lol
sk`lolgg suj`kr
suj`kr gecirj
gecirjlsg,
lsg, puslt-
puslt-pus
puslt
lt pkeyk`
pkeyk`lrlelrle gecirj
gecirjlsg
lsg
(wlrueo, lrgsle, mljlld-mljld ylsgele, tldfgf, ltlu flgeeyl), skrtl slfurle aijuegalsg
yleo lnl ng jlsylrlalt (rlngi, surlt al`lr, pkeokrls sulrl, nle flge-flgeeyl).
n) Ruj`kr nlyl yleo lnl (rksiurbks )
Ô Rlrl
Rlrlel
el lplpll slml
slml yl
yleo
eo ngjg
ngjgfg
fgag
ag jlsy
jlsylr
lrla
lalt
lt,, `l
`lga
ga sk`lo
sk`lolg
lg ge
geng
ngvg
vgnu
nu jlup
jlupue
ue
jlsylrlalt skblrl akskfurudle yleo `gsl ngpkrouelale ifkd jkrkal uetua pkru`ldle
prgflau yleo ngdlrlpale.
Ô Rlrlel lpl slml yleo lnl, `lga plnl gstgtusg pkjkrgetld jlupue eie pkjkrgetld
yleo `gsl ngpkrouelale ifkd jlsylrlalt uetua jkeou`ld prgflau. Gecirjlsg tketleo
pkeylagt NDC `gsl ak uegt X0J ng pusaksjls nle gecirjlsg tketleo lnleyl afgega
ogzg.
Ô Rlrlel lpl slml yleo lnl, `lga plnl gestgtusg pkjkrgetld jlupue swlstl, muol
jlsylrla
jlsy lrlalt
lt yleo
yleo `gsl
`gsl ngjlec
ngjlecllt
lltale
ale uetua
uetua jkflas
jkflaslellelale
ale akoglt
akogltle
le pkeyuf
pkeyufudl
udle e
akskdltle, skpkrtg pkeokrls sulrl, ruleo pkrtkjule `lflg Pw, akfurldle, skaifld,
jlsmgn, nle tkjplt flgeeyl.
Ô Ruj
Ruj`kr
`kr nlyl
nlyl tkelol
tkelol yleo
yleo lnl,
lnl, pktuol
pktuolss akskdl
akskdltle
tle yleo
yleo `gsl
`gsl ngfg`l
ngfg`ltal
tale
e nlflj
nlflj
pkeyufudle, tuols piaia jlsgeo-jlsgeo tkelol, fltgdle yleo pkreld ngpkrifkd ng
`gnleo pkeyufudle akskdltle, `gj`geole yleo ngtkrgjl nlflj pkeyufudle akskdltle
plnl jlsgeo-jlsgeo pktuols akskdltle, dlj`ltle nlflj jkfg`ltale pktuols
akskdltle nlflj jkflauale priorlj pkeyufudle, lplald lnl pktuols flge yleo nlplt
jkj`letu, skrtl lplald tkelol yleo lnl ng jlsylrlalt yleo `gsl jkj`letu
k) Xkeolfljle
Xkeolfljle jlsylrlalt
jlsylrlalt prior
priorlj
lj sk`kfujeyl,
sk`kfujeyl, sgalp jkrkal tkrdlnlp pkflylele
yleo
yle o ng`krga
ng`krgale,
le, tkrdln
tkrdlnlp
lp plrl
plrl pktuol
pktuols,s, sgalp
sgalp geg jkjpue
jkjpueylg
ylg pkeolr
pkeolrudud pi
pisgt
sgtgc
gc
/ekoltgvk
/ekolt gvk tkrdlnlp
tkrdlnlp pkeyufudle
pkeyufudle yleo lale ngrkeblale,
ngrkeblale, lplald nlrg priorlj-pri
priorlj-priorlj
orlj
tkrsk`ut lnl yleo jkj`krgale pkeolfljle yleo aurleo jkeykeleoale.
c) Xkeolfljle jlsylrlalt ng jlsl flfu skdu`ueole
skdu`ueole nkeole
nkeole priorlj pkelooufleole
pkeylagt NDC ltlu pkeleolele pkeylagt ogzg `urua yleo pkreld ngflaslelale ng
nlkrld tkrsk`ut. Lplald `kraksle ltlu jlfld jkeokbkwlale jlsylrlalt.

