PAGE

Text 1: Theories and Hypotheses in Science ………...…... 004

Text 2: Statistics in Scientific Studies ………………….…….. 017
Text 3: The Placebo Effect ……………………………….……….. 030
Text 4: From Alchemy to Modern Chemistry ……...……. 045
Text 5: The Discovery of Anesthesia …………………………. 058
Text 6: Roentgen and the Discovery of X-rays …….…….. 071
Text 7: In Vitro Meat ……………………………………………….… 087
Text 8: The Dynamic Tower in Dubai ………………………… 101
Text 9: Mamak Landfill ……………………………………………… 115
Text 10: Medical Nanorobots …………………………………… 131
Text 11: Body Worlds ……………………………………………….. 144
Text 12: RFID Technology …………………………………………. 155
Text 13: Turkish Nuclear Challenge ………………………….. 169
Text 14: Ozone Depletion …………………………………………. 183
Text 15: Pharmacology in the Service of Humanity …… 197
Text 16: Human Cloning ……………………………………………. 209
Text 17: Dental Cavities ……………………………………………. 222
Text 18: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ………………….. 233
Text 19: The Theory of Evolution ……………………………… 247
Text 20: Cloud Computing ………………………………………… 264
APPENDIX: Mathematics Worksheet ………………………… 281

1
This book is an upper-intermediate level English course book specifically
designed for students who will study natural sciences* and health sciences
in their faculties.
This course book aims to:
 present students with the language and concepts related to science,
engineering and medicine
 develop comprehension skills for technical texts
 develop familiarity with the types of reading texts that students will
encounter in their further studies
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Natural sciences use objective data and quantitative methods that heavily rely on
numbers and mathematics.

Preparing a text book requires a lot of hard work and collaboration. I would
like to thank our Academic Coordinator, testers, assistants and instructors for
their invaluable contributions.

B2 Science/Medicine READING & WRITING Coordinator

Dicle Ekinci

2
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP

 What does the man understand from the term “theory”?

 What does the woman think about the term?

Circle the correct word for

each blank:

(1) huge / too small

(2) without / based on

(3) suggested / proven

(4) true / incorrect

3
B. VOCABULARY

I) Fill in the blanks with a word from the box. Use the clues given in brackets.

observation data refine experiments

evidence phenomena inconsistencies
predicted accomplishments

When used properly, the SCIENTIFIC METHOD is one of the most valuable tools
humans have ever created. It is a way to ask and answer scientific questions and
understand natural phenomena (1). Science is based on observation (2).
(events, happenings) (watching and noticing details)

Scientists use all of their senses to gather information. They write down what they
see, hear or feel. These recorded observations are called data (3).
(facts and figures)

Then, scientists form their hypothesis. A hypothesis is often defined as an educated

guess, because it is usually based on prior knowledge and experience. Now,
scientists have to test their hypothesis through repeated experiments (4).
(tests)

Sometimes, they find evidence (5) against their hypothesis; or there might
(proof)

be some inconsistencies (6) between what they find and what they have
(differences)

predicted (7). In such cases, they have to refine (8) their hypothesis
(guessed) (make small changes to improve)

or abandon it. Although scientific method is a very effective tool, it has not always
been the only key to the discoveries and accomplishments (9) in science.
(achievements)

Many cases of trial and error, experimentation without guessing and accidental
discoveries have led to much of the progress in science.

4
II) WORD FORMS:
a) Circle the correct word form to complete the following text.

Suppose you are measuring the

weight of a book using two different
instruments. The actual weight of
the book is 580 gr. The yellow
instrument measures the book as
YELLOW GREEN 570 gr whereas the green measures
it as 579 gr. We may say that the green instrument is more accurate /
accuracy than the yellow. 570 gr is not a very good approximation /
approximately to the actual weight of the book. In other words, this quantity is
not close to the real weight of the book. To verification / verify if the green
instrument always gives us the same measurement, we have to try weighing
the book several times; and not just once.

b) Fill in the following table with the correct word forms. Some categories can have more than
one word. Use a dictionary if necessary. An X indicates there is no form in that category.
After you finish, fill in the blanks of the text using some of these words.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 verification verify verifiable

2 consistency X consistent

3 prediction predict predictable

4 refinement refine refined

5 accuracy X accurate

6 accomplishment accomplish accomplished

7 experiment experiment experimental

Scientists experiment for days to find out if their hypotheses

are correct. Sometimes their predictions come out to be true.
They are happy to see that they have guessed right, and their
results are consistent with their previous observations. Now,
they can call it a “theory”. But, after many years, a scientist
may need to refine this theory with current data.

5
C. READING COMPREHENSION:

SKIMMING

Skimming is a method of getting a general overview of a text. When readers skim a

text, they read it much faster than usual.

Skim the text and match the main ideas with the paragraphs:

PARAGRAPH MAIN IDEAS

……2……. Old theories are refined and sometimes replaced by

new ones, based on current data.

……4…….. Scientific theories do not claim to be absolute

truths.

……3…….. An example shows how old theories are refined or

replaced by new ones.

……1…… How the meaning of “theory” differs between

scientists and non-scientists

6
(1) In popular usage, a “theory” is just a personal opinion. In other words, it is similar to
a hypothesis: an assumption, which has not been verified. However, scientists use the
word “theory” in a much different way. For them, a scientific theory must contain well-
tested and verified explanations about the natural world. Typically, a scientist plans a
hypothesis and then checks it with all available data obtained from previous
observations. He gathers evidence from his experiments to form his hypothesis.
Eventually, if it looks consistent, he names it a “theory”.

(2) Theories explain existing observations and predict new ones. Sometimes, while
doing experiments, scientists produce results which cannot be explained with existing
theories. In this case, it is the job of scientists to refine the old theories. Generally, old
theories are refined or they are completely replaced by new theories. This does not
mean that the old theories were “wrong'' or “untrue'', but it only means that they cannot
explain all available data today. The only certain thing about currently accepted theories
is that they explain all available data.

7
(3) For instance, suppose you see an apple fall to the ground. This is an existing
observation which is explained by the theory of gravity, proposed by Isaac Newton in
1666. Besides the falling of objects, Newton’s theory explained many other
phenomena like the movement of planets around the Sun and made predictions. His
predictions were later tested and found to be correct within the accuracy of the
instruments used. So, Newton's theory was accepted as ''the truth''. This was one
of the greatest accomplishments of all time. During the 19th century, more accurate
instruments were invented and when they were used to test Newton's theory, his
findings showed some slight inconsistencies. Albert Einstein proposed his theory of
relativity, which explained the newly observed phenomena and made more
predictions. Those predictions have been tested and found to be correct within the
accuracy of the instruments used today. So now, Einstein's theory, which explains
gravity, is accepted to be ''the truth''.

(4) So does the truth change? Well, the answer is that it doesn’t. The universe is still
the same as it ever was. When a theory is said to be “true'', it agrees with all known
data. But even the best theories have been proven to be incomplete. Although they
might explain a lot of phenomena, new or more precise experiments may show some
inconsistencies. This means that the old theory was not completely “true'', but it was
a good approximation to the truth.

8
I. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. To form a hypothesis, a scientist must first form a theory.

2. Currently accepted scientific theories are absolutely true.

3. Einstein refined Newton’s theory with more accurate instruments.

4. Scientific theories improve by time as new data is obtained.

II. Cross out the INCORRECT information. Share your answers with a partner.

1. A theory can be described as __________________.

a) an opinion by scientists about new fields they want to discover
b) tested and verified hypotheses about the natural world
c) a tested and widely accepted explanation based on available data and experiments

2. While Newton was forming his theories, he probably __________________.

a) checked if his hypothesis looked consistent or not
b) made several observations and experiments
c) invented accurate instruments to test his hypotheses

3. An old theory is refined or replaced with a new one when __________________.

a) scientists find new evidence that cannot be explained by old theories
b) there is a change in the workings of the universe
c) more accurate instruments show inconsistencies in the old theory

4. Based on existing observations, scientists __________________.

a) use new instruments
b) make predictions
c) plan a hypothesis

5. Newton’s Theory of Gravity explained __________________.

a) falling of an object to the ground
b) movement of Earth around the Sun
c) Einstein’s findings

9
CRITICAL THINKING
Analyze the six steps of the Scientific Method.

“When a golf ball, a tennis ball, a baseball and a ping

pong ball are dropped from the same height, which one
will bounce highest?”

Information may come from previous EXPERIENCE or

from RESEARCH.
* EXPERIENCE: Golf balls are heavier than ping-pong balls.
* EXPERIENCE: Baseballs are harder than tennis balls.
* RESEARCH: Which ball contains the most rubber?
* RESEARCH: Which of the balls are designed to bounce?

Make an educated guess about what the answer to the

question will be. The hypothesis should be based on the
information collected in Step 2.

“Based on my experience and research, I believe the ping-

pong ball will bounce highest. It is the lightest of the four
balls and it is designed to bounce.”

Perform the experiment and observe the results.

“Drop the four balls from a height of 1 meter. Then,

measure how much each of them bounces.”

The results of an experiment can be recorded in many

different ways. Tables are useful for recording data in an
organized way. Graphs can be used to compare results.

Write a statement that answers the question. It will either

prove or disprove the hypothesis. If the data you
obtained from the experiment does not support your
hypothesis, you refine your hypothesis and start a new
experiment.
“My data shows that when a golf ball, a tennis ball, a
baseball and a ping pong ball are dropped from the same
height, the ping pong ball bounces highest. The data
supports my hypothesis.”

10
1. Do you think the steps of the scientific method can change? Try to work on the given
example with the four balls, and rewrite the whole process with a different scenario.

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................

2. Form a group. Think of a new science project. State a scientific question, and write what
you will do next. (Read the following information before you proceed)

WHAT MAKES A GOOD SCIENTIFIC QUESTION?

 SCIENTISTS ASK MANY

QUESTIONS.

 THESE QUESTIONS ARE FORMED

AS SCIENTISTS OBSERVE THE
WORLD AROUND THEM.

 SOME QUESTIONS ARE SCIENTIFIC

AND OTHERS ARE NOT.
NOW, CHECK THE QUESTIONS BELOW.
 IF A QUESTION HAS MANY
Which ones are scientific, which ones
DIFFERENT ANSWERS
DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ASK aren’t? Why?
OR IF IT IS AN OPINION
QUESTION, IT IS NOT SCIENTIFIC.  If salt is added to water, would the water
still boil at the same temperature?
 QUESTIONS THAT LEAD TO AN
 Is Istanbul hot in spring?
INVESTIGATION AND THAT CAN
BE TESTED ARE SCIENTIFIC. A  Why does lightening come before thunder?
QUESTION IS TESTABLE IF IT CAN
BE ANSWERED BY OBSERVING,  Which tastes better? Coke or Pepsi?
MEASURING OR EXPERIMENTING.
 Does a bean plant grow more quickly
outside or inside?

11
 Another example of a scientific question to form a Science Project

Your Question: ..............................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………

How would you answer this question?

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

12
POST EXERCISES
A) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. scientific method / way / ask / answer / scientific questions / natural phenomena

The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions and understand
natural phenomena.

2. scientists / collect data / before / hypothesis

Scientists collect data before forming / they form their hypothesis.

3. definition / theory / change / scientists / non-scientists

The definition of theory changes from scientists to non-scientists.

4. when / scientists / inconsistency / between what / find / what / predict / they / refine / theory
When scientists realize / notice / see / find inconsistencies between what they find and
what they have predicted, they refine the old theory.

5. Einstein’s theory / based on / data / obtain / accurate instruments

Einstein’s theory is based on the data (which was) obtained by using accurate
instruments.

13
B. COLLOCATIONS WITH DATA AND THEORY
i) DATA: See the collocations with “data” in the table. Fill in the following blanks using this
information. Change forms where necessary. Some might have more than one answer.

To store data Available data To analyze data Current data

To obtain data To examine data Accurate data To collect data

1. The data was collected / obtained in more than a decade by various scientists after extensive
research.
2. We must experiment with accurate data if we want our results to be correct.
3. When data obtained between 2000 and 2010 are compared to current /available data, we see
that the prices of oil have decreased.
4. The report was written after examining /analyzing data from the case histories of thousands of
patients.
5. The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on iCloud.

ii) THEORY: The words given in the table are used with “theory”. Fill in the following blanks
with the correct words from the table.

conspiracy scientific gravity well-tested economic evolution

1. In this century, Keynes and Smith have developed important economic theories, which help
businessmen run their companies efficiently.
2. A/an well-tested theory is not a "guess", it is a reliable theory based on scientific data.
3. A/an scientific theory provides accurate explanation for a wide range of observations or
experimental results.
4. Conspiracy theory is a belief that an unpleasant event is the result of a secret plan made by
powerful people.
5. The theory of evolution was formulated in Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859.
6. Albert Einstein’s theory of gravity is based on the idea that massive objects cause a distortion
in space-time.

C. Match the adverbs in the box with their synonyms.

adverbs synonyms

..5... A. typically 1. entirely

.10...B. eventually 2. possibly
..9.. C. generally 3. from time to time
..7.. D. currently 4. continually
.11..E. newly 5. normally
..1... F. completely 6. certainly
..6... G. absolutely 7. presently
..2... H. probably 8. extensively
..3... I. sometimes 9. in most cases
..4... J. still 10. finally
..8... K. widely 11. recently

14
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across

3. having conflicts; being unreliable

6. proof
8. achievement
10. to show that something is true
11. correctness in all details

Down

1. coming close in quantity; guess; rough calculation

2. events, happenings
4. watching and noticing details
5. make small changes to improve something
7. facts and figures
9. an explanation of the natural world that has been proven through repeated experiments

15
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
Have a look at the banner below showing the use of statistics in daily life. In pairs, think of some
other uses.

Statistical studies have shown that 85 to 95% of lung cancers are

smoking related: if you want to have a good chance of avoiding lung
cancer, you shouldn't smoke.

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1. Academic fields like __________ are taught in universities as part of higher education.
a) Philosophy and Physics b) Research and Development

2. For the calculation of the area of a circle, we ____________ ∏ (pi)

by its radius squared.
a) divide b) multiply

3. The ___________ on rare microbes and antibiotics were conducted in modern

laboratories under hygienic conditions.
a) analyses b) experiments

4. No one can deny that mobile phones are indispensable tools, they are an absolutely
____________ part of our daily lives.
a) unnecessary b) necessary

5. It will be misleading to say this drug helps lose weight; it hasn’t been proven yet. You
are causing people to believe in something that is not __________.
a) correct b) incorrect

16
II) Fill in the blanks with a word from the box. Use the clues given in brackets.

contracted subjects conducting determine claim

investigate associated precisely inference consumption

Artificial sweetener producers often have a

hypothesis: they …………claim………….…….. (1)
(state, argue)
that their products are not harmful to human
health, so they should be used instead of
sugar. Scientists needed to verify this
hypothesis by …………conducting………….. (2)
(carry out, run)
some experiments in laboratories. For safety reasons, laboratory tests are always
done on animals before they can be tried on human …………subjects……………….. (3).
(participants, volunteers in a test)
So, in one of these experiments, a group of researchers worked on 30 laboratory
mice, to ………investigate………….. (4) if artificial sweeteners had a negative effect
(make a search, try to find out)
on people’s health. They fed the mice with artificial sweetener and observed that 8
of them died of dehydration (loss of a large amount of water). The researchers
could not …………determine………….. (5) the real cause of the deaths and the effect
(decide, verify, discover)
of the sweetener on the animals. Maybe the mice were not supplied with enough
water or maybe their cages were too hot, or they ………contracted………..….. (6) a
(caught)
disease that led to dehydration. To find the real cause, the researchers had to
repeat this experiment using two groups of mice. One group was the experimental
group, and the other, the control group. They created ………precisely…..…... (7) the
same (just, exactly)
conditions for the two groups. The only difference between the two groups was that
the experimental group received the sweetener, but the control group did not.

