1.a.

Machinel
anguage;
-Isacol
l
ect
ionofbi
nar
ydi
gitorbi
tst
hatt
hecomput
err
eadsand
i
nterpr
ets.

b.Assemblyl
anguage;
-Isat
ypeofl
owlevel
progr
ammi
ngl
anguaget
hati
sint
endedt
o
communi cat
edi
rectl
ywit
hacomputer
'shar
dware.

c.Ahi
ghlevell
anguage;
-Isanyprogr
ammi ngl
anguagethatenabl
esdevelopmentofa
progr
am i
namuchmor euser-
fri
endlyprogr
ammingcontextanditi
sgenerall
yindependentof
thecomputer
'shar
dwarearchit
ectur
e.

2.a.Pr
ocedur
alprogr
amminglanguage;-I
sthet
ypeofcomputerpr
ogr
ammingl
anguaget hat
speci
fi
esaseri
esofwell
-st
ruct
uredstepsandprocedur
eswi
thini
tspr
ogr
ammingcontextto
composeaprogram.

b.St
ruct
uralpr
ogr
amminglanguage;
-Isatypeofpr
ogrammingthatgener
all
yconv
ert
slar
ge
orcomplexprogr
am i
ntomor
emanageabl eandsmallpi
ecesofcode.

c.Object
iveor
ient
edprogramminglanguage;
-Isasty
leofpr ogr
amingcharact
eri
zedbythe
i
denti
fi
cati
onofclassesofobj
ectscl
oselyli
nkedwitht
hemet hods(f
unct
ion)wit
hwhichthey
ar
eassociated.
ital
soincl
udeideasofinher
it
anceofat
tri
but
esandmet hods.

3.a.Compil
edprogr
ammi nglanguage;
-Isapr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagewhosei
mpl
ement
ati
onar
e
ty
pical
lycompi
l
ers,andnotinter
pret
er.

b.I
nter
pret
edprogramminglanguage;
-Isaprogrammi nglanguagewhoseimpl
ement
ations
execut
einstr
ucti
onsdir
ect
lyandf r
eely,wi
thoutpr
eviouslycompili
ngaprogr
am i
ntomachine-
l
anguageinstr
ucti
ons.

c.Hybri
dlanguage;
-Ref
ertoamul
ti
-par
adi
gm pr
ogrammingl
anguage,apr
ogr
ammi nglanguage
thatdr
awsonel ementfr
om mor
ethanonepr
ogrammingpar
adigm i
ncomputersci
ence.

4.a.Lexi
calanal
ysi
s;-I
sthefi
rstphaseofacompi
lerwhi
chgroupi
ngastream ofl
etter
sor
soundsintosetsofunit
sthatrepr
esentmeani
ngf
ulsynt
ax.al
soconv
ertt
hehighleveli
nput
program i
ntoasquenceofToken.

b.sy
ntaxanaly
sis;
-Isasecondphaseoft
hecompi
lerdesi
gnprocessinwhicht
hegi
veni
nput
st
ri
ngischeckedfortheconf
ir
mati
onofrul
esandst
ructur
eoftheformalgr
ammar.

c.Semant
icanal
ysis:
-Isthepr
ocessofdrawi
ngmeani
ngfr
om text
,ital
l
owcomput
ert
o
underst
andandint
erpretsent
ences,
paragr
aph,
orwhol
edocument.
 d.I
nter
mediat
ecodegener
ati
on;
-Ist
hecodewhi
chusedf
ort
heconv
ersi
onofsour
cecode
i
ntomachinecode.

e.Codeopt
imi
zat
ion;
-Isanymet
hodofcodemodi
fi
cat
iont
oimpr
ovecodequal
i
tyand
eff
ici
ency
.

f
.Codegener
ati
on;
-Isthepeocessbywhi
chacompi
ler
'scodegener
ati
onconv
ert
ssome
i
nter
mediat
erepr
esent
ati
onofsourcecodeint
oaf
orm.

5.a.Pr
e-processor;
-Aredi
rect
ives,whi
chinstr
uct
ionst
othecompi
l
ert
opr
e-pr
ocessort
he
i
nformati
onbef oreact
ualcompilat
ionst
arts.

b.Compil
er;
-Isaprogr
am t
hatconver
tsi
nst
ruct
ionsint
oamachi
ne-
codeorl
ower
-l
evel
for
m
sothatt
heycanbereadandexecut
edbyacomput er
.

c.I
nterpr
eter
;-I
stheper
sonwhosej
obi
stot
ransl
atewhatsomeonei
ssay
ingi
ntoanot
her
l
anguage.

d.Assembl er
;-I
sat
ypeofcomput
erprogram t
hati
nter
pret
ssoftwareprogr
amswr i
tt
enin
assemblyl
anguagei
ntoamachi
nelanguage,
codeandinstr
uct
ionsthatcanbeexecutedbya
computer.

e.Li
nker;
-Isapr
ogr
am i
nasy
stem whi
chcombi
nesobj
ectmodul
esi
ntoasi
ngl
eobj
ectf
il
e.

f
.Loader
;-I
sapar
tofanoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
hati
sresponsi
blef
orl
oadi
ngpr
ogr
amsand
l
i
brari
es.