B. XKENKA
XKENKAL^L
L^LE
E AKFI
AKFIJX
JXIA
IA

2
Nlflj pkenkaltle geg pktuols prijisg `krdu`ueole nkeole skaifijpia slslrle.
@k`krlpl jktink pkeyufudle yleo jlsua nlflj aktkoirg geg
geg letlrl flge = Xkrtkjule,
Nkjistrlsg, Ngsausg akfijpia, Xkrtkjule CON, nle flge-flge.

Xkrtk
Xkrtkju
jule
le ngsa
ngsaus
usgg ln
lnlf
lfld
ld ue
uetu
tua
a ak
akfi
fijp
jpiaia yl
yleo
eo fk`gd
fk`gd ak
akbg
bgff ltlu
ltlu fk`gd
fk`gd sknga
skngagt
gt
pkskrtleyl ylgtu `kragslr <0-<; irleo slml. Dlrus lnl plrtgsgplsg yleo `lga nlrg
pkskrtl yleo dlngr.@glsleyl ngpkrouelale uetua jkemkflsle sultu gecirjlsg yleo
fk`gd rgebg nle jkenktlgf skrtlpkrtual
skrtlpkrtualrle
rle pkenlplt
pkenlplt jkeokelg
jkeokelg pkru`ldle
pkru`ldle pkrgflau
akskdltle.

Ak`krdlsgfle pkrtkjule CON `leyla tkroletueo nlrg pktuols pkeyufud uetua =

<. Jkjpkrakelfale silf yleo nlplt pkrdltgle plrl pkskrtl

0. Jkjkfgdlrl pkrdltgle yleo tkrus jkekrus nlrg plrl pkskrtl

2. Jkj`krg akskjpltle akplnl skjul irleo uetua jkeokjualale pkenlplteyl

nle jkeodgenlrg nijgelsg `k`krlpl irleo slml

>. Jkj
Jkj`ul
`ultt aksgjp
aksgjpufl
ufle
e pkj`gb
pkj`gblrll
lrlle-p
e-pkj`
kj`gbl
gblrlle
rlle nle jkeyus
jkeyusue
ue slrle-s
slrle-slrle
lrle
yleonglmuale

;. @krgale `ldle-`ldle gecirjlsg yleo buaup lolr pkskrtl sljplg plnl aksgjpufle
yleo tkplt.

Nkjietrlsg lnlfld jkjpkrfgdltale skblrl sgeoalt akplnl sultu akfijpia

`lolgjlel jkflauale sultu pkrgflau akskdltle `lru. Jktink geg fk`gd jkekaleale
plnl `lolgjlel blrl jkflaualeeyl sultu pkrgflau akskdltle. Akogltle geg `uale fld
sultu pkrbi`lle ltlu pkeoumgle, tktlpg sk`uld usldl pkengngale. ^umuleeyl lnlfld
uetua
uetua jkylag
jkylageal
eale
e irleo-
irleo-irl
irleo
eo `ldwl
`ldwl sksult
sksultu
u pkrgfl
pkrgflau
au akskdl
akskdltle
tle tkrtke
tkrtketu
tu yleo
yleo
nglemurale gtu lnlfld `krouel nle prlatgs skalfg `log jlsylrlalt. Nkjiestrlsg geg
jkeolmlrale sultu aktrljpgfle yleo `lru.

>
 Blrl jkflaualeeyl nkeole skolfl pkrkeblelle nle pkrsglple yleo ngpkrfuale,
skpkrtg =

<. Nltleo mlud sk`kfuj akogltle ng juflg uetua jkjkrgasl pkrlfltle nle `ldle
yleongpkrfuale

0. Jkeoltur tkjplt sk`lga jueoage, skdgeool skjul pkskrtl nlplt jkfgdlteyl nle gaut
nlflj ngsausg

2. Nkjiestrlsg ngflauale tldlp nkjg tldlp slj`gf jkj`leoagtale akgeogele pkskrtl

uetua `krtleyl-tleyl

>. @krgale akskjpltle plnl wlagf pkskrtl uetua jkebi`l aktrljpgfle pkrgflau yleo
`lru

;. @krgale skfk`lrle yleo bkplt (`risur, nff) yleo `krsleoautle nkeole nkjistrlsg gtu
Lemurle =

