Prealgebra 7Th Edition Bittinger Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Prealgebra 7th Edition Bittinger Test
Bank
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The following table contains information about moons orbiting a planet named Geo I. Use the table to solve the problem.
1)
Average Distance Time of Revolution in
Moon from Geo I (in km)Diameter (in km) Earth Time (in years)
Luna 1 4000 417 1.00
Luna 2 5200 2184 3.08
Luna 3 80,000 311 5.44
Luna 4 115,200 728 38.96
Luna 5 264,000 1145 100.32
Find the average distance from Geo I to its moon Luna 1.

A) 80,000 km B) 4000 km C) 417 km D) 5200 km
Answer: B
2)
Luna 1 2000 413 0.50
Luna 2 2600 2184 1.54
Luna 3 90,000 315 2.72
Luna 4 129,600 728 43.83
Luna 5 297,000 1141 112.86
What is the time of revolution around Geo 1 of the moon Luna 4?

A) 43.83 yr B) 728 yr C) 1.54 yr D) 112.86 yr
Answer: A
3)
Luna 1 4000 411 1.00
Luna 2 5200 2166 3.08
Luna 3 60,000 311 5.44
Luna 4 86,400 722 29.22
Luna 5 198,000 1133 75.24
Which moon has a diameter of 311 kilometers?

A) Luna 1 B) Luna 2 C) Luna 3 D) Luna 4
Answer: C
1
4)
Luna 1 3000 417 0.75
Luna 2 3900 2172 2.31
Luna 3 90,000 307 4.08
Luna 4 129,600 724 43.83
Luna 5 297,000 1141 112.86
Which moon or moons have an average distance from Geo I that is less than 10,000 km?
A) Luna 1 only B) Luna 2 only
C) Luna 1 and Luna 2 D) Luna 3, Luna 4, and Luna 5
Answer: C
5)
Luna 1 1000 413 0.25
Luna 2 1300 2187 0.77
Luna 3 90,000 316 1.36
Luna 4 129,600 729 43.83
Luna 5 297,000 1142 112.86
By how many kilometers does Luna 4's average distance from Geo I exceed Luna 2's average distance from Geo I?
A) 1300 km B) 128,300 km C) 129,600 km D) 128,600 km
Answer: B
6)
Luna 1 4000 411 1.00
Luna 2 5200 2166 3.08
Luna 3 50,000 311 5.44
Luna 4 72,000 722 24.35
Luna 5 165,000 1133 62.70
What is the average time of revolution of the moons? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a year.
A) 5.44 yr B) 19.31 yr C) 948.60 yr D) 3.08 yr
Answer: B
7)
Luna 1 2000 417 0.50
Luna 2 2600 2172 1.54
Luna 3 70,000 307 2.72
Luna 4 100,800 724 34.09
Luna 5 231,000 1141 87.78
What is the average diameter of the moons? Round your answer to the nearest kilometer.
A) 724 km B) 307 km C) 952 km D) 516 km
Answer: C
2
In warm weather, a person can feel hotter due to reduced heat loss from the skin caused by higher humidity. The
temperature-humidity index, or apparent temperature, is what the temperature would have to be with no humidity in order to
give the same heat effect. The table below lists the apparent temperatures for various actual temperatures and relative humidities.
Use the table to answer the question.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
ACTUAL
TEMP (°F) APPARENT TEMPERATURE (°F)
75° 75 77 79 80 82 84 86 88 90
80° 80 82 85 87 90 92 94 97 99
85° 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 108
90° 90 93 97 100 104 107 111 114 118
95° 95 99 103 107 111 115 119 123 127
100° 100 105 109 114 118 123 127 132 137
105° 105 110 115 120 125 131 136 141 146
8) Find the apparent temperature if the actual temperature is 105°F and the humidity is 40%.
A) 115°F B) 110°F C) 125°F D) 120°F
Answer: D
9) Find the apparent temperature if the actual temperature is 85°F and the humidity is 80%.
A) 100°F B) 103°F C) 108°F D) 106°F
Answer: D
10) How many listed temperature-humidity combinations give an apparent temperature of 114°?
A) 4 B) 1 C) 3 D) 2
Answer: D
11) At a relative humidity of 70%, what actual temperatures give an apparent temperature above 100°?
A) 75° and higher B) 85° and higher C) 80° and higher D) 90° and higher
Answer: B
12) At an actual temperature of 80°, what relative humidities give an apparent temperature above 96°?
A) 70% and higher B) 60% and higher C) 90% and higher D) 80% and higher
Answer: D
13) At an actual temperature of 75°, by how much would the humidity have to increase in order to raise the
apparent temperature from 77° to 86°?
A) 68% B) 40% C) 50% D) 60%
Answer: C
3
Use the pictograph to solve the problem.
14) The following pictograph shows approximately how many kilograms of seafood each person (per capita) consumes
annually in several countries.
100
Which country has the highest per capita consumption of seafood?

A) Country E B) Country A C) Country B D) Country C
Answer: A
100
What is the approximate per capita consumption of seafood in Country E?

A) 550 kg B) 225 kg C) 500 kg D) 675 kg
Answer: D
4
100
Approximately how many more kilograms of seafood are eaten per person in Country A than in Country B?
A) 425 kg B) 150 kg C) 325 kg D) 250 kg
Answer: C
100
People in Country D eat approximately what percent more seafood than people in Country C?
A) 25% B) 125% C) 75% D) 50%
Answer: A
5
18) The following pictograph shows sales of compact disks (CDs) for a popular rock band for seven consecutive years.
Year CD Sales
2007 ⊙⊙
2006 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2005 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2004 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2003 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2002 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2001 ⊙⊙⊙
⊙ = 100,000 CDs
In which year was the greatest number of CDs sold?

A) 2002 B) 2004 C) 2005 D) 2006
Answer: B
Year CD Sales
2007 ⊙⊙
2006 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2005 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2004 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2003 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2002 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2001 ⊙⊙⊙
⊙ = 1000 CDs
How many CDs do 4 ⊙ symbols represent?

A) 1000 CDs B) 4 CDs C) 4000 CDs D) 400 CDs
Answer: C
Year CD Sales
2007 ⊙⊙
2006 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2005 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2004 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2003 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2002 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2001 ⊙⊙⊙
⊙ = 10,000 CDs
Approximately how many CDs were sold in 2006?

A) 6 CDs B) 60,000 CDs C) 6000 CDs D) 90,000 CDs
Answer: B
6
Year CD Sales
2007 ⊙⊙
2006 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2005 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2004 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2003 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2002 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2001 ⊙⊙⊙
⊙ = 10,000 CDs
Approximately how many fewer CDs were sold in 2003 than in 2005?
A) 50,000 CDs B) 60,000 CDs C) 10,000 CDs D) 40,000 CDs
Answer: D
Year CD Sales
2007 ⊙⊙
2006 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2005 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2004 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2003 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2002 ⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙
2001 ⊙⊙⊙
⊙ = 1000 CDs
Between which two years did sales decline the most?

A) 2001 and 2002 B) 2005 and 2006 C) 2006 and 2007 D) 2003 and 2004
Answer: C
The following bar graph shows the number of students by major in the College of Arts and Sciences. Use the bar graph to solve the
problem.
23) About how many students are majoring in English?

