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Chapter 7-Gender Inequality: Economic and Political Aspects
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What are social roles?

a. They are the ways people behave that violate social norms.
b. They are behaviours defined by people’s sex, biology, and genetics.
c. They are roles distinctly and solely defined by gender stereotypes.
d. They are behaviours expected of people in particular social positions.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 BLM: Remember
2. When Anita was born, her parents looked at her and said, “There is the face of a future prime
minister.” Fifty years ago people may have been surprised by that statement. Today, however,
the fact that a baby girl might be considered a future leader of the country reflects a
development in our society. What is it?
a. increasing gendered optimism
b. changing gender roles
c. changing professional profiles
d. increasing political feminism
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 BLM: Higher Order
3. A young woman working at a minimum-wage job has trouble paying her rent, and sells some
of her possessions; later her power is shut off, and eventually she gets evicted and lives on the
street. What component of her life is the core of her disadvantage?
a. resource deprivation
b. social inequality
c. material well-being
d. worker exploitation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order
4. Many magazine photographs and advertisements show teenage girls grooming

themselves—such as putting on makeup, trying on half a dozen outfits—and generally
worrying about their appearance, but very few show teenage boys doing these things. What
term is given to this depiction of female and male behaviour?
a. role expectations
b. gender stereotypes
c. primary sex characteristics
d. biological values
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order
Copyright © 2014 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-1

Chapter 7 Gender Inequality
5. Broverman et al. (1972) report that images of masculinity and femininity were often
polarized, emphasizing opposites. Which of the following was a trait associated with women?
a. Women are very competitive.
b. Women are very illogical.
c. Women are very independent.
d. Women are very aggressive.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember
6. Which term matches the following definition: “an internalized sense of being a man or a
woman”?
a. It is a person’s biological sex.
b. It is a person’s sexual identity.
c. It is a person’s self-concept.
d. It is a person’s gender identity.
7. The television show “The Simpsons” features Lisa (the intelligent and well-behaved daughter)
and Bart (the naughty and playful son) as children of Marge the homemaker and Homer the
breadwinner. What is this television show reinforcing?
a. traditional family values
b. gender equity
c. biological determinism
d. gender-based stereotypes
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order
8. Ana is a stay-at-home mother and is very embarrassed in social settings when the inevitable
“What do you do?” question arises. What reason could be given to explain her distress?
a. Ana has forgotten how to socialize with adults.
b. Ana is feeling guilty for enjoying herself while the children are at home with a
babysitter.
c. Ana knows that her job as a stay-at-home mom is awarded little prestige by
society.
d. Ana is more comfortable asking questions then answering them.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Higher Order
9. A young woman becomes emotionally distraught upon being told the family pet has died. She
gets teary-eyed and her boyfriend defends her emotionality to his teasing male friends as “part
of being a woman.” Which of the following terms best characterizes his statement?
a. male chivalry
b. gender socialization
c. gender stereotyping
d. polar opposites

10. According to sociologists, which of the following statements explains the fact that women in
our culture, on average, have long hair, wear makeup, wear skirts, and adorn themselves with
jewellery?
a. These things naturally make women more attractive to men.
b. Most women are mindful of what it is to appear feminine in our culture.
c. Innate tendencies produce natural differences in appearance.
d. These differences are socially constructed notions of femininity.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 BLM: Higher Order
11. Gail, a female public school teacher, has the same experience and credentials as a male
counterpart and the two compete for a principal’s job. The male teacher gets the job, and Gail
notices that most of the schools in her district have male principals, whereas most of the
school board’s employees are female. According to sociologists, what does this indicate?
a. prejudice
b. systemic discrimination
c. sexism
d. gender inequalities
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 158-159 BLM: Higher Order
12. According to the text, which of the following is an important source of material well-being?
a. work-related earnings/wealth
b. prestige or social standing
c. being in line for an inheritance
d. power or control of others
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 BLM: Remember
13. A high-school class is debating social inequality, and a female student declares herself a
feminist and states, “The root of inequality between men and women is male domination.”
Which feminist perspective does this statement echo?
a. radical feminism
b. liberal feminism
c. multiracial feminism
d. socialist feminism
14. A stylish feminist on a blind date is told that she is very feminine and delicate, and her date
couldn’t imagine her in a male-dominated occupation. On their next date, he is humbled when
she shows up in her police uniform, and she tells him, “It’s those kinds of misconceptions that
keep women down.” What kind of feminist is the policewoman?
a. radical feminist
b. Marxist feminist
c. multiracial feminist
d. liberal feminist
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 159-160 BLM: Higher Order

15. When measuring social inequality between groups, one must take into account the
asymmetrical distribution of one of the following factors. Which one is it?
a. prestige
b. numbers
c. ethnicity
d. intelligence
16. Mark identifies as a feminist and believes that women are disadvantaged in the public sphere.
He is very involved with rally groups aimed at pressuring the government to fund more
subsidized daycare centres. Which feminist perspective has Mark adopted?
a. multiracial feminist
b. socialist feminist
c. radical feminist
d. liberal feminist
17. What term is used to refer to the cause and nature of women’s disadvantages and
subordination in society?
a. socialism
b. feminism
c. patriarchy
d. liberalism
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Remember
18. Mathew came home stressed and exhausted after a long day at the office. His wife cooked him
dinner and helped him reduce his stress so he could get a good night’s sleep. The next
morning he was ready to face the day. What feminist theory could use this example as the
basis to argue women’s unequal position in our society?
a. Marxist feminism
b. liberal feminism
c. conservative feminism
d. democratic feminism
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 160 BLM: Higher Order
19. What view of society is reflected in the statement, “Women should be home raising the
children”?
a. a humanist view
b. a patriarchal view
c. a domestic view
d. a womanist view

20. According to the text, which of the following is listed as a dimension of inequality?
a. power
b. intelligence
c. egalitarianism
d. equality
21. According to the text, which of the following is an explanation of gender inequality in
earnings for women?
a. It is a result of our society’s higher valuation of men and men’s roles.
b. There are differences in the types of work performed by each gender.
c. Earnings reflect the productivity of male versus female workers.
d. It reflects biological determinants such as muscle mass, height, and weight.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 168-170 BLM: Remember
22. According to the text, which of the following is a factor relating to sexual harassment?
a. It involves equalizing the balance of power between men and women.
b. It is usually employed women making sexual overtures toward men.
c. It results from a general societal belief that men are superior to women.
d. It has become more accepted in society based on biological differences.
23. For women who are members of minority groups and foreign-born women, inequality issues
also include gender, race, and immigrant status—something that has been referred to as a
“matrix of domination.” Which concept are these concerns are consistent with?
a. total discrimination
b. Aboriginal exploitation
c. multiracial feminism
d. visible minority feminism
24. Consider the gendered experience of social stratification. For example, a lower-class black
woman, a member of the working poor, experiences racial taunts and harassment at work.
According to sociologists, what is the term that most aptly describes her position?
a. taunts with prejudice
b. multiple discrimination
c. racial discrimination
d. matrix of domination

