Torsion

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
■ In this chapter we will discuss the effects of applying a torsional
loading to a long straight member such as a shaft or tube. Initially
we will consider the member to have a circular cross section. We will
show how to determine both the stress distribution within the
member and the angle of twist when the material behaves in a linear
elastic manner and also when it is inelastic. Statically indeterminate
analysis of shafts and tubes will also be discussed, along with special
topics that include those members having noncircular cross sections.
Lastly, stress concentrations and residual stress caused by torsional
loadings will be given special consideration.

5.1 Torsional Deformation

of a Circular Shaft
Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal
axis. Its effect is of primary concern in the design of drive shafts used in
vehicles and machinery. We can illustrate physically what happens when a
torque is applied to a circular shaft by considering the shaft to be made of
a highly deformable material such as rubber, Fig. 5–1a. When the torque is
applied, the circles and longitudinal grid lines originally marked on the
shaft tend to distort into the pattern shown in Fig. 5–1b. Note that twisting
causes the circles to remain circles, and each longitudinal grid line deforms
into a helix that intersects the circles at equal angles. Also, the cross sections
at the ends of the shaft will remain flat — that is, they do not warp or bulge
in or out — and radial lines remain straight during the deformation,
Fig. 5–1b. From these observations we can assume that if the angle of twist
is small, the length of the shaft and its radius will remain unchanged.

181
 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 195

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS

F5–1. The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal F5–3. The shaft is hollow from A to B and solid
torque of T = 5 kN # m. Determine the shear stress developed from B to C. Determine the maximum shear stress developed
at points A and B. Represent each state of stress on a in the shaft. The shaft has an outer diameter of 80 mm, and
volume element. the thickness of the wall of the hollow segment is 10 mm.

A 40 mm
B

B 5
T A
4 kN!m
30 mm
2 kN!m
F5–1
F5–3

F5–2. The hollow circular shaft is subjected to an internal

torque of T = 10 kN # m. Determine the shear stress F5–4. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in
developed at points A and B. Represent each state of stress the 40-mm-diameter shaft.
on a volume element.

150 mm
A 10 kN

B 4 kN
A

C
T " 10 kN!m
B 100 mm
2 kN D
40 mm
60 mm 6 kN

F5–2 F5–4
 1 96 CHAPTER 5 TO R S I O N

F5–5. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in F5–7. The solid 50-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit
the shaft at section a- a. the torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft.

250 N!m

a A 75 N!m

D 325 N!m
600 N ! m
30 mm B 150 N! m
40 mm 1500 N ! m
C
500 mm C
a 1500 N ! m B D
Section a–a 400 mm
5 A
600 N ! m
500 mm
F5–5

F5–7

F5–6. Determine the shear stress developed at point A on F5–8. The gear motor can develop 3 hp when it turns at
the surface of the shaft. Represent the state of stress on a 150 revNmin. If the allowable shear stress for the shaft is
volume element at this point. The shaft has a radius of 40 mm. tallow = 12 ksi, determine the smallest diameter of the shaft
to the nearest 81 in. that can be used.

800 mm

5 kN!m/m

F5–6 F5–8
 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 197

PROBLEMS

5–1. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T.
Determine the radius r ! of the inner core of the shaft
that resists one-half of the applied torque (TN2). Solve
the problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
(b) by finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution.
*5–4. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 40 mm
and an inner diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to
the wall at A and three torques are applied to it as shown,
determine the absolute maximum shear stress developed
in the pipe.

5–2. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T.

Determine the radius r ! of the inner core of the shaft
that resists one-quarter of the applied torque (TN4). Solve
the problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
(b) by finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution.
A

30 N!m
r¿ 5
20 N!m

r
80 N!m

Prob. 5–4

Probs. 5–1/2

5–5. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in.

and an inner diameter of 2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to
the wall at C and three torques are applied to it as shown,
determine the shear stress developed at points A and B.
5–3. The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C and
These points lie on the pipe’s outer surface. Sketch the
subjected to the torsional loadings shown. Determine the
shear stress on volume elements located at A and B.
shear stress at points A and B and sketch the shear stress on
volume elements located at these points.

