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United States,
not including
cost of past
wars 76,295,220 152,068,100
100,000 1,520.00 1.99 80,034,335
1.04 233,102,435 3.03
United States,
including cost
of past wars 76,295,220 306,762,392
100,000 3,067.00 4.02 80,056,135
1.04 380,818,527 5.06

Congressional Record,
February 15, 1901, pages 2707-2709.

The following is an abstract of the British Army estimates for

1901-1902, submitted to Parliament in March, 1901, compared
with those of the previous year. They cover, of course, the
extraordinary expenditure incident to the South African war:

NET
ESTIMATES.

1901-1002.
1900-1901.

I. NUMBERS.
Total
Total
Numbers.
Numbers.
Number of men on the Home
and Colonial Establishments
of the Army, exclusive of
those serving 111 India. 450,000
430,000

II. EFFECTIVE SERVICES. £

£

Pay, &c., of Army (General

Staff, Regiments, Reserve, and
Departments). 21,657,500
18,450,000
Medical Establishment: Pay,&c. 1,083,600
908,000
Militia: Pay, Bounty, &c. 2,662,000
2,288,000
Yeomanry Cavalry: Pay and
Allowances. 375,000
141,000
Volunteer Corps: Pay and
Allowances. 1,230,000
1,730,000
Transport and Remounts. 15,977,000
19,800,000
Provisions, Forage and other
Supplies. 18,782,000
18,200,000
Clothing Establishments and
Services. 4,825,000
5,530,000
Warlike and other Stores:
Supply and Repair. 13,450,000
13,200,000
Works, Buildings, and Repairs:
Engineer Services. 3,281,000
4,730,700
Establishments for Military
Education. 119,200
113,800
Miscellaneous Effective Services 218,200
200,900
War Office: Salaries and
Miscellaneous Charges. 305,000
275,000

Total Effective Services. 83,970,500

85,573,400

III. NON-EFFECTIVE SERVICES.

Non-Effective Charges for

Officers, &c. 2,271,000
1,861,000
Non-Effective Charges for Men, &c. 1,485,000
l,379,000
Superannuation, Compensation,
and Compassionate Allowances. 188,500
186,000

Total Non-Effective Services. 3,944,500

3,426,000

Total Effective and

Non-Effective Services. 87,915,000
88,999,400

NOTE. The provision for Ordinary and War

Services is as follows:
 1901-02. 1900-01.

£ £
For War Services:
South Africa 56,070,000 61,286,700
China 2,160,000 3,450,000

Total 58,230,000 64,736,700

For Ordinary Services 29,685,000 24,262,700

Total 87,915,000 88,999,400

The British navy estimates for 1901-1902 amount to a net total

of £30,875,500, being an increase of £2,083,600 beyond the
amount of £28,791,900 voted for the year 1900-1901. The total
number of Officers, Seamen and Boys, Coastguard, and Royal
Marines, proposed for the year 1901-1902 is 118,635, being an
increase of 3,745.

The following statistics of the numerical strength and ratio

to population of the armies of twenty-two nations, compiled in
the War Department of the United States, were cited in the
debate in the United States Senate on the bill to increase the
strength of the United States Army, January 15, 1901. They
differ in some particulars, but not greatly, from the
corresponding figures given by Mr. McClellan:

"War Department, Adjutant-General's office, Washington, August

28, 1900. According to the latest available sources, which are
considered fairly reliable, the peace and war strength of the
armies of the nations mentioned below is stated to be as
follows:
NATION. PEACE STRENGTH. WAR
STRENGTH.
Officers. Men.

Austria-Hungary, 1899. 26,454 335,239

1,872,178
Belgium, 1899 3,472 48,030
163,000
Brazil, 1897 2,300 25,860
China 300,000
1,000,000 (a)
France, 1900 29,740 586,735
2,500,000 (b)

(a) Estimated.
(b) Available men liable to military service.

{697}

NATION. PEACE STRENGTH. WAR

STRENGTH.
Officers. Men.

Germany, 1899 23,230 562,266

3,000,000 (c)
Great Britain, 1900 11,904 241,237 (d)
503,484
Italy, 1898 14,084 310,602
1,304,854
Japan, 1898 6,356 115,673
407,963
Mexico, 1898 2,068 30,075
151,500
Persia 24,500
105,500
Portugal, 1899 1,804 30,000
157,126 (e)
Roumania 3,280 60,000
171,948
Russia, 1900 36,000 860,000
3,500,000 (f)
Servia, 1897 160,751
353,366
Spain, 1899 98,140
183,972
Sweden, 1899 2,513 37,639
327,000
Switzerland, 1899 (g)
509,707
Turkey, 1898 700,620
900,000
United States, 1900. 2,587 65,000
100,000

(c) Estimated on present organization to have

over 3,000,000
trained men. War strength not given.