25. A female junior executive in a company, working closely with a male vice-president, receives
a quid-pro-quo proposition: you do sexual favours for me and I’ll see to it that one day you
get my job. Which term best identifies this woman’s experience?
a. workplace harassment
b. sexual discrimination
c. sexual harassment
d. abuse of authority
26. In a traditional division of labour, with the separation of the public sphere for men and the
private sphere for women, what can be concluded about the roles of women?
a. They are not widely noticed and are unpaid.
b. They are highly valued and widely recognized.
c. They require little effort, skill, or energy.
d. They are done in the presence of others.
27. Sara is an excellent mother because she knows how to comfort her children when they are in
distress using hugs, smiles, and stories to distract them from whatever problem made them cry
in the first place. However, she receives no rewards or accolades for her efforts. Why does
this situation exist in our society?
a. Her actions are seen as a biological trait.
b. Her skills are recognized as valuable only in certain spheres.
c. Her family duties do not deserve recognition.
d. She became a mother, so she chose this life.
28. If Janine stays home to raise her children and her husband works, Janine will have limited
power outside the home. What is the primary reason behind this situation?
a. Housework has value only in the private sphere.
b. Power is located only in the public sphere.
c. As a mother, she lets her husband speak on her behalf.
d. Economic dependency reduces her power.
29. Milena just started a new job at a prestigious law firm as lead council of the immigration
division. However, her family still expects her to come home and fix dinner every night. With
all of the success that the women’s movement has achieved, which of the following explains
this situation?
a. Women still have to meet their mothering responsibilities.
b. The double day is the price women have to pay for liberation.
c. The right to paid work does not mean liberation from unpaid work.
d. Women will always put their children’s needs first.

30. Prior to World War II, many school districts banned women from teaching if they were
married. But in the years following the war, school districts eliminated their policies
restricting the employment of married women teachers. What would explain this reversal of
policy?
a. School boards came to believe that married women were better teachers than
single women.
b. The government enacted antidiscrimination legislation.
c. The baby boom following the war necessitated a greater need for teachers due to
the increased number of students.
d. School boards took the view that “spinster” school teachers were highly likely to
be lesbians.
31. Yvonne decided to work outside the home just after World War II ended. Which of the
following factors did NOT play a role in her ability to be accepted into the workforce?
a. the reduction of the preferred source of labour
b. the rise of a new service-based economy
c. the level of education of women
d. the desire to minimize wage costs
32. According to the text, which of the following has been a factor in female workforce
participation?
a. More men were attending postsecondary schools which opened up positions for
women in the workforce.
b. After World War II, women’s paid labour became a needed source of family
income.
c. Female labour force participation rates for women with very young children
declined.
d. Female workers, as part of the war effort, changed the perception and expectations
of women.
33. According to the text, which of the following factors has affected the labour force
participation rate of Canadian women?
a. There is less demand for service workers.
b. There is a rising number of out-of-wedlock single mothers.
c. There is an economic need for increased family income.
d. There is a rising rate of female fertility.

34. Judith is a 45-year old-woman with three teenaged children and an ailing 75-year-old mother.
Her days are filled with her full-time job, and chauffeuring her mom to doctor appointments
and the grocery store and her kids to sports activities and social functions. Consequently, she
is experiencing insomnia, chronic fatigue, and a number of other health issues. Which of the
following most aptly explains Judith’s situation?
a. Judith is a member of the boomerang generation.
b. Judith has failed to set proper boundaries for herself.
c. Judith is a member of the sandwich generation.
d. Judith is experiencing a midlife crisis.
35. Which of the following is an activity that women spend less time doing than men?
a. eldercare
b. watching TV
c. housecare
d. childcare
36. Which of the following do women working full-time at paid work still spend more time on
than men?
a. commuting
b. recreating
c. volunteering
d. housework
37. Which of the following terms refers to an occupational structure where men and women are
numerically concentrated in different occupations?
a. sex segregated
b. nonstandardized
c. sexually standardized
d. sex typed
38. In which of the following occupations does the predominance of women exemplify sex
typing?
a. blue-collar work
b. caregiver jobs
c. self-employment
d. supervisory positions

39. Which term is often used to describe the concentration of men in some occupations and
women in others?
a. sex typing of men and women
b. sex segregation of occupations
c. sex labelling of men and women
d. sex-based, work reservations
40. Which phrase describes the greater amount of time women spend doing unpaid work?
a. double employment
b. extra duty day
c. the double day
d. double jeopardy
41. What is the alternate term for sex labelling?

a. sex segregation
b. occupational bias
c. sex stereotyping
d. sex typing
42. A young mother works all day as a schoolteacher, and comes home to assume the bulk of
chores related to child care and housework, with occasional help from her husband. What
term is used by sociologists to describe this woman’s workday?
a. double shift
b. woman’s work
c. double day
d. domestic overtime
43. A woman who is a nurse has three daughters, and her daughters are, respectively, a social
worker, a schoolteacher, and a hair-salon manager. Which term from the text best identifies
the type of work performed by all four women?
a. sex-based occupations
b. gender-typed occupations
c. female-dominated occupations
d. sex-segregated occupations

44. A father is advising his teenaged daughter as to which kind of career path to seek, with the
following “appropriate” recommendations: nurse, teacher, social worker. What is this father
doing by framing these as appropriate occupations for his daughter?
a. feminine typing
b. sex typing
c. female typing
d. gender typing
45. Jason met with his high school guidance counsellor to discuss what courses he should be
taking in order to be accepted into the nursing program at university. His counsellor told him
that if he wanted to go into the medical profession he should be a doctor. What is the
sociological term for the assumptions made in this statement?
a. job segregation
b. sex segregation
c. occupational patriarchy
d. opportunistic patriarchy
46. In addition to looking after her two young children and working full time, every evening
Olimpia has to stop by her father’s apartment to make him dinner, clean, and make sure he
takes his medication. What group in our society is Olimpia part of?
a. the caretaking generation
b. the sandwich generation
c. the working generation
d. the senior generation
47. Danielle and her twin brother both graduated the same year. One got a job as a secretary and
the other as a mechanic. The entire family assumed that Danielle was the secretary and her
brother was the mechanic. What is the sociological term for the assumptions made in this
situation?
a. occupational hierarchy
b. presumptive gender
c. sex typing
d. sex casting

