Advanced Organic Waste Management:

Sustainable Practices and Approaches

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
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 Advanced Organic
Waste Management
 Advanced Organic
Waste Management
Sustainable Practices and Approaches

Edited by

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute
of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States

Subrata Hait
Department of Civil and of Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Patna, Bihar, India
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Contents

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

PART 1 Organic Waste: Generation, Composition, and Health Hazards

CHAPTER 1 Organic waste: generation, composition and valorisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Dharmendra
1.1 Introduction . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 3
1.2 Sources, composition and characterization of the solid waste . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 3
1.2.1 Source-based classification . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 4
1.2.2 Type-based classification . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 5
1.2.3 Generation, composition and characterization of the solid waste . .. ... .. .. .. . 6
1.3 Wastes as a wealth and source of income . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 12
1.4 Valorization of organic solid waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Conclusions .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 13
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 13
CHAPTER 2 Open dumping of organic waste: Associated fire, environmental
pollution and health hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Digambar Chavan, Shashi Arya and Sunil Kumar
2.1 Introduction . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 15
2.1.1 Problems associated with the organic waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Existing status of organic waste management .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 16
2.2 Fires at MSW landfills . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 16
2.2.1 Health hazards of landfill fires . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 20
2.2.2 Landfill fires impact on surrounding environment .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 21
2.3 Existing status of municipal solid waste management system . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 22
2.3.1 GHGs emissions ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 22
2.3.2 Organic waste degradation and its contribution to the greenhouse effect ... 23
2.4 Challenges and opportunities for organic waste treatment .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 24
2.4.1 Composting of organic waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 Biomethanation .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 25
2.4.3 Organic waste diversion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Approach required for sustainable organic waste management . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 26
2.6 Conclusion .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 28
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 28

v
vi Contents

PART 2 Resource Recovery from Organic Waste

CHAPTER 3 Composting and vermicomposting: Process optimization
for the management of organic waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Suryateja Pottipati, Ranjit Chakma, Izharul Haq and Ajay S Kalamdhad
3.1 Introduction .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 33
3.2 Compositing .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 34
3.2.1 Substrates suitable for compost .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 34
3.3 Types of composting and time optimization .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 35
3.3.1 Rotary drum composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.2 Vermicomposting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Conclusion ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 39
Acknowledgments . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 40
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 40
CHAPTER 4 Composting techniques: utilization of organic wastes
in urban areas of Indian cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Krishna Chaitanya Maturi, Izharul Haq and Ajay S. Kalamdhad
4.1 Introduction .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 43
4.2 Municipal solid waste management in Indian scenario . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 44
4.3 Composting practices in urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4 Factors effecting urban composting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5 Recovery of resources from urban waste through composting process .. ... .. .. .. ... 50
4.6 Conclusion ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 52
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 52
CHAPTER 5 Challenges and opportunities for disposal of floral waste in
developing countries by using composting method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Kunwar D. Yadav, Dayanand Sharma and Rajnikant Prasad
5.1 Introduction .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 55
5.2 Sources of flower waste . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 58
5.3 Types of flower used for worship . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. 61
5.3.1 Jasmine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.2 Lotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.3 Hibiscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.4 Rose .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4 Significance of flower waste management . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 61
5.5 Flower waste management using different technique in current scenario . .. ... .. .. . 62
5.6 Utilization of various composting process using the different composting . ... .. .. . 63
5.6.1 Methods of composting .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 63
 Contents vii

5.7 Case studies of composting of flower waste at SVNIT, Surat, India .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 71
5.8 Conclusion .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 74
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 74
CHAPTER 6 Valorization of industrial solid waste through novel
biological treatment methods – integrating different composting
techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Jayeeta Hazarika and Meena Khwairakpam
6.1 Introduction . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 77
6.2 Composting methodologies . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 79
6.2.1 Rotary drum composting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2.2 Vermicomposting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3 Implications of previous studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3.1 Composting of paper mill sludge .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 81
6.3.2 Vermicomposting of PPMS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.4 Evaluation of integrated rotary drum and vermicomposting process .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 87
6.4.1 Compost quality .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 87
6.5 Conclusion .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 89
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 89
CHAPTER 7 Vermicomposting of organic wastes by earthworms: Making
wealth from waste by converting ‘garbage into gold’ for farmers .. 93
Shweta Singh and Rajiv K. Sinha
7.1 Introduction: mounting organic wastes – Growing economic and
environmental burden on nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2 Organic wastes that can be vermicomposted on large scale by earthworms . .. .. ... 95
7.3 Species of waste-eater earthworms which can efficiently biodegrade .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 97
7.4 Mechanism of worm action in vermicomposting of organic wastes .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . 99
7.5 Some key considerations in vermicomposting of organic wastes by earthworms . 100
7.6 Some conditions essential for efficient action of earthworms to degrade the
organic wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.7 Vermicomposting of organic wastes on commercial scale .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.7.1 Some systems for vermicomposting of organic wastes
on commercial scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.7.2 Windrows vermicomposting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.7.3 Wedge vermicomposting system .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 105
7.7.4 Bed vermicomposting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.7.5 Box vermicomposting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.8 Nations in world promoting vermicomposting technology . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 106
viii Contents