Currently, the tests are going on. After a while, if the researchers see that only the
mice that receive the sweetener die, they can make a/an ………inference……….. (8)
(conclusion by reasoning)
that there is a link between the deaths and the sweetener. In other words, they can
conclude that the deaths of mice are ………….…associated.………….….. (9) with the
(related, connected)
………consumption………….. (10) of the artificial sweetener.
(eating, using)

17
III. WORD FORMS:
a) Fill in the following table with the correct word forms. Some categories can have more than
one word. Use a dictionary if necessary. An X indicates you are not required to fill that part. After
you finish, fill in the blanks in the sentences with some of the words from the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

inference infer inferential
precision X precise
ambiguity X ambiguous
calculable/calculating/calcula
calculation calculate
ted
quantity/quantification quantify quantifiable
investigation investigate investigative/investigatory
claim claim X
distribution distribute distributive
evolution evolve evolutionary /evolved
1) After the policemen ……………investigate……………… the reason for the
accident and prepare a report, the insurance company will decide
whether to pay or not.

2) Are humans the most highly …………evolved……………… creatures on this

planet?

3) Before leaving home, look at the way people are dressed from
the window, and you can ………………infer………………… the temperature
outside.

4) It is impossible to …………quantify………………… the number of Web sites

on the Internet, because there is an incredible number and this
number changes every day.

5) A group of statisticians who study the

……………distribution……………………… of Chinese workers throughout the USA
found out that the greatest population lives in Los Angeles.

6) We were all disturbed by the ……………claim…………………… of the Minister

of Finance, he said a big crisis may come anytime.

7) Architects need to take ……………precise……………………… measurements of a

house before digitally drawing it.

8) There is a/ an …………ambiguity…………… in the question: “Did you

see her dress?”, because we can’t be sure whether the question is
about her dress or about her getting dressed.

9) I’m trying to …………calculate…………… the total sum they have to pay

without a calculator, so it takes a little time.

18
b) Circle the correct word form to complete the following passage.

Uncertainty is generally defined as something that is not precise / precisely known. In

science, this term refers to information which is incomplete, unreliable, or ambiguous /
ambiguity. Scientists have spent decades trying to understand uncertainty. In the past,
uncertainty was regarded as something undesired in science. However, today, it is
accepted that scientific explanations may include some uncertainties. For instance, when
scientists who work on atomic structure try to calculate / calculation the position of
electrons, they see that they cannot do this accurate / accurately. This is because the
behavior of electrons depends on laws of probability / probable. That is; the positions
of electrons in an atom cannot be known for sure, and scientists can only predict where
they will probably / probable be at a certain time. This means, there might always be an
uncertainty in scientific measurements. Therefore, scientists who work on the
quantification / quantify of uncertainty need to make use of statistics and probability,
two subjects which are inseparable from each other.

C. READING COMPREHENSION:

PREDICTING MAIN IDEAS

Writing questions before you read a text can help you predict (guess) the main
ideas. You may ask questions that start with who, what, where, when, why, how.

You will be reading a text with the topic: “Statistics in Scientific Studies”. With a
partner, generate some questions about the text and after you read it, check if some of
your questions have been answered.

 ………………………………………..………………………………………………………..?

 ………………………………………..………………………………………………………..?

 ………………………………………..………………………………………………………..?

 ………………………………………..………………………………………………………..?

19
 (1) Statistics is a branch of mathematics
that forms the basis of scientific study in all
academic fields of natural and social
sciences. Anyone interested in conducting
research in any academic field needs to
make use of statistics, which is the science
of collecting data, describing it and making
inferences from its description.

(2) Scientific research rarely leads to absolute certainty. There is some degree of
uncertainty in almost all conclusions, and statistics allow us to discuss that uncertainty.
For example, scientists who study earthquakes would not be willing to tell exactly when
an earthquake is going to occur. Instead, they would make a statement like: "There is a
65% probability that Istanbul will be hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 or greater
by 2030”. This may sound uncertain or ambiguous, but it is in fact a very precise
description, obtained by mathematical calculations. Open reporting of error and
uncertainty is a characteristic of scientific research.

(3) Some people think that statistics provide a measure of “proof“ that something is true.
This is a common misbelief. Instead, statistics provide a measure of the “probability” of a
certain event. This is an important difference. For example, the American Cancer Society
conducted several studies of cancer on millions of subjects between 1959 and 1982. All
these studies found much higher rates of lung cancer among cigarette smokers
compared to non-smokers. However, not all smokers contracted lung cancer, and, in fact,
some non-smokers did contract lung cancer. The study apparently showed that the
development of lung cancer is a probability-based event, not a simple cause-and-effect
relationship. Statistical techniques just allow scientists to quantify, or put numbers to this
probability, moving from a statement like "If you smoke cigarettes, you are more likely to
develop lung cancer" to a statement like "The probability of developing lung cancer is
almost 20 times greater in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers". This sort of
quantification of probability offered by statistics is a powerful tool, widely used throughout
science.

20
(4) While statistics are indispensable tools in
scientific research, they can unfortunately be
used to mislead the public. For example, in the
late 1950s, seeing the relationship between
cigarette smoking and lung cancer, the major
tobacco companies began to investigate ways of
marketing alternative products that they could
promote as "healthier" than regular cigarettes. Filtered and low tar cigarettes were
advertised as less dangerous based on
As a result, filtered and light cigarettes were hollow statistics
developed. The tobacco industry then sponsored and widely advertised research
suggesting that filters reduced tar in regular cigarettes by 42-46% and nicotine by 19-
35%. For instance, Marlboro filtered cigarettes were claimed to have "22% less tar and
34% less nicotine" than other brands. While other brands in the tobacco industry started
similar advertisements full of statistical data about tar contents, they did not mention
that tar caused lung cancer. Actually, several research studies have shown that the
risks associated with low tar products are no different than regular products, and worse
still, some studies showed that "low tar" cigarettes have led to increased consumption of
cigarettes among smokers. Of course, these studies have been hidden from the public.
Thus hollow statistics have been used to mislead the public and detract from the real
issue.

(5) Today, science and statistical studies have become so interrelated that many
scientific disciplines have developed their own statistical techniques and terminology. For
example, the field of “geostatistics” has evolved to develop techniques that help
geologists map the location of petroleum fields. These techniques have also helped
Starbuck's determine the ideal distribution of coffee shops based on the number of
customers visiting each store. Used correctly, statistical analysis can do much more than
find the next petroleum field or cup of coffee, it can greatly assist scientists in conducting
their research.

21
1. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE

1. The findings of earthquake experts are usually ambiguous.

2. Statistics help create the link between lung cancer and smoking.

3. It is clear that when people smoke filtered cigarettes, they are less
likely to develop lung cancer.

4. Statistics can sometimes be used to misinform people.

5. Different fields of study must use different statistical techniques.

2. Match the main ideas (a – e) with the paragraphs of the texts. Write 1-5 next to them.

4…. a) Unfortunately, statistics can sometimes be used for deceiving people.

1…. b) All academic fields make use of statistics, which is a branch of mathematics.

5…. c) Many branches in science have developed specific statistical techniques and terminologies.

3…. d) Statistics work with calculations concerning probability.

2…. e) Uncertainties, which are usually described by statistics are a characteristics of science

3. What does “it” underlined in parag (1) refer to? ………data…………….

4. Fill in each blank with the correct word:

When scientists conduct a survey, they usually benefit from statistical techniques. Scientists
typically have to make some ………inferences……………… from the data they have collected.
For instance, in their survey, if they find out that the majority of smokers …are likely to
develop……. lung cancer, they can conclude that there is a link between smoking and lung
cancer. This sort of conclusions usually includes some ……uncertainty…….. So, the laws of
………statistics……… apply in such cases and the scientists talk with percentages.

5. The term “detract” in paragraph (4) is closest in meaning to:

a) redirect one’s attention b) give importance to something
c) change one’s idea d) hide something from someone
22
POST EXERCISES
1) Fill in the blanks with a word from the box. There might be more than one word that
can fit in a blank.

investigate subjects conduct claim precisely

calculate misleading contracted determine field

Demography is the study of human populations in terms of births, deaths, wealth, disease,
etc. In the ………field………………(1) of demography, statistics are of great importance.
Present-day demographers ………claim.....…………(2) that the majority of their work is to
………investigate……....………… (3) endless lists of names and numbers. Although in
the past, statistics could sometimes be ……misleading………......……… (4) because of
human error, today’s technology ensures that all data is ……precisely………… (5)
recorded.

In the distant past, most demographers were simple records officers, who would often go
from house to house or even farm to farm to do their jobs. This was the only way to
……calculate…………(6) how many people were living in a particular area. The records
were normally kept in town halls or churches. For instance, back in the Middle ages, when
nearly half the population of Europe ……contracted………(7) a fatal disease called the
Plague, many records officers had to ………..determine…………(8) reports of the
numbers of deaths of the citizens in their particular area. They later began to improve their
methods of collecting figures, and displayed the results using statistics. This was when
they first started to ………conduct………… (9) surveys. Today, benefiting from modern
computer programs, surveys on human ……subjects………… (10) living in different
areas provide useful data about a nation. This data is critical for government programs,
policies, and decision-making.

2) Match the words in the box with their antonyms below:

allow ambiguous probable healthy associated with specific

1. General, common X .....specific..........................................

2. Forbid, prohibit, ban X ..........allow.....................................
3. Diseased, handicapped, disabled X ................healthy........................
4. Clear, exact, precise X ............ambiguous................................
5. Unlikely, unexpected X .............probable............................
6. Irrelevant, unrelated X ...............associated with.....................

23
3) Circle the correct option that is closest in meaning to the word in bold.

1. Clara said on the phone that she decided to go on a diet, so I inferred that she gained weight
lately.
a. complained b. promised c. joked d. understood

2. You may have lots of friends, but don’t forget: “It's not the quantity, but the quality that
matters!”
a. number b.character c. good looks d. value

3. The distribution of wealth in many developing countries is not particularly even.

a. number b. spread c. location d. transportation

4. Christiano Ronaldo is an indispensable football player for Real Madrid and his national team
Portugal.
a. crucial b. famous c. consistent d.reliable

5. It is a known fact that certain media organisations deliberately misinform the public.
a. misunderstand b. deceive c. consider d. instruct

6. I am terrible at doing calculations in my head, I always use a calculator.

a. computations b. exercises c. evaluations d. regulations

7. I use a calculator because calculators are always accurate.

a. specific b. determined c. precise d. decisive

8. One of our colleagues claimed that she could dance the Samba.
a. spoke b. told c. mentioned d. stated

9. The English language evolved over many centuries including many foreign elements.
a. obtained b. concluded c. developed d. qualified

10. Overconsumption of sweets is associated with diseases like obesity and diabetes.
a. related to b. involved in c. similar to d. shared with

24
4) Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning using the prompts
and adding other words.

1. While facts and figures are essential in many areas of our working lives, sadly, some
people use them wrongly for their own benefit.

Sadly, even though facts and figures are essential in many areas of our
working lives, some people use them wrongly for their own benefit.

2. There is a 65% probability that Istanbul will be hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7
or greater by 2030.

It is likely that Istanbul will be hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of

at least 7 or greater by 2030.

3. The studies found much higher rates of lung cancer among cigarette smokers compared to
non-smokers.

The studies showed that the probability of developing lung cancer is

greater in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers.

4. Surprisingly, not all smokers contracted lung cancer and, actually, some non-smokers did
contract lung cancer.

Not all smokers contracted lung cancer whereas some non-smokers did
contract lung cancer.

5. Used correctly, statistical analysis can do much more than find the next petroleum field or
cup of coffee, it can greatly assist scientists in conducting their research.

When correctly used, statistical analysis can not only help you find the
next petroleum field or cup of coffee, but also assist scientists in
conducting their research.

25
5) COLLOCATIONS:

a) Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur with more than one word
from the second column.

academic science COLLOCATIONS:

academic field / research
social misbelief
social science / industry
conduct rate
conduct research
common products
common misbelief / techniques
mathematical calculation
mathematical calculation / techniques

high techniques high rate

make industry make inference

alternative field alternative techniques / products / industry

statistical techniques / calculation

statistical inference
tobacco industry / products
tobacco research

b) Now, write a short paragraph using some of the collocations you have found.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
26
SPEAKING

Analyze the poster from the World Economic Forum, which shows data concerning the
distribution of wealth in today’s world.

a) Form groups and discuss what kind of inferences you can make from the statistical data
you obtain from this poster. List them and share with your class.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Do you think humanity can benefit from the statistical data provided above? If so, how?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

27
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
1. essential, absolutely necessary
4. a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
6. carry on, run
8. participant in an experiment
9. state, declare
10. decide, establish by research or calculation
11. branch, area, discipline
12. catch a disease

Down
2. linked
3. deceive, cause to have a wrong impression about someone or something
4. try to find out
5. eating, using
7. exact

28
 BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
 Have a look at the pictures below and try to guess what “placebo” means.

* FAKE means: Not REAL

 On average, how many years do you think does it take to develop a drug and test its safety
before it can be sold in pharmacies? Make a prediction and then check your answers using the
Internet.
 Developing a drug: ……………………….. years.
 Testing this drug: ……………………… years.

B. VOCABULARY

GUESSING FROM CONTEXT

Looking up every unknown word in the dictionary is not the ideal method in
reading comprehension. It is much better to guess the meaning of these words
from the rest of the sentence or paragraph and keep reading. You can use the
dictionary after you get the main idea of the text.

29
I) a. Read the dialogue between two doctors below. Try to guess the meanings of the
words in red. Then, match the words with their synonyms.

Dr. ELLEN: Hi Greg, I’d like to learn about the

medical condition of one of your patients,
George Connors, a childhood friend of mine.

Dr. GREG: Hello Ellen. Are you talking about

the national tennis player who is diagnosed
with tendinitis? He has been suffering from this
condition for a long time actually.

Dr. ELLEN: Yes, I know. Is he better now?

Dr. GREG: Well, his right arm still doesn’t function well. But I’ve got good news.
There is a new drug with interesting properties. It both reduces pain and helps
patients get well very quickly. It’s new on the market.

Dr. ELLEN: Great! Are you sure this drug is reliable? You know if something bad
happens to George because of the drug, Ministry of Sports will kill you! He’s the
number one player in the country.

Dr. GREG: Well, I was in the team of researchers while developing this drug. Our
team evaluated it over and over. We did many tests for five years. We achieved
really good results. Most patients responded quite well to the drug. In only few of
them we had moderate results: even those patients said they benefited from the
drug but not as much as others.

Dr. ELLEN: I see. How does it work?

Dr. GREG: It stimulates specific hormones in the body. I may explain the
mechanism later in more detail if you are interested.

Dr. ELLEN: Oh please, do so. Thank you Greg, catch you later.

…H… 1) diagnose a) characteristics

…G… 2) function b) analyze
…A… 3) properties c) obtain; accomplish
…F… 4) reliable d) activate, encourage
…B… 5) evaluate e) average, medium
…C… 6) achieve f) dependable, trustworthy
…E… 7) moderate g) work, operate
…D… 8) stimulate h) identify (the illness)

30
b. Choose the best answer:
1. Aspirin is a pill that relieves pain: usually, the pain ……………………. in half an hour. We
call such drugs “pain-relievers”.
a) is reduced b) gets worse

2. The lake is polluted because chemicals are released from a nearby factory. The factory
constantly …………….. chemicals …….….. the lake.
a) removes / from b) throws / into

3. It was not easy for the doctor to determine his patient’s cause of death. He tried hard to
………………….., but he couldn’t.
a) find it out b) hide the truth

4. You should drink a lot of water to eliminate microbes from your body. This way, you can
………......… them.
a) look for b) get rid of

II) Look at the pictures below and guess the meanings of the medical terms in red. Write
down what has happened to these patients.

an incision on the feet the swelling of the jaw

………….……………………………. ………….…………………………….
……….………………………………. ……….……………………………….
……….………………………………. ……….……………………………….
……….………………………………. ……….……………………………….
……….………………………………. ……….……………………………….