48. Zelda is a doctor, but she is often mistaken for a nurse by patients in the hospital. This makes
her angry, because such an assumption not only ignores her education, but also ties her to
feminist problems still being fought against today. Which of the following is the assumption
tied to?
a. Women’s professions are still sex typed.
b. Women can’t be doctors.
c. Women are mothers first, and their careers come second.
d. Women lack the intelligence to be doctors.
49. Sarah Mitchell has worked for the ABC Corporation for more than 20 years. She has
continuously received glowing work reviews and for the past 10 years has been the manager
of the accounting department. When a new VP of finance was selected last week, ABC
executives announced that John Martin, a 12-year employee from the public relations
department, was given the position. In view of this, what was Sally Jones a victim of?
a. the double shift
b. sexual harassment
c. the glass ceiling
d. sexual discrimination
50. Which term describes the invisible barriers women face to attaining high-level organizational
roles?
a. mommy-track syndrome
b. invisible sexism
c. skill-evaluation bias
d. glass-ceiling effect
51. A competent female lawyer is passed over for a promotion that is given to an underperforming
male. She notices that most of the law firm’s senior partners are male, despite the fact that 30
percent of the firm’s lawyers are women. What term do sociologists use to describe this
circumstance?
a. only boys allowed
b. men only syndrome
c. glass ceiling effect
d. old boys’ network

52. Justin has recently graduated with a PhD in sociology and has spent the past several months
looking for an academic position. He has managed to secure teaching employment in
sociology classes on three different university campuses. According to the text, what is
Justin’s employment situation called?
a. non-standard
b. flexible labour
c. standard
d. independent contract
53. According to the text, which of the following accounts for why women earn less than men?
a. Skills in jobs where women predominate are undervalued.
b. Women are included in male-dominated networks.
c. Unions have valued the interests of their female workers.
d. Many women are primary income earners for their families.
54. According to the text, which of the following is an alternate term for the concept of
nonstandard work?
a. permanent employment
b. precarious employment
c. commissioned employment
d. full-time employment
55. What does standard work include?

a. full-time work
b. part-time work
c. multiple job holding
d. self-employment
56. According to the text, which of the following is considered an employment ghetto for women?
a. part-time work
b. home work/housekeeping
c. self-employment
d. service sector jobs

57. Fernanda could not find a job, so she set up her own cleaning business. She has eight clients
who call on her; some call regularly, others only call occasionally. She has little security and
no benefits, but she is happy that she has at least some work. What kind of employment
situation does she have?
a. creative work
b. nonstandard work
c. anti-welfare employment
d. earnings employment
58. According to the text, overall, what is concluded about nonstandard work?
a. It generally provides less job security, lower pay, and fewer fringe benefits.
b. It employs more men because there are, overall, more men in the workforce.
c. It is largely composed of under-the-table activity and a bartering economy.
d. It is becoming less common as more conscientious employers hire full-time
workers.
59. Which of the following do most sociologists believe is reflected in the gender gap in earnings?
a. It reflects a process of self-selection by women to aspire to jobs that feature lower
pay.
b. It reflects a lack of initiative by women to work in traditionally male-dominated
jobs.
c. It reflects lower productivity levels by women resulting from less skills and
education.
d. It reflects the existence of discrimination and the devaluation of work performed
by women.
60. According to the text, which of the following is NOT true in regards to nonstandard work?
a. Nonstandard jobs generally provide greater pay, benefits and job security.
b. Women in the labour force are much more likely than men to be nonstandard
workers.
c. Nonstandard work is becoming more common, especially among younger people.
d. Nonstandard employment implies a marginalized workforce.
61. What trend is evident in the ratio of Canadian women’s earnings to Canadian men’s earnings?
a. The ratio measure shows no emerging trend.
b. The ratio difference has been improving.
c. The ratio has remained about the same.
d. The ratio difference has been worsening.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 168-169 BLM: Remember

62. According to the text, what explains the wage gap between men and women?
a. Women are genetically endowed with less physical strength.
b. Women have less interest in occupations that pay more.
c. Women are discriminated against, and their work is devalued.
d. Women have lower levels of educational attainment.
63. In 2008 women earned, on average, about 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. Henry
argues that the lower wages of women is due to their lower educational attainment and the
numerous labour-force interruptions due to their maternity leaves. In essence, what is Henry
saying?
a. Women’s lower earnings are a reflection of their productivity.
b. Women’s lower wages are a result of their concentration in occupations that are
low paying.
c. The gender earnings gap reflects the general devaluation of “women’s work.”
d. Employers statistically discriminate against women.
64. According to the text, which of the following is a justification used for paying women less
than men?
a. Women are paid according to how many children they have, or for being single
moms.
b. Women are paid less on the basis of special gendered skill requirements.
c. Women are paid less on the assumption they already have a male breadwinner at
home.
d. Women are considered unsuitable in emerging service sector jobs due to lack of
education.
65. A busy, profit-focused accounting firm interviews many qualified female accountants;
however, senior managers favour hiring males, as they are less likely to be absent from work
for things such as child-care issues. What term is best applied to this kind of hiring practice?
a. statistical discrimination
b. gender discrimination
c. sexual discrimination
d. familial discrimination
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 | p. 181
BLM: Higher Order

66. After graduating from university, Mary took a job at a daycare centre, while her friend Paul
took a job as a landscaper. Mary was shocked at how much more Paul was paid, given their
similar education level. According to the text, what is one explanation for this pay difference
in our society?
a. Women encounter the glass ceiling immediately after university.
b. Men are better at negotiating a high salary.
c. Paul needed more skills and this was reflected in his salary.
d. The skill set commonly associated with women (e.g., nurturing) is undervalued.
67. Alyssa is very proud of the fact that her great-grandmother took part in a social movement
that resulted in women being granted the right to vote in Canada. Which social movement is
Alyssa referring to?
a. the suffrage movement
b. the temperance movement
c. the emancipation movement
d. the civil rights movement
68. According to the text, which of the following has a limiting effect on women’s groups in
politics?
a. a reliance on a consensus-building approach
b. a lack of diversity between women’s groups
c. a reliance on private funding sources
d. an inability of women to mobilize politically
69. According to the text, what was the focus of the women’s movement immediately after
women were granted the right to vote?
a. legislation addressing spousal and child abuse
b. addressing the rights of Aboriginal and visible minority women
c. gender equality in employment opportunities and earnings
d. improving the quality of life for women and children in the home
70. Which of the following were the last to be given the right to vote in Canada?
a. male and female Inuit and registered Indians living on reserves
b. people documented to be mentally challenged or insane
c. women who were British subjects and served in the military
d. people of Chinese, East Indian, and Japanese ancestry

71. In Canada today, what proportion of women vote in elections, compared to men?
a. a lower proportion of women vote than men
b. approximately the same proportion as men
c. about seven women vote for every three men
d. a higher proportion of women vote than men
72. Which of the following groups was given the right to vote in 1960?
a. visible minority women
b. registered, reserve Indians
c. Inuit men and women
d. landed immigrants
73. According to McCormack, in political matters, women are most likely to focus on which of
the following?
a. moral and community-based social/political issues
b. issues pertaining to the acquisition or exercise of power
c. policies that reduce their isolation because of home-based work
d. trivial issues because of their political naiveté
74. Which of the following has been the only woman to hold the office of prime minister in
Canada?
a. Belinda Stronach
b. Condoleezza Rice
c. Kim Campbell
d. Agnes Macphail
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 173-174 BLM: Remember
75. A female politician was dating a man 10 years younger than her, and the media portrayed her
as a “sex-starved cougar on the prowl.” A male politician was photographed with his date,
who was 12 years younger than him, and no similar comment was made about his sex life. In
this example, the media contributed to which explanation for the underrepresentation of
women in politics?
a. They were acting as gatekeepers of political culture.
b. They were reinforcing sex-role stereotypes of who should participate in political
culture.
c. They were creating hostility toward women in political culture.
d. They were belittling the skills necessary to participate in political culture.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 175-176 BLM: Higher Order