7.9 Social, economic and environmental benefits of vermicomposting

organic waste - Reducing the cost of construction and disposal of wastes
in landfills, producing health protective organic foods and huge
earthworm’s biomass for their uses in production of vermi-meals,
vermi-medicines, vermi-detergents and lubricants .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 108
7.9.1 The social benefits .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 108
7.9.2 The economic benefits . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 108
7.9.3 The environmental benefits . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 111
7.10 Some problems encountered during vermi-composting of organic wastes
and their solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.11 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 112
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 115
CHAPTER 8 Current problems of vermistabilization as a sustainable
strategy for recycling of excess sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Kui Huang, Hui Xia, Guangyu Cui and Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
8.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 121
8.2 Vermistabilization for sludge .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 122
8.2.1 Vermi-wetland of excess sludge .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 122
8.2.2 Vermicomposting of dewatered sludge . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 123
8.3 Operation problems of vermistabilization .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.3.1 Vermi-wetland problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.3.2 Vermicomposting problems .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.4 Problems of environmental risks in sludge vermicompost .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 127
8.5 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 128
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 129
CHAPTER 9 Recent advances in composting and vermicomposting
techniques in the cold region: resource recovery, challenges,
and way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Sareeka Kumari, Vivek Manyapu and Rakshak Kumar
9.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 131
9.2 Recent composting methods adopted in the cold region . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 133
9.2.1 In-vessel composting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.2.2 Psychrophilic microbes . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 136
9.2.3 Psychrophilic earthworms .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 138
9.3 Composting operations .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 138
9.3.1 Substrate pretreatments .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 138
9.3.2 Insulation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.3.3 Additives .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.3.4 Carrier materials .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
 Contents ix

9.3.5 Compost curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

9.4 Marketing potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.5 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 145
9.6 Future aspects . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 145
Acknowledgment . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 145
Author statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 146
CHAPTER 10 Resource recovery and value addition of terrestrial weeds
through vermicomposting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chaichi Devi and Meena Khwairakpam
10.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 155
10.2 Vermicomposting of selected weeds .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 159
10.2.1 Study material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10.2.2 Experimental design .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 159
10.2.3 Sampling and analysis .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 160
10.2.4 Statistical analysis .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 160
10.2.5 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.3 Conclusions .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 171
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 172
CHAPTER 11 Composting and vermicomposting of obnoxious weeds -
A novel approach for the degradation of allelochemicals ........... 175
Heena Kauser and Meena Khwairakpam
11.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 175
11.1.1 Invasion process .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 176
11.1.2 Allelopathic interaction of weeds in ecosystem .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 176
11.2 Indian terrestrial weeds and their ecological effects .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 177
11.2.1 Parthenium hysterophorus .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 177
11.2.2 Chromolaena odorata . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 180
11.2.3 Lantana camara .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
11.3 Composting and vermicomposting– best practice to manage terrestrial weeds .. . 183
11.3.1 Composting technology ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 183
11.3.2 Vermicomposting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.4 Conclusions .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 186
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 186
CHAPTER 12 Vermicomposting and bioconversion approaches towards the
sustainable utilization of palm oil mill waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Parveen Fatemeh Rupani, Hossain M. Zabed and Jorge Domínguez
12.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 193
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12.2 Vermicomposting of palm oil mill waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

12.3 Palm oil mill waste vermicompost as a soil amendment ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 196
12.4 Bioenergy potential of palm oil mill waste ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 198
12.5 Conclusion and future work .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 200
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 201

PART 3 Energy Recovery from Organic Waste

CHAPTER 13 Composition, characteristics and challenges of OFMSW
for biogas production: Influence of mechanism and operating
parameters to improve digestion process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Nikita Kanaujia and Jiwan Singh
13.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 207
13.2 Compositional characteristics of OFMSW ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 208
13.3 Challenges in the optimization of waste through AD .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 209
13.3.1 Role of inhibitors in anaerobic digestion .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 211
13.4 Operating parameter/factors affecting the AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
13.4.1 pH .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
13.4.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
13.4.3 Retention time .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
13.4.4 Organic loading rate (ORL) . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 213
13.4.5 Substrates . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 214
13.4.6 Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C:N) Ratio ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 214
13.5 Technologies used for improved biogas production .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 214
13.5.1 Physical pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.5.2 Chemical pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
13.5.3 Physicochemical pretreatment ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 217
13.5.4 Biological pre-treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
13.6 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 219
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 220
CHAPTER 14 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion for biogas production:
a review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Induchoodan TG, Izharul Haq and Ajay S Kalamdhad
14.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 223
14.2 Anaerobic digestion .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 223
14.2.1 Biochemical methane potential test . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 225
14.2.2 Anaerobic reactors .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 226
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14.3 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 227
14.3.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14.3.2 pH .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14.3.3 C/N ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14.3.4 Organic loading rate (OLR) .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 229
14.3.5 Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.3.6 Trace elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.4 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 230
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 230
CHAPTER 15 Recent advancements in anaerobic digestion: A Novel
approche for waste to energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Arun Sathyan, Izharul Haq, Ajay S Kalamdhad and Meena Khwaraikpam
15.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 233
15.2 Anaerobic digestion . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 235
15.3 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 237
15.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
15.5 Methods to enhance ad process .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 238
15.5.1 Pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
15.5.2 Co-Digeston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
15.6 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 242
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 242
CHAPTER 16 Solid state anaerobic digestion of organic waste for the
generation of biogas and bio manure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Vijayalakshmi Arelli, Sudharshan Juntupally, Sameena Begum and
Gangagni Rao Anupoju
16.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 247
16.2 Anaerobic digestion (AD) .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 248
16.2.1 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
16.2.2 Acidogenesis . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 249
16.2.3 Acetogenesis ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 249
16.2.4 Methanogenesis ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 250
16.3 Critical factors influencing the AD process .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 250
16.4 Influence of substrate type on AD process . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 251
16.4.1 Low solids v/s high solids feedstock . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 252
16.5 Classification of anaerobic digestion process based on solids concentration .. ... . 253
16.5.1 Wet anaerobic digestion process (WAD) . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 253
16.5.2 Solid state anaerobic digestion process (SSAD) .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 256
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16.6 Operational strategies to overcome the SSAD limitations . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 258
16.6.1 Impeller mixing and rheology . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 259
16.6.2 Recirculation of slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
16.6.3 Gas purging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
16.7 Technologies available on solid state anaerobic digestion . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 260
16.7.1 Batch solid state anaerobic digestion systems .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 260
16.7.2 Technologies available on batch solid state anaerobic systems . .. .. .. ... .. 260
16.7.3 Continuous solid state anaerobic digestion systems . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 262
16.7.4 Technologies available for continuous solids state anaerobic digestion . .. 263
16.8 Enhanced hydrolysis of high solid substrates . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 266
16.8.1 Pre-treatment of substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.8.2 Co-digestion of substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
16.9 Conclusions and scope for future research .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 270
Acknowledgment . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 270
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 270
CHAPTER 17 Use of petroleum refinery sludge for the production of
biogas as an alternative energy source: a review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Shinjini Paul Choudhury, Biswanath Saha, Izharul Haq and
Ajay S Kalamdhad
17.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 277
17.2 Growing demand of oil and need for alternative energy sources .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 279
17.2.1 Generation of petroleum refinery sludge . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 280
17.2.2 Classification of petroleum refinery sludge .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 280
17.2.3 Formation of petroleum refinery sludge . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 281
17.2.4 Petroleum refinery sludge treatment and oil recovery methods . .. .. .. ... .. 281
17.2.5 Petroleum sludge disposal methods .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 281
17.2.6 Anaerobic digestion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 283
17.2.7 Pretreatment techniques ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 286
17.2.8 Biogas reactors . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . 291
17.3 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 293
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 293
CHAPTER 18 A review on hydrothermal pretreatment of sewage sludge:
energy recovery options and major challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Diwakar Kumar Singh and Anurag Garg
18.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 297
18.2 Thermal hydrolysis (TH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
18.2.1 Mechanism of thermal hydrolysis .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 298
18.2.2 Research studies on TH process .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 299
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18.3 Wet oxidation (WO) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