A) 450 students B) 350 students C) 400 students D) 500 students
Answer: C
7
24) About how many students are in the College of Arts and Sciences?
Answer: A
25) Which major has the largest number of students?

A) Math B) Science C) English D) History
Answer: C
26) Which major has about 150 students?

A) History B) Math C) English D) Science
Answer: D
27) About how many more students are majoring in math than in science?
Answer: A
28) The science department spends about $200 on equipment for each student majoring in science. About how
much should the science department budget for equipment?
A) $40,000 B) $3000 C) $30,000 D) $20,000
Answer: C
29) The English department assigns a counselor to each student majoring in English. Each counselor is assigned 20
students. About how many counselors are needed?
A) 27 counselors B) 22 counselors C) 24 counselors D) 20 counselors
Answer: D
30) The science department is planning to buy some new equipment. They want to make sure that there is one new
machine for every 5 students majoring in science. If each machine costs $650, about how much should they
budget for the new equipment?
A) $16,250 B) $22,750 C) $19,500 D) $26,000
Answer: C
8
The bar graph shows the number of tickets sold each week by the garden club for their annual flower show.
31) During which week did the garden club sell the most tickets?
A) week 2 B) week 4 C) week 1 D) week 5
Answer: B
32) During which week did the garden club sell the least tickets?
Answer: D
33) How many tickets were sold during week 6?

A) 11 tickets B) 46 tickets C) 30 tickets D) 19 tickets
Answer: D
34) During which week were 11 tickets sold?

Answer: B
35) How many more tickets were sold during week 5 than week 3?
Answer: B
36) How many tickets were sold in all?

Answer: A
9
The bar graph shows the expenditures of one city government in a recent year.
37) Name the agency with the smallest spending and estimate this value.
A) Human Resources; $24.2 million B) Justice; $12.1 million
C) Fire; $4.3 million D) Environment; $3.2 million
Answer: D
38) Name the agency whose spending for the year was between $13 million and $14 million and estimate its
spending.
A) Pensions; $22.7 million B) Pensions; $13.4 million
C) Education; $22.7 million D) Education; $13.4 million
Answer: B
39) Estimate how much more was spent in that year on Education than on Justice.
A) $9.2 million B) $13.7 million C) $10.7 million D) $12.4 million
Answer: C
40) Estimate the amount that was spent in that year on Health and Pensions combined.
Answer: D
41) If expenditures remain the same, estimate how much will be spent on Fire over the next five years.
A) $24 million B) $21.5 million C) $23.5 million D) $22.5 million
Answer: B
42) If expenditures remain the same, estimate how much will be spent on Education over the next eight years.
Answer: A
43) If expenditures remain the same, estimate the total amount that will be spent on Environment and Justice over
the next ten years.
A) $170 million B) $162 million C) $152 million D) $144 million
Answer: C
10
The following double bar graph shows the number of male (M) and female (F) athletes at a university in various years. Use the bar
graph to solve the problem.
44) Which year had the smallest number of male athletes?

A) 2005 B) 2003 C) 2004 D) 2006
Answer: B
45) About how many female athletes were there in 2004?

A) 300 athletes B) 200 athletes C) 500 athletes D) 150 athletes
Answer: B
46) Which year had the greatest number of female athletes?

A) 2005 B) 2003 C) 2006 D) 2004
Answer: A
47) In which year was the number of male athletes equal to about 375?
A) 2003 B) 2004 C) 2006 D) 2005
Answer: D
48) Estimate the increase in the number of female athletes from 2003 to 2004.
Answer: C
49) What was the approximate decrease in the number of female athletes from 2005 to 2006?
Answer: D
50) What is the only year in which the number of female athletes declined from its previous value?
A) 2006 B) 2003 C) 2005 D) 2004
Answer: A
51) About how many athletes were there in 2006?

Answer: D
52) In 2006, about how many more male athletes were there than female athletes?
A) 190 B) 780 C) 130 D) 150
Answer: D
11
53) What was the average number of female athletes over the four-year period? Round your answer to the nearest
ten.
Answer: B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.

54) The following table shows the average amount spent per week on groceries by four different families. Make a vertical
bar graph to illustrate the data.
Amount Spent
Family on Groceries
Smith $123.25
Harding $176.00
Tooley $151.75
Borne $168.00
Answer: Answers may vary. The following is a possible answer.
$180.00
$160.00
$140.00
$120.00
12
55) The following table shows the number of female infants born in a certain city on New Year's Day in various years. Make
a vertical bar graph to illustrate the data.
No. of Female Infants

Year Born New Year's Day
1970 21
1971 12
1972 18
1973 30
1974 27
1975 24
30
24
18
12
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
13
56) The following table shows the number of male infants born in a certain city on New Year's Day in various years. Make a
horizontal bar graph to illustrate the data.
No. of Male Infants

Year Born New Year's Day
1990 6
1991 14
1992 10
1993 16
1994 10
1995 10
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
4 8 12 16
14
57) The following table shows the number of inches of rainfall measured at City X during various days. Make a vertical bar
graph to illustrate the data.
Inches of
Day Rainfall
April 15 1.26
April 30 1.94
May 15 3.26
May 30 2.54
June 15 2.02
June 30 1.86
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
Inches
2.0
1.6
1.2
Apr 15 Apr 30 May 15 May 30 Jun 15 Jun 30
15
The line graph shows the recorded hourly temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit at an airport.
58) At what time was the temperature the highest?

A) 1 p.m. B) 2 p.m. C) 5 p.m. D) 11 a.m.
Answer: A
59) At what time was the temperature its lowest?

A) 6 p.m. B) 1 p.m. C) 9 a.m. D) 4 p.m.
Answer: C
60) What temperature was recorded at 5 p.m.?

A) 76°F B) 74°F C) 78°F D) 77°F
Answer: A
61) During which hour did the temperature increase the most?
A) 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. B) 1 p.m. to 2 p.m. C) 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. D) 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Answer: D
62) At what time(s) was the temperature 79°?

A) 1 p.m. B) 6 p.m. C) 2 p.m. D) 12 p.m.
Answer: A
63) During which two hour period did the temperature increase the most?
A) 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. B) 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. C) 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. D) 12 p.m. to 2 p.m.
Answer: B
64) During which hour(s) was there no change in temperature?

A) 11 a.m. to 12 p.m. B) 11 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4 p.m. to 5 p.m.
C) 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 5 p.m D) 11 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 5 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Answer: B
16
65) What was the average temperature between 9 am and 1 p.m. ? Round your answer to the nearest tenth if
necessary.
A) 74.8°F B) 75.6°F C) 74.0°F D) 75.3°F
Answer: B
66) What was the average temperature between 1 p.m. and 6 p.m.? Round your answer to the nearest tenth if
necessary.
A) 76.8°F B) 76.2°F C) 77.2°F D) 77.8°F
Answer: A
The following graph shows the monthly sales for Big "D" Sales during 2000 and 2001. Use the graph to solve the problem.
67) Which month in 2000 had the lowest sales?