76. According to the text, which of the following stands as an explanation of the
underrepresentation of women in Canadian politics?
a. Women’s child-rearing responsibilities keep them at home rather than in politics.
b. There are fiscal advantages for political women with wealthy husbands to support
them.
c. Political parties control gender composition through the nomination process.
d. The culture of politics is supportive to the participation of women.
77. By which of the following actions do the media fail to evaluate women’s political competence
fairly?
a. by emphasizing women’s records of community involvement
b. by recognizing women’s past political activities/contributions
c. by using the term feminist as a negative personal characteristic
d. by associating female politicians with broad social issues/concerns
78. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a criticism launched against the
Employment Equity Act of 1995?
a. The act covers only public service, federally regulated employers and companies
with 100 or more employees that are doing business with the government.
b. Failure to comply with the legislation carries very light penalties.
c. Public service workers cannot access the court system to obtain settlements in
pay-equity cases.
d. Employment equity puts an unfair burden on taxpayers.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177-178 BLM: Remember
79. In the Correctional Service of Canada, male correctional officers make up the bulk of
membership on institutional emergency response teams. However, female correctional
officers still get the same compensation as males. What principle is reflected in this division
of labour at the same time as overall parity in pay for the classification of correctional
officers?
a. equal opportunity employment
b. gender-blind division of labour
c. pay equity regardless of function
d. equal pay for work of equal value
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order

80. For many years, Jocelyn has been a member of Canada’s Royal Canadian Mounted Police,
where there are many more males than females. When a deputy commissioner position
became open, she applied and was awarded the job, even though there were many other
equally qualified male applicants. What kind of practice does this represent?
a. gender equity
b. affirmative action
c. gender balance
d. job equity
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order
81. A progressive company’s directors instruct the human resources department to make every
reasonable effort to hire socially representative numbers of women, ethnic minorities, and
people with mental and physical disabilities. What term best describes these hiring policies?
a. equal employment
b. unbiased hiring
c. pay equity
d. employment equity
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 177 | p. 180
BLM: Higher Order
82. What have many feminists said about current forms of employment and pay equity?
a. The legislation to address this issue does not apply to a large part of the
population.
b. The legislation has solved most of women’s problems of pay equity in the labour
market.
c. The legislation has repaired all of the wrongs from past decades around paid labour
issues.
d. The legislation is dealing unfairly with men’s paid labour market conditions and
equity issues.
83. Claudia works for a company where only women are employed. She realizes that they are all
underpaid, considering the numerous skills they bring to their jobs. Why is it UNLIKELY that
the equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies can help her and her fellow workers get their
wages raised?
a. Women’s skills are undervalued regardless of policies.
b. Policies compare men and women within the same firm.
c. Cross-industry analysis won’t change gender bias in pay scale.
d. The owners are men and won’t respect the policies.

84. Samantha has worked for over 10 years with four coworkers in a video game development
company. She recently discovered that she and her coworker Jessica were making less than
Tom, Justin, and Anthony. Why is it UNLIKELY that the equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value
policies can help her and Jessica to get their wages raised to match those of Tom, Justin, and
Anthony?
a. Equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies apply to only government jobs.
b. Video game development is a male-dominated industry, with males setting the
rules.
c. Many equal-pay-for-work-of-equal-value policies do not apply to small firms.
d. It can be demonstrated that males are more proficient in video game design.
85. In which type of electoral system are attempts to increase the number of women holding
office the most effective?
a. in electoral systems where the emphasis is on gender parity and woman
empowerment
b. in electoral systems where decision making about nominations and party
representation occurs at levels higher than the local riding
c. in electoral systems where nominations occur within the local riding
d. in electoral systems found in larger cities as opposed to small towns
TRUE/FALSE
1. Social scientists usually refer to inequalities between men and women as gender inequalities
since the term refers to the social meanings associated with being a man or a woman.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 158
2. Gender identities are congruent with the sex assigned to individuals at birth.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 158
3. In its analysis of gender inequality the liberal feminist perspective combines the exploitation
of women by capitalism with patriarchy in the home.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 159-160
4. Even when they are in the paid labour force, married women continue to spend more time
than married men do on housework and child care.

5. The sandwich generation refers to a generation of men and women who care for their aging
parents while supporting their own children.
6. The concentration of men in some occupations and women in others is called “occupational
inequality.”
7. The notion that a given occupation is more appropriate for one sex than the other is referred to
as the “sex typing of occupations.”
8. By 1925, all women in Canada had been granted the right to vote.
9. Research shows that women are just as likely as men are to oppose free markets and military
spending.
10. The media uses the term feminism or feminist to connote positive personal characteristics of
female politicians.
11. Men who enter politics tend to come from a law or business background and women
candidates tend to come from a career in social work or education.
12. There is no government policy in Canada that targets gender inequality in politics.
13. Systemic barriers refers to deliberate and conscious decisions to discriminate.
14. Public policy refers to the statements made and the actions taken (or not taken) by
governments with respect to a given problem or set of problems.

15. In 2009, the federal government passed an act that prevents public servants from filing
complaints with the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What are the three implications of the fact that gender is learned and its content is continually
renewed and altered through social interaction?
ANS:
Gender identity and behaviour are not fixed; gender identity and sex need not be congruent;
gender identities are not binary opposites.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 158
2. In what three ways does multiracial feminism contribute to our understanding of gender
inequality?
ANS:
Highlights different experiences of women, highlights how some women have power over
other women; emphasizes solutions that vary according to the location of women in the matrix
of domination.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 160
3. List the three main reasons that explain the increase of female participation in the labour
force.
ANS:
Canada’s changing economy, fertility decline and labour supply, family finances.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 163
4. Define sex segregation and sex typing of occupations and utilize examples given in the text in
your explanation.
ANS:
For women, the 10 most frequent jobs include secretary, registered nurse, elementary school
teacher, babysitter, and receptionist. For men, the ten most frequent jobs include truck driver,
janitor, retail trade manager, farmer, and carpenter.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 164-166