C
10 kN!m
C 450 lb!ft
75 mm
A B A
4 kN!m
350 lb!ft
50 mm 75 mm
600 lb!ft

Prob. 5–3 Prob. 5–5

 1 98 CHAPTER 5 TO R S I O N

5–6. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected 5–9. The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C and
to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear stress subjected to the torsional loadings shown. Determine the
developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft. The bearings at shear stress at points A and B on the surface, and sketch the
A and F allow free rotation of the shaft. shear stress on volume elements located at these points.
5–7. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is
subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum
shear stress developed in regions CD and EF of the shaft.
The bearings at A and F allow free rotation of the shaft.

C
F 35 mm A
E
D B
C
25 lb!ft 20 mm
B 35 mm
40 lb!ft
300 N!m
A 20 lb!ft
800 N!m
5 35 lb!ft
Prob. 5–9

Probs. 5–6/7

*5–8. The solid 30-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit
the torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute
maximum shear stress on the shaft.
5–10. The coupling is used to connect the two shafts
together. Assuming that the shear stress in the bolts is
uniform, determine the number of bolts necessary to make
the maximum shear stress in the shaft equal to the shear
stress in the bolts. Each bolt has a diameter d.

300 N!m 500 N!m

A
200 N!m

400 N!m T
300 mm D
R
400 mm B

r
500 mm
T

Prob. 5–8 Prob. 5–10

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 199

5–11. The assembly consists of two sections of galvanized 5–14. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is
steel pipe connected together using a reducing coupling at B. used to transmit 9 hp when turning at 27 revNmin. Determine
The smaller pipe has an outer diameter of 0.75 in. and an inner the inner diameter d of the tube to the nearest 81 in. if the
diameter of 0.68 in., whereas the larger pipe has an outer allowable shear stress is tallow = 10 ksi.
diameter of 1 in. and an inner diameter of 0.86 in. If the pipe is
tightly secured to the wall at C, determine the maximum shear
stress developed in each section of the pipe when the couple
shown is applied to the handles of the wrench.

d
A
2.5 in.

5
15 lb 6 in.
Prob. 5–14
8 in.

15 lb

Prob. 5–11

*5–12. The 150-mm-diameter shaft is supported by a
smooth journal bearing at E and a smooth thrust bearing
at F. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in
each segment of the shaft.
5–13. If the tubular shaft is made from material having an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 85 MPa, determine the
required minimum wall thickess of the shaft to the nearest
millimeter. The shaft has an outer diameter of 150 mm.
5–15. The solid shaft is made of material that has an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 10 MPa. Determine the
required diameter of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
*5–16. The solid shaft has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine
the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and sketch
the shear-stress distribution along a radial line of the shaft
where the shear stress is maximum.

B
E
15 N!m
15 kN!m C
25 N!m
A
30 N!m
30 kN!m F D
B 60 N!m
75 kN!m C 70 N!m

D
30 kN!m E

Probs. 5–12/13 Probs. 5–15/16

 2 02 CHAPTER 5 TO R S I O N

5–31. The solid steel shaft AC has a diameter of 25 mm
and is supported by smooth bearings at D and E. It is coupled
to a motor at C, which delivers 3 kW of power to the shaft
while it is turning at 50 rev>s. If gears A and B remove 1 kW
and 2 kW, respectively, determine the maximum shear stress
developed in the shaft within regions AB and BC. The shaft is
free to turn in its support bearings D and E.
5–33. The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C by
the tubular shaft and coupling. If the motor supplies 20 hp
and rotates the shaft at a rate of 600 rpm, determine the
minimum inner and outer diameters di and do of the shaft if
diNdo = 0.75. The shaft is made from a material having an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 12 ksi.
5–34. The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C by
the tubular shaft and coupling. The shaft has an outer and
inner diameter of 1 in. and 0.75 in., respectively, and is made
from a material having an allowable shear stress of
tallow = 12 ksi, when the motor supplies 20 hp of power.
Determine the smallest allowable angular velocity of the shaft.