A) Month 2 B) Month 6 C) Month 8 D) Month 3
Answer: D
68) What was the increase in sales between month 5 and month 6 of 2001?
A) $800 B) $4 C) $8000 D) $4000
Answer: D
69) Between which two months in 2001 did sales decrease by the greatest amount?
A) Between months 1 and 2 B) Between months 3 and 4
C) Between months 6 and 7 D) Between months 2 and 3
Answer: C
70) Between which two months in 2000 did sales increase by the greatest amount?
A) Between months 7 and 8 B) Between months 4 and 5
C) Between months 8 and 9 D) Between months 2 and 3
Answer: B
71) What were the total sales for the first six months of 2000?
A) $290,000 B) $46,000 C) $240,000 D) $366,000
Answer: A
17
72) What were the average sales for the first six months of 2000? Round to the nearest dollar if necessary.
A) $48,333 B) $61,000 C) $46,000 D) $48,000
Answer: A
73) What were the average sales for the first six months of 2001? Round to the nearest dollar if necessary.
A) $60,400 B) $61,000 C) $62,000 D) $48,333
Answer: B
74) How much more was earned in the first six months of 2001 than in the first six months of 2000?
A) $12,000 B) $18,000 C) $652,000 D) $76,000
Answer: D
75) What was the total increase in sales from 2000 to 2001?
A) $1,342,000 B) $22,000 C) $182,000 D) $12,000
Answer: C
76) What was the difference between the highest and lowest monthly sales in 2000?
A) $8000 B) $6000 C) $2000 D) $4000
Answer: A
18
Make a line graph of the data in the table, listing time on the horizontal scale.
77) The following table shows the number of computer sales made at Computer Buy in various months.
Number of
Month Computers Sold
1 426
2 512
3 622
4 1054
5 978
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
19
78) The following table shows the average teacher's salary at District X for various years.
Average Salary
Year (in thousands)
2000 $35.5
2001 $31.0
2002 $28.0
2003 $46.0
2004 $48.5
2005 $53.5
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
20
79) The following table shows a certain artist's music video production costs in various even-numbered years.
Production Costs,
Year (in millions)
1992 $8.4
1994 $7.6
1996 $6.0
1998 $4.4
2000 $3.2
2002 $5.6
2004 $12.4
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
21
80) The following table gives the total precipitation in a city during certain months.
Month Total Precipitation

(in inches)
Nov. 6.08
Dec. 10.88
Jan. 15.04
Feb. 24.16
Mar. 22.24
April 29.76
May 33.12
36.00
32.00
28.00
24.00
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
0 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May
22
Plot the points on the graph.
81) A(1, 2), B(-6, 2)
Second Axis
6
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis
B A
First axis
-6 6
-6
23
82) A(4, -2), B(-3, 6)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis

B
6
First axis
-6 6
A
-6
24
83) A(-5, -3), B(-4, 4)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis
6
B
First axis
-6 6
-6
25
84) A(2, 5), B(6, -6)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis
6 A
First axis
-6 6
B
-6
26
85) A(5, 2), B(-4, -4)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
27
86) A(0, 6), B(-6, -2)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis

A
6
First axis
-6 6
B
-6
28
87) A(2, 4), B(-3, 0)
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis
6
A
B First axis
-6 6
-6
29
4
88) A - , -6 , B(-3, 6)
3
Second Axis
First axis
-6 6
-6
Answer: Second Axis

B
6
First axis
-6 6
A
-6
Determine the coordinates of the points shown on the graph.

89) Second Axis
A
3
B
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
-3
-6
A) A: (5, 7); B: (1, -3) B) A: (5, 1); B: (7, 1) C) A: (5, 7); B: (-3, 1) D) A: (7, 26); B: (1, -3)
Answer: C
30
90) Second Axis
6
C
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
D
-3
-6
A) C: (5, 12); D: (-3, 4) B) C: (-2, 5); D: (4, -3)

C) C: (-2, -3); D: (5, -3) D) C: (-2, 5); D: (-3, 4)
Answer: B
91) Second Axis
E 3
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
-3
G
-6
A) E: (-6, -5); G: (2, -5) B) E: (2, 4); G: (-5, -4)

C) E: (-6, 2); G: (-4, -5) D) E: (-6, 2); G: (-5, -4)
Answer: C
31
92) Second Axis
6
H
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
G
-3
-6
A) G: (4, -3); H: (-5, 4) B) G: (4, 4); H: (-3, 4)

C) G: (4, -3); H: (4, -5) D) G: (-3, 24); H: (4, -5)
Answer: A
93) Second Axis
B 6
A
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
-3
-6
A) A: (0, 3); B: (5, -2) B) A: (3, 0); B: (5, -2) C) A: (3, 0); B: (-2, 5) D) A: (0, 3); B: (-2, 5)
Answer: C
32
94) Second Axis
E
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
-3
G -6
A) E: (0, 7); G: (-5, -7) B) E: (0, 7); G: (-7, -5) C) E: (7, 0); G: (-7, -5) D) E: (7, 0); G: (-5, -7)
Answer: A
95) Second Axis
H
First axis
-6 -3 3 6
G
-3
-6
A) G: (-3, 5); H: (-5, 0) B) G: (5, -3); H: (-5, 0)

C) G: (-3, 5); H: (0, -5) D) G: (5, -3); H: (0, -5)
Answer: B
In which quadrant is the point located?

96) (3, 4)
A) III B) II C) I D) IV
Answer: C
97) (-20, 10)

A) III B) IV C) I D) II
Answer: D
98) (-19, -7)

A) IV B) II C) III D) I
Answer: C
33
99) (16, -19)
A) II B) IV C) III D) I
Answer: B
4 1
100) 2 , -
5 6
A) III B) IV C) II D) I
Answer: B
101) (-40.6, -5.6)

A) IV B) II C) III D) I
Answer: C
102) The first coordinate is positive, and the second coordinate is not zero.
A) III or IV B) I or II C) II or III D) I or IV
Answer: D
103) The second coordinate is negative, and the first coordinate is not zero.
A) III or IV B) II or III C) I or IV D) I or II
Answer: A
104) The coordinates have the same sign.

A) I or II B) I or III C) III or IV D) II or IV
Answer: B
105) The first coordinate is negative and the second coordinate is positive.
A) III or IV B) II C) II or III D) IV
Answer: B
Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given equation.

106) (-1, -2); y = 2x
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
107) (3, 11); y = 2x - 5

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
108) (6, 7); x + y = 13

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
109) (3, 7); x - y = 9

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
110) (3, 2); 4x + y = 14

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
34
111) (2, 3); 5x + 2y = 16
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
112) (3, 5); 4x - 2y = 22

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
113) (2, -1); 4x - 9y = 17

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
1
114) -3 , -5 ; 11x + 7y = -68
2
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
115) (3.7, 1.8); y = 2x - 5.6

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
Use the indicated value to find an ordered pair that is a solution of the equation.
116) y = -x + 5; let x = 3
A) (3, -2) B) (3, 2) C) (3, 6) D) (3, 3)
Answer: B
117) x + y = 11; let x = 8

A) (8, 11) B) (3, 8) C) (8, 19) D) (8, 3)
Answer: D
118) y = 7x + 4; let x = 4
A) (4, 24) B) (4, 32) C) (24, 4) D) (32, 4)
Answer: B
119) y = -5x + 11; let x = 1

A) (1, 11) B) (1, 3) C) (1, -55) D) (1, 6)
Answer: D
120) y = -9x; let y = -45

A) (-5, -45) B) (-45, -5) C) (5, -45) D) (-45, 5)
Answer: C
121) x + 5y = 9; let y = 3
A) (4, 3) B) (3, -6) C) (-6, 3) D) (-24, 3)
Answer: C
122) 5x + y = -25; let y = 5

A) (0, 5) B) (5, -6) C) (-30, 5) D) (-6, 5)
Answer: D
35
123) 4x + y = -6; let x = 0
A) (0, -10) B) (0, -2) C) (0, -6) D) (0, 0)
Answer: C
124) 2x + 7y = -10; let y = 8

A) (0, 8) B) (-33, 8) C) (-5, 8) D) (33, 8)
Answer: B
125) 2x - 5y = 7; let x = 1
A) (1, -2) B) (2, 1) C) (1, 2) D) (1, -1)
Answer: D
Complete the ordered pairs for the equation.