5. What are the four major explanations of women’s lower pay? Which ones do sociologists
emphasize and why?
ANS:
Gender difference in the characteristics that influence pay rates, gender differences in the type
of work performed, discrimination, societal devaluation of women’s work. Sociologists
emphasize the last two.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 168-170
6. After the May 2011 federal election, 25 percent of Canada’s MPs (members of parliament)
were women, even though women represent more than half of Canada’s electorate. What are
the four major explanations given in the text to account for this underrepresentation of women
in Canadian politics?
ANS:
Sex-role stereotypes (culture of politics is “male”), the negative consequences of public life
for women, gatekeeping, insufficient resources. Students may include “the clash between
political and family life influences the participation of some women in politics” which is
given in the text on p. 176.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 175-176
7. “Representation by women is not the same as representation for women” is a statement used
when critiquing research that focused primarily on the number of women holding political
office. What does this assertion mean?
ANS:
Even though women are elected, the great majority are white, middle class, heterosexual, and
well educated. Do they understand, stand for, and speak for other women, including
Aboriginal women, women of colour, immigrant women, senior women, poor women, and so
on?
PTS: 1 REF: p. 176
8. What are the two areas of policy development that relate to inequality in the workplace? How
are they the same?
ANS:
Employment equity (including affirmative action) and pay equity (equal pay for work of equal
value). Both seek to correct inequalities by removing barriers that handicap certain groups,
including women.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 177

ESSAY
1. The popular opinion today is that men and women are equal in our society. However, women
are often equated with “care giving.” Describe and explain how the construction of gender
roles impacts women in the creation of sex segregation in occupations and the creation of the
double day of labour.
ANS:
Responses will vary.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 | p. 164-167
2. Why is it argued that demands on women to provide unpaid care work will likely increase in
the early twenty-first century? Most young men and women say they expect to share domestic
responsibilities equally. Given what you now know from reading the text, discuss what the
likely reality for these young couples will be and why.
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 163-164
3. Most feminists treat men and women as homogeneous group categories. Are there any
conditions under which differences within the category “women” (e.g., class or ethnic
background) lead to differences in levels and degrees of exploitation and oppression by men
and/or other women, especially in terms of economic and political power?
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 164-176
4. The invention of the typewriter was believed to lower the skill level required in clerical work.
Discuss how our socially constructed definitions of “skill” impact women and the work
women do.
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 | p. 166–167
5. What are the effects of social policies such as affirmative action, and employment and pay
equity, on the lives of women? Who benefits? Who doesn’t?
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 177-178

6. The federal Employment Equity Act, (1995) states:
2. The purpose of this Act is to achieve equality in the work place so that no person
shall be denied employment opportunities or benefits for reasons unrelated to ability and, in
the fulfillment of that goal, to correct the conditions of disadvantage in employment
experienced by women, aboriginal peoples, persons with disabilities and persons who are,
because of their race or colour, in a visible minority by giving effect to the principle that
employment equity means more than treating persons in the same way but also requires
special measures and the accommodation of differences.
Equality is primarily defined as balance or “the same in all respects” whereas equity
addresses “fairness under the circumstances.” Is it possible to achieve equality in the
workplace through the adoption of employment equity policies? If so, how? If not, why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 176-178
7. Despite decades of effort, workplaces are still highly sex segregated and this fact contributes
significantly to the wage gap between men and women. Explain how sex segregation in the
workplace negatively affects the earning power of women.
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 164-167
8. Currently, there is no federal policy aimed at reducing gender inequality among elected
politicians. Imagine that you are heading a task force to address this issue. What two
recommendations would you propose, and explain how they might increase political
participation and representation by women.
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 178-179

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"Here, Jack," said the mate, as he took the glass from the steward,
and filled it two thirds full of the reddish poison.
"Not any for me, thank your honor," replied Jack, to my
astonishment.
"What!" exclaimed the mate.
"None for me, sir."
"Don't you drink liquor?"
"Yes, sir; when I'm on shore I do; but I never was in the habit of
drinking it on board ship."
The mate looked very ugly.
"Here, Baxter," he added, turning to the next man.
"None for me, sir."
I was amazed at the self-denial and firmness of these men. The
others followed their example; not one of them would take the grog.
They understood that it was a bribe—that it was used to induce them
to comply with the new order of events. At that moment I felt that the
Michigan would not bear a cargo of shackled human beings over the
ocean, to be sold into bondage in Cuba or the Southern States. The
grog was served out to the rest of the crew, who did not refuse it.
"I suppose we are to understand that the bark is bound down the
coast of Africa, slaving," continued Jack, when the mate came aft
again.
"You can understand what you please," growled Waterford,
savagely; for his good humor had failed him with the defeat of his
scheme to win over the men.
"We are sorry for it, your honor, because we shipped for Palermo."
"Go forward, every one of you!" roared the mate.
"If this isn't a lawful voyage, Mr. Waterford—"
"Do you hear me?"
"We do, sir. We shipped for a lawful voyage, and—"
"Do you mean to get up a mutiny? Go forward, and attend to your
duty, or I'll put every mother's son of you in irons."
"If you say we are not going a slaving, we shall be satisfied."
"I won't say anything to you," said the mate, picking up a belaying-
pin.
The two passengers went below; but they immediately appeared
again with revolvers in their hands. Captain Farraday picked up a
handspike, and placed himself by the mate. At the same time the five
Spanish and Portuguese sailors came aft, each of them armed with
a handspike or some other weapon. The affair began to look serious
to us, who were provided with nothing to defend ourselves with.
"My men, this is mutiny," interposed Captain Farraday.
"We have a right to know whether this is a lawful voyage or not," said
Baxter.
"You will obey your officers, whether the voyage is lawful or not,"
added the captain.
"I'm not going to parley with mutineers," said Waterford, sternly, as
he moved forward towards us.
The two passengers cocked their pistols, and the five sailors who
were in the plot closed in before us. We were unprepared for a fight,
and we retreated in a body to the forecastle.
CHAPTER XIV.
IN WHICH PHIL SPEAKS FOR TRUTH AND
JUSTICE, AND A SAIL IS DISCOVERED.
We had not gone aft to fight, only to talk; and we were not prepared
for the violent demonstration which was made against us. We
intended, after the fashion of sailors, to present our grievances, and
have an understanding in regard to the future. The seamen of our
party had refused to accept any liquor simply because it was offered
to them as the price of yielding to the wicked scheme of the officers.
This marvellous piece of self-denial on their part assured me that we
should be successful in the end. I had more respect for the virtue of
sailors than ever before; certainly more than when I first came on
board of the bark, and saw every man of the present crew drunk and
quarrelsome.
We were driven forward by the onslaught of the mate and his
supporters, and we halted forward of the windlass only when we
could go no farther. There was a plentiful supply of handspikes on the
forecastle; but, as the mate halted before we were compelled to
defend ourselves, no battle ensued.
"Now, my lads, I have you where I want you," said Waterford, casting
a triumphant glance over our party.
"We haven't tried to make any trouble, and we were respectful,"
replied Sanderson.
"I want you to understand that I call this mutiny, and I shall treat it as
such!" cried the mate, savagely. "I ordered you forward, and you
didn't go, till you were driven."
"When the ship is not on a lawful voyage, there's no such thing as
mutiny," said Baxter, boldly.
"I'll show you that there is," answered Waterford, shaking his weapon
at the discontented ones. "If you want to have trouble, we'll give you
enough of it."
"We don't want any trouble," added the more prudent Sanderson.
"All right, then; return to your duty. Obey your orders, and do your
work, and there will be no trouble. If you don't do it, I'll skin you alive,
every one of you!"
"We shipped for Palermo, sir; and, if we are not going there, we think
we have a right to know where we are going."
"You shipped for any port to which the vessel might go," added the
mate, doggedly.
"Will you tell us where we are bound, sir?"
"No; I will not be driven to tell you anything. In due time, if you behave
yourselves, I'll tell you all about it."
"Will you tell us whether we are engaged in a lawful voyage?"
"I tell you that every man who behaves himself shall have a thousand
dollars when the cruise is up, and have his grog three times a day,
and plum duff every day."
"That is just the same as saying that it is not a lawful voyage," I
added, in a low tone, to Sanderson.
"That's so, my hearty."
"Come out here, Phil Farringford!" shouted the mate. "You have made
all this trouble."
"No, he didn't, sir," replied Jack Sanderson. "One's as black as
another."
"Come out here, Phil! I'll teach you to get up a mutiny among the
men."
The mate made a demonstration forward, as though he intended to
drag me out from the midst of my companions. Probably he had
seen, and perhaps heard, my communications with the spokesman,
and his wrath against me was fanned into a blaze.
"Don't you go, Phil; we will stand by you," said Baxter.
The Crew stand by Phil.
"You will?" roared the mate.