(d) Of this number 74,288 are Indian troops.

(e) In addition there are maintained in the

colonies 9,478
officers and men.

(f) Approximately.
(g) No standing army.

"War Department, Adjutant General's office, Washington,

December 8, 1900. Peace strength of the armies, population, and
percentage of former to latter of the principal countries of the
world. This table is not strictly accurate at the present
time, because the dates of censuses vary. In preparing this
table the latest published census has been taken for
population, and the countries are arranged in order of their
percentages:

NATION. Peace Strength. Population.

Percentage.

France 616,475 38,517,975

1.6
Norway 30,900 2,000,917
1.54
Germany 585,896 52,279,901
1.1
Roumania 63,280 5,800,000
1.1
Italy 324,686 31,856,675
1
Greece 25,338 2,433,806
1
Servia 22,448 2,312,484
.97
Austria-Hungary 361,693 41,351,184
0.87
Sweden 40,152 5,062,918
.79
Belgium 51,502 6,669,732
.77
Russia. 896,000 128,932,113
.69
Great Britain
and Ireland. 259,141 38,104,975
.68
Turkey. 244,000 38,791,000
.63
Portugal 31,804 5,049,729
.62
Spain 98,140 17,565,632
.56
Netherlands 21,696 5,074,632
.54
Denmark 9,769 2,185,335
.45
Japan 122,029 43,745,353
.30
Mexico 32,143 12,630,863
.25
Brazil 28,160 14,338,915
.19
United States 67,587 76,295,220
.089
Switzerland (h) 3,119,635

(h) Switzerland has no standing army, but every citizen has to

bear arms. The first Class (élite), composed of men between
the ages of 20 and 32, has from forty to eighty days' training
the first year, and every second year thereafter sixteen days.
About 18,000 men join the elite annually.

In December, 1900, the British Board of Trade issued a return,

for the year 1899 (except as stated otherwise), of the "Naval
 expenditure and Mercantile Marine" of leading nations, from
which the following table is taken:

COUNTRIES. Aggregate Aggregate

Aggregate
Naval Revenue
Tonnage of
Expenditure
Mercantile
on Seagoing
Marine.
Force.

£ £
Tons.

Great Britain
(United Kingdom) 26,145,599 119,839,905
9,164,342
(1898-99) (Year ended
31st March,
1900)

Russian Empire 8,306,500

165,905,000 554,141

Germany 6,672,788
76,309,000 1,639,552
(1899-1900)
(1898)

Netherlands 1,133,664
10,416,000 302,224
(1899-1900)
(1898)

France 13,796,033
142,021,000 957,756

Portugal 749,226
11,474,000 129,522
(Year ended
(1898)
30th June, 1900)

Spain 1,133,664
34,633,000 637,924
(Year ended (1898-99)
(1897)
30th June, 1900)

Italy. 4,617,034
70,181,000 815,162
(Year ended (Year
ended (1898)
30th June, 1900) 30th June,
1899)

Austria-Hungary 1,403,441

Austria.
66,171,000 164,506
(1898)
(1898)
Hungary.
42,903,000 66,072

United States
(year ended
30th June) 9,840,912
127,288,000 848,246 (b).
(1900)

Japan 5,076,294
22,017,000 (a) 648,324
(1899-1900)
(1898)

NOTE.
(a) Includes the Chinese indemnity.

(b) Registered for foreign trade only.

WAR DEPARTMENT, The United States:

Investigation of its conduct in the war with Spain.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899.

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1897.

Completion of the building for the Library of Congress.

See (in this volume)

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

{698}

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1900 (December).

Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary.
 The 100th anniversary of the removal of the national capital
from Philadelphia to Washington was fittingly celebrated on
the 12th of December, 1900, by an imposing military parade and
by a notable assemblage in the House of Representatives, where
addresses were delivered and the principal exercises took
place. The President and the Vice President elect, members of
all branches of the public service, the Governors and
delegates from all the States and Territories, and various
other dignitaries, were present. The day of celebration was
not precisely that of the anniversary, but one chosen for
convenience to represent it. Under the law in 1800 the two
houses of Congress began their regular winter session about
two weeks earlier than they do now, and November 17 was set as
the date on which the VIth Congress should reassemble at the
new seat of Federal power. As neither house could have taken
part this year in anniversary ceremonies held on November 17,
a day was naturally chosen which should allow the legislative
branch its proper share in the centennial celebration. The
Executive Departments had, in fact, been partially installed
in the new District some time before the members of the VIth
Congress found their way to the unfinished Capitol. President
Adams, leaving Philadelphia on May 27, and travelling by a
circuitous route through Lancaster and Frederick, reached
Georgetown on June 3, 1800. He inspected the single wing of
the original Capitol, then far from finished, visited
Alexandria, at the southern extreme of the District, and after
a ten days stay in Georgetown departed for Massachusetts. The
President and Mrs. Adams returned to occupy the White House
early in November of the same year.