3. Xgfgdfld tipga yleo `krnlslrale akpkrfule jlsylrlalt

?. Nkjiestrlsg ngflauale tkplt jlsleyl

4. Xkeoujujle yleo fuls sk`kfuj wlatueyl uetua jkelrga `leyla pkrdltgle

nlepkskrtl

7. Xkrouelale lflt-lflt yleo junld ng nlplt irleo

<8. Dgfleoale akrloule-rloule, tktlpg dgenlrgale pkrtkeoalrle jufut

<<. Dlrolg blrl-blrl yleo `glsl ngflauale jlsylrlalt

Akfk`gdle / akuetueole jktink nkjietrlsg lnlfld==

<. Blrl jkeolmlr aktrljgfle yleo kckagc

0. Jkrleoslsleo akogltle

;
2. Jkeuj`udale akpkrblylle plnl ngrg skengrg

Akaurleole / aktkr`ltlsleeyl jktink nkjietrlsg lnlfld =

<. Jkjkrfuale `leyla pkrsglple, pkrlfltle nle aktrljpgfle

0. Jkruogale `gfl nkjiestrlsg ngflaslelale nkeole aulfgtls yleo `urua

N. XKEW[R[E
XKEW[R[E PKEBLE PKEBLEL L XKENGNGA
XKENGNGALE LE AKFIJX
AKFIJXIA IA
<. Xkeo
Xkeoujujpu
pufle
fle nlnle
e pk
pkeoeoif
ifld
ldle
le nlnltl
tl,, pk
pkra
rakj
kj`l`leo
eole
le pkpken
engn
gnga
gale
le pl
plnl
nl jlsl
jlsl
skalr
ska lrle
leo
o sleol
sleoltt pk
pkrf
rfu
u ngak
ngaktl
tldu
dugg nl
nlee ngngpl
pldl
dljg
jg skblr
skblrll mk
mkfl
flss if
ifkd
kd pk
pkrke
rkebl
blel
el
pkengngale alrkel olj`lrle aklnlle gtu lale ngmlngale nlslr uetua pkeyusuele
pkrkeblelle pkengngale. Fleoald pkrtljl jkeognketgcgalsg mkegs nltl yleo
ngpkrfuale.
0. Mkegs nltl yleo ngaujpufale
ngaujpufale `krakelle
`krakelle nkeole sgstkj pkengngal
pkengngale,e, `lga nltl
auletgtltgc, nltl slrlel nle prlslrlel , aklnlle pkenunua, okiorlcg nle flpleole
akrml.
2. Ng
Nglo
loei
eisgs
sgs,, nl
nltl
tl yl
yleo
eo su sunl
nld
d tkrau
tkraujpjpuf
uf dldlru
russ ng
ngle
lelf
lfgs
gsgs
gs nlnlee ng
ngng
nglo
loei
eisg
sgs.
s.
Jkeole
Jke olelfg
lfgsgs
sgs nltl
nltl jkrup
jkruplallalee prisks
prisks uetua
uetua jkeodl
jkeodlsgfa
sgfale
le sultu
sultu gecirj
gecirjlsg
lsg..
Jkengloei
Jkeng loeisgssgs aklnlle
aklnlle pkengngale
pkengngale nlplt ngflauale
ngflauale jkflfug
jkflfug pkekfgtgle
pkekfgtgle nkeole
nkeole
mlfle jkegemlu skolfl usldl nle dlsgf pkengngale, tkrjlsua jkeoalmg rkeblel
yleo sunld ngsusue
ngsusue tktlpg
tktlpg `kfuj ngflaslelale.
ngflaslelale. Nlflj jkengloei
jkengloeisgs sgs aklnlle
aklnlle
pkengngale ngpkrouelale argtkrgl-argtkrgl skpkrtg rkfkvlesg, kckatgcgtls nle
kcksgkesg.
>. Xkrujusle ak`gmlale, jkruplale sultu pkj`ltlsle okrla tketleo lpl-lpl yleo
lale ngmlngale akputusle
akputusle ifkd irleo flge. Rultu ak`gmlale
ak`gmlale ng `gnleo
`gnleo pkengngale
pkengngale