"We are all in the same boat, sir."
"You would all have done very well, if his cant hadn't spoiled you. I
know him, and I'll put him in irons. Shove him out here and I will pass
over what you have done."
"No, sir; we won't give him up," answered Sanderson, decidedly.
"Then you will take the consequences."
"We are willing, sir."
The mate rolled up his sleeves, and glanced at his supporters, as
though he intended to make an assault upon the refractory crew; but
at this moment the captain and the two passengers spoke to him, and
they went aft together.
"We are in for it now, my lads," said old Jack Sanderson.
"We might as well be hung for a bull as a calf," added Baxter.
"If I'm the calf, I don't want you to get into trouble on my account," I
added.
"Phil's a good fellow, and we'll stand by him," replied Baxter.
"Ay, ay! stand by him," said half a dozen others.
"I say I don't want you to get yourselves into trouble for my sake; but I
would rather be hanged for mutiny than be hanged for being
concerned in the slave trade. It's piracy, you know, and there is no
law that can compel you to do duty in a vessel engaged in an illegal
voyage."
"That's so; Phil's a sea lawyer," said Walker.
"We won't let him have Phil," echoed Baxter, "or any other man. We'll
stick together, and go down together, if we can't get out of the
scrape."
"But what can we do?" asked one of the more timid of the men.
"We can only refuse to do duty, and take the consequences."
"I, for one, don't propose to take the consequences," I ventured to
say; for, though I had not said much thus far, I was decidedly in favor
of an aggressive policy.
"What do you think we ought to do?" demanded Baxter.
"Take the bark!" I replied emphatically, when I had satisfied myself
that no one was within hearing except our own party.
"That's just my idea," responded Baxter, bringing his fist down upon
the windlass to prove that he was in earnest. "I don't know what there
is in the hold, but I'll bet there is everything used in the slave trade—
the rice, the water, and the irons. If we should be overhauled by a
British or an American vessel, we should be captured, and sent into
an English or a United States port. If we are not hung, we shall lose
our wages, and be sent to prison."
"That's it!" exclaimed Sanderson.
"Our papers show that we are bound for Palermo, and they would
condemn us, if the stuff in the hold didn't. I'll never help carry a nigger
across the ocean, if I can help it, and I'll fight an honest fight, too, to
keep from doing it. I don't believe in fastening the door with a biled
parsnip."
Baxter was earnest and eloquent, and I honored him for his noble
and humane sentiments. His speech stiffened the backs of those who
were wavering. Twelve of us were of one mind, and we were sure
that York, the second mate, was with us, which made a majority.
Three of the crew still remained doubtful, ready to go with whichever
proved to be the winning side. Their very position showed them to be
weak, and of not much value to either party.
"We are all of one mind," said Sanderson; "but what can we do? It
isn't an easy thing to stand up against the officers, who are provided
with fire-arms."
"Never mind their fire-arms. Truth and justice are on our side, and
they will do us more good than all the guns and pistols that were ever
invented."
"That's all very pretty, but it don't always work so."
"We'll make it work so this time," said Baxter, stoutly. "It's no use to
refuse to do duty, and make a milk-and-water mess of it. When we do
something, we'll strike a blow that shall be felt."
"How are you going to do it?" asked Bilger, who was one of the timid
ones.
"We haven't decided that question yet; but where there's a will there's
a way. In the first place, we must stick together," replied Baxter. "We
will make a plan, and then we will put it through."
"Suppose we take the vessel; what can we do with it? We haven't a
navigator among us," suggested Walker.
"I can take an observation, and work up the reckoning," I replied.
"You!" exclaimed the doubter.
"I can. I have studied navigation, and I can lay down the position of
the bark on the chart every day that the sun shines."
"Good! York is a good sailor. In fact we have all the able and ordinary
seamen with us but the five Spaniards and Portuguese," said Baxter.
"But how shall we take the bark?"
"We'll watch our time, and strike when it comes. You have done some
fighting in your day, Phil; what do you say?"
"I never did any fighting on board of a ship, though I know something
about Indian strategy."
"It's all the same. How shall we go to work to make a sure thing of it?"
"I haven't looked the matter over yet, but I have an idea. In the first
place, we must organize."
"How organize?"
"We must have a leader, and all hands must obey his orders."
"That ought to be the second mate," suggested Sanderson.
"He has not taken part with us yet."
"But he has said he would when it was proved that the bark was
going a slaving," replied Baxter.
"All right," I added. "We must wait till night, if possible."
"There may be a row before night. The captain, mate, and the two
passengers are talking the matter over on the quarter-deck," said
Walker.
"Who's at the helm?"
"Schneider."
"He's one of the doubtful ones, and won't meddle as long as the thing
is undecided. The second mate has the first watch to-night," I
continued.
"Ay, ay," answered Baxter, deeply interested in my suggestion.
"At that time, the captain, mate, and the two passengers will be in
their state-rooms. I believe in taking them there."
"But we have Gorro and Martino in the starboard watch. What shall
we do with them?"
"We'll fix them," I replied. "Two of our stoutest hands must take care
of them. I'm not much more than a boy, but I can handle one of them."
"Plucky!" said Baxter.
"Two more must take care of the three in the forecastle. We can
fasten the door on them when we have got our own men out."
"Good! That will all work well," added Baxter.
"Who has the first trick at the wheel in our watch?" I asked.
"Martino," replied Sanderson.
"Then we must muzzle Gorro forward. Each man must have his own
job to do. Six men shall take off the forward hatch, and passing
through the between-decks, make their way to the cabin through the
steerage."
"Why not go down the cabin stairs?" asked Sanderson.
"Because Martino, at the helm, would give the alarm."
"I like the plan, Phil. We will go over it again, and give each man his
part of the work."
"Sail ho!" shouted Sylvio, one of the Spanish sailors, who was in the
waist.
The mate sprang into the weather mizzen rigging to examine the sail,
and in a few moments we all discovered a streak of black smoke on
the sky, which indicated a steamer.
CHAPTER XV.
IN WHICH PHIL IS ASSIGNED TO AN IMPORTANT
POSITION BY HIS SHIPMATES.
The streak of smoke was on our weather bow, the wind being from
the north-east. The fact that the sail was a steamer rendered it
almost certain that she was a man-of-war; one of the cruisers on the
coast of Africa, on the lookout for slavers. If all hands had not been
busy attending to the exciting scenes on board, we might have
sooner discovered the sail.
"That's in our favor," said Dick Baxter, as soon as the steamer was
made out.
"I don't know about that," replied Jack Sanderson. "If we had taken
possession of the bark it would be in our favor. I don't like the idea of
being taken just yet, for the man-of-war won't be able to tell who's
guilty and who's innocent."
"The steamer will put an end to this cruise, at any rate," I added.
"I'm not so sure of that. The Michigan is a very fast sailer, and I
suppose that's the strongest reason why she happens to be in this
business. She's more'n a match for some of those old drogers of
steamers in the navy," continued Baxter. "She has logged more'n
fourteen knots on this cruise; and as the wind is to-day, she's good
for twelve, when she gets it on the quarter. That's a British steamer."
"What makes you think so?" I asked.
"Her black smoke. The English men-of-war use that kind of coal
which makes smoke as black as ink, and the American men-of-war
don't make any smoke."
"All hands on deck!" shouted the mate. "Stand by tacks and braces!"
"How's that? Shall we go to work?" said Baxter.
"Yes; let us wait for a proper time to carry out our plans," I replied.
All hands sprang to their stations, as though nothing had happened.
"Starboard the helm!" continued the mate, taking his order from the
captain, who appeared to be too drunk to handle the bark.
The order was given to ease off on the lee braces, and haul on the
weather.
"Steady as she is! Avast hauling! A small pull on the weather main-
topsail brace! That will do! A little more spanker-sheet. Belay, all!"
The bark was then headed about south-south-west, with the wind on
the port quarter, which Baxter had declared to be her best point in
sailing.
"The mate knows what that steamer is," said Sanderson, as we
gathered together again on the forecastle.
"That he does; he knows what black smoke means," responded
Baxter.
"Sartinly; he wouldn't run away from her, if he wasn't afraid of her.
That's what one puppy does when he's afraid of another."
"I don't want any more proof that this is an unlawful voyage."
"Even this was not needed," I added. "Can you see how the steamer
is headed?"
"No; you can hardly make her out at all. Her black smoke is about all
there is of her yet," answered Baxter. "But she will see us before
long, if she has not already. You may be sure that she will give
chase, for those men-of-war don't sail with their eyes shut."
"Are we alone now?" I asked, looking over the men to see that none
who did not belong to our party were present.
"Ay, ay, lad; we are all by ourselves," answered Baxter.
"Let us divide the work for to-night, then."
"The sooner the better."
"Six men must go into the cabin through the between-decks," I
continued. "Who shall they be?"
"You shall be one of them, Phil," said Baxter.
"Very well; I am willing. Sanderson shall be another."