18.3.1 Mechanism of WO ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 301
18.3.2 Research studies on WO process .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 301
18.4 Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 304
18.4.1 Mechanism of HTC .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 304
18.4.2 Research studies on HTC process .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 3044
18.5 Commercial systems in market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
18.5.1 TH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
18.5.2 WO .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.5.3 HTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.6 Gaps and scope for future research .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 309
18.7 Conclusions .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 310
Acknowledgements .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 311
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 311
Web References . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 313
CHAPTER 19 Bioreactor landfills: sustainable solution for disposal of
municipal solid waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Abhishek N Srivastava and Sumedha Chakma
19.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 315
19.2 Dry tomb Vs bioreactor landfill .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 317
19.3 Key design criteria for bioreactor landfill .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 317
19.3.1 Cell design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
19.3.2 Liner and cover system .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
19.3.3 MSW digestate density consideration .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 319
19.3.4 Leachate recirculation and management . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 319
19.4 Utilization of LFG for electricity generation .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 321
19.5 Sustainability of bioreactor landfill .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 322
19.5.1 Advantageous co-disposal of wastes in landfill bioreactor . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 322
19.5.2 Leachate strength reduction and treatment .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 323
19.5.3 Settlement and postclosure monitoring .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 323
19.6 Conclusions .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 324
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 324

PART 4 Environmental Management Tools for Organic Waste

CHAPTER 20 An approach for integrating sustainable development goals (SDGs)
through organic waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Shashi Arya, Digambar Chavan, Shilpa Vishwakarma and Sunil Kumar
20.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 331
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20.2 Organic waste generation .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 333
20.2.1 Existing scenarios of organic waste management .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 335
20.3 Challenges and opportunities associated with the organic waste management ... . 335
20.3.1 Lack of skill and information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
20.3.2 Lack of funds and infrastructure .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 336
20.3.3 Political conflicts . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 336
20.3.4 Poor or negligible implantation of rules . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 337
20.3.5 Lack of technical and coordination . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 337
20.3.6 Lack of awareness .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 337
20.3.7 Unavailability of advanced technologies and equipment’s . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 338
20.4 Potential benefits articulated towards health and safety environment .. .. .. ... .. .. . 338
20.4.1 Extended employment opportunities . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. . 338
20.4.2 Clean water and sanitation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
20.4.3 Good health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
20.4.4 Decent work and economic growth . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 339
20.4.5 Industry, innovation and infrastructure .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 340
20.4.6 Sustainable cities and communities . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 340
20.4.7 Responsible consumption and production . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 340
20.4.8 Affordable and clean energy .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 341
20.4.9 Climate action .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
20.5 Integrating sustainability with organic waste management for
sustainable livelihood . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 341
20.5.1 Sanitation worker at your door step ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 343
20.5.2 Smart city innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
20.5.3 Formalizing informal recyclers and rag pickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
20.5.4 Youth engagement and community awareness .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 347
20.6 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 347
Declaration of competing interest .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Acknowledgement ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 348
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 348
CHAPTER 21 Application of remote sensing and GIS in integrated solid
waste management - a short review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Suresh Kumar Gurjar and Abhishek Gaur
21.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 351
21.2 Role of GIS and RS in ISWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
21.3 Application of GIS and RS in ISWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
21.3.1 Estimation of waste generation and clustering . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 354
21.3.2 Identification of preferred location of temporary or primary
storage and transfer stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
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21.3.3 Optimization of waste collection route and transportation .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 355
21.3.4 Identification of suitable sites for processing and landfill . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 356
21.4 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 357
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 358