WAZIRIS, British-Indian wars with the.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1894, and 1897-1898.

WEI-HAI-WEI, Lease of the harbor of, by Great Britain.

 See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-JULY).

WELLMAN, Walter:
Second Arctic Expedition.

See (in this volume)

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1898-1899.

WELSH CHURCH:
Failure of Disestablishment Bill.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1895.

Appointment of a Governor-General of the French possessions.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1899.

Definition of British and German boundaries.

See (in this volume)

SAMOAN ISLANDS.

WEST INDIES, The British: A. D. 1897.

Report of a Royal Commission on the condition and prospects
of the sugar-growing colonies.

A state of increasing distress in most of the British West

India colonies, caused by the depression of the sugar-growing
industry, led to the appointment, in December, 1896, of a
Royal Commission "to make an inquiry into the condition and
prospects of the colonies of Jamaica, British Guiana, Trinidad
and Tobago, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and the
Leeward Islands, and to suggest such measures as appeared
calculated to restore and maintain the prosperity of these
colonies and their inhabitants." In the August following the
Commission made its report, with the following summary of
conclusions:

"a. The sugar industry in the West Indies is in danger of

great reduction, which in some colonies may be equivalent or
almost equivalent to extinction.

"b. The depression of the industry is due to the competition

of other sugar-producing countries and in a special degree to
the competition of beet sugar produced under a system of
bounties. It is also affected by high protective tariffs, and
by the competition of cane sugar, the production of which is
specially encouraged by the Governments concerned. The causes
of the depression may be described as permanent, inasmuch as
they are largely due to the policy of foreign countries, and
there is no indication that that policy is likely to be
abandoned in the immediate future.

"c. It is not due in any considerable degree to extravagance

in management, to imperfection in the process of manufacture,
or to inadequate supervision consequent on absentee
ownership, and the removal of these causes, wherever they
exist, would not enable it, generally, to be profitably
carried on under present conditions of competition. …

"d. The depression in the industry is causing sugar estates to

be abandoned, and will cause more estates to be abandoned, and
such abandonment is causing and will cause distress among the
labouring population, including a large number of East Indian
immigrants, and will seriously affect, for a considerable
time, the general prosperity of the sugar-producing Colonies,
and will render it impossible for some, and perhaps the
greater number of them, to provide, without external aid, for
 their own government and administration.

"e. If the production of sugar is discontinued or very largely

reduced, there is no industry or industries that could
completely replace it in such islands as Barbados, Antigua,
and St. Kitts, and be profitably carried on and supply
employment for the labouring population. In Jamaica, in
Trinidad, in British Guiana, in St. Lucia, in St. Vincent, and
to some extent in Montserrat and Nevis, the sugar industry may
in time be replaced by other industries, but only after the
lapse of a considerable period and at the cost of much
displacement of labour and consequent suffering. In Dominica
the sugar industry is not at the present day of great
importance. We think it right to add that in all Colonies
where sugar can be completely, or very largely, replaced by
other industries, the Colonies in question will be in a much
sounder position, both politically and economically, when they
have ceased to depend wholly, or to a very great extent, upon
the continued prosperity of a single industry.

"f. The total or partial extinction of the sugar industry

would, in most places, very seriously affect the condition of
the labouring classes for the worse, and would largely reduce
the revenue of the Colonies. In some places the loss of
revenue could be met to a limited extent by economies, but
this could not be done universally nor in a material degree in
most of the Colonies. Some of the Colonies could not provide
the necessary cost of administration, including the relief of
distressed and necessitous persons, or of the support and
repatriation (when necessary) of the East Indian immigrants,
without subventions from the mother country. Jamaica,
Trinidad, and Grenada may be expected to meet from their own
resources the whole of the expenditure that is likely to fall
on them.

{699}
"g. The best immediate remedy for the state of things which we
have shown to exist would be the abandonment of the bounty
system by continental nations. This change would in all
probability enable a large portion of the sugar-cane
cultivation to be carried on successfully, and would certainly
reduce the rate at which it will diminish. Looking, however,
to what appears to be the policy of the United States of
America, to the great cheapening of the cost of production of
beet sugar, and the fact that many countries appear to have
singled out the sugar industry as one which ought to be
artificially stimulated in various ways, it is not clear that,
even if the bounties were abolished, another crisis of a similar
character might not arise in the West Indies at a future day.