"I'm agreed," responded the old salt.
"And Baxter shall look out for Martino at the helm. Walker shall lie
down upon Gorro, and Bilger shall see that only our own men come
out of the forecastle."
"Good, Phil!" exclaimed Baxter. "But what shall we do with York?"
"He must not commit himself till we have made a sure thing of the
job. Don't say a word to him; but he will not interfere," answered
Sanderson.
We stationed every man according to his ability for the great
enterprise, and I felt almost sure that it would be a success, if the
man-of-war did not overhaul us before we had time to put it in
operation. While we were thus engaged, the mate and the
passengers were busy watching the movements of the steamer with
a glass. They did not look forward to see what the crew were doing.
The Spanish and Portuguese sailors did not come near us. They had
already committed themselves on the side of the officers, and knew
that their shipmates had no good will towards them on this account.
They were in the waist, and seemed to be as busy as we were in
discussing the exciting affair which had occurred. I afterwards
learned that they had been engaged before in the slave trade, and
had been shipped by the Spanish passengers as willing agents in
the inhuman business.
I do not know what the mate had discovered in regard to the
steamer; but he ordered the studding-sails, alow and aloft, to be set
forward. The wind was fresh, and under this additional canvas the
bark flew through the water. The log was thrown; and Baxter, who
had charge of the operation, informed us that the Michigan was
making thirteen knots. I admired the vessel, and thought it a shame
and a pity that such a noble craft should be used in such a horrid
trade. She had been built to run up the Mediterranean as a fruiter,
and it was desirable that she should make quick passages. Some of
her carrying capacity had been sacrificed on this account; but she
could still carry negroes enough to make her voyage a very
profitable investment.
After we had set the studding-sails forward, our party again
discussed the details of our plan for the evening. The part of each
man, and each gang of men, was carefully considered. To each party
a leader was appointed, who was to be held responsible for the
share of the work assigned to him, and whom the others were to
obey without a question. I had the honor to be selected as the leader
of the largest gang, who were to do the job in the cabin. The fact that
I had been engaged in an Indian campaign seemed to give me a
great deal of credit for the service which we were to perform, and my
name was suggested for the important place by Jack Sanderson,
who was to be one of my party.
I found myself very popular with the crew; first, I suppose, because I
had been persecuted by the mate,—which was his fault, and not my
merit,—and second, because I had always tried to be kind and
obliging to my shipmates. I had read to them from the Bible every
Sunday, and always found them glad to hear the blessed word. I had
watched with those who were sick, and helped them whenever I had
an opportunity to do so. I told them all about the wilds of the Upper
Missouri, and related the story of the campaign with the Indians. I
had given them the history of Waterford in Chicago, so far as I knew
it. I had no intention of making myself popular with the men;
probably, if I had, I should have failed. I only wished to act the part of
a Christian towards them; and, for carrying out this simple and
sincere desire, I obtained a great deal more credit than I deserved.
Rude and rough as these men were, depraved even as a few of
them had become by the agency of that fiend which is the sailor's
direst curse, Rum, they were still men, and some of them had
received a fair education. Some of them were blessed with inquiring
minds, and many an hour of the silent watches of the night, as the
bark ploughed her way over the ocean, our discussions were upon
moral, religious, and scientific subjects. Though I was but eighteen,
my studies gave me a great advantage over my companions, and I
found myself consulted upon questions in which the men were
interested. I can only say, that whatever measure of regard and
respect I won from my shipmates was merited only by an earnest
and sincere desire to serve and benefit them.
Everything went along quietly on deck. The captain had
disappeared. Doubtless the excitement of the day had caused him to
drink deeper than usual, and I suppose he was asleep in his state-
room. Waterford was the real captain of the bark, though Farraday
sometimes acted as such. The mate must have been sadly disturbed
by the incipient mutiny which had appeared; but he took no further
steps to strengthen his position. He kept his eye on the streak of
black smoke over the lee quarter. Perhaps he felt that, as there was
no actual demonstration of mutiny on the part of the crew, he could
better afford to wait for the indications of the future than the crew
could. Certainly everything on board went along as usual, except
that the Spanish and Portuguese sailors separated themselves from
their shipmates, unless required, in the discharge of their duty, to
mingle with them.
Feeling that a great event was likely to occur within the next twenty-
four hours, I could not help considering the safety of my money, for I
hoped, by some means or other, that I should be able to reach
Europe, and find my mother. I looked all about the deck for a better
hiding-place for my treasure. While I was thinking of the matter, I was
ordered, with others, to get up a barrel of beef from the hold. I was
sure that I could find a safe place below for my gold; and, passing
into the forecastle, I put the bag into my pocket. After we had hoisted
up the barrel, I went aft to the temporary steerage which had been
built for this voyage. I noticed the position of the door, and satisfied
myself that it was not fastened; but I found no good place for my
money.
While the men were closing the hatch in the lower deck, I went
forward to the bow, where there was a pile of fire-wood. I climbed
over it, and found a crevice between the stem and the planking of
the deck, into which I jammed the bag. I was sure the mate would
not find it there; and, having disposed of my treasure, I hastened to
join my shipmates who were men of our party. They understood that
I was surveying the ground for the movement that night, and covered
my operations so that I was not noticed by any person on the other
side.
I felt easier after I had put my money in what I regarded as a safe
place. I did not expect to leave the vessel before we had captured
her; but, even if we failed, I could, with the assistance of my friends,
take off the fore scuttle, and recover the bag. I felt full of confidence
that we should succeed in our plan, and that, before eight bells in the
morning watch, the bark would be headed to the north. We actually
ran away from the steamer, if she discovered us at all. The mate
made no more trouble, and everything went along quietly till the first
dog watch, in which I had my trick at the wheel.
CHAPTER XVI.
IN WHICH PHIL FINDS HIMSELF A PRISONER IN
THE STEERAGE.
Waterford certainly looked as ugly as ever, if he did not act so. He
planked the deck on the weather side, and occasionally glanced at
me, as though I was the cause of all the misfortunes that had
checkered the calendar of his existence. My party were all forward,
as there was nothing to do; for the mate, besides promising the men
plum duff and grog, had also given them "watch and watch." Before,
he had labored hard to make work for the men; now, he gave them an
easy time, and one watch was to be permitted to be below all the
time, except when heavy weather required all hands.
The five Spanish and Portuguese sailors were leaning against the
fiferail of the mainmast. They had drank their grog, and being in high
favor with the mate, were very cheerful. I paid little or no attention to
them, for I was obliged to keep my eye steadily on the binnacle. I saw
Waterford stop at the foot of the mainmast, and talk with these slave-
trading ruffians; but he soon resumed his walk, and took no further
notice of them.
The mate, as he came near the wheel, half an hour later, halted, and
looked at the spanker.
"Aft here, three of you, and give a pull on the spanker-sheet," said he.
Martino, Gorro, and Grego hastened upon the quarter-deck to obey
the order. They cast off the sheet, and gave it a pull.
"Avast—too much," interposed the mate. "Ease off again."
"Ease off," replied Martino; and I observed that they let out the sheet
till the sail was in exactly the same position as before.
"Avast; belay!" added the mate. "Take the helm, Gorro."
I looked up with astonishment when I heard this order, for it involved
a departure from the ordinary routine of the vessel. The Portuguese
took the helm; and while I was waiting for further commands, a pair of
hands were placed over my mouth, and I was suddenly and violently
borne down upon the deck. In a word, I was garroted after the
Spanish fashion. Grego seized me by the legs, and I was unable
either to struggle or to cry out. The two men picked me up, and
hastened into the cabin with me. Waterford walked forward as far as
the mainmast, and that was the last I saw of him. It was evident that
none of my shipmates forward had seen the trick played upon me, for
they were all behind the house on deck.
My captors bore me to the steerage, where they tied me hand and
foot, and made me fast to a stanchion. I began to understand why the
mate had been so quiet and peaceful since the row on deck. He had
concluded to fight his enemies in detail, instead of in the aggregate. I
was helpless now, and my companions in the forecastle did not even
know that any misfortune had happened to me. But I was sure they
would miss me when the helm was relieved, and I was more afraid
that they would go to work rashly than that they would do nothing.
Phil a Prisoner in the Steerage.
"You'll hold still now, Phil," said Martino.