126) x + y = 7; (5, □); (□, 7)
A) (5, 2); (1, 7) B) (5, 10); (0, 7) C) (5, 5); (1, 7) D) (5, 2); (0, 7)
Answer: D
127) x - y = 13 ; (□, 9); (0, □)

A) (4, 9); ( 0, -13) B) (4, 9); ( 0, 13) C) (22, 9); ( 0, 13) D) (22, 9); (0, -13)
Answer: D
128) y = 6x; (6, □); (□, -24)

A) (6, 12), (4, -24) B) (6, 36), (4, -24) C) (6, 36), (-4, -24) D) (6, 12), (-4, -24)
Answer: C
129) y = -x - 18; (□, -9); (-18, □)

A) (-9, -11); (-18, 0) B) (-9, -9); (-18, -9) C) (-9, -11); (-18, -9) D) (-9, -9); (-18, 0)
Answer: D
130) y = -7x; (3, □); (□, 14)

A) (3, 21); (-2, 14) B) (3, -21); (2, 14) C) (3, 21); (2, 14) D) (3, -21); (-2, 14)
Answer: D
131) y = -3x - 20; (□, 4); (0, □)

A) (4, 4); (0, 40) B) (-8, 4); (0, -20) C) (4, -8); (0, -20) D) (-8, 4); (0, 40)
Answer: B
132) 3x + y = -12; (□, 6); (1, □)

A) (0, 6); (1, -15) B) (-6, 6); (1, -24) C) (-6, 6); (1, -15) D) (0, 6); (1, -24)
Answer: C
133) 3x + y = -3; (-4, □); (□, -6)

A) (-4, 9); (-1, -6) B) (-4, 9); (1, -6) C) (-4, -15); (-1, -6) D) (-4, -15); (1, -6)
Answer: B
134) 2x + 6y = 36; (12, □); (□, 6)

A) (12, 1), (-1, 6) B) (12, 2), (0, 6) C) (12, 2), (1, 6) D) (12, -2), (0, 6)
Answer: B
36
135) 5x - 3y = 11; (0, □); (□, 0 )
11 11 11 11 11 11
A) 0, , ,0 B) 0, - , ,0 C) (6, 0) , (0, 14 ) D) 0, , - ,0
3 5 3 5 5 3
Answer: B
Find three solutions for the equation. Answers may vary.

136) x + y = 14
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: (7, 7), (8, 6), (9, 5)
137) y = 9x
138) y = -2x
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: (2, -4), (3, -6), (4, -8)
139) y = 8x + 7
140) y = -2x + 5
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: (0, 5), (4, -3), (5, -5)
141) 2x + y = 9
142) x + 5y = 6
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: (6, 0), (-24, 6), (-29, 7)
143) 5x + 2y = 40
1
144) y = x+9
7
145) 8 + y = x
Answer: Answers will vary. One possibility: (0, -8), (6, -2), (7, -1)
Graph the equation.
37
146) x + y = -7
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: D
38
147) y = x + 3
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: C
39
148) y + 6 = x
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: D
40
149) y = 3x + 6
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: B
41
150) 2x - y = 2
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: D
42
1
151) y = x
4
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: D
43
1
152) y = x-1
3
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: A
44
3
153) y = - x
4
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: C
45
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"What America owed abroad can never be computed; it is enough
that it reached an enormous sum, to refund which, even under
favorable circumstances, would have taken years of effort;
actually forced payment brought the nation to the brink of a
convulsion. Perhaps no people ever faced such an emergency and
paid, without recourse to war. America triumphed through her
inventive and administrative genius. Brought to a white heat
under compression, the industrial system of the Union suddenly
fused into a homogeneous mass. One day, without warning, the
gigantic mechanism operated, and two hemispheres vibrated with
the shock. In March, 1897, the vast consolidation of mines,
foundries, railroads, and steamship companies, centralized at
Pittsburg, began producing steel rails at $18 the ton, and at
a bound America bestrode the world. She had won her great
wager with fate. … The end seems only a question of time.
Europe is doomed not only to buy her raw material abroad, but
to pay the cost of transport. And Europe knew this
instinctively in March, 1897, and nerved herself for
resistance. Her best hope, next to a victorious war, lay in
imitating America, and in organizing a system of
transportation which would open up the East.
"Carnegie achieved the new industrial revolution in March,

1897. Within a twelvemonth the rival nations had emptied
themselves upon the shore of the Yellow Sea. In November
Germany seized Kiao-chau, a month later the Russians occupied
Port Arthur, and the following April the English appropriated
Wei-hai-wei; but the fact to remember is that just 400 miles
inland, due west of Kiao-chau, lies Tszechau, the centre,
according to Richthofen, of the richest coal and iron deposits
in existence. There with the rude methods used by the Chinese,
coal actually sells at 13 cents the ton. Thus it has come to
pass that the problem now being attacked by all the statesmen,
soldiers, scientific men, and engineers of the two eastern
continents is whether Russia, Germany, France, England, and
Japan, combined or separately, can ever bring these resources
on the market in competition with the United States."
B. Adams,
The New Industrial Revolution
(Atlantic Monthly, February, 1901).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (January-May).

Arbitration Treaty with Great Britain rejected by the Senate.
See, (in this volume),

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.
The correspondence which took place between the governments of