31
III) a. Fill in the blanks with a word from the box. Use the clues given in brackets.

conduct effective improve approval

medication blinding treat evaluated

Clinical trials are research studies in which people help researchers find ways to
………improve……… (1) health care. Each study tries to answer scientific
questions
(make better)

and to find better ways to prevent or ………treat……………(2) a disease. Clinical

trials
(give medical care)

are commonly done to find out whether a/an ……medication……. (3) is safe and
(medicine, drug)

………effective………………. (4). Researchers compare the effectiveness of a drug

(powerful, beneficial)

against a standard drug or against a placebo if no standard drug exists. Patients

in the treatment and placebo groups are chosen randomly (by chance); and they
are not informed about the group they are in. This means, those people do not
know whether they are having the real treatment or just placebo. This method
called ……………blinding……….. (5) is used to make the tests more reliable.
(hiding information)

Clinical trials are only a small part of the research for developing a new drug.
Potential drugs have to be discovered, prepared, and tested on cells and animals
in laboratories before scientists can ………conduct……….. (6) clinical trials. On
(run, carry out)

average, a new drug has 6 years of research behind it before it can be tested
and …………evaluated………….. (7) in a clinical trial. Then, approximately 8 more
(assessed, analyzed)

years pass until it receives ………approval………… (8) from government regulatory

(acceptance, permission)

agencies such as the FDA (Food & Drug Administration) in the USA.

32
b. Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words you have just learned.
After you finish, fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow with some of the words
you have inserted in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 improvement improve improved/improving

2 effect affect effective

3 approval approve approving/approved

4 treatment treat treatable

1. He doesn’t want to get married without his parents’……approval……

2. The ………effect……………… of Aspirin on headaches should be questioned.

3. There is a dramatic ………improvement………… in computer technology

lately.

4. With new drugs, some diseases are easily …………treated…………… whereas

some aren’t.

5. Scientists observed that honey bees are more ………effective………… than

other types of insects in carrying pollens between flowers and
plants.

6. As George’s condition does not ……………improve……………, doctors say he

has to stay in the hospital more.

C. READING COMPREHENSION:
I. Match the topics with the paragraphs: (The first one is given for you)

PARAGRAPH TOPICS

………2……….. The use of placebos in clinical trials

………3……….. A small pilot study on arthritic knee surgery

………1……... What placebos are

………5……….. The mechanism behind the placebo effect

………4……….. A large study on arthritic knee surgery

33
(1) Placebos are drugs or treatments that have no pharmacological properties. With
placebos, some patients’ conditions may actually improve if they believe in their benefits.
In 1950s, researchers concluded that between 30 and 40% of any treated group would
respond to a placebo. But studies since then have shown that placebos are even more
effective, in about 50 to 60% of patients, especially in certain conditions such as pain,
depression and some heart problems. In some cases, the number of people benefiting
from placebo may be even more than the number of people benefiting from real drugs.
And quite strangely, the placebo effect is not limited to the subjective feelings of patients;
some studies show actual physiological change as a result of fake treatments. Doctors, in
a study, successfully eliminated warts by just painting them and promising patients that
the warts would be gone when the color disappeared.

(2) Placebos are also used in clinical trials to determine the effectiveness of new drugs.
Government agencies worldwide such as the FDA approve new drugs only after the
clinical trials show that patients respond to them and that their effect is greater than the
effect of a placebo. To obtain more reliable results, a method called “double blinding” is
commonly used in these trials. In “double blind” tests, neither the doctor nor the patients
know who gets the real medication and who gets the placebo.

(3) Even fake surgeries can be considered

placebos. In 1994, surgeon Bruce Moseley
decided to evaluate the effectiveness of a surgery
commonly used to treat the pain caused by
arthritic knees. In previous clinical trials, this
surgery was proven to be effective. So, as many
as 400,000 such surgeries were performed each
year in the USA, at a cost of 5000 $ each, making
a huge industry of about 2 billion $ per year. In
order to see if this highly expensive, standard
surgery really worked, Dr. Moseley conducted a
study on patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis. In his study, five patients were given the
real surgery, and five were given the fake surgery, consisting of small incisions over the
knee. The results were amazing. Interviews showed that pain and swelling were reduced
just as much in the placebo group as in the group that received the real surgery. Four out
of the five participants

34
who experienced the fake surgery said it was so
helpful that they would gladly recommend it to a friend.
Six months after surgery, the ten patients still did not
know whether they had a real operation or not. Yet, all
of the patients reported much less pain and all were
happy with the results of the operations. This was a
pilot study far too small to offer any definitive
conclusions about the effectiveness of this surgery.
But it was interesting enough for Dr. Moseley to start a new study with more patients.

(4) A few years later, Dr. Moseley applied the same procedures on 180 patients and
followed them up for two years after their surgery. Within these two years, the patients
did not know whether they had received a real or placebo surgery. Amazingly, during the
two years of follow-up, patients in both groups reported moderate improvements in pain
and better ability to function. Dr. Moseley says his findings show important facts. “As the
same benefits can be achieved through placebo surgery, we can say that what is behind
this billion dollar industry is the placebo effect", he says.

(5) For years, scientists have tried to come up with reasonable explanations for the
placebo effect. One is classical conditioning: people who have once experienced relief
from pills are willing to do the same again and they believe in their benefits. Another is
the release of endorphins: several studies have suggested that placebo pain relievers
work by stimulating the brain's own pain-killers. A third explanation is that taking a
placebo, especially if it is provided in an atmosphere of hope, relieves stress. What all of
these explanations have in common is the element of expectation, the promise of help to
get better.

35
SUMMARIZING: Using a Graphic Organizer

One of the easiest ways to make a summary of a text is to use a graphic organizer,
sometimes called a “mind map”. This helps you organize the information you have
read so that you can remember it quickly and efficiently.

II. Below, the five paragraphs of the text are illustrated in a mind map. Use your own words to
give important details mentioned in each paragraph. The first one is done for you.

1) WHAT PLACEBOS ARE 2) Placebos are the fake drugs

Placebos are drugs and which are used in experiments to
treatments that are fake. Many see whether real drugs are really
people benefit from fake drugs. PLACEBO effective or not.
Their benefit can be even more EFFECT
than the benefit of a real drug,
and patients can actually get well
using them.

4) The researcher did the same

3) Fake knee surgeries were experiment with more people
done to test the effectiveness of and got the same result and he
real surgeries and the questioned the million-dollar
researcher concluded that fake industry of knee operations.
surgeries were as effective as
the real surgeries

5) How placebo works is

explained by three theories:
classical conditioning, release of
endorphins and the
athmosphere of hope

36
III. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. In conditions like depression, placebos are not so effective.

2. Real drugs are always more beneficial than placebos.

3. Patients can sometimes be completely cured by fake medications.

4. About 2 billion $ are earned from placebo surgeries in the US annually.

5. Endorphins are the brain’s own pain killers.

IV. Circle the best answer:

1) What is meant by “the subjective feelings of patients” underlined in paragraph 1?
a) personal feelings, which are not based on realities
b) common feelings, which are shared by everyone
c) unknown feelings, which cannot be explained
d) painful feelings, which causes suffering

2) The first study Dr. Moseley conducted with 10 people is a/an _________________ test,
because just like his patients, he himself did not know who was getting the real surgery.
a) pilot b) effective c) clinical d) double-blind

3) What does “their” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to?

a) clinical trials b) patients c) drugs d) government agencies

4) Which of the following does NOT explain the placebo effect?

a) an improvement of a patient’s condition without the patient knowing he is given fake drugs.
b) some medications or treatments that have pharmacological properties.
c) the reduction in symptoms most likely due to the expectations of a patient.
d) pain relief and improvement of conditions of a patient who underwent a fake surgery.

5) When Dr Moseley first started conducting his studies, his major concern was to show:
a) the use of placebo in arthritic knee surgery.
b) the use of blinding methods in helping clinical studies.
c) whether the arthritic knee surgery was absolutely necessary or not.
d) that the patients who undergo standard surgery for osteoarthritis benefit very much from it.

6) Which statement is WRONG?

a) According to some studies, more than 60% of patients may benefit from placebos.
b) In order to give approval to a new drug, governments require evidence that the drug is more
effective than a placebo.
c) According to Dr. Moseley, the industry of osteoarthritis surgery depends on the placebo effect.
d) Classical conditioning suggests that placebo pain relievers stimulate endorphins only if they
are given in an atmosphere of hope.

37
POST EXERCISES

A) Fill in the following blanks with the phrases from the table. Then, find and highlight
these phrases on the text you have studied.

… (not) limited to …
… interesting enough for …
… proven to be ….
…. come up with …
… just as much …
… what they all have in common …
… far too small to …
… only after …
… so helpful that ….

1) Some weight loss medications have not been …proven……. safe.

2) Students in the dance class are from different countries: ……what they all have
in common … is that they all love dancing.

3) She earns ………just as much…………….… money as her husband.

4) The warning notes on detergents are ……far too small to………….. see; I can’t
read them even with glasses.

5) The discussions of this meeting will not be ………limited to……… politics;

experts will be discussing economy as well.

6) We hope the doctors can ……come up with……. a cure to help my aunt who
has long been suffering from severe headaches.

7) The show was ………interesting enough for…all age groups in the audience;
no one left the hall before it ended.

8) Children are allowed to play …………only after…...… they finish their

homework.

9) The receptionist at the hotel was …so helpful that…………… we decided to buy
him a present.

38
B) TEAMWORK: Make groups of 4 or 5. Study the following images and try to figure out how
Pavlov’s famous experiment on “CLASSICAL CONDITIONING” works. You can also check from
the Internet how it works. Write a short paragraph that explains this experiment.

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

39
C) Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. Potential drugs have to be tested on cells and animals before scientists can conduct clinical
trials. (AFTER)

After testing potential drugs on cells and animals, scientists can conduct clinical trials.

2. Clinical trials are done to find out if a drug is safe and effective. (WHETHER)

Clinical trials try to find out whether a drug is safe ( or not)

D) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. clinical trials / scientific studies / try / find better ways / treat / a disease.

Clinical trials are scientific studies which try to find better ways to treat a disease.

2. if / no standard drug / exist / researchers / compare / effectiveness / drug / use / a placebo.

If no standard drug exists, researchers compare the effectiveness of a drug by using a
placebo.

3. when / patients / blinded / not know / group / belong to.

When patients are blinded, they do not know which group they
belong to.

E) Match the sentence halves:

1. My boss responded .....c.... a. with autism.

2. Some people say that rare cancer sufferers b. through dancing.
should benefit ....e….
c. to my request by an e-mail.
3. He was shocked when his daughter was
diagnosed ...........a......... d. with a satisfactory explanation for it.
4. Zumba is a kind of exercise in which fitness is e. from advances in science for free.
achieved ..........b.......
5. The police had a hard time understanding the
causes of the accident because nobody could
come up ........d.......

40
F) Read the cartoons and answer the questions that follow:

What does “Ignorance is bliss” mean? ……………………………………………….

What makes the man think that he has taken sugar pill placebos? ………………………………….

41
SPEAKING:
Discuss if doctors should be allowed to prescribe a placebo to a patient who does not benefit
from a real drug. Why / why not?

USEFUL DEBATE EXPRESSIONS

 STATING AN OPINION:

In my opinion, ...

I think / I feel / I believe that ...

It seems to me that ...

As I see it ...

Don’t you agree that ...

I’d like to point out that ...

 AGREEING:

I agree.

I couldn’t agree more.

I’d go along with that.

I see what you mean.

That’s just what I was thinking.

 DISAGREEING:

I don’t agree that ...

Well, you have a point there, but ...

Don’t you think this would be ...

I’m not at all sure.

42
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE - PLACEBO EFFECT

Across
4. a quality or characteristic something has
6. to make better
9. a cut into a body tissue or organ, especially one made during surgery
11. to reduce someone’s pain or unpleasant feelings
12. giving medical care to someone who is injured or ill
14. to successfully complete something or get a good result
15. to remove or take away someone or something
16. someone or something you can trust or depend on
18. successful or producing the results that you want
19. an abnormal enlargement of a part of the body
20. to find out what illness someone has

Down
1. to work or operate
2. to accept, allow or officially agree to do something
3. activate
5. to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
7. drug, medicine
8. average in size or amount
10. to do or carry out a research
13. to let a substance flow out
17. hiding from patients whether they are receiving a placebo or not

43
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1) The famous philosopher Aristotle, who lived about 2500 years ago, believed
that everything in the world was made up of “four” elements. Matter was
considered to be a combination of two or more of these four elements. Guess:
a) what these four elements were: ………earth, fire, air, water……..

b) how many years did it take for people to abandon this theory: ……2000 years………

2) What does the term “Alchemy” bring to mind? What related words can you think of?

B. VOCABULARY
I) Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions:

Although it is one of the most common metals in the

world today, there was a time when aluminum was
actually one of the rarest and most precious. It took
scientists years of experimentation before they could
identify this metal and name it as “aluminum”. In the
18th century, Napoleon III (the third) spent an enormous
amount of state money in the development of aluminum
for use in military. Amazingly, after two years of effort,
Bauxite (Aluminum Ore)
he was able to obtain only a little more than 2 kg.

As aluminum has a tendency to form bonds with

oxygen and always occurs in oxide form in nature, it is
difficult to isolate it. The primary source of aluminum is
an ore known as bauxite. In order to produce
aluminum, the ore has to go through a mining process.
In mines, bauxite is refined to obtain aluminum oxide
first. Then, aluminum oxide is processed further to BOND: a strong force of attraction
obtain pure aluminum. Because it is highly resistant to holding atoms together

corrosion, pure aluminum is widely used in kitchen

utensils, aircraft components and soda cans.

1) any naturally occurring solid material from which a metal can be obtained ……ore……
2) the gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals) by chemical reaction, i.e. rusting: corrosion
3) to obtain a compound (such as an acid, oxide, chloride, salt..etc) in a pure form: …isolate…
4) to purify, remove impurities or unwanted elements from: ……….refine………
5) to recognize; put a name to: ………identify…………

44
II) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1) When solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, this means

we obtain ………………………… .
a) sunlight b) electricity

2) Distilling means purifying a liquid by heating it so

that it becomes a ……………… first, then cooling
and changing it back into the liquid state and
collecting it.
a) gas b) solid

3) When something ……………….., combustion

occurs.
a) burns b) freezes

4) If we put ………………………. in water, they dissolve.

a) sugar cubes b) small stones

5. Marie Curie has contributed greatly to science. Her contributions are always
……………….…… by the scientific community.
a) criticized b) appreciated

6. The government decided to change the health care system gradually. The change will
be done ……………………………..
a) immediately b) over a period of time

7. Any ………………………………. that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
a) substance b) living organism

8. The professor rejected my project. I ………………..….. prepare a new one.

a) must b) mustn’t

9. Climate and weather ……………………. every aspect of our lives.

a) destroy b) affect

45
  If an activity / situation involves something, that thing is a
part of the activity / situation.

 If you involve someone in an activity / situation, you include

or make him / her take part in that activity / situation.