"I suppose I shall as long as these ropes hold out," I replied.
"You made the trouble, and now you will have to take it. If the men
don't want to obey orders now, they will catch pistol balls, instead of
plum duff and grog."
"What does the mate mean to do with me?" I asked.
"He means to make you work when we get the niggers on board. You
will have to feed them, and clean them out," laughed the Spaniard.
"Come; he is safe where he is now," added Grego.
My persecutors left me alone, and went on deck to report to the mate
what they had done. They had certainly done their work well, for my
wrists ached, the line was so tight upon them. My situation looked
very hopeless; and, after I had tested the strength of the cords that
bound me, I felt very much like giving up in despair. But, in the cause
of truth and justice, I felt that I had no right to despair. I was one of
those upon whom devolved the duty of preventing the Michigan from
being turned into a slave ship. We were to act not alone for our own
safety and comfort, but in the interests of humanity. God would bless
our efforts in his own way, and we were in duty bound to do our best,
without regard to consequences.
Though I did not know till afterwards, what followed on deck, I shall
relate it now, in the order of the events. Martino and Grego returned
to the waist, and reported to the mate that the prisoner was safe.
Martino then went forward, and told the men what had happened to
me. They had no suspicion of it before, so skilfully and silently had
the ruffians done their work. They were shocked and confounded.
They immediately took counsel among themselves; and at the
suggestion of Baxter, they decided to appear to yield to the
circumstances.
While the conference was in progress, the steward went forward with
the grog. This time they drank, and Sanderson took my allowance.
Every man seemed to be happy and cheerful; and the mate called all
hands to brace up the bark; for, as the steamer had not been seen for
several hours, it was decided to resume the course. The mate then
spoke to the hands, as he had in the forenoon, and they yielded the
point. They were willing to make a thousand dollars, and glad to have
"watch and watch," plum duff, and grog. The mate was satisfied; and,
when the starboard watch came on duty in the second dog watch, he
went below. I knew the sound of his step, and I heard him coming
towards the steerage.
"Mr. Waterford," said the captain, calling to him from his state-room,
which was near the open door leading into the steerage.
"Well, captain," replied the mate.
"What's the matter?"

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1. What are social roles?

4. Many magazine photographs and advertisements show teenage girls grooming

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41. What is the alternate term for sex labelling?

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55. What does standard work include?

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13. Systemic barriers refers to deliberate and conscious decisions to discriminate.

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6. The federal Employment Equity Act, (1995) states:

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The Crew stand by Phil.