the United States and Great Britain, on the subject of an
arbitration of the Venezuela Boundary dispute, having led to
the revival of a project for the negotiation of a general
treaty of arbitration, which the late American Secretary of
State, Mr. Gresham, had broached to the British government in
the spring of 1895, the terms of such an arrangement were
carefully and fully discussed between Secretary Olney and Lord
Salisbury, during the year 1896, and an agreement was reached
which took form in a solemn compact for the settlement by
arbitration of all matters in difference between the two
countries, signed at Washington on the 11th of January, 1897.
The treaty thus framed was as follows:
"ARTICLE I.
The High Contracting Parties agree to submit to Arbitration in
accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations
of this Treaty all questions in difference between them which
they may fail to adjust by diplomatic negotiation.
"ARTICLE II.
All pecuniary claims or groups of pecuniary claims which do
not in the aggregate exceed £100,000 in amount, and which do
not involve the determination of territorial claims, shall be
dealt with and decided by an Arbitral Tribunal constituted as
provided in the next following Article. In this Article and in
Article IV the words 'groups of pecuniary claims' mean
pecuniary claims by one or more persons arising out of the
same transactions or involving the same issues of law and
fact.'
"ARTICLE III.
Each of the High Contracting Parties shall nominate one
arbitrator who shall be a jurist of repute and the two
arbitrators so nominated shall within two months of the date
of their nomination select an umpire. In case they shall fail
to do so within the limit of time above mentioned, the umpire
shall be appointed by agreement between the Members for the
time being of the Supreme Court of the United States and the
Members for the time being of the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council in Great Britain, each nominating body acting by
a majority. In case they shall fail to agree upon an umpire
within three months of the date of an application made to them
in that behalf by the High Contracting Parties or either of
them, the umpire shall be selected in the manner provided for
in Article X. The person so selected shall be the President of
the Tribunal and the award of the majority of the Members
thereof shall be final.
{578}
"ARTICLE IV.
All pecuniary claims or groups of pecuniary claims which shall
exceed £100,000 in amount and all other matters in difference,
in respect of which either of the High Contracting Parties
shall have rights against the other under Treaty or otherwise,
provided that such matters in difference do not involve the
determination of territorial claims, shall be dealt with and
decided by an Arbitral Tribunal, constituted as provided in
the next following Article.
"ARTICLE V.
Any subject of Arbitration described in Article IV shall be
submitted to the Tribunal provided for by Article III, the
award of which Tribunal, if unanimous, shall be final. If not
unanimous either of the High Contracting Parties may within
six months from the date of the award demand a review thereof.
In such case the matter in controversy shall be submitted to
an Arbitral Tribunal consisting of five jurists of repute, no
one of whom shall have been a member of the Tribunal whose
award is to be reviewed and who shall be selected as follows,
viz:—two by each of the High Contracting Parties, and one, to
act as umpire, by the four thus nominated and to be chosen
within three months after the date of their nomination. In
case they shall fail to choose an umpire within the limit of
time above-mentioned, the umpire shall be appointed by
agreement between the Nominating Bodies designated in Article
III acting in the manner therein provided. In case they shall
fail to agree upon an umpire within three months of the date
of an application made to them in that behalf by the High
Contracting Parties or either of them, the umpire shall be
selected in the manner provided for in Article X. The person
so selected shall be the President of the Tribunal and the
award of the majority of the Members thereof shall be final.
"ARTICLE VI.
Any controversy which shall involve the determination of
territorial claims shall be submitted to a Tribunal composed
of six members, three of whom (subject to the provisions of
Article VIII) shall be Judges of the Supreme Court of the
United States or Justices of the Circuit Courts to be
nominated by the President of the United States, and the other
three of whom (subject to the provisions of Article VIII)
shall be Judges of the British Supreme Court of Judicature or
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to be
nominated by Her Britannic Majesty, whose award by a majority
of not less than five to one shall be final. In case of an
award made by less than the prescribed majority, the award
shall also be final unless either Power shall, within three
months after the award has been reported, protest that the
same is erroneous, in which case the award shall be of no
validity. In the event of an award made by less than the
prescribed majority and protested as above provided, or if the
members of the Arbitral Tribunal shall be equally divided,
there shall be no recourse to hostile measures of any
description until the mediation of one or more friendly Powers
has been invited by one or both of the High Contracting
Parties.
"ARTICLE VII.
Objections to the jurisdiction of an Arbitral Tribunal
constituted under this Treaty shall not be taken except as
provided in this Article. If before the close of the hearing
upon a claim submitted to an Arbitral Tribunal constituted
under Article III or Article V either of the High Contracting
Parties shall move such Tribunal to decide, and thereupon it
shall decide that the determination of such claim necessarily
involves the decision of a disputed question of principle of
grave general importance affecting the national rights of such
party as distinguished from the private rights whereof it is
merely the international representative, the jurisdiction of
such Arbitral Tribunal over such claim shall cease and the
same shall be dealt with by arbitration under Article VI.
"ARTICLE VIII.
In cases where the question involved is one which concerns a
particular State or Territory of the United States, it shall
be open to the President of the United States to appoint a
judicial officer of such State or Territory to be one of the
Arbitrators under Article III or Article V or Article VI. In
like manner in cases where the question involved is one which
concerns a British Colony or possession, it shall be open to
Her Britannic Majesty to appoint a judicial officer of such
Colony or possession to be one of the Arbitrators under
Article III or Article V or Article VI.
"ARTICLE IX.
Territorial claims in this Treaty shall include all claims to
territory and all claims involving questions of servitudes,
rights of navigation and of access, fisheries and all rights
and interests necessary to the control and enjoyment of the
territory claimed by either of the High Contracting Parties.
"ARTICLE X.
If in any case the nominating bodies designated in Articles
III and V shall fail to agree upon an Umpire in accordance
with the provisions of the said Articles, the Umpire shall be
appointed by His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. Either
of the High Contracting Parties, however, may at any time give
notice to the other that, by reason of material changes in
conditions as existing at the date of this Treaty, it is of
opinion that a substitute for His Majesty should be chosen
either for all cases to arise under the Treaty or for a
particular specified case already arisen, and thereupon the
High Contracting Parties shall at once proceed to agree upon
such substitute to act either in all cases to arise under the
Treaty or in the particular case specified as may be indicated
by said notice; provided, however, that such notice shall have
no effect upon an Arbitration already begun by the constitution
of an Arbitral Tribunal under Article III. The High
Contracting Parties shall also at once proceed to nominate a
substitute for His Majesty in the event that His Majesty shall
at any time notify them of his desire to be relieved from the
functions graciously accepted by him under this Treaty either
for all cases to arise thereunder or for any particular
specified case already arisen.
"ARTICLE XI.
In case of the death, absence or incapacity to serve of any
Arbitrator or Umpire, or in the event of any Arbitrator or
Umpire omitting or declining or ceasing to act as such,
another Arbitrator or Umpire shall be forthwith appointed in
his place and stead in the manner provided for with regard to
the original appointment.
{579}
"ARTICLE XII.
Each Government shall pay its own agent and provide for the
proper remuneration of the counsel employed by it and of the
Arbitrators appointed by it and for the expense of preparing
and submitting its case to the Arbitral Tribunal. All other
expenses connected with any Arbitration shall be defrayed by
the two Governments in equal moieties. Provided, however,
that, if in any case the essential matter of difference
submitted to arbitration is the right of one of the High
Contracting Parties to receive disavowals of or apologies for
acts or defaults of the other not resulting in substantial
pecuniary injury, the Arbitral Tribunal finally disposing of
the said matter shall direct whether any of the expenses of
the successful party shall be borne by the unsuccessful party,
and if so to what extent.
"ARTICLE XIII.
The time and place of meeting of an Arbitral Tribunal and all
arrangements for the hearing and all questions of procedure
shall be decided by the Tribunal itself. Each Arbitral
Tribunal shall keep a correct record of its proceedings and
may appoint and employ all necessary officers and agents. The
decision of the Tribunal shall, if possible, be made within
three months from the close of the arguments on both sides. It
shall be made in writing and dated and shall be signed by the
Arbitrators who may assent to it. The decision shall be in
duplicate, one copy whereof shall be delivered to each of the
High Contracting Parties through their respective agents.
"ARTICLE XIV.
This Treaty shall remain in force for five years from the date
at which it shall come into operation, and further until the
expiration of twelve months after either of the High
Contracting Parties shall have given notice to the other of
its wish to terminate the same.
"ARTICLE XV.
The present Treaty shall be duly ratified by the President of
the United States of America, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Britannic Majesty;
and the mutual exchange of ratifications shall take place in
Washington or in London within six months of the date hereof
or earlier if possible."
United States, 54th Congress, 2d Session,