III) Check the following sample sentences and then you form two sentences with “involve”:

 Research involving the use of aspirin in diabetic patients will be published soon.
 I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.
 She's been involved with animal rights for many years.
 The accident involved two cars and a bus.

 …………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 ………………………………………………………….……………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV) Match the words with their definitions.

VOCABULARY DEFINITIONS

…h..1. eager a. complete change

…j…2. focus on b. the process by which iron and steel rust
…e.. 3. phase c. something that cannot be denied, unquestionable
…f…4. concept d. a process in which the structure of atoms in a substance changes
…a.. 5. transformation e. period, stage
…i... 6. distinction f. a principle or idea
…g.. 7. element g. a substance that can’t be chemically separated into smaller parts
..d.. 8. chemical reaction h. motivated, enthusiastic
…b..9. oxidation i. recognizing differences, distinguishing something
…c.10. undeniable j. to give a lot of attention

46
V) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words. An X indicates you
are not required to fill in that part. After you finish, fill in the blanks of the sentences
that follow, with some of the words you have inserted in the table.
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 a) refinement
refine refined
b) refinery

2 transformation transform X

3 isolation isolate X

4 conversion convert convertible

5 reaction react reactive

6 distillation distill distilled

7 distinction X distinct

8 identification identify X

9 contribution contribute X

10 denial deny deniable/ undeniable

1. Although Lavoisier gave oxygen its name and discovered its properties, Priestley,
too, had an important ……contribution… to chemistry by producing it for the first
time.
2. In a petroleum ……………refinery………….. , oil in its natural state is purified and
becomes ready to use.

3. When you burn a candle or iron develops rust, a chemical …reaction….……….

occurs.

4. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are among the ………distinct…………..

branches of chemistry.

5. Once aluminum was successfully ………isolated…….. from oxygen, it became

widely used in kitchen utensils, aircraft components and soda cans.

6. After the terrorist attack, police reported that the …identification…. of most of the
bodies was impossible.

7. The process of heating a liquid until it becomes a gas, then making it liquid again by
cooling is called ……………distillation…………………...

8. Aesthetic surgery can easily ……transform…… a damaged face into a beautiful

one.
9. It is …………undeniable…….. that the Earth revolves (turns) around the Sun.

10. Solar power is the ………conversion……… of the sun's energy into heat and
electricity.
47
C. READING COMPREHENSION
I) MAKING PREDICTIONS BEFORE YOU READ

Have a look at the timeline above. Decide on the periods that involve the following
activities: (Check the correctness of your predictions after studying the text)
ACTIVITY PERIOD (A, B or C)
1) Identifying different gases: ………………………………………………….…….
2) Trying to find an elixir* of life using frogs and lizards: ………………………….
3) Understanding chemical reactions like corrosion: ……………………..….…..
4) Trying to convert metals into gold: …………………………………….…….…..
5) Discovering new substances such as sulfuric acid: ………………………..….
*elixir: magical drink that can supposedly prolong life forever

SCANNING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Scanning is reading a text quickly to find specific information. When you scan a
text, you try to find only the most important points of a reading.

II) Scan the text and note where the information listed below is found.

INFORMATION Paragraph Number

A. Some alchemists’ efforts were useless whereas some were beneficial. 2

B. 1600-1800 is the period of transformation from alchemy to chemistry. 3

C. Aristotle believed in the four-element theory. 1

D. Thanks to the works of early chemists, many gases were identified. 4

E. Lavoisier is known as the “father of chemistry”. 5

48
(1) Many of the techniques used today in chemistry began with alchemists. According
to an early belief, known as Aristotle’s four-element theory, all matter on earth was
made up of four elements: earth, fire, air and water. As alchemists gradually managed
to isolate more and more elements, this theory was abandoned --after 2000 years! At
that time, the alchemists did not probably realize that they were actually discovering
the mysteries of the world.

(2) Alchemy is a period of about three centuries. Starting at 1400s until 1650s,
alchemists eagerly searched for a magical stone, which would convert metals into gold.
Some tried to find a medication that would cure all human illnesses, while some tried to
find an “elixir of life” that would keep a man forever young. To realize their dreams,
alchemists used every possible material –flowers, herbs, blood, flesh, urine, the eyes
of frogs and the hearts of lizards. In endless experiments, they mixed materials, burned
them, distilled and redistilled them. As a matter of fact, these experiments were
useless efforts and all ended in failure. But among all, there was a more logical
approach, focusing on chemical processes like refining of ores and metals. Thanks to
them, new metals and important substances like nitric acid, sulfuric acid and
ammonium chloride were discovered. Some of the equipment developed at that time,
such as stills, retorts and water baths are still used in modern chemical laboratories.

still retort water bath

(3) The most interesting phase of the development of chemical concepts is between
1600 and 1800, the period beginning with Van Helmont and ending with Lavoisier.
This is a period of transformation from alchemy to chemistry. During that time, much of
the study involved gases and the nature of combustion.

49
(4) Rejecting Aristotle’s four elements theory that had been unquestioned for almost
two millennia, Van Helmont succeeded in making a distinction between different
gases and ordinary air. Known as the last alchemist and the first chemist, he was the
inventor of the word “gas”. Yet, for several generations, even the best chemists spoke
of “different airs” rather than “different gases”. But once Van Helmont had shown that
different gases existed, the chemists of the 18th century quickly identified several more.
Carbon dioxide, the gas that is still used in beverages like Coca-Cola, was first
identified by Black in 1756. A decade later, Cavendish identified another gas,
hydrogen, by dissolving metals in strong acids. The most important of all gases
identified was oxygen. In 1774, Priestley became the first scientist to produce oxygen,
which is the most common element found in nature. At that time, Priestly couldn’t fully
explain the properties of oxygen. Actually, it was the French aristocrat, Lavoisier, who
gave oxygen its name and discovered its properties. Lavoisier was famous for his
revolutionary approach in oxygen chemistry and was the first to understand the true
significance of oxygen. By understanding the existence of oxygen, scientists started to
be able to explain chemical reactions like oxidation, combustion and corrosion.

(5) Lavoisier’s contribution to our knowledge of

oxygen is only one aspect of his significance in
the history of chemistry. More importantly, his
contributions to the chemical science as a
whole are undeniable. For these reasons, he
has been rightly called the “father of
chemistry”. Like many other aristocrats of his
time, Lavoisier was unfortunately guillotined
during the French Revolution. “It took only a
moment to cut off his head,” said a famous
mathematician; “It takes a century to grow Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

another like it.”

50
III) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Correct if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. 4-element theory was slowly abandoned thanks to alchemists’ findings.

2. Today it is known that “air” and “gas” have the same meaning.

3. Black and Cavendish are the last alchemists.

4. Hydrogen gas can be obtained by a process that involves dissolving

of metals in acid.

5. Oxygen is involved in chemical reactions like burning and rusting.

6. Priestley was the scientist who discovered the importance of oxygen.

IV) Circle the best answer:

1. It could be understood from the text that alchemists __________________.
a) found a cure for diseases by chance
b) succeeded in finding an elixir of life
c) could not transform ordinary metals into gold
d) proved that matter on earth consisted of four elements

2. What does “it” underlined at the last sentence of the text refer to?
a) moment b) century c) Lavoisier’s head d) guillotine

3. Write two ways in which practices in alchemy contribute to the development of chemistry.
a) focusing on chemical processes like refining of ores and metals

b) using the equipment developed at that time such as stills, retorts etc…

4. How did Van Helmont’s findings differ from Aristotle’s theory?

Van Helmont succeeded in making a distinction between different gases and ordinary air.

5. What were the contributions of Van Helmont and Lavoisier to the scientific terminology?
Van Helmont was the inventor of the Word “gas” and Lavoisier gave oxygen its name.

51
POST- READING
I) Without looking at the text, try to fill in the following table.

Joseph Priestley
Joseph Black Henry Cavendish
(1733 – 1804)
(1728 – 1799) (1731 – 1810)

isolated hydrogen… gas first produced

identified
by ……dissolving….metals ……oxygen…… gas but
……carbondioxide… gas
in strong acids. couldn’t fully properties…

II) Put the following words in the table correctly.

Flesh Sulfuric acid Carbon dioxide Herbs Ammonium chloride

Combustion Oxygen Hearts of lizards Blood Corrosion
Hydrogen Flowers Nitric acid Eyes of frogs Oxidation

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
GASES MATERIALS
COMPOUNDS REACTIONS

flowers
herbs
Oxygen Nitric acid
oxidation blood
Hydrogen Sulfuric acid flesh
combustion
eyes of frogs
Carbondioxide Ammonium hearts of lizards
corrosion
chloride

52
III) Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. During that time, much of the study involved gases and the nature of combustion. (STUDIED)
During that time, gases and the nature of combustion were studied mostly.

2. For several generations, even the best chemists spoke of “different airs” rather than “different
gases”. (USED / INSTEAD OF)
For several generations, even the best chemists used the term “ different airs” instead of
“ different gases.”

3. Once Van Helmont had shown that different gases existed, the chemists quickly identified
several more. (AFTER)
After Van Helmont had shown/ showed that different gases existed, the chemists quickly
identified several more.

4. Lavoisier’s contributions to the chemical science as a whole are undeniable. (NO ONE)
No one can deny (the fact) that Lavoisier contributed to the chemical science as a whole.

IV) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. in the past / alchemists / aim / find / magical stone / convert / metals / gold

In the past, alchemists aimed to find a magical stone by converting metals into gold.

2. some / equipment / developed / like / water baths / still / in labs.

Some of the equipment developed (at that time), like water baths are still used in labs.

3. period / 1600 and 1800 / represent / transition / alchemy / chemistry

The period between 1600 and 1800 represents a transition from alchemy to chemistry.

4. Carbon dioxide / gas / in / Coca-Cola / identified / Black

Carbon dioxide, the gas that is still used in Coca-Cola, was first identified by Black.

5. Lavoisier / first scientist / history / understand / significance / oxygen

Lavoisier was the first scientist in history to understand the significance of oxygen.

53
VOCABULARY REVIEW:
A) Circle the correct answer:
1. Carbon dioxide, the gas that is still used in carbonated beverages was first ………..… by
Black.
a) rejected b) identified

2. The understanding of the ……………………. of oxygen later led to the explanation of chemical
reactions like oxidation, combustion, and corrosion.
a) existence b) refining

3. Aristotle’s four-elements theory was never ………………………….. for 2000 years until Van
Helmont rejected it.
a) challenged b) transformed

4. If people contribute to science, this means they ………………………. to it.

a) add b) apply

5. When liquids are distilled, they first turn into ……………………………. .

a) solid b) gas

6. When ores and materials are refined, they become ………………………..

a) pure b) complex

7. O2 is essential for the combustion of wood: it does not ……………………… in the absence of
O2.
a) dissolve b) burn

8. When you convert something in science, you …………………. one material to another.
a) transform b) isolate

54
WRITING:
Do some research on Antoine Lavoisier and write a one
page-long biography using your own words.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

55
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
4. slowly over a period of time
5. the process of burning
7. a stage or period that is part of a longer period
8. become liquid
10. a difference between two similar things
11. to separate someone or something from other people or things
15. a simple substance which cannot be reduced to smaller chemical parts
16. something that you give or do in order to help something be successful
18. to change the appearance, form or purpose of something

Down
1. the gradual destruction of metal by the effect of water, chemicals , or a substance like rust
2. an idea or principle
3. a complete change
6. the process by which iron and steel rust
9. in a way that someone wants to do or have something very much
12. one part of situation, problem, subject, etc.
13. rock or soil from which metal can be obtained
14. to make a substance pure by removing other substances from it
17. to include or affect someone or something

56
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. Have a look at the picture. Try to guess
what is happening.

2. What do you think are the most important

discoveries in the field of medicine? Form
pairs, do some research on the Internet,
and prepare a list of your five most
important ones.

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer
1. To demonstrate the force of gravity, a person may simply …………………………
a) drop a stone to the ground b) give you a book to read about gravity

2. Anesthesia can be general or local. When it is general, you lose total ……………… and
when it is local, you just lose sensation of a particular part of your body. In such a case,
only that part becomes ……………………..
a) consciousness / insensitive b) unconsciousness / sensitive

3. An overdose of opium occurs when someone breathes in a ……..…. amount of opium.

a) small b) large

4. If your body cannot tolerate alcohol, you become drunk very …………….
a) quickly b) slowly

5. A tooth should be extracted only when there is no way to ........................

it.
a) remove b) save

6. When the sea is ……………., there is more water vapor in the air.
a) warm b) cool

57
II) Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions.

Cauterization is a medical procedure which has

been practiced since the time of Hippocrates. It is
simply the burning of a part of the body. This way,
an undesired growth like a wart is removed or a
wound is closed off. Historically, cauterization was
used in order to stop bleeding, especially during
amputations. The procedure was simple: a piece of metal was heated over fire and
applied to the wound. It was once believed that cauterization prevented infection,
so it was widely used for the treatment of wounds when antibiotics were
unavailable. However, current research shows that cauterization actually increases
the risk of infection by causing more damage. This damage can even spread the
infection to unrelated areas in the body. Today, cauterization is only used in
certain limited applications such as removing warts, and closing wounds too small
to suture. (see picture below)

Surgical suture is used in order to hold two

parts of an incision together. This procedure
generally involves using a needle with an
attached thread. Sutures have been used in
medical treatment for centuries. The practice
is very similar to the practice of sewing.
Probably, a wise doctor realized that if one
could join two pieces of fabric with stitches,
the same could be done with skin. When a
wound is sutured, the aim is closing it to
promote healing. This way, the doctor can
keep the wound cleaner.

1) losing blood: …………bleeding…………………………

2) to help, support, or encourage; (also to encourage the sale of a product): ……promote………
3) to distribute over a great area; extend: ………spread…………………………
4) cutting off (usually an arm or leg) by surgical operation: ……………amputate……………
5) a stitch used for sewing up a cut in a person’s body: ………suture……………..……
6) a condition caused by bacteria or viruses, leading to diseases: ...........infection......................

58
III) Match the words with their definitions.

VOCABULARY DEFINITIONS

…e..1. faint a. to associate, to connect

…c..2. undergo b. get in touch with; communicate with
…a..3. link c. to go through
…h..4. respiratory d. breathe in
…b..5. contact e. to lose consciousness
…f..6. impress f. influence, affect
…d..7. inhale g. do, carry out
…g..8. perform h. related to breathing

IV) a) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words. An X indicates you
are not required to fill in that part. After you finish, fill in the blanks of the sentences
that follow, with some of the words you have inserted in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 demonstration demonstrate X

2 link link linking

3 promotion promote X

4 respiration respire respiratory

5 impression impress impressive

6 contact contact X

7 inhalation inhale X

8 infection infect infectious

1. Common cold and flu are the two common .........infectious................ diseases. Be
careful if you don’t want to be ............infected......................

2. A/an .............promotion.............................. is the activity of organizing an

advertisement campaign to ................promote.................... a product.

3. The words like “therefore” and “because” are ................linking..................... words,

their job is to .............link............... two sentences.

4. The ...........respiratory............................. system starts at the nose and mouth and

continues through the lungs. This is how ......respiration........................ works in
mammals.

59
b) Now, form sentences with some of the words from the table:

1) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

60
C. READING COMPREHENSION

RECOGNIZING TEXT STRUCTURE

Being able to identify the structure of a text can greatly increase your
comprehension. Once you have modeled the text structure, you can follow the
organizing pattern to identify important events, concepts and ideas. Usually there
are two types of texts:

 Narrative Texts ► Tell a Story

 Expository Texts ► Inform and Explain

In Narrative texts, the author tells a story based on personal experience or

historical facts. The text is usually a story with complication or problematic
events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems.