PART 5 Innovative Practices for Circular Bioeconomy in Organic Waste

Management
CHAPTER 22 Circular system of resource recovery and reverse logistics
approach: key to zero waste and zero landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Abhishek Gaur, Suresh Kumar Gurjar and Sangeeta Chaudhary
22.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 365
22.2 Concept and philosophy of zero waste . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 366
22.3 Zero landfill concept ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 369
22.4 Implementation of zero waste program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
22.4.1 ECO design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
22.4.2 Identify resources within the waste stream and make a plan .. ... .. .. .. ... 370
22.4.3 Sorting of waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
22.4.4 Circular loops .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 370
22.4.5 Explore and apply waste reduction . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 371
22.4.6 Insist on producer responsibility . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 371
22.4.7 Stimulate the market for recycled and reusable products .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 371
22.4.8 Fund local and regional diversion and resource recovery initiatives .. .. . 371
22.5 Life cycle management and assessment (LCA) . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 371
22.5.1 Benefits of LCA .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 372
22.5.2 Limitations of LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
22.6 Reverse logistics approach . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 373
22.7 Green engineering principles . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 373
22.7.1 Principle 1: inherent rather than circumstantial .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 373
22.7.2 Principle 2: prevention instead of treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
22.7.3 Principle 3: design for separation . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 374
22.7.4 Principle 4: maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency . .. .. ... .. 374
22.7.5 Principle 5: output-pulled versus input-pushed .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 374
22.7.6 Principle 6: conserve complexity ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 374
22.7.7 Principle 7: durability rather than immortality .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 374
22.7.8 Principle 8: meet need, minimize excess .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . 374
22.7.9 Principle 9: minimize material diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
22.7.10 Principle 10: integrate local material and energy flows . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 374
22.7.11 Principle 11: design for commercial “afterlife” .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 375
22.7.12 Principle 12: renewable rather than depleting . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 375
xvi Contents

22.8 Polluter pays principle .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 375
22.9 Extended producer responsibility .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 375
22.10 Zero waste index .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
22.11 Zero waste management strategies at industrial level . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 377
22.12 Benefits and challenges in implementation of zero waste philosophy . .. .. ... .. .. . 377
22.12.1 Benefits to the community . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 378
22.12.2 Economic and financial benefits . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 378
22.12.3 Benefits to the environment . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 378
22.12.4 Benefits to the industry . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 378
22.13 Critical success factors for ‘‘Zero waste” . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 378
22.13.1 Critical success factors ways to done .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 379
22.14 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 380
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 380
CHAPTER 23 Sustainable waste management approach: A paradigm shift
towards zero waste into landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Saurabh Shukla and Ramsha Khan
23.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 381
23.2 Need of the paradigm shift towards zero waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
23.3 Strategic steps towards zero waste paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
23.3.1 Avoiding and minimizing waste generation . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 385
23.3.2 Management and treatment of waste .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 387
23.3.3 Regular monitoring and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
23.4 Issues in zero waste strategy development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
23.5 Application and limitations of the ZW framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
23.6 Current scenario in smart cities .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 390
23.7 Conclusion . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 391
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 392
CHAPTER 24 Current trends and future challenges in smart waste
management in smart cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Divya Vani Koraganji, Ravali Garimella and Prameela Kandra
24.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 395
24.2 Waste management .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 395
24.2.1 Industry trends in waste management . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 396
24.2.2 High- end Technology for waste management . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 396
24.2.3 Waste to energy .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 397
24.2.4 Regulations for collecting and processing waste . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 397
24.3 Treatments and disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
24.3.1 Fuel produced from MSW . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 398
24.3.2 Land filling ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 398
 Contents xvii

24.4 What is the need? . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 399
24.5 Waste management in smart cities . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 399
24.6 Sustainability framework . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 401
24.7 Future developments .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
24.8 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 403
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 403
CHAPTER 25 Smart waste management practices in smart cities: Current
trends and future perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Saurabh Shukla and Subrata Hait
25.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 407
25.2 Waste management practices . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 409
25.2.1 Waste characterization ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 409
25.2.2 Waste quantification .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 410
25.2.3 Waste management . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 410
25.3 Integration of technologies for waste management in smart cities . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 411
25.3.1 Spatial technologies . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 411
25.3.2 Identification technologies ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 411
25.3.3 Data acquisition technologies . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 412
25.3.4 Data communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
25.4 Integrated framework for smart waste management practices . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 412
25.4.1 Module 1: product lifecycle data collation framework .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 413
25.4.2 Module 2: minimization of waste generation through
innovative ideas by aware and responsible citizens . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 414
25.4.3 Module 3: optimal infrastructure with intelligent and sensor-based
technologies for effective segregation, real-time collection,
and recycling of waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
25.5 Factors affecting the integrated framework of smart waste management
practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
25.6 Uncertainties associated with smart waste management .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 418
25.7 Future prospects . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 418
25.8 Conclusion .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 420
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 420
CHAPTER 26 Waste management of rural slaughterhouses in
developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Shantanu Bhunia, Ankita Bhowmik and Joydeep Mukherjee
26.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 425
26.2 Challenges in organic waste recycling . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 427
26.2.1 Segregation of waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
26.2.2 High moisture content . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . 429
xviii Contents

26.2.3 Presence of infectious pathogens .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 430
26.2.4 Removal of pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
26.3 Treatment alternatives of slaughterhouse waste .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 432
26.3.1 Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
26.3.2 Rendering . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 433
26.3.3 Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
26.3.4 Anaerobic digestion . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 435
26.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
26.3.6 Enzymatic management .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 437
26.3.7 Drying treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
26.4 Achievement of circular bioeconomy through waste valorization .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 439
26.5 Conclusion and recommendations . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. . 441
Acknowledgements ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 441
References . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 441