Senate Document Number 63.
Public feeling in both countries gave joyful welcome to this

nobly conceived treaty when it was announced. All that was
best in English sentiment and American sentiment had been
shuddering at the thought of possible war between the kindred
peoples, and thanked God for what promised some certitude that
no dispute would be pushed to that barbarous appeal. Only the
mean thought and temper of either country was provoked to
opposition; but, unhappily, the meaner temper and the narrower
and more ignorant opinion on one side of the sea had been
getting so strong a representation in the United States Senate
as to prove capable of much mischief there, on this and other
matters of most serious public concern. When the great
covenant of peace went to that body for approval, there were
senators who found it offensive to them because it came from
the hands of President Cleveland and Secretary Olney; and
there were other senators whose dignity was hurt by the eager
impatience with which the public voice cried out for their
ratifying vote; and still others there were who looked with
official jealousy at the project of an arbitral tribunal which
might sometimes take something from senatorial functions in
foreign affairs. And the combination of pitiful motives had
strength enough to baffle the high hopes and defeat the will
of the American people.
Of the public feeling thus outraged, the following is one
expression of the time, among many which it would be possible
to quote:
Many people "are represented by influential papers like the

St. Paul 'Pioneer Press' and the Minneapolis 'Journal,' the
latter declaring that it is humiliating to think that, widely
as the treaty is favored throughout the country, a few
ill-natured men in the Senate have the power to delay
ratification. In the Central West the feeling is generally
strong for arbitration, if we may judge from the Chicago
'Times-Herald,' the St. Louis 'Republic,' the Indianapolis
'Journal,' and the Cleveland 'Leader.' In the South there are
such cheering reports as this from the Memphis 'Scimetar'; 'If
the treaty now under consideration in the Senate Committee on
Foreign Relations should fail of ratification, public opinion
in this country would demand that the incoming Administration
provide another embodying the same vital principle.' In the
East the sentiment in favor of immediate ratification of the
original draft has been almost universal, the only two
journals of note differing from this being the New York 'Sun'
and the Washington 'Post.' The trend of opinion is shown in
the adoption by the Massachusetts House of Representatives of
an endorsement by a vote of 141 to 11. An important meeting
took place last week in Washington in favor of ratification.
The speakers were ex-Secretary of State Foster, Mr. G. G.
Hubbard, Professor B. L. Whitman, ex-Senator J. B. Henderson,
ex-Governor Stanard, and Justice Brewer, of the Supreme Court.
The last named said; 'I do not believe in saying to the
gentlemen charged with the duty of considering carefully that
treaty, that "you must vote for it." There is something in my
own nature which, when anybody says to me "you must," causes
something to run up my spinal column which says "I won't." It
is the Senate's duty to consider that treaty carefully, and
when I say that, I say it is no trespass upon their rights for
American citizens to express their views of that treaty. What are
the errors and losses incidental to arbitration compared to
the horrors of war? What are a few million dollars of wrongful
damages in comparison to the sacrifice of thousands of human
lives?'"
The Outlook, February 6, 1897.
"This treaty was greeted with widespread favor in the press,

but was antagonized at once in the Senate by the jingo element
and by the personal adversaries of the administration. The
committee on foreign relations reported the draft favorably,
but with certain amendments, on February 1. The ensuing debate
soon revealed that a vote on ratification could not be
obtained before March 4, and the whole matter was dropped. At
the opening of the new Congress the Senate Committee again
considered the treaty and reported it, with amendments, on
March 18. During two weeks' discussion the Senate adopted the
committee's amendments and also others, with the result that
the draft was radically transformed.
{580}
Instead of the general reference of all disputes to the
tribunals, it was provided that any difference 'which, in the
judgment of either power, materially affects its honor or its
domestic or foreign policy,' should be submitted to
arbitration only by special agreement; that no question should
be submitted save with the consent of the Senate in its
treaty-making capacity; and that no claim of a British subject
against a state or territory of the United States should be
submitted under any circumstances. The first of these changes
was due mainly to the objection that without it the Monroe
Doctrine might be subjected to arbitration; the second to the
sensitiveness of senators as to their constitutional functions
in foreign relations; and the third to a desire to protect
states against claims on their defaulted bonds. Other changes
modified materially the method of appointing the arbitrators
for the United States, and struck out entirely the designation
of the King of Sweden as umpire. Even with these amendments,
the opposition to the treaty was not overcome; and the final
vote on ratification, taken May 5, resulted in its rejection,
the vote standing 43 to 26, less than two-thirds in the
affirmative. Thirty Republicans and 13 Democrats voted for the
treaty; 8 Republicans, 12 Democrats and 6 Populists against
it."
Political Science Quarterly,

June, 1897.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (March).

Inauguration of President McKinley.
Leading topics of the inaugural address.
The President's Cabinet.
The inauguration of President McKinley was performed with the

customary ceremonies on the 4th of March. In his inaugural
address, the new President laid somewhat less emphasis than
might have been expected on the need of measures for reforming
the monetary system of the country, but strongly urged that
instant steps be taken to increase the revenues of the
government by a return to higher tariff charges. "With
adequate revenue secured," he argued, "but not until then, we
can enter upon such changes in our fiscal laws as will, while
insuring safety and volume to our money, no longer impose upon
the government the necessity of maintaining so large a gold
reserve, with its attendant and inevitable temptations to
speculation. Most of our financial laws are the outgrowth of
experience and trial, and should not be amended without
investigation and demonstration of the wisdom of the proposed
changes. We must be both 'sure we are right' and 'make haste
slowly.' …
"The question of international bimetallism will have early and

earnest attention. It will be my constant endeavor to secure
it by cooperation with the other great commercial powers of
the world. Until that condition is realized, when the parity
between our gold and silver money springs from and is
supported by the relative value of the two metals, the value
of the silver already coined, and of that which may hereafter
be coined, must be kept constantly at par with gold by every
resource at our command. The credit of the government, the
integrity of its currency, and the inviolability of its
obligations must be preserved. This was the commanding verdict
of the people, and it will not be unheeded.
"Economy is demanded in every branch of the government at all

times, but especially in periods like the present of
depression in business and distress among the people. The
severest economy must be observed in all public expenditures,
and extravagance stopped wherever it is found, and prevented
wherever in the future it may be developed. If the revenues
are to remain as now, the only relief that can come must be
from decreased expenditures. But the present must not become
the permanent condition of the government. It has been our
uniform practice to retire, not increase, our outstanding
obligations; and this policy must again be resumed and
vigorously enforced. Our revenues should always be large
enough to meet with ease and promptness not only our current
needs and the principal and interest of the public debt, but
to make proper and liberal provision for that most deserving
body of public creditors, the soldiers and sailors and the
widows and orphans who are the pensioners of the United
States. …
"A deficiency is inevitable so long as the expenditures of the