ngrujusa
ngruj usale
le skblrl
skblrl jkfkj`
jkfkj`lollol ifkd
ifkd pkjkrg
pkjkrgetletldd nkeole
nkeole jkfg`lt
jkfg`ltaleale gestle
gestlesg-
sg-
gestlesg tkralgt. @glsleyl ak`gmlale pkengngale sunld ngtuleoale nlflj rkpkfgtl.
Xlrll pkrkeb
Xlr pkrkeblel
lel pkengn
pkengngal
galee tktlp
tktlp jkjkol
jkjkoleo eo pkrlel
pkrlelee pketge
pketgeo o tkrutl
tkrutljl
jl nlflj
nlflj
jkj`krgale elskdlt tkaegs nlflj pkrujusle ak`gmlale.
;. Xkra
Xkragrl
grlle
le akak`u
`utu
tudl
dlee jlsl
jlsl nk nkpl
ple,
e, pkpkrke
rkeble
blell
llee pkpken
engn
gnga
gale
le dl dlru
russ jljp
jljpu u
jkjpkragrla
jkjp kragrlale
le ak`utudle
ak`utudle jlsl nkple,nkple, skdgeool
skdgeool rkeblel
rkeblel yleo fkeoalp nlplt
ngsusue.
3. Xkrd
krdgtue
gtueol
ole
e `gly
`glyl,
l, jkeokeodgtu
dgtueo
eo ueuetutuaa sk skju
jull ak ak`u
`utu
tudl
dle e yleleo o sununld
ld
nggn
nggnke
ketg
tgcu
cual
alsg
sgal
alee ng jlsljlsl nltlnltleo
eo.. XkXkrdrdgt
gtue
ueol
olee `g`gly
lyll ng ngfl
flau
aual
alee nknkeo
eole
le
jkeoouelale sltule `glyl ltlu stlenlrngslsg dlrol yleo `krflau uetua sktglp
akfijpia ak`utudle nkeole jkjpkrdltgale cfuatulsg dlrol.
?. Xkek
Xkektl
tlpl
ple
e slslslr
slrle
le,, pl
plrl
rl pk pkrke
rkeble
blell pk pken
engn
gnga
gale
le jkek
jkekfg fgtg
tg slslslr
slrle
le-sl
-slsl
slrle
rle
pkengngale uetua jlsl yleo lale nltleo. Nlrg slslrle gtu ngtktlpalefld nlel
uetua jlsgeo-jlsgeo tgeoaltle skaifld.

3
 4. Xkrujusle rkeblel, pkrkeblelle yleo ngsusue plnl nlslreyl ngtumuale uetua,
jeylmgale skrleoalgle rlebleole akputusle uetua ngsktumug nle jkeyknglale
pifl skblrl jltleo.
7. Xkrgebgle rkeblel, rkeblel yleo tkfld ngrujusale ngflauale nkeole blrl, ylgtu
pkeyusuele priorlj nle gnketgcgalsg skrtl pkrujusle priyka. Xkeusuele
priorlj lnlfld jkj`log-`logale rkeblel aknlflj akfijpia akogltle. Rktglp
akogltle nlflj akfijpia geg dlrus slfgeo jkeuemleo, nle jkumu tumule yleo
sljl.
<8. Gjp
Gjpfkj
fkjket
ketlsg
lsg rkeble
rkeblel,l, clsk geg sunld
sunld sljplg
sljplg plnl
plnl pkflas
pkflaslel
lelle
le rkeble
rkeblell yleo
yleo
ngsusue. Gjpfkjketlsg geg juflg ngflauale lpl`gfl jlsgeo-ljlsgeo priyka yleo
ngusufale sunld ngsldale. Ifkd alrkel gtu akrleoal irolegslsg uetua `kr`lolg
priyka ngakj`leoale `krnlslrale
`krnlslrale `glyl tlduele.
Ngsljp
Ngsljpgeogeo gtu ngakj`
ngakj`leoleoale
ale rkeble
rkeblell ipkrlsg
ipkrlsgiel
ielfey
feyll skpkcrt
skpkcrtgg pkenkf
pkenkfkol
kolsgle
sgle
wkwkeleo, pkeuolsle tleooueomlwl`, pkeolnlle jkalegsjk ujple `lfga nle
pkeolwlsleeyl.
<<. Kvlfulsg rkeblel, nlplt ngaltlale sk`lolg akogltle ladgr nlrg prisks pkrkeblelle
sk`kfuj
sk`kfu j rkvgsg ngflauale
ngflauale.. Xkegflgle
Xkegflgle `kralgtle
`kralgtle nkeole
nkeole akjlmule/pkr
akjlmule/pkrakj`le
akj`leole
ole
nle pkekjule pkeygjpleole-pkeygjpleole nlflj pkflaslelle sultu rkeblel.
Xkegfl
Xke gflgle
gle yleo
yleo ngflau
ngflauale
ale muol
muol `krjle
`krjlecll
clltt uetua
uetua jkfgdl
jkfgdltt rleoal
rleoalgle
gle akoglt
akogltle
le
nlflj prisks pkrkeblelle.
<0. Pkvgsg rkeblel, ngflauale `krnlslrale dlsgf kvlfulsg rkeblel. Pkvgsg `krtumule
uetua jkjpkr`lgag, jkfkeoalpg ltlu jkeykjpurelale rkeblel yleo lale nltleo
`krnlslrale pkeolfljle jlsl flfu (rkeblel yleo sunld ngflaslelale)