2 kW 3 kW M C
25 mm
1 kW B
A D
A
5 D B E C

Prob. 5–31

Probs. 5–33/34

5–35. The 25-mm-diameter shaft on the motor is made of a

*5–32. The pump operates using the motor that has a
power of 85 W. If the impeller at B is turning at 150 rev>min,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in the
20-mm-diameter transmission shaft at A.
material having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa.
If the motor is operating at its maximum power of 5 kW,
determine the minimum allowable rotation of the shaft.
*5–36. The drive shaft of the motor is made of a material
having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. If the
outer diameter of the tubular shaft is 20 mm and the wall
thickness is 2.5 mm, determine the maximum allowable
power that can be supplied to the motor when the shaft is
operating at an angular velocity of 1500 rev>min.

150 rev/min
B
A

Prob. 5–32 Probs. 5–35/36

 2 12 CHAPTER 5 TO R S I O N

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS

F5–9. The 60-mm-diameter steel shaft is subjected to the F5–12. A series of gears are mounted on the 40-mm-
torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of end A with diameter steel shaft. Determine the angle of twist of gear B
respect to C. Take G = 75 GPa. relative to gear A. Take G = 75 GPa.
600 N!m
C 400 mm
A
B 900 N!m
600 mm
500 N!m
200 mm
3 kN!m A
300 N!m
200 mm

500 N!m
2 kN!m 200 mm

F5–9 200 mm
5 F5–10. Determine the angle of twist of wheel B with B
respect to wheel A. The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and
is made of steel for which G = 75 GPa. F5–12

150 mm
F5–13. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is made of steel. If it is
subjected to the uniform distributed torque, determine the
450 mm angle of twist of end A with respect to B. Take G = 75 GPa.
100 mm
150 mm

A 150 mm
B 800 mm

6 kN
B
5 kN!m/m
4 kN 10 kN
2 kN
A
F5–10
F5–11. The hollow 6061-T6 aluminum shaft has an outer F5–13
and inner radius of co = 40 mm and ci = 30 mm, respectively.
F5–14. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is made of steel. If it is
Determine the angle of twist of end A. The flexible support at
B has a torsional stiffness of k = 90 kN # m>rad.
subjected to the triangular distributed load, determine the
angle of twist of end A with respect to C. Take G = 75 GPa.

400 mm
900 mm
B
C 600 mm
B
15 kN!m/m

A
3 kN!m A

F5–11 F5–14
 5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 213

PROBLEMS

5–47. The propellers of a ship are connected to an A-36
steel shaft that is 60 m long and has an outer diameter of
340 mm and inner diameter of 260 mm. If the power output
is 4.5 MW when the shaft rotates at 20 rad>s, determine the
maximum torsional stress in the shaft and its angle of twist.
*5–48. The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T
at its ends. Show that the maximum shear strain developed
in the shaft is gmax = Tc > JG. What is the shear strain on an
element located at point A, c >2 from the center of the shaft?
Sketch the strain distortion of this element.
5–50. The hydrofoil boat has an A992 steel propeller shaft
that is 100 ft long. It is connected to an in-line diesel engine
that delivers a maximum power of 2500 hp and causes the
shaft to rotate at 1700 rpm. If the outer diameter of the shaft
is 8 in. and the wall thickness is 83 in., determine the maximum
shear stress developed in the shaft. Also, what is the “wind up,”
or angle of twist in the shaft at full power?

T c/ 2 T
c 100 ft 5

A Prob. 5–50
L

Prob. 5–48 5–51. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6

5–49. The A-36 steel axle is made from tubes AB and CD
and a solid section BC. It is supported on smooth bearings
that allow it to rotate freely. If the gears, fixed to its ends, are
subjected to 85@N # m torques, determine the angle of twist of
gear A relative to gear D. The tubes have an outer diameter
of 30 mm and an inner diameter of 20 mm. The solid section
has a diameter of 40 mm.
aluminum having an allowable shear stress of
tallow = 80 MPa. Determine the maximum allowable torque T.
Also, find the corresponding angle of twist of disk A relative
to disk C.
*5–52. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
aluminum. If the allowable shear stress is tallow = 80 MPa, and
the angle of twist of disk A relative to disk C is limited so that
it does not exceed 0.06 rad, determine the maximum allowable
torque T.