government exceed its receipts. It can only be met by loans or
an increased revenue. While a large annual surplus of revenue
may invite waste and extravagance, inadequate revenue creates
distrust and undermines public and private credit. Neither
should be encouraged. Between more loans and more revenue
there ought to be but one opinion. We should have more
revenue, and that without delay, hindrance, or postponement. A
surplus in the treasury created by loans is not a permanent or
safe reliance. It will suffice while it lasts, but it cannot
last long while the outlays of the government are greater than
its receipts, as has been the case during the last two years.
… The best way for the government to maintain its credit is to
pay as it goes—not by resorting to loans, but by keeping out
of debt—through an adequate income secured by a system of
taxation, external, or internal, or both. It is the settled
policy of the government, pursued from the beginning and
practiced by all parties and administrations, to raise the
bulk of our revenue from taxes upon foreign productions
entering the United States for sale and consumption, and
avoiding, for the most part, every form of direct taxation
except in time of war.
"The country is clearly opposed to any needless additions to

the subjects of internal taxation, and is committed by its
latest popular utterance to the system of tariff taxation.
There can be no misunderstanding either about the principle
upon which this tariff taxation shall be levied. Nothing has
ever been made plainer at a general election than that the
controlling principle in the raising of revenue from duties on
imports is zealous care for American interests and American
labor. The people have declared that such legislation should
be had as will give ample protection and encouragement to the
industries and the development of our country. … The paramount
duty of congress is to stop deficiencies by the restoration of
that protective legislation which has always been the firmest
prop of the treasury. The passage of such a law or laws would
strengthen the credit of the government both at home and
abroad, and go far toward stopping the drain upon the gold
reserve held for the redemption of our currency, which has
been heavy and well-nigh constant for several years. In the
revision of the tariff, especial attention should be given to
the re-enactment and extension of the reciprocity principle of
the law of 1890, under which so great a stimulus was given to
our foreign trade in new and advantageous markets for our
surplus agricultural and manufactured products."
{581}
Without effect, the incoming President urged the ratification

of the treaty of arbitration with Great Britain, negotiated by
his predecessor and still pending in the Senate. In concluding
his address he announced his intention to convene Congress in
extra session, saying: "The condition of the public treasury
demands the immediate consideration of congress. It alone has
the power to provide revenue for the government. Not to
convene it under such circumstances, I can view in no other
sense than the neglect of a plain duty."
On the day following his inauguration, the President sent to

the Senate the following nominations for his Cabinet, which
were confirmed:
Secretary of State, John Sherman of Ohio;

Secretary of the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage of Illinois;
Secretary of War, Russel A. Alger of Michigan;
Attorney-General, Joseph McKenna of California;
Postmaster-General, James A. Gary of Maryland;
Secretary of the Navy, John D. Long of Massachusetts;
Secretary of the Interior, Cornelius N. Bliss of New York;
Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (March-July).

Passage of the Dingley Tariff Act.
Carrying out an intention announced in his Inaugural Address,

President McKinley called Congress together in extra session
on the 15th of March, asking for immediate action to increase
the revenue of the government by increased duties, "so levied
upon foreign products as to preserve the home market, so far
as possible, to our own producers." In his Inaugural Address
the President had expressed the understanding of his party as
to the chief meaning of the late election, by saying that "the
country is … committed by its latest popular utterance to the
system of tariff taxation. … The people have declared that
such legislation should be had as will give ample protection
and encouragement to the industries and development of our
country. … The paramount duty of Congress is to stop
deficiencies by the restoration of that protective legislation
which has always been the firmest prop of the treasury." To
the majority in both Houses of Congress these views were
entirely acceptable, and they were acted upon at once. The
Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives in
the previous Congress had already prepared a comprehensive new
tariff bill, which it passed on to its successor. This
ready-made bill was reported to the House on the first day of
the session, by Mr. Dingley, chairman of the newly appointed
committee, as he had been of the one before it. Debate on the
measure began a week later, and was controlled by a fixed
programme, which required it to be ended on the 31st of March.
The bill was then passed, by a vote of 205 against 121. Of the
action of the Senate upon it, and of the main features of the
bill as it was finally shaped and became law, the following is
a succinct account:
"The bill, referred at once to the Senate Committee on

Finance, was reported after a month, on May 8, with important
amendments. There was an attempt to impose some purely revenue
duties, and, as to the protective duties, the tendency was
towards lower rates than in the House bill, though on certain
articles, such as wools of low grade, hides, and others (of
which more will be said presently), the drift was the other
way. The Senate, however, paid much less respect than the
House to the recommendations of the committee in charge. In
the course of two months, from May 4 to July 7, it went over
the tariff bill item by item, amending without restraint,
often in a perfunctory manner, and not infrequently with the
outcome settled by the accident of attendance on the
particular day; on the whole, with a tendency to retain the
higher rates of the House bill. As passed finally by the
Senate on July 7, the bill, though it contained some 872
amendments, followed the plan of the House Committee rather
than that of the Senate Committee. As usual, it went to a
Conference Committee. In the various compromises and
adjustments in the Senate and in the Conference Committee
there was little sign of the deliberate plan and method which
the House had shown, and the details of the act were settled
in no less haphazard fashion than has been the case with other
tariff measures. As patched up by the Conference Committee,
the bill was promptly passed by both branches of Congress, and
became law on July 24. In what manner these political
conditions affected the character of the act will appear from
a consideration of the more important specific changes.
"First and foremost was the reimposition of the duties on

wool. As the repeal of these duties had been the one important
change made by the act of 1894, so their restoration was the
salient feature in the act of 1897. … Clothing wool was
subjected once more to a duty of 11 cents a pound, combing
wool to one of 12 cents. On carpet wool there were new graded
duties, heavier than any ever before levied. If its value was
12 cents a pound or less the duty was 4 cents; if over 12
cents, the duty was 7 cents. … The duties on carpet wool, as
has already been noted, were made higher than ever before. In
the House the rates of the act of 1890 had been retained; but
in the Senate new and higher rates were inserted. … They were
demanded by the Senators from some States in the Far West,
especially from Idaho and Montana. … They [the Senators in
question] needed to be placated and they succeeded in getting
higher duties on the cheap carpet wools, on the plea of
encouragement for the comparatively coarse clothing wool of
their ranches. … The same complications that led to the high
duty on carpet wool brought about a duty on hides. This rawest
of raw materials had been on the free list for just a quarter
of a century, since 1872, when the duty of the war days had
been repealed. … But here, again, the Senators from the
ranching States were able to dictate terms. … In the Senate a
duty of 20 per cent. was tacked on. The rate was reduced to 15
per cent. in the Conference Committee, and so remains in the
act. The restored duties on wool necessarily brought in their
train the old system of high compensating duties on woollens.
… In the main, the result was a restoration of the rates of
the act of 1890. There was some upward movement almost all
along the line; and the ad valorem duty alone, on the classes
of fabrics which are most largely imported, crept up to 55 per
cent. …
{582}
"On cotton goods the general tendency was to impose duties