"11. A remedy which was strongly supported by witnesses

interested in the West Indian sugar estates was the imposition
of countervailing duties on bounty-fed sugar when imported
into the United Kingdom. …

"i. The special remedies or measures of relief which we

unanimously recommend are—

(1.) The settlement of the labouring population on small

plots of land as peasant proprietors.

(2.) The establishment of minor agricultural industries,

and the improvement of the system of cultivation,
especially in the case of small proprietors.

(3.) The improvement of the means of communication between

the different islands.

(4.) The encouragement of a trade in fruit with New York,

and, possibly, at a future time, with London.

(5.) The grant of a loan from the Imperial Exchequer for

the establishment of Central Factories in Barbados.
The subject of emigration from the distressed tracts also
requires the careful attention of the various Governments,
though we do not find ourselves at the present time in a
position to make recommendations in detail.

"j. We estimate the cost of the special remedies recommended

in (2) (3) and (4) of i, at £27,000 a year for ten years, the
expenditure to be borne by the mother country. We estimate the
amount of the loan to Barbados for the erection of central
factories at £120,000. This measure no doubt involves the risk
of loss. Grants will be required in Dominica and St. Vincent
for roads, and to enable the settlement of the labouring
population on the land to be carried out, and their amount may
be taken at £30,000. A further grant of about £60,000 is
required to clear off the floating debt in some of the smaller
islands. In addition, the smaller islands should receive grants
to enable them to meet their ordinary expenditure of an
obligatory nature. The amount may be placed at £20,000 a year
for five years, and possibly a reduced amount for a further
period of five years. The expenditure which we are able to
estimate may be summarized as follows:—

(1.) A grant of £27,000 a year for ten years.

(2.) A grant of £20,000 a year for five years.

(3.) Immediate grants of £60,000 and £30,000, or £90,000 in

all.

(4.) A loan of £120,000 to Barbados for the establishment

of central factories."

On a proposal for the federation of the West India colonies

the Commission reported unfavorably, for the reason that the
colonies are too widely scattered and differ too greatly in
conditions for an efficient or economical common government.
"Nor does it seem to us," says the report, "that the very
important Island of Jamaica, which is separated by many
hundreds of miles of sea from all the other West Indian
Colonies, could dispense with a separate Governor, even if
there should be a Governor-General; whilst the circumstances
of British Guiana and Trinidad almost equally demand the
constant presence and attention of an Administrator of
Governor's rank. It might be possible, without disadvantage,
to make some reduction in the number of higher officials in
the smaller islands, and we are disposed to think that it
would be conducive to efficiency and economy if the islands of
the Windward Group, that is, Grenada and the Grenadines, St.
Vincent and St. Lucia, were again placed under the Governor of
Barbados, as they were for many years previous to 1885. We are
also disposed to think that the Island of Dominica, which is
not much further than Grenada from Barbados, and which, in its
physical, social and industrial conditions partakes more of
the character of the Windward Islands than of that of the
other Leeward Islands, might be placed under this Government
instead of being considered one of the Leeward Group. It
might, indeed, be found possible to bring the whole of the
Leeward Islands under the same Government as Barbados and the
Windward Islands, and thus effect a further economy."
Great Britain,
Parliamentary Publications
(Papers by Command;
C.-8655, 1897, pages 69-70, and 23).

With the sanction of Parliament, most of the recommendations

of the Commission were promptly carried out. Provision was
made for the construction of roads in the islands; for
subsidising steamer lines between the several islands and
between Jamaica, Canada and London; for developing the
cultivation of fruits and other crops by a botanical
department; for establishing model factories for the better
and cheaper working of sugar cane; and for wiping off certain
debts which were a cause of distress to some of the poorer
islands. In these measures the imperial government undertook
obligations which might, it was said, involve the payment of
£200,000.

WEST INDIES: A. D. 1899-1901.

Reciprocity arrangement with the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA; and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

At Barcelona.

See (in this volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

 Administration in Cuba.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

Appointed Captain-General of Madrid.

See (in this volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

WHEATON, General:
Military operations in the Philippine Islands.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY-NOVEMBER).

WHITE, Andrew D.:

American Commissioner to the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

WILDMAN, Rounseville:
Report of proposals from Philippine insurgents in 1897.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER).

{700}

WILHELMINA, Queen of the Netherlands:

Enthronement and marriage.

See (in this volume)

NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1808, and 1901.