In Expository texts, the style is different. While narrative paper allows the author
to be creative and tell a story in a way he or she likes, expository essays follow
some strict rules that one must follow. Scientific and medical articles, political
speeches and biographies are examples of expository texts.

Before reading the text “The Discovery of Anesthesia”, browse it and discuss whether
it is a narrative or an expository text.

61
(1) The first public demonstration of ether anesthesia in October 1846 is probably one of the
most important events in the history of medicine. Before this date, surgeons typically gave
their patients opium or alcohol until they fainted. Then, several strong men would hold the
patient down while the surgery was rapidly completed. This was a violent experience for both
the surgeon and the patients. This primitive method of surgery caused severe pain and the
patients suffered a lot during operations. Some even died from an overdose of opium. It was
quite common that when people were told that they would undergo surgery, they would go
home and commit suicide rather than agree to the operation. Those who had surgery were
psychologically affected for the rest of their lives.

(2) Before 1846, the greatest advance in surgery was considered the “suture”, introduced in
the 16th century. Before this innovation, people frequently died from bleeding or from the
method used to close the wound called “cauterization”. Surgeons had no other choice but to
become very efficient at performing operations rapidly: removing a bladder stone in 45
seconds or amputating a leg in 1 or 2 minutes. Otherwise it would be impossible for the
patients to tolerate the pain of a long surgical procedure.

(3) Actually, many decades before 1846, gases that could be used for pain relief had already
been discovered. For instance, ether was first produced in 1640. This means it had been
around a long time before it was used as anesthetic. Amazingly, for a long time, no one had
realized that it could be used to make a person insensitive to pain for surgery. Nitrous oxide
was discovered in 1777 and scientists actually described the pain-relieving property of the
gas. However, no one at that time linked these gases to a possible use for relieving pain
during surgical procedures.

(4) Anesthesia was discovered quite by chance. In the early 19th century, nitrous oxide was
being promoted as “laughing gas” by travelling salesmen who would try to lecture and sell
some goods and medications to crowds. Ether, mainly used for respiratory problems earlier,
was also promoted by these salesmen in the same manner. Fortunately, in one of these
lectures, there was a dentist called Wells among the crowd. After the lecture, Wells brought a
bag of nitrous oxide to his dental office. There, another dentist extracted Wells’ tooth while he
was under the influence of the gas. It worked perfectly. Hearing of Wells’ experiments, his
colleague Morton also began experimenting on pain relief. However, he used ether in his
tests. Actually, ether was more effective than the weaker gas nitrous oxide in surgeries.

62
 (5) After further experiments, Wells and
Morton separately contacted the same
doctor, who was the greatest surgeon of
the time. They asked permission to
demonstrate in front of an audience of
students and surgeons, a new “vapor”
that made a patient insensitive to pain
during surgeries. Wells was not so
fortunate: his patient felt some pain and
his show did not satisfy the audience.
A modern painting showing the 1846 demonstration of ether at However, Morton managed to impress
Massachusetts General Hospital
them. On October 16, 1846, the audience
was ready to watch Morton’s
demonstration at the hospital. The patient
had a large tumor of the jaw. Dr. Morton
had him inhale ether for several minutes.
The surgeon then quickly removed the
tumor from the jaw. The patient did not
move at all; he stayed as if in a peaceful
Horace Wells William T. G. Morton
sleep. The group was astonished. After
the procedure, the surgeon turned to his colleagues, with tears in his eyes, and said, "Gentlemen,
this is the greatest invention of our time."

(6) The news of the discovery spread rapidly around the world, and within months, ether was
being used worldwide. Wells and Morton were at first close friends, but after the successful ether
demonstration, they became enemies for the rest of their lives. Each claimed credit for the
discovery. Nevertheless, the discovery of anesthesia opened the door to the rapid development of
surgery. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of surgical procedures performed which
would be impossible without anesthesia.

63
1) Match the topics with the paragraphs:

PARAGRAPH TOPICS

…………6…….. The use of anesthesia around the world

…………5…….. The demonstrations of Wells and Morton

The discovery of ether and nitrous oxide as

…………3…….. pain relievers

…………1…….. Surgery before the invention of anesthesia

…………2…….. The discovery of suture

…………4…….. How anesthesia was discovered

2) FIND THE WORD: Look at the text and find the words that have been defined below.
lose consciousness (prg 1) ..........faint....................................
pull out, remove (prg 4) ..............extract................................
abnormal growth of tissue resulting from uncontrolled multiplication of cells (prg 5) ...tumor.....
breathe in, draw air into lungs (prg 5) ..................inhale.......................

3) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Before the discovery of anesthesia, surgeons were using alcohol or
opium to make their patients insensitive to pain.

2. Before 1850s, many people preferred to kill themselves instead of

having a surgery.

3. Cauterization was discovered long after the discovery of the suture.

4. Doctors were expected to perform operations very slowly in order not

to hurt their patients.

5. Ether was used for different purposes before it was used as anesthetic.

6. Although Morton was the first person to try nitrous oxide on his
patients, Well’s demonstration was much more successful than his.

64
4) Answer the following questions based on the text:
1. How do we understand that opium and alcohol were not as effective as ether in surgical
operations?

The patients suffered a lot during operations.

2. a) What was the most important skill a surgeon should have before the discovery of
anesthesia?

performing operations rapidly

b) Why was that skill so important?

Otherwise, it would be impossible for the patients to tolerate the pain of a long
surgical procedure.

3. a) Although nitrous oxide and ether were both known much earlier than Wells’s and
Morton’s experiments, why weren’t they used in surgeries before?

Because, no one had realized that they could be used to make a person insensitive to
pain for surgery.

b) Which of the two gases do you think Wells used in front of the audience of students and
doctors?

Nitrous oxide

c) Why did Wells fail to impress them?

Because his patient felt some pain and his show didn’t satisfy the audience.

5) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer:

1. Some patients were choosing to commit suicide rather than have an

operation because:

a) they were terrified by the idea of having extremely painful surgery.

b) they did not want to faint because of an overdose of opium.
c) they were psychologically affected by the painful experience they had during surgery.
d) they did not want to die because of bleeding.

2. What exactly was the “chance” mentioned at the beginning of the fourth paragraph?

a) the promotion of ether for respiratory problems.

b) the travelling salesmen selling their products.
c) a dentist listening to the lecture and trying nitrous oxide on himself.
d) nitrous oxide being used by promoters as “laughing gas” since 1777.

65
POST EXERCISES:

A) Match the sentence halves:

1. After many years of research, the a. in communication technology for the

scientists were able to link smoking …c….
2. As the doctor that Jane is visiting
seemed a bit insensitive …f….
3. Our generation has witnessed
enormous advances …a….
4. Lucy’s grandmother probably
…b….
5. As a scientist, planning will save you
time and you will be more efficient …d….
6. Jenssen claimed credit …e….
last 20 years.
b. from a rare disease.
c. to an increased risk of cancer.
d. at conducting experiments.
died e. for the invention of telescope, but
some say the real inventor is Lippershey
f. to his feelings, she decided not to see
him again.

B) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Add the necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. first / demonstration / anesthesia / one / important events / history / medicine

The first demonstration of anesthesia is one of the most important events in the history of
medicine.

2. patients / had surgery / psychologically affected / rest of / lives

The patients who had surgery were psychologically affected for the rest of their lives.

3. gases / could / used for / pain relief / already / discovered / decades / before 1846.

Gases that could be used for pain relief had already been discovered several decades
before 1846.

4. the news / discovery / spread rapidly / the world / soon / ether / used worldwide

The news of the discovery spread rapidly around the world and soon ether was being
used worldwide.

5. surgical / impossible / perform / without / anesthesia

Surgical procedures would be impossible to perform without anesthesia.

66
C) Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in the brackets.
 Holding the patient while the surgery was rapidly completed was a violent experience for both
the surgeon and the patients. (Not only … but also)
Holding the patient while the surgery was rapidly completed was a violent experience
not only for the surgeon but also for the patients.

 It was quite common that when people were told that they would undergo surgery, they would
go home and commit suicide rather than agree to the operation. (instead of)
When people were told that they would undergo surgery, instead of agreeing to the
operation, people would go home and commit suicide.

 Before the discovery of suture, people frequently died from bleeding or from the method used
to close the wound called “cauterization”. (which)
Before the discovery of suture, people frequently died from bleeding or from the
method used to close the wound which is called “cauterization”.

 Hearing of Well’s experiments, his colleague Morton also began experimenting on pain relief.
(After)
After hearing / he (had) heard of Well’s experiments, his colleague Morton also began
experimenting on pain relief.

 Ether was more effective than the weaker gas nitrous oxide in surgeries. (as…as)
Nitrous oxide wasn’t as effective as ether in surgeries.

D) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

commit operation COLLOCATIONS:

surgical relief commit suicide

severe enemies surgical pain / procedure

ask pain severe pain

claim surgery ask permission

claim credit
public credit
public demonstration
pain suicide
pain relief
perform procedure
perform operation/surgery
become permission
become enemies
undergo demonstration
undergo operation/surgery

67
E) SOME QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT ANESTHESIA: Complete the sentences
below with words you have studied in the text “The Discovery of Anesthesia”. The first
letters are given.

* What was used to help the patient t_o tolerate_______ (1) the pain before the invention of
anesthesia?

Before the invention of anesthesia in the mid-1800s, surgeons had to a_mputate________ (2)
limbs, c__auterize__________ (3) or s__uture________ (4) wounds after giving their patients
some opium or alcohol. These drugs helped little as they could not eliminate the pain or erase the
memory of it.

* What happened when a dentist from Connecticut, Dr. Horace Wells, showed the use of
nitrous oxide in public?

As he was e_xtracting_______ (5) the tooth of a patient, the patient screamed in pain and Wells
could not satisfy the audience. However, his former partner, William T. G. Morton, found success
using ether. Actually, ether was produced in the 17th century. After Morton had tried ether on
animals (including his own dog!) and then on himself, he d_emonstrated______ (6) its usage in
front of a group of doctors and students at Massachusetts General Hospital. Morton was able to
impress the public.

* Which queen of Great Britain took chloroform for pain relief

during delivery of her seventh child?

Queen Victoria. That was in 1853. The news s_pread__________

(7) quickly around the country and chloroform became very popular
afterwards. However nowadays, it is rarely used.

F) WRITING

Write a brief summary on the discovery of anesthesia.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

68
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
2. an excessive and dangerous dose of a drug
6. to do an action or piece of work
7. to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down
8. to take out, pull out
10. cut off a limb by surgical operation
12. to distribute over a great area
13. to cause someone to admire or respect you
15. to make a connection between two or more things or ideas
16. to breathe air or gas into your lungs
17. related to breathing
19. insensitivity to pain, usually by the administration of gases or drugs before a surgical operation

Down
1. to show
3. the gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid under ordinary conditions
4. to communicate with someone by calling or sending them a letter, email, etc.
5. losing blood
9. to bear or put up with something unpleasant
11. to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change
14. a stitch used to sew up a cut in a person's body
18. to encourage people to like, buy, use, do or support something

69
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. Analyze the picture below and try to predict what “electromagnetic (EM) spectrum” means.
Then, form pairs. Google “EM spectrum” and share with the class what you have found about the
term.

2. Humans use waves in different fields such as science, medicine and communications. Give
examples for their various usages.

3. It is a
known fact
that some
of the
electromagnetic waves are dangerous for human health and they can damage our cells. Which
ones do you think are the most dangerous and why?

70
REMEMBER SOME PHYSICS BASICS BEFORE YOU PROCEED:

Fill in the blanks using the terms in the table:

ELECTRONS ATOMS
BATTERY POSITIVE NEGATIVE
ELECTRICITY FLOW

……Atoms….. are the basic building

blocks of matter. They are made up of
three basic particles: Firstly, there are
protons that have a/an …positive…
charge and secondly, neutrons that have
no charge. Protons and neutrons join
together to form the nucleus. Thirdly,
there are …………electrons………. that
have a/an negative charge. These are the smallest and lightest particles, and they orbit
(move around) the nucleus. When these particles ………flow……… through a metal
wire as shown in the diagram below, ….electricity………. is created. The wire has to be
metal or another conductor*, and not an insulator*. Of course, a source of power is
needed for this process to occur: for instance a/an …………battery……………. As a
result, the lamp lights up.

* When you finish filling in the paragraph above, try to predict the meanings of conductors
and insulators. Then check their meanings from your dictionaries.

Conductors: …substances that allow electricity to go through them……………

Insulators: ………substances that do not conduct electricity…………………………

71
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1. The pressure of air or water ………………... if we

compress or push it against something.
a) increases b) decreases

2. When it rains, water may penetrate through our

boots if they are made up of …………..
a) leather b) plastic

3. Scientists may reject a theory if there is

…………………..evidence to support it. However, this
does not necessarily mean the theory is wrong.
a) enough b) a lack of

4. A photographic film is a chemically reactive material that records an ……………..when the

film is exposed to light.
a) image b) wave

5. Doctors said he had a heart attack because the flow of blood to his heart was blocked,
and as a result, his heart …………………………. get enough oxygen.
a) could b) couldn’t

6. When people donate their organs, this means they are ……………….. the usage of their
organs in another person after they die.
a) allowing b) forbidding

III) Completion: Use your dictionaries to find the meanings of the words in the box. Then,
complete the following paragraph by using these words.

screen / locate / internal / electromagnetic waves / swallows

First approved by the FDA in 2001, a plastic capsule, about the

size of a large vitamin, sends a tiny camera through the human
body. A patient ……swallows………….. (1) the capsule at the
doctor’s office and it stays in the body for 8 hours. The camera
takes images of the patient’s …internal………. (2) organs. It can
take two images per second, producing about 57,000 pictures! In
addition to a tiny camera, the capsule contains a battery, a light,
and a transmitter --a device which transmits, or sends
…electromagnetic waves….. (3) to a data recorder. This way, the
images are downloaded and the doctors can see those images on a/an
………screen……………….… (4). Those images help doctors to ……locate………………. (5)
the sources of bleeding inside the body, which cannot be identified by other medical imaging
methods.
72
IV) Read the passages below and match the words in red with their definitions
Passage I:

When we listen to the radio, watch TV, or

cook dinner in a microwave oven,
electromagnetic waves are at work. Radio
waves and microwaves are types of
electromagnetic waves. They differ from
each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the
distance between one wave crest to the
next. (see picture)

Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum differ in size from very long radio waves to
very short gamma rays, smaller than the size of a nucleus of an atom.
Electromagnetic waves are not only described by their wavelength, but also by their
energy and frequency. Waves with short wavelengths have greater energy than
those with long wavelengths.

Simply, we may define “radiation” as the energy emitted by an object. This energy
is emitted and transferred to another object in forms of waves or rays. In other
words, radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves, carrying energy from
one object to another. The most typical example of radiation is “the energy emitted
by the Sun”. The energy of the Sun, carried by electromagnetic waves, travels in
space at the “speed of light”. Different waves in the spectrum have different
wavelengths, frequencies and energy levels.

1. send, release, give out: …………emit…………………………………………………..