1.20 m
400 mm D A
85 N!m
250 mm
B 1.20 m
400 mm C 2T
3

B
A C
T

85 N!m 1T
3

Prob. 5–49 Probs. 5–51/52

 2 14 CHAPTER 5 TO R S I O N
5–53. The 20-mm-diameter A-36 steel shaft is subjected to
the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of the end B.
A
D 400 mm
C 250 mm
30 N!m 200 mm
B 600 mm
20 N!m
800 mm
80 N!m
Prob. 5–53
5
5–54. The shaft is made of A992 steel with the allowable
shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. If gear B supplies 15 kW of
power, while gears A, C and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and
5 kW, respectively, determine the required minimum
diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter. Also, find
the corresponding angle of twist of gear A relative to gear
D. The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.
5–55. Gear B supplies 15 kW of power, while gears A, C
and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and 5 kW, respectively. If the
shaft is made of steel with the allowable shear stress of
tallow = 75 MPa, and the relative angle of twist between any
two gears cannot exceed 0.05 rad, determine the required
minimum diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.
A B
B
600 mm C 3m
600 mm
600 mm
Probs. 5–54/55
*5–56. The A-36 steel axle is made from tubes AB and CD
and a solid section BC. It is supported on smooth bearings
that allow it to rotate freely. If the gears, fixed to its ends, are
subjected to 85@N # m torques, determine the angle of twist of
the end B of the solid section relative to end C. The tubes
have an outer diameter of 30 mm and an inner diameter of
20 mm. The solid section has a diameter of 40 mm.
D
85 N!m
400 mm C
B
A
85 N!m
Prob. 5–56
5–57. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, which is
transmitted to the gears such that C receives 70% and D
receives 30%. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter
A-36 steel shaft is v = 800 rev>min., determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the angle of twist of
end E of the shaft relative to B. The journal bearing at E
allows the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
5–58. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, which is
transmitted to the gears such that both C and D receive an
equal amount. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter
A-36 steel shaft is v = 500 rev>min., determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the rotation of end B
of the shaft relative to E. The journal bearing at E allows
the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
v
C
D
D E
4m
2m
Probs. 5–57/58
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C H A P T E R

Torsion

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3.7 The solid spindle AB has a diameter ds 5 1.5 in. and is made of Problems
155
a steel with an allowable shearing stress of 12 ksi, while sleeve CD
is made of a brass with an allowable shearing stress of 7 ksi. Deter- C
mine the largest torque T that can be applied at A. B
3 in.
3.8 The solid spindle AB is made of a steel with an allowable shearing
stress of 12 ksi, and sleeve CD is made of a brass with an allowable 8 in. t 1 in.
4
shearing stress of 7 ksi. Determine (a) the largest torque T that
can be applied at A if the allowable shearing stress is not to be
exceeded in sleeve CD, (b) the corresponding required value of
the diameter ds of spindle AB. D
4 in. ds
3.9 The torques shown are exerted on pulleys A and B. Knowing that
A T
both shafts are solid, determine the maximum shearing stress in
(a) in shaft AB, (b) in shaft BC. Fig. P3.7 and P3.8

TA  300 N · m A

30 mm

TB  400 N · m B

46 mm

Fig. P3.9
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3.10 In order to reduce the total mass of the assembly of Prob. 3.9, a
new design is being considered in which the diameter of shaft BC
will be smaller. Determine the smallest diameter of shaft BC for
which the maximum value of the shearing stress in the assembly
will not increase.

3.11 Knowing that each of the shafts AB, BC, and CD consists of a solid
circular rod, determine (a) the shaft in which the maximum shear-
ing stress occurs, (b) the magnitude of that stress.

60 N · m

144 N · m D

48 N · m dCD  21 mm

C
dBC  18 mm
B
dAB  15 mm
A
Fig. P3.11 and P3.12

3.12 Knowing that an 8-mm-diameter hole has been drilled through each
of the shafts AB, BC, and CD, determine (a) the shaft in which the
maximum shearing stress occurs, (b) the magnitude of that stress.
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156 Torsion 3.13 Under normal operating conditions, the electric motor exerts a
12-kip ? in. torque at E. Knowing that each shaft is solid, deter-
mine the maximum shearing stress in (a) shaft BC, (b) shaft CD,
(c) shaft DE.