PART 6 Transition Towards Sustainability

CHAPTER 27 An emerging trend in waste management of COVID-19 .............. 451
Lakshmi Mounica Kondepudi, Shreya Pusapati, Murali Mohan Challa
and Prameela Kandra
27.1 Introduction .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 451
27.2 Transmission, symptoms, data of COVID-19 disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
27.3 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 453
27.3.1 Social impacts .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 453
27.3.2 Economic impacts . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 454
27.3.3 Healthcare impacts .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 454
27.3.4 Impact of COVID-19 on the waste management sector .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 454
27.4 Types of protective systems being used .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 455
27.5 Biomedical wastes generated during COVID-19 and their effects . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 457
27.6 Treatments for biomedical wastes generated during COVID-19 . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 460
27.6.1 Collection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
27.6.2 Disinfection technologies employed to treat bio-medical waste
(BMW or COVID-waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
27.6.3 Thermal based technologies .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 461
27.6.4 Chemical based technologies .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 462
27.6.5 Irradiative methods .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 463
27.6.6 Mechanical methods .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . 463
27.6.7 Biological methods .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 464
27.7 Future outlook and challenges .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . 464
27.7.1 General modifications - to tackle the crisis better .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 465
 Contents xix

27.8 Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 469
CHAPTER 28 Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management practices:
Challenges, opportunities, and strategies towards sustainability 473
Neha Parashar, Subrata Hait and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
28.1 Introduction . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 473
28.2 The global overview of the solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic . .. .. ... . 475
28.2.1 Pandemic induced surge in the solid waste generation .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 475
28.2.2 Implications of COVID-19 on food supply chain and related
food waste generation . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . 476
28.3 Solid waste management and the COVID-19 pandemic . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 478
28.3.1 Challenges of solid waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic 478
28.3.2 Policies and guidelines for managing COVID-19 related solid waste .. . 480
28.3.3 Opportunities and strategies for sustainable solid waste management .. . 483
28.4 Future prospects . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . 485
28.5 Conclusions .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 485
References .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. 486

Index ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Contributors

Gangagni Rao Anupoju

Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environ-
mental Engineering (DEEE) CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Vijayalakshmi Arelli
Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environ-
mental Engineering (DEEE) CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Shashi Arya
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Sameena Begum
Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environ-
mental Engineering (DEEE) CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
Ankita Bhowmik
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Shantanu Bhunia
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Ranjit Chakma
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
Sumedha Chakma
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Murali Mohan Challa
Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM (Deemed to be University),
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Digambar Chavan
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra,
India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sangeeta Chaudhary
Department of Geography, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Shinjini Paul Choudhury
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India

xxi
xxii Contributors

Guangyu Cui
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Dharmendra
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Chaichi Devi
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya,
India
Jorge Domínguez
Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Anurag Garg
Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bom-
bay, Mumbai, India
Ravali Garimella
Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University),
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abhishek Gaur
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India;
Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Suresh Kumar Gurjar
Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Subrata Hait
Department of Civil and of Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar,
India
Izharul Haq
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
Jayeeta Hazarika
Department of Civil Engineering (Environmental Division), IIT Guwahati, Assam, India
Kui Huang
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark,
NJ, United States
Sudharshan Juntupally
Bio Engineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Group, Department of Energy and Environ-
mental Engineering (DEEE) CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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 Götrik Fincke nousi ylös lähteäksensä Filippuksen puheille.

— Ennen mentyänne, herra Götrik, tyhjentäkäämme ensimäinen

maljamme, sanoi Olavi, viitaten Gretchenille, joka heti toi esille
hopeatarjottimen, johon ennakolta oli ladottu kalliita, viinillä täytettyjä
maljoja.

Gretchen asetti tarjottimen pöydälle, pani toisen suuremmista

maljoista
Fincken, toisen Olavin eteen ja tarjosi kolmannen, pienimmän pikarin
Ebballe, peräytyen sitten kunnioittaen taemmaksi.

He joivat kaikki pohjaan, ja Fincke poistui, luvaten pian palata.

Olavi käski Gretchenin ja palvelijain odottaa kyökissä ruokineen,
kunnes hän toisin määräisi.

Tuskin olivat Olavi ja Ebba jääneet kahden kesken, kun Ebba

yht'äkkiä huutaa parkaisi. Olavi oli käynyt kuoleman kalpeaksi, silmät
oli tunkea kuopistaan ja kasvot vääristyivät kivusta. Ebban
huutaessa tuli Gretchen sisään.

— Hän kuolee! huusi Ebba, kauhistuneena rientäen huoneesta

ulos.

— Auttakaa! Minä palan! ähkyi Olavi. Ken on tehnyt mulle tämän?

Gretchen astui lähemmälle.

— Sen olen minä tehnyt, sanoi hän pannen kätensä ristiin

rinnoille.

— Olavi katsoi häneen terävästi, läpi-lävistävin silmin.

 — Sinä? suhisi hän.

— Niin, vastasi Gretchen, minä juuri. Näin sinun kaatavan jotakin

mustaa nestettä Ebba neitsyen maljaan. Tiesin kyllä ett’et sitä tehnyt
mitään hyvää tarkoittaen, ja niinpä vaihdoin viinin.

— Miksikä, miksikä teit tämän? kuiskasi Olavi, väännellessään

sinne tänne ja kylmän hien pihkuessa hänen otsastaan.