lower than those of 1890. This was indicated by the drag-net
rate, on manufactures of cotton not otherwise provided for,
which had been 50 per cent. in 1890, and was 45 per cent. in
1897. On two large classes of textile goods new and distinctly
higher duties were imposed,—on silks and linens. … The mode of
gradation was to levy the duties according to the amount of
pure silk contained in the goods. The duties were fixed by the
pound, being lowest all goods containing a small proportion of
pure silk, and rising as that proportion became larger; with
the proviso that in no case should the duty be less than 50
per cent. … Thus, the duty on certain kinds of silks was $1.30
cents per pound, if they contained 45 per cent in weight of
silk; but advanced suddenly to $2.25, if they contained more
than 45 per cent. … On linens another step of the same kind
was taken, specific duties being substituted here also for
ad-valorem. … Linens were graded somewhat as cottons had been
graded since 1861, according to the fineness of the goods as
indicated by the number of threads to the square inch. If the
number of threads was 60 or less per square inch, the duty was
1¾ cents a square yard; if the threads were between 60 and
120, the duty was 2¾ cents; and so on,—plus 30 per cent.
ad-valorem duty in all cases. But finer linen goods, unless
otherwise specially provided for, were treated leniently. If
the weight was small (less than 4½ ounces per yard), the duty
was but 35 per cent. On the other hand, linen laces, or
articles trimmed with lace or embroidery, were dutiable at 60
percent.,—an advance at 10 per cent. over the rate of 1890. …
It was inevitable, under the political conditions of the
session, that in this schedule something should again be
attempted for the farmer; and, accordingly, we find a
substantial duty on flax. The rate of the act of 1890 was
restored,—3 cents a pound on prepared flax, in place of the
rate of 1½ cents imposed by the act of 1894. …
"On chinaware the rates of 1890 were restored. The duty on the
finer qualities which are chiefly imported had been lowered to
35 per cent. in 1894, and was now once more put at 60 per
cent. On glassware, also, the general ad-valorem rate, which
had been reduced to 35 per cent. in 1894, was again fixed at
45 per cent., as in 1890. Similarly the specific duties on the
cheaper grades of window-glass and plate-glass, which had been
lowered in 1894, were raised to the figures of 1890. … The metal
schedules in the act of 1897 showed in the main a striking
contrast with the textile schedules. Important advances of
duty were made on many textiles, and in some cases rates went
considerably higher even than those of 1890. But on most
metals, and especially on iron and steel, duties were left
very much as they had been in 1894. … On steel rails there was
even a slight reduction from the rate of 1894—$6.72 per ton
instead of $7.84. On coal there was a compromise rate. The
duty had been 75 cents a ton in 1890, and 40 cents in 1894; it
was now fixed at 67 cents. On the other hand, as to certain
manufactures of iron and steel farther advanced beyond the
crude stage, there was a return to rates very similar to those
of 1890. Thus, on pocket cutlery, razors, guns, we find once
more the system of combined ad-valorem and specific duties,
graded according to the value of the article. … Copper
remained on the free list, where it had been put in 1894. …
For good or ill the copper duty had worked out all its effects
years before. On the other hand, the duties on lead and on
lead ore went up to the point at which they stood in 1890.
Here we have once more the signs of concession to the silver
Republicans of the far West. … The duty on tin plate, a bone
of contention under the act of 1890, was disposed of, with
little debate, by the imposition of a comparatively moderate
duty. …
"A part of the act which aroused much public attention and
which had an important bearing on its financial yield was the
sugar schedule—the duties on sugar, raw and refined. … The act
of 1890 had admitted raw sugar free, while that of 1894 had
imposed a duty of 40 per cent. ad valorem. … The price of raw
sugar had maintained its downward tendency; and the duty of 40
per cent. had been equivalent in 1896 to less than one cent a
pound. In the act of 1897 the duty was made specific, and was
practically doubled. Beginning with a rate of one cent a pound
on sugar tested to contain 75 per cent., it advanced by stages
until on sugar testing 95 per cent. (the usual content of
commercial raw sugar) it reached 1.65 cents per pound. The
higher rate thus imposed was certain to yield a considerable
increase of revenue. Much was said also of the protection now
afforded to the beet sugar industry of the West. That
industry, however, was still of small dimensions and uncertain
future. … On refined sugar, the duty was made 1.95 cents per
pound, which, as compared with raw sugar testing 100 per
cent., left a protection for the domestic refiner,—i. e., for
the Sugar 'Trust,'—of 1/8 of one cent a pound. Some intricate
calculation would be necessary to make out whether this
'differential' for the refining interest was more or less than
in the act of 1894; but, having regard to the effect of the
substitution of specific for ad-valorem duties, the Trust was
no more favored by the act of 1897 than by its predecessor,
and even somewhat less favored. The changes which this part of
the tariff act underwent in the two Houses are not without
significance." In the bill passed by the House. "the so-called
differential, or protection to the refiners, was one-eighth of
a cent per pound. In the Senate there was an attempt at
serious amendment. The influence of the Sugar Trust in the
Senate had long been great. How secured, whether through party
contributions, entangling alliances, or coarse bribery, the
public could not know; but certainly great, as the course of
legislation in that body demonstrated." The Senate attempted

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Prealgebra 7th Edition Bittinger Test

Find the average distance from Geo I to its moon Luna 1.

What is the time of revolution around Geo 1 of the moon Luna 4?

Which moon has a diameter of 311 kilometers?

Which country has the highest per capita consumption of seafood?

What is the approximate per capita consumption of seafood in Country E?

In which year was the greatest number of CDs sold?

How many CDs do 4 ⊙ symbols represent?

Approximately how many CDs were sold in 2006?

Between which two years did sales decline the most?

23) About how many students are majoring in English?

25) Which major has the largest number of students?

26) Which major has about 150 students?

33) How many tickets were sold during week 6?

34) During which week were 11 tickets sold?

36) How many tickets were sold in all?

44) Which year had the smallest number of male athletes?

45) About how many female athletes were there in 2004?

46) Which year had the greatest number of female athletes?

51) About how many athletes were there in 2006?

Solve the problem.

No. of Female Infants

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

No. of Male Infants

Apr 15 Apr 30 May 15 May 30 Jun 15 Jun 30

58) At what time was the temperature the highest?

59) At what time was the temperature its lowest?

60) What temperature was recorded at 5 p.m.?

62) At what time(s) was the temperature 79°?

64) During which hour(s) was there no change in temperature?

67) Which month in 2000 had the lowest sales?

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Month Total Precipitation

0 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Answer: Second Axis

Determine the coordinates of the points shown on the graph.

A) C: (5, 12); D: (-3, 4) B) C: (-2, 5); D: (4, -3)

91) Second Axis

A) E: (-6, -5); G: (2, -5) B) E: (2, 4); G: (-5, -4)

A) G: (4, -3); H: (-5, 4) B) G: (4, 4); H: (-3, 4)

93) Second Axis

95) Second Axis

A) G: (-3, 5); H: (-5, 0) B) G: (5, -3); H: (-5, 0)

In which quadrant is the point located?

97) (-20, 10)

98) (-19, -7)

101) (-40.6, -5.6)

104) The coordinates have the same sign.

Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given equation.

107) (3, 11); y = 2x - 5

108) (6, 7); x + y = 13

109) (3, 7); x - y = 9

110) (3, 2); 4x + y = 14

112) (3, 5); 4x - 2y = 22

113) (2, -1); 4x - 9y = 17

115) (3.7, 1.8); y = 2x - 5.6