K. XKFLARLELL
XKFLARLELLE E XKENG
XKENGNGAL
NGALE E AKFIJ
AKFIJXIAXIA
Akrleoal pgagr prijisg akskdltle rujld slagt
 Rtrltkog = Lnvialsg, @gel Rulslel, Okrlale Jlsylrlalt
 Rlslrle = ^krsgkr (Ngrkatur Pujld Rlagt, Akfijpia Xricksg, Irolegslsg
Risglf
Risglf/Jl
/Jlsyl
sylrla
rlalt),
lt), Xrgjkr
Xrgjkr (Xkenk
(Xkenkrgt
rgtll laut,
laut, nlflj
nlflj pkeykj
pkeykj`ud
`udle,
le, ariegs
ariegs,,
akfulrol plsgke & pkemlol, jlsylrlalt ng fgeoaueole rujld slagt)

^umule = Jke
Jkegeoaltale pkepkeoktldule, akj
akjlule nle
nle ak
akjljpule lolr
lolr
gengvgnu, akfijpia, jlsylrlalt ng PR nle fgeaeyl jkeokrtg lale dgnup skdlt
skrtl jlu nle gaut `krplrtgsgplsg
 Sgsg = ‖Pujld Rlagt‚ y
ylleo plrl wl
wlroleyl dg
dgnup XD@R skrtl nl
nlflj
fgeoaueole yleo skdlt
 Jgsg = jkeouplylale ak`lmgale, jkeokj`leoale gafgj yleo
aienusgc, jkegeoaltale akslnlrle, akjlule, nle akjljpule

C. KSLF[LRG
KSLF[LRG XKFLARLEL
XKFLARLELLE LE XKENGNGA
XKENGNGALE LE AKFIJXIA
AKFIJXIA
Kvlfulsg `krtumule uetua jkeouaur ak`krdlsgfle nlrg lpl yleo tkfld ngflaslelale.
Ifkd sk`l` gtu, plnl wlatu jkeokj`leoale pkrkeblelle priorlj prijisg akskdltle
ng jlsylrlalt, rkeblel kvlfulsg muol dlrus ngflaslelale. Ngsgeg dlrus ngml`lrale
tketleo alple kvlfulsg lale ngflas
tketleo ngflaslelale
lelale,, ngjle
ngjlell lale ngflaslelale,
ngflaslelale, akfij
akfijpia
pia
slslrle jlel yleo lale ngkvlfulsg, nle sglpl yleo lale jkflaslelale kvlfulsg.