— Miksikö? Siksi että olen nähnyt, miten sinä olet ollut täynnäsi
pahuutta kuin myrkyllinen, käärme. Sinä et edes voinut pitää kavalia
hankkeitasi salassa; sinulla piti oleman joku, jolle aiheesi ilmoittaisit,
voidaksesi jo edeltäkäsin riemuita pahuuttasi. Arvaappas mitä minä
tunsin puhuessasi, miten etsit sopivaa tilaisuutta saattaaksesi Niilo
Iivarinpoikaa hengiltä. Hän, jota minä rakastin ja jonka puolesta
mielelläni olisin mennyt kuolemaan. Minä varoitin häntä, mutta hän ei
ymmärtänyt varoitustani, vaan on nyt kuolleena.

Hän kallisti alakuloisesti päätänsä, mutta nosti sen heti jälleen

pystyyn.

— Ja mitä annoitkaan kerran minulle juoda? Minua hirvittää vielä

sitä ajatellessani. Ooh, tunnen sen asian varsin hyvin. Olen
Saksassa monta kertaa kuullut, miten velhot moisella juomalla
kulkevat Kyöpelin-vuorelle. Minkä tähden teit minulle sen? Tahdoitko
myydä minut saatanalle ja, varastaa minulta ijankaikkista autuuttani?
Mutta minä olen itkenyt ja rukoillut, ja perkele on minusta jälleen
lähtenyt, vaikka jo olin hänen kourissansa ja kauvan kannoin hänen
merkkiänsä punaisena pilkkuna olkapäällään Ja mitä ai'oit tehdä
nyt? Niilo Iivarinpojan morsiamen, jalon Fincke herran kauniin
tyttären tahdoit minun sijastani myydä paholaiselle, ostaaksesi
tämän tytön viattomalla sielulla hänen apunsa. Ja tämänkö sallisin
tapahtua? Hänetkö antaisin sinun, ilkeiden tarkoitustesi
täyttämiseksi, uhrata ikuisen kadotuksen tuskille, niinkuin minutkin
tahdoit uhrata? Minä vaihdoin viinin, itse olet juonut suuhusi noita-
juoman.

Tyttösen näin puhuessa kiivaalla ja suuttuneella äänellä, oli Olavi

vain tuijottanut häneen, ja vaahtoa kokoutui hänen huulilleen.
Horkansetki sai hänestä kiinni, jalat vääntyivät väärään, sormet
tarttuivat jäykkinä pöytäliinankulmaan. Mies vaivainen putosi kovan
suonenvedon vallassa lattiaan, vetäen perästänsä pöytäliinat, astiat
ja viinimaljat.

Nyt törmäsivät, melusta peljästyneinä, palvelijat sisään. He kokivat

nostaa Olavia pystyyn. Hän avasi silmänsä ja tuijotti tylsästi
ympärilleen, kunnes hänen katseensa kohtasi Gretchenin, joka
kalpeana ja peloissaan nojausi viereisen tuolin selkälautaa vasten.

— Sinä — sinä — olet minut murhannut, huusi hän, törmäsi ylös ja

tarttui häntä rintaan.

Röijyn sametti halkesi, ja hämmästyen näkivät palvelijat että

Olavin kamaripoika oli nainen.

— Noita-akka — — juotti — mulle — myrkkyä! äkkäsi Olavi.

Hän vaipui lattialle, taasen kovan suonenvedon väristyksissä.

Filippus Kern, jota oli lähetetty noutamaan ja joka oli rientänyt

paikalle ynnä Fincken kanssa, otti pienestä vaskirasiasta, jota hän
aina kantoi taskussaan, kolme rippileipää, joissa oli kolme ristin
muotoista merkkiä kussakin, vasta-syntyneiden karitsain verellä
siihen piirrettyjä.
 Hän koki saada ne sisään Olavin kovasti yhteen-purtujen
hampaiden välistä.

— Jos hän nielaisee ne, on hän pelastettu! mumisi Filippus.

— Sitokaa tuo tuossa! huusi hän sitten, osoittaen Gretcheniä. Hän

on myrkyttänyt hänet. Hän on velho!

Palvelijat ymmärsivät yhdestä sanasta. Gretchenin peljästys asian

äkkinäisestä lopusta, kuolevan sanat ja etupäässä se seikka, että
hän oli nainen, todistivat häntä vastaan. Gretchen pantiin kiinni.
Seuraavana päivänä oli hän vietävä kaupungin vankilaan.

Samassa astui Niilo sisään, juuri kun Olavi taasen aukasi silmänsä
ja puoleksi kohosi jaloilleen.

— Kavaltaja, huusi hänelle Niilo. Niin, tuijota minuun, sinä

kelvoton.
Ilkeät vehkeesi eivät onnistuneet. Tunnen kaikki kemialliset
hankkeesi.
Kauvan olet välttänyt rangaistusta, mutta nyt saat, kun saatkin,
tekojesi palkan.

Ebba oli viereisestä huoneesta kuullut Niilon äänen ja riensi nyt

riemuiten hänen syliinsä. Liikutuksen vallassa painoi hänet Niilo
rinnalleen, hellästi suudellen noita onnesta loistavia kasvoja.

Olavi Sverkerinpoika koki vielä nousta. Hänen silmänsä kiiluivat

vihaa, ja hän nosteli nyrkkiänsä. Mutta väristen vaipui hän jälleen
maahan.

— Kirje… korisi hän, ja kasvoille lensi kuolemantuska.

 Taasen tuli hänelle kova suonenveto. Tämän tauottua kävivät
hänen kasvonsa hetkeksi levollisemmaksi. Hänen silmistään lensi
himmeä, rukoileva katse läsnä-olijoihin, hänen huulensa liikkuivat,
ikäänkuin olisi hän tahtonut jotakin sanoa, hänen rintansa aaltoili
raskaasti, mutta samassa hetkessä tuli häneen suonenveto
uudestaan, ja tuskissa väännellen heitti hän henkensä.

Peljästyneenä nojasi Ebba päätänsä Niilon hartiaa vasten,

ikääskuin olisi hän tahtonut karttaa tuota kauheaa näkyä.