2. the distance between the repeating units of a wave, measured from one point on a wave to the
corresponding point in the next unit: …………wavelength…………………………..
3. waves that contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry energy: electromagnetic
waves
4. the straight line in which light or other electromagnetic radiation travels to a given point:..ray..
5. number of times something occurs within a specific period of time: ……frequency……………
73
Passage II:

Scientists have known electricity long before they understood

how it is produced. As electricity is produced as a result of
the flow of electrons, scientists first had to discover electrons.
It was the British physicist J. J. Thomson who discovered the
electron in 1897. He was experimenting on the properties of
“cathode rays” using a cathode-ray tube (see picture). The
cathode-ray tube is a vacuum tube; in other words, there is
no air or any other matter in it. By applying some voltage, he
could produce “cathode rays” traveling from the bottom part
of this glass tube to the top. Those “cathode rays” were
invisible, but they could be detected when they hit the glass
wall of the tube. The rays excited the atoms of the glass and
caused them to produce light, a shine called fluorescence. At
that time, many experiments were done to determine what
those cathode rays actually were, but no one could
understand their nature. Thomson was able to show that they cathode-ray tube
were made of very small, light particles. Those particles were much lighter than the
lightest atom “hydrogen”. So, Thomson concluded that those rays were not made up
of atoms, but a new type of particle. This was how the first subatomic particle called
“electron” was discovered. At the beginning, Thomson thought these particles would
not interest anyone outside a science lab. However, it was quickly realized that
electric current was actually created as a result of moving electrons. Since all devices,
from computers to cellphones or TVs depend on electricity, the electron turned out to
be interesting to almost everybody.

Read the text above and match the words in red with their definitions:

1. property, character: ………nature………………………………………….

2. a beam (ray) of electrons that travel from the negatively charged end to the positively
charged end of a vacuum tube: ………cathode rays………………
3. flow: …………current…………………………
4. force of electricity: ……………voltage…………………………
5. emission of light by a substance that is exposed to radiation coming from another source:
……........fluorescence.................................…
6. noticed, be found out: …detected……………………………..

74
C. READING COMPREHENSION

DEALING WITH WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS THAT YOU DON’T KNOW

In texts you read, you will often have to deal with some words or expressions that you
don’t know. Don’t worry about the meaning of each word. As you read, try to get the
overall meaning of the text. Later, after you have gotten a general idea of the text, you can
go back and try to predict the meanings of these words from their context. If you can’t,
look them up in a dictionary.

1. Quickly read paragraph (3) and get an idea of what is being told. Which of the
following is the overall idea you have gotten from the paragraph?

a) How Roentgen discovered the X-Rays

b) How X-rays started to be known and used
c) How Roentgen’s discovery changed his life

2. i) The following sentences are taken from paragraph (3). Try to predict the meaning
of the words in red from their context:

a) One Berlin physicist said that they couldn’t help thinking that they were reading a fairy tale
at first; only the actual photograph proved to everyone that this was a fact.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Since the cathode-ray tube was a common item of laboratory equipment, hundreds of
scientists became X-ray “experts” overnight.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Ignorance of the subject was widespread: some people were even terrified by the idea
that Roentgen’s rays could look through their clothes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Look up these words from the dictionary and

see if you have predicted their meanings right.

75
(1) In late 1895, in his laboratory at the University
of Würzburg, a German physicist named Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen was studying the nature of
electric currents by using a cathode-ray tube, a
common piece of scientific equipment. In a very
dark room, he was covering the tube with thick
black paper in order to prevent any light coming
out from it and then passing a high voltage current.
This way, he was studying the behavior of cathode
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
rays through a gas of extremely low pressure.
During an experiment one afternoon, Roentgen
noticed that the screen covered with a fluorescent
material across the room was shining. When he
turned off the tube, the light on the screen
disappeared. Fascinated, he soon detected
invisible but highly penetrating rays, which were Roentgen working with a
cathode-ray tube
being produced at one end of the cathode tube.
Roentgen did more tests to verify that the tube was the source of emissions that made
the screen shine. He was surprised, because whatever material he put between the
tube and the screen –whether wood, glass or hard rubber- the mysterious rays kept
coming through. It was the same with most metals he tried. Only lead and platinum
blocked the process. Roentgen also found that photographic film was exposed when
placed between the tube and screen, so he concluded that those invisible rays
affected photographic plates.

(2) Roentgen called the newly discovered emissions “X-rays”, “x”

being the mathematical symbol of an unknown number, and he

Sentence Insertion
worked to document them further.
Roentgen brought her to the laboratory, placed a sheet of
photographic film under her hand, exposed it to the tube and
created one of history’s most famous pictures. When developed, the
film showed the internal structure of Mrs. Roentgen’s hand as well as the silhouette of
her heavy gold wedding ring.

76
(3) After about six weeks of experimenting with his discovery, Roentgen sent a
summary and several pictures to a local scientific community and their copies to
physicists throughout Europe. One Berlin physicist said that they couldn’t help thinking
that they were reading a fairy tale at first; only the actual photograph proved to
everyone that this was a fact. The extraordinary new X-rays of Professor Roentgen
immediately became popular in Europe and America. The idea of seeing the
unseeable was fascinating. Since the cathode-ray tube was a common item of
laboratory equipment, hundreds of scientists became X-ray “experts” overnight. X-ray
images of hands and feet appeared in newspapers everywhere, as well as in jokes
and cartoons. Ignorance of the subject was widespread: some people were even
terrified by the idea that Roentgen’s rays could look through their clothes. Many
doctors, however, put X-rays to valuable work and started to locate broken bones and
fractures as well as foreign objects swallowed by children and bullets in human bodies.
Years later, Roentgen rays were also used for other purposes, such as seeing inside
travelers’ luggage in customs.

“BEACH PARTY A LA ROENTGEN” Cartoon from 1900s

(4) For a long time, scientists, including Roentgen himself, couldn’t agree on the
nature of those rays. Finally it was found out that, just like visible light and radio
waves, these rays were a form of electromagnetic radiation which could penetrate
human tissue. The frequency of that wave is, however, very high. X-rays have higher
energy and shorter wavelength than those of the visible light and radio waves.

(5) For his discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901. He
was a brilliant scientist and a very modest man who never looked for honors or
financial profit for his research. He rejected a title to enter the German aristocracy, and
donated the money he received from the Nobel Prize to his university. Seriously
affected from the German economic crisis after the World War I, Roentgen spent the
last years of his life in poverty and died in 1923.

77
I. Match the main ideas with the paragraphs:
PARAGRAPH MAIN IDEAS

……5…… Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in physics.

……3…… X-Rays started to be known and used

……2…… Roentgen created one the most famous pictures in history.

…… 1…….. Roentgen discovered X-Rays while he was experimenting with cathode rays.

……4…… Roentgen finally found out the nature of X-Rays

II. SENTENCE INSERTION (Paragraph 2): One of the sentences has been removed from
the text. Choose the sentence that fits best:
a) At that time, Roentgen’s wife was suffering from severe headaches.
b) As time passed, Roentgen’s wife started asking him why he was never home.
c) So, Roentgen asked his wife to clean his laboratory as it was getting untidy.
d) Roentgen never liked taking photographs of his wife.

III. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1) Fill in the following blanks with the information you learned from the text:
The ……cathode rays……………………… in the room caused the accidental discovery of
X-rays while Roentgen was experimenting with the cathode-tube. Those rays could not
penetrate through some materials such as ………lead and platinum…………….………

2) What convinced some scientists that X-rays existed?

The actual photograph for Roentgen’s wife’s hand

showing bones.

3) Why did Roentgen give the name “X” to his rays?

Because X was the mathematical symbol of an

unknown number and these rays were mysterious to
him.

4) What is the reason why Roentgen did not become rich

after discovering X-rays?

He was a modest man and he donated the money he received to his university.
Therefore, he didn’t have any money.
78
III. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer:

1) Which of the following does NOT fit in the blank?

After the discovery of X-rays, some people _______________.
a) were terrified as they thought X-rays could look through their clothes.
b) made fun of it, using them in cartoons and jokes.
c) built new cathode-ray tubes to become X-ray experts.
d) preferred to put them to valuable work like locating broken bones and fractures.

2) All the following are properties of X-rays EXCEPT:

a) being invisible.
b) being highly penetrative.
c) having an ability to expose photographic films.
d) having frequencies lower than that of visible light waves.

3. Which statement is INCORRECT?

a) At the beginning, discovering X-rays was not the aim of Roentgen in conducting his studies.
b) In his studies, Roentgen was unable to verify that the cathode-ray tube was the source of X-
rays.
c) Cathode-ray tube is a device that lets scientists study electrons passing through a gas of
extremely low pressure.
d) Roentgen discovered that he could take internal photographs of human body by using X-rays.

IV. Reference:

1. it (paragraph 1) : ……the tube………………………

2. they (paragraph 3): ……physicists throughout Europe…………………
3. those (paragraph 4): ……energy and wavelength…………………………………….

79
POST ACTIVITIES:

A) Find the nouns derived from the verbs. Then, fill in the blanks with the correct
forms of some of the words from the table.

VERB NOUN

1 penetrate penetration

2 detect detection

3 emit emission

4 reject rejection

5 expose exposure

6 locate location
donation
7 donate
1) Digital cameras give a picture immediately after ........exposure................
2) Last month, the Koç family .......donated......................... a huge amount of
money to the organizations dealing with the education of poor children.
3) Today’s advanced technology enables the early ......detection.................
of many diseases like cancer.
4) I fear …rejection…………………, so I don’t think I will apply for this job.
5) Even the most environmentally-friendly cars ……emit……………… CO2.
6) Unfortunately, the bullet …penetrated……….. the soldier’s brain; that’s
how he died.
7) The reason why we always choose to stay at this hotel is its
…location………………….It is very close to the city center.
8) When a photograph is over - ……exposed…………………, this means too
much light was allowed to reach the film.
9) These police dogs are amazing; they can successfully
…detect…………………… / …locate…………. the drugs by their smell.
(*Two possible answers)
10) Environmentalists are trying to find ways to reduce the…emission..of
greenhouse gases.

80
B) Read the following paragraph and choose the correct answer for each blank from
the words below.
Microwave ovens are popular today because they cook food in an
amazingly short amount of time. But how do they work? Apparently, a
microwave oven uses microwaves to heat food. Microwaves are a type
of wave that are between radio waves and infrared radiation on the
………………………… (1). Microwaves have approximately
……………………..(2) in the range of 30 cm to 1mm. In a conventional oven, the heat is
transferred by ………………………… (3) from the outside of the food toward the middle.
However, microwave ovens cook food "from the inside out." What does that mean? In microwave
cooking, the radio waves …………………………… (4) the food and excite water and fat
molecules throughout the food. No heat has to be transferred toward the ……………… (5) parts
of food. There is heat everywhere all at once because the molecules are all excited together. But,
how safe are microwave ovens? Scientists say they are safe. Microwaves generated in
microwave ovens stop to exist when the electrical power is turned off. They do not remain in the
food when the power is turned off. Therefore, people eating the food heated in a microwave oven
are not …………….……… (6) to radiation. That’s why they are considered safe.

1. a) current b) radiation c) voltage d) electromagnetic spectrum

2. a) wavelengths b) cathode rays c) screens d) energies
3. a) location b) emission c) conduction d) rejection
4. a) block b) donate c) emit d) penetrate
5. a) liquid b) internal c) radioactive d) basic
6. a) exposed b)located c) verified d) swallowed

C) Prepositions: Match the sentence halves.

From baby bottle heaters to pencil sharpeners,

a. to the sun, such as the face.
more and more devices today depend …c……

The majority of all skin cancers usually begin b. with thick black paper to prevent light
on areas exposed ……a….. emission.

X-rays cannot penetrate ……f……. c. on electricity.

The EU will donate the prize money from its d. in physics in 1903 and in chemistry in
Nobel Peace Prize ……e…….. 1911.

Roentgen covered the cathode-ray tube …b.. e. to children affected by wars.

Scientists today still can't agree …g……. f. through a lead jacket worn by the patient.

g. on what caused the 1946 Pacific

Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize …d…..…
Tsunami, which killed 200,000 people.

81
D) PARAPHRASE the following sentences by using the given signal word.

1. During an experiment, Roentgen noticed that the screen covered with a fluorescent
material was shining. (While)

While he was doing an experiment, Roentgen noticed that the screen covered with a
fluorescent material was shining.

2. Photographic film was exposed when placed between the tube and screen, so Roentgen
concluded that those invisible rays affected photographic plates. (Because)

Because photographic film was exposed when placed between the tube and screen,
Roentgen concluded that those invisible rays affected photographic plates.

3. Since the cathode-ray tube was a common item of laboratory equipment, hundreds of
scientists became X-ray “experts” overnight. (Therefore)

The cathode-ray tube was a common item of laboratory equipment. Therefore,

hundreds of scientists became X-ray “experts” overnight.

4. Roentgen covered the tube with thick black paper in order to prevent any light coming out
from it. (So that)

Roentgen covered the tube with thick black paper so that he could prevent any light
coming out from it.

E) SYNONYM MATCH: Match the words in the first column with their synonyms.

WORD SYNONYM

1. Nature ……F… A. Release

2. Detect …B…… B. Discover
3. Locate …I…… C. Crack
4. Verify …E…… D. Beam
5. Emit …A…… E. Confirm
6. Reject …H…… F. Character
7. Frequency …G…… G. Repetitiveness
8. Ray …D…… H. Refuse
9. Fracture …C…… I. Find

82
F) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. When / Roentgen / the photographic film / he / saw / the film / internal structure / hand

When Roentgen developed the photographic film, he saw that the film showed the
internal structure of his wife’s hand.

2. At first / no one / the nature / the X-rays

At first no one could agree on the nature of the X-rays.

3. It’s known / radio waves / longer wavelength / lower energy / X-rays.

It’s known that radio waves have longer wavelength and lower energy than X-rays.

G) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur
with more than one word from the second column.
electric pressure COLLOCATIONS:

scientific symbols electric current

cathode crisis scientific equipment /symbols/community

low/high tissue cathode rays

low/high pressure / profit

photographic waves
photographic film
mathematical light
mathematical symbols
photographic current
visible rays
scientific film
radio waves
visible rays
human tissue
radio profit
financial profit
human community
economic crisis / pressure
financial plates

economic equipment

83
H) Fill in the blanks of the sentences with the prepositions. You will have to use some
of the prepositions more than once.

by through to between off out for of on in with

1. The two countries agreed ......on........... a plan to help the babies starving in Africa.

2. Before putting the meat in the oven, she covered it ......with........ an aluminium wrap.

3. Please don’t forget to turn …...off.......... the TV before you leave home.

4. The scientists in the lab were exposed .....to............ dangerous chemicals.

5. After years of experimentation, they finally found .....out...... the cause of the disease.

6. This device is used .....for......... detecting metal.

7. Thousands of people were affected ......by...... the earthquake.

8. The research team is experimenting .....with / on......... a new drug.

9. When you look ....through................. this microscope, you will see microorganisms.

10. I spend all my week days .......in....... this laboratory.

11. The properties ....of......... some waves are still unknown.

12. I was terrified .........of........ my neighbor’s aggressive dog last night.

13. He put a drop of blood……through…….. two pieces of glass to analyze it with a

microscope.

14. Colombus was looking .....for............ a shorter route to India when he discovered
America.

84
CRISS-CROSS PUZZLE

Across

4. The number of times something happens within a particular period frequency

7. To refuse to accept, use, or believe something or someone reject
8. The force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area pressure
9. To prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct verify
10. To give money or goods to help a person or organization donate
11. Energy from heat or light that you cannot see radiation
12. The force of an electric current, measured in volts voltage

Down
1. A break or crack in something hard, especially a bone fracture
2. The type or main characteristic of something nature
3. To give or send out (matter or energy) emit
5. A flow of electric charge current
6. To move into or through something penetrate

85
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
Read the following extract from an article published in Discovery Magazine.