?
<) Xrgesgp kvlfulsg =
l) Jkj
Jkjpkrpkraul
aultt pri
priorl
orlj1
j1 tum
tumule
ule agtagtll lnl
lnlfld
fld pri
prijis
jisgg aks
akskdl
kdltle
tle nle pkepkegeo
geoalt
altle
le
akpkrblylle ngrg jlsylrlalt.
`) Jkeoouelale pkenkaltle juftgpfk1 skflge pkenkaltle juftgngsgpfge, jktink
kvlfulsg jueoage `leyla nle `krjlblj-jlblj yleo skmlfle nkeole tumule priorlj.
b) Jkrleb
Jkrlebleoleo kvlfulsg uetua jkjkeudg
jkjkeudg gsu eyltl eyltl11 prio
priorlj
rlj `kr`lsgs nle `krcia
`krciausus
jlsylrla
jlsy lrlalt,
lt, yle
yleoo `kr
`krlal
lalrr pln
plnll aiaijue
juegtl
gtlss ‖ey
‖eyltl‚
ltl‚ nle `kr `krnls
nlslra
lralele pke
pkeola
olalmg
lmgle,
le,
dlrus jkjgfgag rleble
rlebleoleole kvlfu
kvlfulsg
lsg uetua jkeouaur
jkeouaur argtk
argtkrgl
rgl jkeok
jkeokelgelg pketg
pketgeoey
eoeyll
priorlj tkrsk`ut `log jlsylrlalt.
n) Jkeb
Jkebgpt
gptlal
lale
e priprisks
sks plr
plrtgsg
tgsgpls
plsg1
g1 lpl
lpl`gf
`gfll jls
jlsylr
ylrlal
laltt jkr
jkrupl
uplale
ale `lo
`logle
gle nlr
nlrgg
pkeoalmgle, lelfgsgs, pkrkeblelle, nle gjpfkjketlsg, jkrkalpue dlrus jkemlng jgtrl
nlflj kvlfulsg.
k) Jkj
Jkjueoueoage
ageale
ale cfkcfkasg
asg`gf
`gfgtls
gtls11 pke
pkenka
nkaltl
ltlee kvl
kvlful
fulsg
sg dlr
dlrus
us cfk
cfkasg
asg`kf
`kf nle `kr
`krsgc
sgclt
lt
pkrsargptgc, mgal tgnla, lale sufgt uetua jkeniaujketlsgale juebufeyl pkru`ldle
yleo skrgeo alfg jkegeoalt skblrl tlmlj nle aijpfkas.
c) Jk
Jkj`j`leleou
oue
e al alpl
plsgt
sgtls1
ls1 skf
skflg
lge
e jkjkeoeoua
uaur
ur dldlsg
sgff la
ladg
dgr,
r, dl
dlru
russ jkjkeg
egeo
eoal
alta
tale
le
aktkrljpgfle, pkeoktldule, nle pkrgflau gengcgnu yleo tkrfg`lt ngnlfljeyl.
0) Mkegs kvlfulsg yleo ngflauale =
l) Kvlfulsg cirjltgc
Jlasun nlrg kvlfulsg cirjltgc lnlfld kvlfulsg yleo ngflaslelale ng tkeold-tkeold
ltlu pln
plnll sllt `kr`krfle
fleosu
osueoe
eoeylyl pri
prisks
sks ako
akoglt
gltle
le pri
prijijisg
sg aks
akskdl
kdltle
tle,, ylg
ylgtu
tu nke
nkeole
ole
tumule uetua jkeoktldug skmlud jlel prisks prijisg akskdltle sksulg nkeole tumule
yleo tkfld ngtketuale.
Lnlpue jlecllt nlrg kvlfulsg cirjltgc lnlfld =
Ô Lplald priorlj yleo tkfld ng`krgale jkruplale priorlj yleo tkplt ltlu tgnla9
Ô Lplald priorlj tkrsk`ut jkj`utudale pkeoktldule-pkeoktldule prl-sylrlt yleo
`kfuj ngpkrdgtueoale9
Ô Lplald ngpkrfuale lflt, slrlel, nle prlslrlel uetua jkjpkrtgeoog dlsgf yleo lale
ngblplg ltlu tgnla9
Ô Lplald jktink, pkenkaltle nle lflt kvlfulsg yleo ngouelale sunld tkplt ltlu
tgnla9
`) Kvlfulsg sujltgc
Kvlfulsg
Kvlfu lsg sujltg
sujltgcc lnlfld kvlfulsg yleo ngflaslelale
ngflaslelale sktkfld skaujpufle
skaujpufle prio
priorlj
rlj
prijisg akskdltle skfkslg ng`krgale. Nkeole altl flge kvlfulsg yleo ngflaslelale
sktkfld
sktkfld skf
skfuru
urudd rle
rleoal
oalgle
gle pri
priorl
orljj pri
prijis
jisgg aks
akskdl
kdltle
tle ng`
ng`krg
krgale
ale.. Lnl
Lnlpue
pue tum
tumule
ule
utlj
utljll nlr lrgg kv
kvlf
lfu
uls
lsgg susujl
jltg
tgcc ge
gegg ln
lnfl
fld
d ue uetu
tua
a jke keke
ketu
tua
ale ak ak``kr
krd
dls
lsgf
gfle
le
jlsylrlalt/lungkebk sktkfld jkrkal jkenlpltale prijisg akskdltle nlflj mleoal
wlatu tkrtketu.
@krgaut geg jkruplale `k`krlpl jlecllt yleo ngnlplt nlrg kvlfulsg sujltgc =
Ô [etua jkeketuale egflg ak`krdlsgfle priorlj prijisg akskdltle
Ô [et
[etua
ua jke
jkeket
ketual
ualee jls
jlsylr
ylrlal
laltt nlp
nlplt
lt ltlu tgntgnla
la jke
jkeoga
ogautg
utg/jk
/jkekr
ekrgjl
gjl nlf
nlflj
lj
priorlj `krgauteyl
Ô [e
[etu
tua
a blt
bltlt
ltle
le ak
akjl
jljpjpul
ulee jljlsy
sylrl
lrlal
altt nl
nlflj
flj jkjkek
ekrg
rgjl
jl rlrleo
eoal
algl
gle
e pr
prio
iorl
rljj
prijisg akskdltle.