Älä välitä kavaltavan konnan kuolemasta, sanoi Niilo. Petturi,

vakoja, joka kavalasti imarrellen luikertaa kansalaistensa
luottamukseen varastaaksensa heidän kunniansa — ehkäpä
pannaksensa isänmaan onnen kaupoille, hän ei ansaitse sääliä,
vaan halveksimista vain. Tule, mennään pois!

Myöhempään illalla oli Pekka Niilon ja oman hevosensa kanssa

linnakentällä, odottaen pimeässä jotakuta tulevaa. Eikä hänen
tarvinnut kauvan odottaa, ennenkun ihmishaamu näkyi tulevan,
juosten linnasta päin kentän poikki. Se oli Gretchen hovipoika-
vaatteissaan. Hetken päästä kuului kahden laukkaavan hevosen
kavioin kopse tömisevän pitkin kaupungin ahtaita katuja, mutta se ei
häirinnyt moiseen meluun tottuneita, kiinniruuvattujen
ikkunaluukkujensa takana nukkuvia kaupunkilaisia. Ratsastajat,
ajoivat ulos tulliportista, ja toinen heistä, tuttavamme Pekka, lausui
leikillisesti:

— Kun nyt tulen mustalaisten luo, niin annanpa akkojen povata

itselleni, pitääkö minun tänä vuonna mennä naimisiin vai olla
menemättä.
 Kun oikeuden-palvelijat seuraavana päivänä tulivat noutamaan
tuota velhoomisesta ja noituudesta syytettyä tyttöä, oli hän, kun
olikin, tipo tiessään. Sen huoneen ikkuna, jossa häntä oli pidetty
suljettuna ja jossa Niilo vielä edellisenä iltana oli käynyt häntä
puhuttelemassa, oli auki — ja tämä seikka oli ainoana, jälkenä
hänen perästänsä, Oli huimaavan syvä sieltä ylhäältä maahan, ja
mahdotonta oli että mikään ihmis-olento olisi tuosta uskaltanut
hypätä alas. Kun räystäsränni, joka kävi ihan ikkunanpieltä myöten,
pari vuotta sitä ennen pystytettiin, oli muuan työmies luiskahtanut
keskikorkealta irti ja pudonnut kuoliaana maahan..

Gretchen oli ja pysyi poissa. Luultavasti oli hän — niin arveltiin —

lentänyt tiehensä Pelsepupin avulla. Eräs vahtimies väitti nähneensä
mustan jättiläislinnun kaltaisen haahmon yösydännä häilyvän seinää
vasten räystäsrännin kohdalla hänen ikkunansa alla. Mies oli niin
peljästynyt, ett'ei uskaltanut sille puolen linnaa ennen päivän tultua,
mutta silloin ei haahmoa enää näkynyt.
LOPPU.

Oli päästy elokuun loppupuoleen. Porkkolan kartano oli uudestaan

rakennettu ja välkkyi vastaveistettynä, komeana koivujen
vihannoivain välistä.

Lukuisa joukko ritareita ja ylhäisiä naisia loistavissa puvuissa oli

kokoontunut tuohon suureen, koristettuun saliin — Ebba Fincken ja
Niilo Iivarinpojan häitä viettämään.

Vihkimyksen toimitti kirkkoherra vanhus. Hän oli Ebballe antanut

kirkon kasteen, hän oli kasteen-liiton hänelle vahvistanut, ja kun hän
nyt näki neidon — sitten kun Herra oli kovilla kärsimyksillä koettanut
— onnellisena morsiamena posket punassa seisovan tuon hohtavan
silkkiteltan alla, jota kauniit kaasot ja uljaat ohjemiehet pitivät, silloin
vapisi hänen äänensä liikutuksesta, hänen alkaessaan:

— Ei yhdellekään ihmiselle ole suotu että läpikatsoa Herran,

kaikkivaltiaan sallimusta. Mutta niinkuin Daavid virrentekijä lausuu:
ahdistuksesta minut päästänyt olet, niin tulee meidän aina luottaa
Herran päälle, joka ei omaisiansa hylkää. Katsokaa kuinka kauniina
kesä nyt seisoo kukoistuksessansa ja tähkäpäät pellolla turpoovat.
Runsaalla kädellä suopi nyt kaikkein hyvien lahjojen antaja viljaa,
sitten kun hän vanhurskaudessansa kovasti ja kauvan on koetellut
meitä näljällä ja kalliilla ajalla. Kansa, joka oli miekkaan tarttunut, on
nyt palannut takaisin sirppiensä ja autojensa tykö. Rauha vallitsee
maassa, ja mitä viha on kaatanut, sen ahkeruus uudestaan
ylösrakentaman pitää, niinkuin tämä talo, jossa nyt olemme
kokoontulleet, jälleen on ylöskohonnut tuhkasta, suurempana ja
kauniimpana kuin entinen. Täällä tulee nyt uljas, jalo ja ylhäinen
vänrikki Niilo Iivarinpoika emäntänsä, siveän, jalon ja ylhäisen
neitsyen Ebba Fincken kanssa Herran pelvossa ja hänen
siunauksessansa viettämään elämänsä suven ja vanhuutensa
syksyn onnellisella kukoistuksella ja ihanalla hedelmällä, johon
alaskutsumme sen kaikkein korkeimman armon. Rukoilkaamme!

Kun vihkimys oli toimitettu messuineen ja virrenlauluineen, istuttiin

hää-aterialle, joka nautittiin ilon ja riemun vallitessa.