Since the beginning of this century,

researchers have been able to grow three
kinds of body parts in laboratories: flat
tissues like skin, tubular structures like
blood vessels, and hollow organs like
stomachs and bladders. The next challenge
is growing solid organs, such as hearts,
livers and kidneys. These structures are
particularly difficult to grow because they
Scientists are getting better and better at
contain many different cell types and they creating human organs in the lab -- soon it may
be possible to grow complex organs such as
require lots of blood vessels to carry fluids kidneys and hearts.

in and out. Around the world, many groups of scientists are working aggressively on a
variety of strategies to create these kinds of complex organs.

After reading the extract above, you can infer that the technology for growing meat may also be
available today. Now, form pairs and discuss the following two questions:

1) How would humanity benefit from growing organs in the lab?

2) What might be the benefits of growing meat in the lab?

86
B. VOCABULARY
I) Match the following medical terms, pictures and definitions with each other.
PICTURES:

stem cells muscles

............................... ...............................

...................fat.....................
........... embryo..................

TERMS:

STEM CELLS FAT EMBRYO MUSCLES

DEFINITIONS:
I) …….…embryo…………………: Unborn baby in the mother’s uterus in the first 8 weeks of
pregnancy. Later it develops to become a “fetus”
II) ….…muscles…………………: Tissues composed of cells and fibers in the body that has
the ability to contract (become shorter and tighter), producing movement in the body
III) ….…stem cells……………: Mother cells that have the potential to become any type of
cell in the body. They have the ability to copy themselves or to develop into other types
of cells such as the blood, heart, bones, skin, etc.

IV) .........fat....................: The substance under the skin of humans and animals that
stores energy and keeps them warm

87
II) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. A solution is a ________________ that contains a dissolved substance, like the one that
people use for cleaning their contact lenses.
a) gas b) liquid

2. If you swallow a toxic mix of drugs, you can easily __________.

a) get poisoned b) recover from illnesses

3. Oil is the only resource that most Middle Eastern countries have. They ________ other
natural sources of wealth, such as forests.
a) lack b) have

4. Some vets have ethical considerations

concerning euthanasia: they cannot say if the
procedure is _______.
a) efficient or inefficient b) right or wrong

5. To ___________ their suffering, most vets

euthanize very old and sick animals by injecting a
powerful drug.
a) observe b) end

6. The oil which is extracted from olives is typically used for __________.
a) cooking b) fueling our cars

6. Soft tissue, such as ___________, allows X-rays through,

whereas hard tissue, such as __________, doesn’t allow those
rays through.
a) muscle / bone b) paper / wood

7. I don’t like artificial flowers, they usually look so __________.

That’s why I always prefer buying flowers grown in fields.
a) fake b) real

8. An app on my cellphone calculates the number of my steps; it __________ how many

steps I take every day.
a) counts b) recommends

9. IPhone is a commercial success. This means it makes Apple earn __________.

a) fans worldwide b) millions of dollars

88
III) Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions

It is known that hazardous gases called greenhouse gases greatly contribute to

environmental problems like global warming and climate change. The major
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are usually
emitted into the atmosphere through human activities. Among these gases,
methane is considered one of the most dangerous. Methane emissions usually
result from agricultural practices and raising farm animals. Scientists say that
especially cows play a large role in contributing to the release of methane. Cows
release methane during digestion because of the bacteria in their multiple
stomachs. Unfortunately, there is an increasing consumption of and demand for
cow products. Farmers try to supply the demand for cow’s milk and meat. This
means cows have to reproduce more and artificially. As the global demand for
those products multiply, the methane released into the atmosphere increases as
well.

1. gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere: …global warming
2. keep and take care of: …raise…………………………………………
3. eating, drinking, using: ………consumption……………………………………..
4. increase, grow, become more numerous: …………multiply………………….
5. risky, dangerous: ………hazardous…………………………………
6. to produce offspring (babies): …………reproduce……………………………
7. a change in the statistical properties of the climate system that continues for several
decades or longer—usually at least 30 years: …climate change
89
C. READING COMPREHENSION

UNDERSTANDING and IDENTIFYING PURPOSE

Texts can have different purposes, for example:

to persuade the reader to give information to entertain the reader

Browse the text and put a check next to the purpose(s) of the author in writing the text
“In Vitro Meat”. Use three details from the text to prove the author’s purpose(s):

1) ....................................................................................................................................................

2) ....................................................................................................................................................

3) ....................................................................................................................................................

* After studying the text in detail, check if you have determined the author’s purpose correctly.

* While examining a text, it is sometimes helpful to notice facts and opinions. If a text
has more facts than opinions, it is likely an informative text. If a text has more opinions
than facts, it is either a persuasive passage or an entertaining one.

90
(1) In the 1930s, the famous British politician Churchill claimed
that in 50 years, humans would not need to grow a whole chicken
just to eat its breast or wings. Although it has taken a bit more
than 50 years, Churchill’s prediction is about to come true.
Scientists have recently been able to grow “in vitro” meat: meat
grown outside a living organism; in other words; in a laboratory.
Actually, several current research projects have shown that meat
can be grown in labs; however, it is not available for public consumption yet.

(2) The experiments for growing in vitro meat first started in New York. NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration) has long been looking for ways of producing fresh
food for astronauts who would travel long distances in space. In 2002, scientists working for
NASA were able to grow fish fillets (boneless thin pieces of fish meat) in the lab. In that
experiment, 5 to 10 centimeter-long pieces of muscles were cut from a large goldfish and
put into a solution. The solution was an organic liquid, extracted from the blood of animal
embryos, which scientists commonly use for growing cells in the lab. After a week, the
scientists found out that the muscles had grown by 14%. The scientists then prepared fish
fillets out of those muscles they had grown, by frying them in oil. The meal looked and
smelled like fish, but the scientists could not tell how it tasted as they were not allowed to
taste it. To be able to taste the meal, they needed approval from FDA (Food and Drug
Administration) so that they could be sure about its safety.

(3) Dutch scientists went one step further. In 2008, they succeeded in growing in vitro meat
without killing an animal. The scientists extracted myoblasts from the muscles of a living pig.
Myoblasts are embryonic stem cells, which are programmed to grow into muscle cells or to
repair damage in these cells. The myoblasts taken from the pig were put into the same
solution mentioned above. There, the cells multiplied and became muscle tissue. However,
the scientists reported that this tissue became a sticky substance that looked like weak
muscle. That was because it lacked exercising, a common way of strengthening muscles.
By looking at its shape, the scientists predicted that the taste of the meat would be different
from regular meat as well. So, in order to make in vitro meat look--and possibly taste--like
the regular meat we know, the scientists have to find a way to improve the strength of this
muscle tissue. More importantly, they must be sure it is safe to eat. Even if such problems
are solved, in vitro meat is still not expected to be on the market soon. This is because
producing in vitro meat is extremely expensive.

91
(4) Many scientists believe that in vitro meat
will have significant advantages over
traditional meat. First of all, in vitro meat will
be healthier. Today, the meat we consume is
high in cholesterol and may cause health
problems if overconsumed. While scientists
are growing in vitro meat, they can easily
replace cholesterol-causing fat in the meat
with a healthy fat. Traditional meat can be
unhealthy for some other reasons as well.
Most animals are raised in terrible conditions
and are injected with antibiotics and
hormones. Also, the animals are usually fed
with unhealthy food, full of toxic chemicals. Antibiotics, hormones and toxic chemicals may
all pass to humans when they eat those animals. Being created in laboratories, in vitro meat
will not carry those risks.

(5) Besides being a healthier choice, in vitro meat will have another advantage over
traditional meat: it will be more environmentally-friendly. Today, millions of farm animals are
artificially reproduced to meet the increasing demands of people worldwide. Those animals
consume a great deal of resources during their growth and they release a large amount of
methane, a hazardous gas. This means raising cows contributes to many environmental
problems, such as global warming and climate change Scientists calculated that growing
in vitro meat will be a solution to some of these problems by requiring 90% less land and
water; and producing 80% less amount of hazardous gases.

(6) In vitro meat will also be an answer to some ethical considerations involving the killing of
animals. In the past decades, it was scientifically proven that animals have consciousness
just like humans do. Therefore, many people find it unethical to cause suffering to animals
and to kill them for their meat. Many believe that this practice is quite cruel in an advanced
civilization.

(7) Some biotechnologists believe that in the future, it may even be possible to grow one’s
meat at home. This would be no different from producing cheese, yogurt or bread at home.
The entire technology is ready for commercial use, and simply needs big companies to
support it. If successfully produced and marketed, in vitro meat is expected to help solve the
world’s hunger problem by 2100.

92
A. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Currently, it is possible to grow in vitro meat in a laboratory.

2. After the scientists prepared fish fillets, they cooked them, but they
didn’t like the taste.
3. Weak muscles look like sticky substances and one way to strengthen
them is through exercising.
4. There won’t be any fat in the meat obtained in laboratories.
5. Some animals are reproduced artificially to meet the demands of
people but this leads to environmental problems.

B. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
1. Explain why a space agency is involved in growing in vitro meat.
Because NASA has been looking for ways of producing fresh food for astronauts who
travel long distances.
2. Why did the scientists avoid eating the meat grown in laboratories?
Because they needed approval from FDA in order to be able to taste it and be sure about
its safety.

3. Compared to NASA’s experiments, Dutch experiments are considered more advanced. This is
because Dutch scientists used a/an ……living…………. animal during their experiments.

4. What made Dutch scientists think that in vitro meat would taste differently from regular meat?
Its shape

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer.

1. An important function of myoblasts is to ________
a) form muscle cells b) damage muscle cells
c) repair embryonic cells d) form embryonic cells

2. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of regular meat?

a) possessing unhealthy fatty acids b) being often full of toxic chemicals
c) lacking tissue strength and taste d) being a source of environmental problems

3. Why wouldn’t any company sell in vitro meat in the near future?
a) The technology for growing in vitro meat is not ready yet.
b) FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is against in vitro meat.
c) The cost of growing meat in laboratories is still very high.
d) NASA does not give them approval.
4. Which of the following CANNOT be understood from the text?
a) The myoblasts extracted from a pig multiplied in an organic lab solution.
b) Growing in vitro meat will cause greenhouse gas emissions.
c) Even many decades ago, Churchill believed in the possibility of growing in vitro meat.
d) Many people think that in a civilized society, animals, which have some kind of awareness,
should not be murdered for their meat.
93
 POST EXERCISES:

A. Complete the sentences below with the words you studied in “In Vitro Meat”.

1. Scientists have long warned that people should avoid using products which are known to
contain substances that are potentially h azardous to health.

2. To develop photographic films in a darkroom, special chemical s olutions have to be used.

3. Because of the increasing c onsumption of animal products, larger quantities of water are
needed in agriculture.

4. Some people are totally against the killing of animals for their meat due to certain e thical
reasons.

5. It is an undeniable fact that all countries have to use their natural r esources responsibly so
that next generations can benefit from them as well.
B. Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Add the necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. scientists / commonly / a solution / growing cells / lab.

Scientists are commonly looking for a solution for growing cells in the lab

2. animals / raised / terrible conditions / injected / antibiotics and hormones.

Most animals are raised in terrible conditions and are injected with antibiotics and
hormones.

3. meet / demands / worldwide / farm animals / artificially.

In order to meet the increasing demands of people worldwide, farm animals are
reproduced artificially.

4. people / find / unethical / cause suffering / animals / kill / their meat.

Many people find it unethical to cause suffering to animals and to kill them for their meat.

5. if / produced / marketed / in vitro meat / expected / solve / hunger problem / by 2050.

If successfully produced and marketed, in vitro meat is expected to solve the world’s
hunger problem by 2050.

94
C. Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words you have just learned.
X indicates you are not required to fill that part. After you finish, fill in the blanks with
some of the words in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 injection inject injectable

2 product produce X

3 taste taste tasty

4 reproduction reproduce reproductive

5 contribution contribute X

1. In Britain, ….products……… such as tobacco, sugar and cotton were exported

to distant countries in the last century.
2. Electronic speed control devices made a major
…………contribution………………………………… to road safety.
3. Doctors say a/an …………injectable………………… drug for birth control is
needed in Africa.
4. Double Olympic gold medalist James Cracknell suffered a serious brain injury in
2010 and now he is unable to smell or …………………taste…………………….
5. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ………reproduces…………… so quickly
that scientists can see it grow in just one day.

D. COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur
with more than one word from the second column.

need tissue COLLOCATIONS:

repair resources need approval
muscle proven repair tissue / damage
muscle tissue
carry approval
carry risks
meet gas meet the demands
consume civilization consume resources
release gas
release considerations
ethical considerations
ethical damage
scientifically proven
scientifically the demands advanced civilization
advanced consciousness have consciousness / risks /approval

have risks

95
 E. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in the brackets.

1) Several current research projects have shown that meat can be grown in labs; however, it is not
available for public consumption yet. (Although)
Although several current research projects have shown that meat can be grown in labs,
it is not available for public consumption yet

2) The meal looked and smelled like fish, but the scientists could not tell how it tasted as they were
not allowed to taste it. (Since)

The meal looked and smelled like fish, but the scientists could not tell how it tasted since
they were not allowed to taste it.
3) The scientists have to find a way to improve the strength of the muscle tissue they have created.
More importantly, they must be sure it is safe to eat. (Not only.. but also)

The scientists not only have to find a way to improve the strength of the muscle tissue
they have created but they must also be sure it is safe to eat.

4) Scientists calculated that growing in vitro meat will be a solution to some of these problems by
requiring 90% less land and water and producing 80% less amount of hazardous gases
(because)

Scientists calculated that growing in vitro meat will be a solution to some of these
problems because it will require 90% less land and water and produce 80% less amount
of hazardous gases.

F. Match the sentence halves:

…f.. 1. Usually men contribute a. information is wrong.

…e.. 2. To conserve energy, old electric bulbs b. for Android and IPhone devices.
should be replaced
c. may lead to health problems.

…a.. 3. Commenting with a lack of d. so that your meal tastes good.

…d.. 4.Press the garlic well to extract maximum e. with LED lights.
flavor
f. to childcare less than women.
…b.. 5. Millions of free apps are available

…c. 6. Regular consumption of fast food, which is

high in fat and calories,

96
Fill in the table on the next page after analyzing the poster that compares in vitro meat and
traditional meat.

97
The poster shows the process of growing meat at home, which is likely to happen in the
future. It also tells about some advantages of in vitro meat and disadvantages of
traditional meat. Some of these advantages and disadvantages have already been
mentioned in the text that you have studied.

Fill in the following tables by putting ticks and crosses: or ?

ADVANTAGES Mentioned in Mentioned in NOT

OF IN VITRO MEAT the TEXT the POSTER MENTIONED
It contains fats that are beneficial to
human health.

Its storage is easy.

Eating it does not raise ethical

questions.
The consumers do not have to deal
with separating meat from its bones.
Various types of meat can be created
easily in a short time.

It does not cause medical problems.

It is not costly.

It does not cause environmental

problems.

DISADVANTAGES Mentioned in Mentioned in NOT

OF TRADITIONAL MEAT the TEXT the POSTER MENTIONED

Its production causes water pollution.

Cooking it takes a long time.

Eating it raises ethical questions.

It may contain antibiotics and

hormones.
Excessive amounts of crops are
required to obtain it.
Its consumption can lead to high
cholesterol levels.

It is responsible for obesity

It is responsible for the emission of

harmful gases like methane
Fatal diseases like Mad Cow Disease
may occur when it is consumed.

98
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
2. that involves risk or danger
3. keep and take care of
4. a piece of body tissue that you contract and relax
7. to guess something using as many facts as you can find
9. connected with beliefs and principles about what is right and wrong
14. the act of eating and drinking
18. to play a part in, be factor in, cause
19. a supply of something
20. that contains poison
21. to put liquid, especially a drug, into a person's or an animal's body by using a special needle

Down
1. the act of using energy, food or materials
5. to not have something that you need, or not have enough of it
6. to increase, grow or become more numerous
8. very modern
10. the material forming animal or plant cells
11. a substance that is stored under the skin of people and animals
12. a young animal or plant in the very early stages of development before birth
13. a liquid in which a solid or gas has been mixed
15. to take a substance from a plant, animal, etc.
16. to produce offspring (babies)
17. a basic type of cell which can divide and develop into cells with particular functions

99
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. Name some traditional construction materials.