4
 @L@ GGG
XKE[^[X

L. Aksgjpufle

Nlflj pkenkaltle geg pktuols prijisg `krdu`ueole nkeole skaifijpia slslrle.

@k`krlpl jktink pkeyufudle yleo jlsua nlflj aktkoirg geg
geg letlrl flge = Xkrtkjule,
Nkjistrlsg, Ngsausg akfijpia, Xkrtkjule CON, nle flge-flge. Xkrtkjule ngsausg
lnlfld uetua akfijpia yleo fk`gd akbgf ltlu fk`gd skngagt pkskrtleyl ylgtu `kragslr
<0-<; irleo slml. Dlrus lnl plrtgsgplsg yleo `lga nlrg pkskrtl yleo dlngr.@glsleyl
ngpkro
ngp krouel
uelale
ale uetua
uetua jkemkf
jkemkflsle
lsle sultu
sultu gecirj
gecirjlsg
lsg yleo
yleo fk`
fk`gd
gd rgebg
rgebg nle jkenkt
jkenktlgf
lgf
skrtlpk
skrtlpkrtu
rtualr
alrle
le pkenlp
pkenlpltlt jkeoke
jkeokelg
lg pkru`l
pkru`ldle
dle pkrgfl
pkrgflau
au akskdlt
akskdltle.
le. Nkjiet
Nkjietrlsg
rlsg
lnlfld
lnl fld jkjpkr
jkjpkrfgd
fgdlta
ltale
le skblrl
skblrl sgeoal
sgeoaltt akplnl
akplnl sultu
sultu akfijp
akfijpiaia `lolgjlel
jkflau
jkf lauale
ale sultu
sultu pkrgfla
pkrgflau
u akskdl
akskdltle
tle `lru.
`lru. Jktink
Jktink geg fk`gd
fk`gd jkekal
jkekaleal
eale
e plnl
plnl
`lolgjlel blrl jkflaualeeyl sultu pkrgflau akskdltle. Akogltle geg `uale fld sultu
pkrbi`lle ltlu pkeoumgle, tktlpg sk`uld usldl pkengngale. ^umuleeyl lnlfld uetua
jkylageale irleo-irleo `ldwl sksultu pkrgflau akskdltle tkrtketu yleo nglemurale
gtu lnlfld `krouel
`krouel nle prlatgs skalfg `log jlsylrlalt.
jlsylrlalt. Nkjiestrlsg
Nkjiestrlsg geg jkeolmlral
jkeolmlrale
e
sultu aktrljpgfle yleo `lru.

@. Rlrle
Agrleyl
Agrl eyl nkeole
nkeole lnleyl
lnleyl jlalfl
jlalfld
d geg nlplt
nlplt jkelj`
jkelj`ld ld pkeokt
pkeoktldu
ldule
le agtl
agtl tketle
tketleo
o
Xkengn
Xke ngngal
gale
e Akskdl
Akskdltle
tle Xlnl
Xlnl Gengvg
Gengvgnu
nu Nle @kr`lo
@kr`lolg
lg Akfijp
Akfijpia
ia Jlsylrla
Jlsylrlalt.
lt. Nle
agrl
agrley
eyll tkel
tkelol
ol aksk
akskdl
dltl
tle
e lale
lale fk`g
fk`gd
d `lga
`lga nl
nlfl
flj
j pk pkfl
flyl
ylel
ele
e yl
yleo
eo ln
lnll ueuetu
tua
a
jkwumunale Genieksgl yleo fk`gd `lga

7
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