— Se oli ikävää, lausui Niilo, — kun palvelija oli tarttua häätorttu-

vatiin, tarjotakseen Ebballe — että reipas Pekkani, joka aina on
tehnyt tehtävänsä sodan ja vainon vallitessa, nyt ei ole saapuvilla
palvellakseen minua. Siitä kun hän Turussa sai joksikin aikaa loman,
ei häntä enää ole näkynyt. Mutta hänet oikealta kannalta
tunteakseni, ei hän ole hukkaan joutunut.

Samassa kuului rämisevän kärryt; -jotka seisahtivat portaiden

eteen, ja sisään hääsalihin astui Pekka tyytyväisyys naamassaan ja
puoleksi laahaten muassaan talonpojan-tyttöä, jonka vereksille
punaposkille hämi ja ujous ajoi lisää purppuraa.

— Pekka! huudahti Niilo.

— Niin, nuori herra, vastasi Pekka, pyyhkien pellavatukan

silmiltään.
Hän itse ja Kreeta, torpparin-ämmä myös, laillisesti vihityt
Pohjanmaalla kristilliseen avioliittoon. Sanottuhan on, ett'ei miehen
pidä yksinänsä oleman.

— Ai, ai, sanoi nauraen Niilo. Jos minun täytyy jättää Ebba rouva
ja lähteä sotaan, niin tulet sinä siivosti mukaan, ja miten käy silloin
torpan, kun Kreeta yksinään saa sitä hoitaa.

— Sen hän osaa oivallisesti, kehui ylpeänä Pekka. Hän pystyy itse
kyntämään, jos niin tarvitaan, sillä siihen ovat Pohjanmaan reippaat
tyttösiipat nyt saanet oppia, kun niin monta miestä on hukkunut
tuohon tyhmään sotaan. Mutta sotapa ei sentään ollutkaan niin
tyhmä. Tällä haavaa on Pohjanmaalla miesväen puute, enkä muuten
kai olisi saanutkaan Kreetaa muassani tänne.

Hän heitti tirkistävän, itserakkaan ja ihastuneen silmäyksen

Kreetaansa ja lisäsi sitten:

— Teitä en koskaan jätä, Niilo herra, en kotona enkä muualla. —

Annappa tänne, sanoi hän sitten palvelijalle, jonka tuli kantaa
häätorttua. Etkö näe että minä olen täällä! Anna mun kantaa.

Aterian loputtua tarttui Götrik Fincke suureen hopeamaljaan, pyysi

äänettömyyttä ja lausui:

— Vihollinen vei voimani päivinä käsivarteni, mutta hän ei voinut

viedä ruotsalaista sydäntäni. Ja tämä sydän sykkii vieläkin ylpeyttä,
ajatellessani niitä voittoja, joihin niin usein olen vienyt Suomen
poikiani. Se pahoitti minua kovasti, kun kansa äsken näkyi menneen
hajallensa ja käänsi aseensa omaa rintaa vastaan. Ja vieläkin minua
pahoittaa se eripuraisuus, joka vallitsee valtakunnassa. Se päivä on
tuleva, jolloin voimiamme tarvitaan valtakunnan vanhaa vihollista
vastaan. Vielä ei kukaan tunne hänen voimaansa, mutta tulkaan hän
vain! Vaikkapa hän hakkaisikin poikki kansan käden, niinkuin hän on
minun käteni katkaissut; — niin kauvan kuin meillä on toinen käsi ja
rehellinen, isänmaallinen sydämemme tallella, olemme, kun
olemmekin, vahvat. Tämä on minun sanani teille, te nuoret, nyt
juodessani teidän onneksenne tästä vanhasta maljasta, jonka kerran
itse otin pajarin teltasta.

Götrik Fincke tyhjensi rakkaan maljansa, jonka jälleen

passaripoika täytti reunoihin asti. Niilo Iivarinpoika tarttui siihen nyt.

— Teidän sananne on pysyvä meille kalliina, kunnioitettuna

muistona, isä, sanoi hän vakavasti. Lapsemme ja lapsenlapsemme
ovat ne painavat sydämiinsä. Niinkuin itse olen kasvanut isoksi ja
vahvaksi, vaikka olen maannut vihollisen miekan lyömänä kalman
omana melkein, niin kasvakoot hekin voimassa ja olkoot aina valmiit
asettamaan rintansa maan ja valtakunnan suojaksi. Sotilaana kyllä
tiedän että onni voi vaihtua. Mutta minä olen kokenut vanhan,
arvoisan kirkkoherramme sanojen totuuden ja huomannut että,
vaikka viimeinenkin toivo näkyy rauenneen, voi Jumala armossansa
kääntää kaikki paruiksemme. Tulkoon, jos niin on taivaan tahto,
vihollinen kymmenkertaisella voimalla. Me ja meidän jälkeisemme
emme pelkää, sillä Herra on auttava meitä, niinkuin tähän saakka,
hyvässä taistelussamme.

Hän tyhjensi vuorostaan maljan. Vakava mieli-ala vallitsi nyt

hetken aikaa seurassa. Jokaisella oli kansan taistelujen ja
kärsimysten muisto vireänä mielessä; he eivät unohtaneet tuota
kamppausta, joka vuosi satojen vierressä on ikääskuin pyhäksi
käynyt ja jossa tiedettiin kansan elämän taikka kuoleman kaupoilla
olleen.
 Hääjuhlaa jatkettiin sitten ilon ja riemun vallitessa, ja
morsiustanssin huvi elähytti nuoret ja vanhat. Ylpeä oli ylkä ja
miellyttävä morsian. Mutta kauniinta oli nähdä, kun illan hämärä tuli,
soitsutanssi tanssittiin morsiusparin kunniaksi ja soitsujen valo heitti
haaveellisen kohteensa nuoren pariskunnan onneen ja iloiseen,
hälisevään hääjoukkoon.
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