5 kip · in.

4 kip · in. D

3 kip · in. 2.25 in.

C

2 in.
B

1.75 in.
A

1.50 in.

Fig. P3.13
T
A 3.14 Solve Prob. 3.13, assuming that a 1-in.-diameter hole has been
Steel drilled into each shaft.

3.15 The allowable shearing stress is 15 ksi in the 1.5-in.-diameter steel

B
Brass rod AB and 8 ksi in the 1.8-in.-diameter brass rod BC. Neglecting
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the effect of stress concentrations, determine the largest torque
that can be applied at A.
C
3.16 The allowable shearing stress is 15 ksi in the steel rod AB and
8 ksi in the brass rod BC. Knowing that a torque of magnitude
T 5 10 kip ? in. is applied at A, determine the required diameter
Fig. P3.15 and P3.16 of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

3.17 The allowable stress is 50 MPa in the brass rod AB and 25 MPa
in the aluminum rod BC. Knowing that a torque of magnitude
T 5 1250 N ? m is applied at A, determine the required diameter
of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

Aluminum

Brass
C
T
B
A
Fig. P3.17 and P3.18

3.18 The solid rod BC has a diameter of 30 mm and is made of an alu-

minum for which the allowable shearing stress is 25 MPa. Rod AB
is hollow and has an outer diameter of 25 mm; it is made of a brass
for which the allowable shearing stress is 50 MPa. Determine (a) the
largest inner diameter of rod AB for which the factor of safety is the
same for each rod, (b) the largest torque that can be applied at A.
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3.19 The solid rod AB has a diameter dAB 5 60 mm. The pipe CD has Problems
157
an outer diameter of 90 mm and a wall thickness of 6 mm. Know-
ing that both the rod and the pipe are made of steel for which the
allowable shearing stress is 75 MPa, determine the largest torque 90 mm
T that can be applied at A.
D

3.20 The solid rod AB has a diameter dAB 5 60 mm and is made of a dAB
C
steel for which the allowable shearing stress is 85 MPa. The pipe
CD, which has an outer diameter of 90 mm and a wall thickness B
of 6 mm, is made of an aluminum for which the allowable shearing A
stress is 54 MPa. Determine the largest torque T that can be
applied at A.
T
3.21 A torque of magnitude T 5 1000 N ? m is applied at D as shown. Fig. P3.19 and P3.20
Knowing that the diameter of shaft AB is 56 mm and that the
diameter of shaft CD is 42 mm, determine the maximum shearing
stress in (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft CD.

C 40 mm

T  1000 N · m
A

100 mm D
B

Fig. P3.21 and P3.22

3.22 A torque of magnitude T 5 1000 N ? m is applied at D as shown.

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Knowing that the allowable shearing stress is 60 MPa in each shaft,
determine the required diameter of (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft CD.

3.23 Under normal operating conditions a motor exerts a torque of mag-

nitude TF 5 1200 lb ? in. at F. Knowing that rD 5 8 in., rG 5
3 in., and the allowable shearing stress is 10.5 ksi in each shaft,
determine the required diameter of (a) shaft CDE, (b) shaft FGH.

F
C
rD B
TF
D

G
rG

H
TE E

Fig. P3.23 and P3.24

3.24 Under normal operating conditions a motor exerts a torque of mag-

nitude TF at F. The shafts are made of a steel for which the allow-
able shearing stress is 12 ksi and have diameters dCDE 5 0.900 in.
and dFGH 5 0.800 in. Knowing that rD 5 6.5 in. and rG 5 4.5 in.,
determine the largest allowable value of TF.
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PROBLEMS

3.64 Determine the maximum shearing stress in a solid shaft of

12-mm diameter as it transmits 2.5 kW at a frequency of (a) 25 Hz,
(b) 50 Hz.

3.65 Determine the maximum shearing stress in a solid shaft of

1.5-in. diameter as it transmits 75 hp at a speed of (a) 750 rpm,
(b) 1500 rpm.

3.66 Design a solid steel shaft to transmit 0.375 kW at a frequency of

29 Hz, if the shearing stress in the shaft is not to exceed 35 MPa.

3.67 Design a solid steel shaft to transmit 100 hp at a speed of 1200 rpm,
if the maximum shearing stress is not to exceed 7500 psi.

