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The primary divisions of the family most often met with in literature are:
—either Rhopalocera (= butterflies) and Heterocera (= moths); or
Macrolepidoptera and Microlepidoptera; the Macrolepidoptera including
the butterflies and large moths, the Microlepidoptera being limited to the
families Tineidae (now itself in process of division into numerous
families) and Tortricidae; some entomologists including also Pyralidae,
Pterophoridae and Orneodidae in Microlepidoptera. The division of all
Lepidoptera into two series is merely a temporary device necessitated
by imperfect acquaintance with morphology. The division into Macro-
and Micro- lepidoptera is entirely unscientific.
Series 1. Rhopalocera or Butterflies.—Antennae knobbed at the tip
or thickened a little before the tip, without pectinations, projecting
processes, or conspicuous arrangements of cilia. Hind wings
without a frenulum, but with the costal nervure strongly curved at
the base (Fig. 161, II, B).
It may be inferred from these definitions that the distinction between the
two sub-Orders is neither sharply defined nor of great importance. The
club of the antenna of the Rhopalocera exhibits considerable variety in
form (Fig. 176).[210] Butterflies are as a rule diurnal in their activity and
moths nocturnal; but in the tropics there are numerous Heterocera that
are diurnal, and many of these resemble butterflies not only in colour
but even in the shapes of their wings.
1. The majority of butterflies; having the first pair of legs more or less strikingly
different from the other pairs; frequently very much smaller and not used as
legs; when not very small, then differing according to sex of the same
species, being smaller in the male than in the female; the part most
peculiar is the tarsus, which is modified in various manners, but in the
males of this great series is always destitute of its natural form of a
succession of simple joints five in number. There is no pad on the front
tibia.
Fam. Nymphalidae, Erycinidae, Lycaenidae.
[The distinctions between these three families are found in the amount and
kind of the abortion of the front legs; for definition refer to the heading of
each of the families.]
2. The front legs are in general form like the other pairs; their tibiae have no
pads; the claws of all the feet are bifid, and there is an empodium in
connection with them.
Fam. Pieridae.
3. The front legs are like the other pairs; their tibiae however possess pads; the
claws are large, not bifid, and there is no empodium; the metanotum is
completely exposed at the base of the abdomen.
Fam. Papilionidae.
4. The front legs are like the other pairs; their tibiae however possess pads; the
claws are small, toothed at the base, and there is an empodium; the
metanotum is concealed by the prolonged and overhanging mesonotum.
Fam. Hesperiidae.
Fig. 177.—Pupa of the Purple Emperor butterfly, Apatura iris. New Forest.
A, Lateral, B, dorsal aspect; C, enlarged view of cremaster with the
suspensory hook; D, one hook still more enlarged.
Fam. 3. Lycaenidae.—The front legs but little smaller than the others:
in the male, however, the tarsus, though elongate, is only of one joint,
and is terminated by a single claw. No pad on the front tibia. Claws not
toothed. The Lycaenidae, or Blues, are, as a rule, of small size, but in
the tropics there are many that reach the average size of butterflies, i.e.
something about the stature of the Tortoise-shell butterfly. The family is
one of the larger of the divisions of butterflies, considerably more than
2000 species being at present known, and this number is still rapidly
increasing. Although blue on a part of the upper surface is a very
common feature in the group, it is by no means universal, for there are
many "Coppers," as well as yellow and white Lycaenidae. Many
species have delicate, flimsy appendages—tails—to the hind wings, but
in many others these are quite absent; and there are even tailed and
tailless forms of the same species. The members of the group
Lipteninae (Liptena, Vanessula, Mimacraea, etc.) resemble members of
other sub-families of Nymphalidae, and even of Pieridae. Lycaenidae
are well represented wherever there are butterflies; in Britain we have
18 species.
The larvae of this family are very peculiar, being short, thicker in the
middle, and destitute of the armature of spines so remarkable in many
other caterpillars. It has of late years been frequently recorded that
some of these larvae are attended by ants, which use their antennae to
stroke the caterpillars and induce them to yield a fluid of which the ants
are fond. Guénée had previously called attention[226] to the existence of
peculiar structures contained in small cavities on the posterior part of
the caterpillar of Lycaena baetica. These structures can be evaginated,
and, it is believed, secrete a fluid; Edwards and M‘Cook are of opinion
that they are the source of the matter coveted by the ants. The larvae
are without spines.
The caterpillars of the Blues have some of them strange tastes; more
than one has been recorded as habitually feeding on Aphidae and
scale-Insects. The pupae are, like the larvae, of short inflated form. By
a remarkable coincidence, the pupae of two species bear a
considerable resemblance to the heads of monkeys, or mummies. The
Lycaenid pupa is usually extremely consolidated, destitute of
movement, and is supported—in addition to the attachment by the
cremaster—by a silk thread girdling the middle. There are exceptions to
these rules, and according to Mr. Robson the pupa of Tajuria diaeus
hangs free, suspended from a leaf, and can move the body at the spot
where the abdominal segments meet the wing-cases in the dorsal line.
[227]