3.68 Determine the required thickness of the 50-mm tubular shaft of

Example 3.07, if it is to transmit the same power while rotating at
a frequency of 30 Hz. 1.2 in. 3 in.

3.69 While a steel shaft of the cross section shown rotates at 120 rpm,
a stroboscopic measurement indicates that the angle of twist is 28
in a 12-ft length. Using G 5 11.2 3 106 psi, determine the power
being transmitted. Fig. P3.69

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3.70 The hollow steel shaft shown (G 5 77.2 GPa, tall 5 50 MPa)
rotates at 240 rpm. Determine (a) the maximum power that can
be transmitted, (b) the corresponding angle of twist of the shaft.

5m

T'

T
60 mm

25 mm
Fig. P3.70 and P3.71

3.71 As the hollow steel shaft shown rotates at 180 rpm, a stroboscopic
measurement indicates that the angle of twist of the shaft is 38.
Knowing that G 5 77.2 GPa, determine (a) the power being trans-
mitted, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the shaft.

3.72 The design of a machine element calls for a 40-mm-outer-diameter

40 mm d2
shaft to transmit 45 kW. (a) If the speed of rotation is 720 rpm,
determine the maximum shearing stress in shaft a. (b) If the speed
of rotation can be increased 50% to 1080 rpm, determine the larg-
est inner diameter of shaft b for which the maximum shearing (a) (b)
stress will be the same in each shaft. Fig. P3.72

181
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3.79 A 2.5-m-long steel shaft of 30-mm diameter rotates at a frequency Problems

183
of 30 Hz. Determine the maximum power that the shaft can trans-
mit, knowing that G 5 77.2 GPa, that the allowable shearing stress r  1 18 in.
is 50 MPa, and that the angle of twist must not exceed 7.58. B
5
3.80 A steel shaft must transmit 210 hp at a speed of 360 rpm. Knowing 8
in.
that G 5 11.2 3 106 psi, design a solid shaft so that the maximum
shearing stress will not exceed 12 ksi and the angle of twist in an
8.2-ft length will not exceed 38. A

3.81 The shaft-disk-belt arrangement shown is used to transmit 3 hp

C
from point A to point D. (a) Using an allowable shearing stress of
3
9500 psi, determine the required speed of shaft AB. (b) Solve part 4
in.
a, assuming that the diameters of shafts AB and CD are, respec-
tively, 0.75 in. and 0.625 in. r  4 12 in.
D
3.82 A 1.6-m-long tubular steel shaft of 42-mm outer diameter d1 is to Fig. P3.81
be made of a steel for which tall 5 75 MPa and G 5 77.2 GPa.
Knowing that the angle of twist must not exceed 48 when the shaft
is subjected to a torque of 900 N ? m, determine the largest inner
diameter d2 that can be specified in the design.

d1  42 mm d2

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Fig. P3.82 and P3.83
2 in.
3.83 A 1.6-m-long tubular steel shaft (G 5 77.2 GPa) of 42-mm outer T'
diameter d1 and 30-mm inner diameter d2 is to transmit 120 kW r
between a turbine and a generator. Knowing that the allowable shear- 1.5 in.
ing stress is 65 MPa and that the angle of twist must not exceed 38,
determine the minimum frequency at which the shaft can rotate.
3.84 Knowing that the stepped shaft shown transmits a torque of magni- T
tude T 5 2.50 kip ? in., determine the maximum shearing stress in
the shaft when the radius of the fillet is (a) r 5 18 in., (b) r 5 163 in. Fig. P3.84 and P3.85

3.85 Knowing that the allowable shearing stress is 8 ksi for the stepped
shaft shown, determine the magnitude T of the largest torque
that can be transmitted by the shaft when the radius of the fillet
is (a) r 5 163 in., (b) r 5 14 in.
3.86 The stepped shaft shown must transmit 40 kW at a speed of 720 rpm.
Determine the minimum radius r of the fillet if an allowable stress
of 36 MPa is not to be exceeded.

90 mm
45 mm

r
Fig. P3.86