2. Analyze the following picture of an ecological house and try to answer the questions below:

 How does this house obtain its electricity?

 How does it try to keep the heat inside in wintertime?

 What do you think is collected in the recycling bins outside the house?

 How would you use the water collected in the water tank?

 Under the water tank, you can see that organic waste is collected.
Where do you think this type of waste is used?

100
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. Computer programs such as Paint or Photoshop allows us to
rotate images 45°, 90° or 180°. In other words, we can __________
those images.
a) copy b) turn

2. Constructing very _______ buildings called skyscrapers

became possible after the invention of elevators. Without
them, it would be impossible to _________ hundreds of
stairs.
a) strong / build b) tall / climb

3. The ___________ part of a structure is its core. Actually, it

is usually the principal, or most important, part of a
structure.
a) central b) outer

4. The boat that I want to buy is quite __________ because it is equipped with a special
engine and fishing equipment.
a) speedy b) expensive

5. Raising the ceiling of the library room will provide us with __________ space to add
extra shelves.
a) more b) less

6. Solar panels and wind turbines are used for providing ____________ to our homes.
They are good alternatives to fossil fuels like oil and coal.
a) energy b) water

7. You have to maintain this device regularly. With sufficient

maintenance, your device will run longer without a need for
_____________ it.
a) cleaning b) repairing

8. Many problems arise as a result of poor urban planning

and development. In other words, _____________ are not
properly planned and developed.

a) countries b) cities

101
II) Fill in the blanks with the following terms. Use plurals where necessary. You can
use those words more than once.

a) residential / reside / resident / residence.

To ________reside________ (1)
means to live in a particular place. The
__residents_______ (2) are the people
who live in that place. Those people live
in buildings called __residences___ (3).
Unlike commercial architecture,
___residential_______ (4) architecture
particularly deals with the buildings that
are designed for people to live in.

The __residents_____ (5) of Istanbul suffer a lot from traffic. Sometimes, they
cannot even find a place to park their cars. Those who live in luxurious
__residences____ (6) are luckier because they have private parking spaces for their
automobiles.

b) adjust / adjustable / adjustability / adjustment

To ________adjust______ (1) means

to change something slightly in order to
achieve a correct or desired result. It
can also be defined as “adapting to a
new situation”. You make necessary
_____adjustments__ (2) to achieve
An …………………..……... bed the desired results. For instance, you
can __adjust____ (3) the position of a
bed according to your needs. After making some __adjustments___ (4), you can
just lie and enjoy your rest.
__Adjustability__________ (5) of a bed is important in several cases. Especially,
patients who cannot move or turn in their beds need ___adjustable_____ (6)
beds, just like the ones in hospitals.

102
III) Read the text and match the words in red with their definitions:

FINISHING IN CONSTRUCTION
In construction, the term “finishing” refers to the concluding, or the last stage of
construction. Placing window panels, flooring, painting, wallpapering and facing are
typical examples of finishing in a building. Before finishing work starts, all electricity
cables must be buried in the walls and the plumbing must be completed. (see pict. A)

In modern construction practice for residential, public, and industrial buildings, the
technology of finishing work has significantly changed. Increasingly, prefabricated
units are delivered to the construction site in the final, finished form. For example,
wall panels, window and door units are all manufactured in factories beforehand. This
considerably reduces the finishing work in the site. But still, finishing requires a lot of
labor work, and it is costly. For residential construction, it accounts for about 35% of
all labor costs in construction.
Among the most time-consuming types of finishing work are facing operations, for the
purpose of covering the façades (front
surfaces) of buildings with products such
as natural stone, brick, or ceramic
blocks. Flooring, on the other hand,
requires relatively less amount of time
and money. Flooring usually involves
creating a floor by initially using
concrete. In residential buildings, the
concrete surface is then covered with
materials such as parquet or ceramics.
Picture A : Plumbing In industrial buildings, the concrete
surfaces are not covered with other
materials. Therefore, those floors have to
be more durable and smooth. Usually,
concrete has to be reinforced with steel
rods (see pict. B). Adding a higher number
of steel rods with greater diameters
increases durability.

Picture B: Reinforced Concrete 103

1. long-lasting, strong: …………durable………………………………….

2. the system of pipes, tanks..etc required for the water supply, heating, and sanitation in a
building: ……………plumbing………………………………

3. a building material made from a mixture of gravel, cement, (see picture below), sand and
water, forming a stone-like substance on hardening: ..............concrete....................................

Cement Gravel

4. a strong substance made of iron and carbon, used widely in many products: …steel…………

5. location, place: .....site........................................

6. to make something on a large scale using machinery; to produce: .....manufacture.................

7. to strengthen or support: ……reinforce……………

8. to produce sections of a building beforehand in a

factory, so that they can be easily transported to and
rapidly assembled on a building area:
.....prefabricate.................

9. a small rectangular block of dried clay used in buildings:

.........brick....................

C. READING COMPREHENSION

PREVIEWING USING VISUALS

Many informational texts include visuals. Visuals can be charts, graphs, photos
or illustrations. Before reading a text, examine all the visuals you see. These can
help you understand the text better.

Before reading the text “The Dynamic Tower in Dubai”, examine the illustrations of the text and
try to predict what properties of the tower will be introduced in the text.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

104
(1) Created by famous Italian architect
David Fisher, the Dynamic Tower in
Dubai, which will be constructed in
2020 has a revolutionary design. It is
going to be the world’s first rotating
skyscraper, and has been named one
of TIME Magazine’s “50 Best
Inventions of the Year”. The
skyscraper is called “Dynamic Tower”
because each floor will rotate
independently, and at a different speed. This building, which will constantly change shape
and appearance, will also be environmentally friendly: it will be the first building that
supplies all of its own energy. This energy will come from wind turbines positioned
horizontally between each floor, and solar panels placed on the roof of each floor.

(2) The Dynamic Tower will also be the first skyscraper to be built almost entirely from
prefabricated parts that are assembled in a factory and then put in place on site. This
approach, known as the Fisher Method, offers a number of advantages. Among these
advantages are environmentally clean construction site, fewer accidents as well as
reduced time and cost of construction. As a matter of fact, 90% of the tower will be built in
a factory and sent to the construction site. This will allow the entire building to be built in
only 18 months. The only part of the tower that will be built at the construction site will be
the core. Unlike other construction methods, the Fisher method requires fewer workers on
the construction site. Each unit of the building will be specially made at the factory
according to the owners’ needs and styles. They will be equipped with all the necessary
plumbing and electrical systems, as
well as all finishings from flooring to
ceilings, bathrooms, kitchens, lighting
and furniture. Some residents of the
Dynamic Tower will be able to drive
directly into the building, where a
special elevator will take their car to
their floor, and park at the entrance to
their apartments.

105
(3) Architect Fisher says, “Today's life is dynamic, therefore the space we are living in
should be dynamic as well, adjustable to our needs that change continuously, to our
concept of design and to our mood. Buildings should follow the rhythms of nature, change
direction and shape from spring to summer, from sunrise to sunset. Buildings should be
alive.”

(4) Since the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, not

much has changed in the world of building
construction: workers still place stone on top of stone,
and brick on top of brick. In 1889, the use of steel was
introduced into construction for the Eiffel Tower in
Paris, and in 1905, reinforced concrete was used for
the first time. Yet, buildings are still constructed on site
as they were 4,000 years ago. “Almost every product
used today, from cars to computers and clothing, is the
result of an industrial process: they are all produced in
factories. So, we have high quality at a relatively low
cost,” Fisher says. “It is unbelievable that the construction industry, which is the leading
sector of the world economy, is still that primitive. For example, most workers throughout
the world still regularly use trowels (hand tools with a flat surface), which were first used
by the ancient Egyptians. In fact, buildings should not be different from any other product.
So from now on, they, too, should be manufactured in factories”. Due to their particular
construction method, prefabricated buildings will also be easy to maintain and repair.
Moreover, they will be more durable than traditionally constructed buildings.

(5) By combining motion, green energy and efficient construction, it seems the Dynamic
Tower will change architecture as we know it. It is expected to start a new era of dynamic
living. In conclusion, it will challenge traditional architecture, becoming the symbol of a
new philosophy that will change the look of our cities and the concept of urban living.

106
A) Find the words from the text which has the same meaning as:

a) built (prg 1): ……constructed…………………………..

b) located (prg 1): …positioned…………… and …………placed……………………………..

c) gathered (prg 2): ……assembled…………………………..

d) whole (prg 2): ………entire………………………..

e) procedure (prg 4): ………process………………………..

f) most important (prg 4): ………leading………………………..

g) to question; to oppose (prg 5): ………challenge………………………..

B) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Wind turbines will be placed on top of each other so that the building
can supply its own energy.

2. Although using the Fisher method increases the cost of construction,

it is clear that it saves a lot of time.

3. Our needs constantly change as today’s life has become extremely

dynamic.

4. Reinforced concrete was first used for the construction of the Eiffel
Tower in 1905.

5. The reason why people can have high quality at a low cost is that
almost everything we use today is manufactured in factories.

107
C) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
1. Dynamic Tower will change its shape and appearance. Briefly explain
how this will happen.

Each floor will rotate independently, (and at a different speed.)

2. Why does the Fisher method require fewer workers on construction

site?

It’ll be built almost entirely from prefabricated parts that are

assembled in a factory and then put in place on site.

3. The text says that there had been only a few innovations in the world of construction before the
Fisher Method. Give an example of such an innovation.

In 1889, the use of steel was introduced into construction for the Eiffel Tower in Paris. OR
In 1905, reinforced concrete was used for the first time.

4. Find three examples from paragraph (4) showing us that the building construction sector is still
primitive after 4000 years.
a) still placing stone on top of stone

b) still placing brick on top of brick

c) still using trowels.

D) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer:

1. According to the text, in the Dynamic Tower, all of the following factors will help protect
nature, EXCEPT:
a) Powering itself with wind turbines.
b) Following the rhythms of nature.
c) Having solar panels.
d) Using the Fisher method of construction.

2. The Dynamic Tower will have a unique, extraordinary property to assure the users’
comfort. What is it?
a) The units will be prefabricated in a factory.
b) They will be equipped with necessary plumbing systems.
c) There will be elevators to lift the residents’ cars to their floors.
d) The tower will have an environmentally clean construction site.

3. Which of the following best summarizes Dr. Fisher’s architectural approach to design?
a) Every building should have a revolutionary design and try different methods of construction.
b) We should construct our dynamic buildings with a deep understanding of past traditions.
c) Buildings should be harmonized with today’s dynamic lifestyle and should be prefabricated in
factories.
d) Maintenance facilities and employment of quality control are the main targets of building
construction.

108
POST EXERCISES:
A. The following sentence is from paragraph 2:

“They will be equipped with all the necessary plumbing and electrical systems, as well as
all finishing from flooring to ceilings, bathrooms, kitchens, lighting and furniture.”

Scan the text. Find sentences formed with the prepositions “from…to..” and
underline them. Write two example sentences using this structure.

1) Buildings should follow the rhythms of nature, change direction and shape from
spring to summer, from sunrise to sunset. (parag 3)

2) Almost every product used today, from cars to computers and clothing, is the result of
an industrial process: they are all produced in factories. (parag 4)

B. COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur
with more than one word from the second column.

revolutionary horizontally
solar site
position process
construction design
reinforced continuously
industrial concrete
change independently
rotate panel

 ……… revolutionary design…………………………………..

 ……… ……solar panel…………………………………………….

 ………… position horizontally……………………………………..

 ……… construction site………………………………………….

 …… reinforced concrete…………………………………………

 ……………industrial process /site………………………………………

 ……………change continuously……………………………………

 ………………rotate independently…………………………………

 …………………………………………………………………………

 …………………………………………………………………………

109
C) Guess which words would fit in the following blanks:

Reinforced concrete is a type of material used by designers, engineers and architects

for over a century. The finished product is stronger than concrete,
s…teel…………………………….. or any other material on its own. Buildings and bridges
made during the 1800s using reinforced concrete are still standing today, which shows
just how d…urable………..…………………. this material can be when mixed properly.

The first use of reinforced concrete took place in 1864 in the United Kingdom. Today,
many modern buildings are c……onstructed………………………………. using reinforced
concrete as part of their structures. Especially in u………rban……………………………. areas,
we often see concrete buildings replacing small wooden houses.

Reinforced concrete is used to give a

building or structure more support. It
is often used in foundations (see
picture). some walls, small buildings as
well as tall ones called
s…kyscrapers………………………….. .
There are also examples of buildings
created entirely out of reinforced
concrete. These are usually the ones
Foundation of a building
with an unusual s..hape………….. The
most famous examples are the Guggenheim Museum in New York and the Opera
House in Sydney. (see the pictures below)

THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

110
D) LINKING WORDS

Linking words are words or phrases which indicate a connection. They

help you to connect ideas and sentences so that people can follow your
ideas. They are very important in written and spoken English.

Linking words can be classified as follows:

ADDING
CONTRAST COMPARISON GIVING EXAMPLES
INFORMATION

and But, However, Yet, Still Similarly, For example

Also Although / Even though Likewise, For instance
too Inspite of / Despite (the Like To illustrate
In addition ( to) fact that) Just like such as
Besides, Furthermore, Despite that Just as including
Moreover, Unlike Similar to
Apart from this In contrast (to) Same as
What’s more Whereas – While
As well as On the other hand
Additionally On the contrary
Not only ... but also Compared to / with

SEQUENCING SUMMARIZING GIVING A

GIVING AN EFFECT
IDEAS IDEAS CAUSE

First / firstly All in all, Because / Because So

First of all To sum up, of Therefore -Thus
Second / secondly In conclusion, Since / As Consequently
Third / thirdly Overall Due to (the fact that) For this reason
Next, last, finally In short As a result
To begin with In summary, As a result of
This means that

Find and highlight the linking words in the text, excluding “and”, “because” and “but”.
How many could you find? Fill in the following table with the ones you have found and
make three sentences using them.

1) ..............................................................................................................................................
…...............................................................................................................................................
2) ..............................................................................................................................................
…..............................................................................................................................................
3) ..............................................................................................................................................
…..............................................................................................................................................
111
E) Sentence Analysis: Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. This dynamic building, which will constantly change shape and appearance, will also be
environmentally friendly. (not only…. but also)

This dynamic building will not only constantly change shape and appearance, but
it will also be environmentally friendly.

2. The only part of the tower that will be built at the construction site will be the core.
(except)
All parts will be built in a factory except the core.

F) Make a sentence using the correct form of the word(s) in the brackets. Do NOT
change the order of the prompts. Add necessary words.
1. each floor / the Dynamic Tower / rotate / different speed / and / environmentally friendly

Each floor on the Dynamic Tower will rotate at a different speed and will also be
environmentally friendly.

2. the Dynamic Tower/ first building / supply / all of its own energy / thanks to / wind turbines
and solar panels.

The Dynamic Tower will be the first building to supply all of its energy independently
thanks to wind turbines and solar panels.

3. constructing a building / entirely / prefabricated parts / is known / the Fisher Method

Constructing a building entirely from prefabricated parts is known as the Fisher Method.

4. although / construction / leading sector / world economy / still / primitive.

Although construction is the leading sector of the world economy, it is still primitive.
SPEAKING:
Form two groups and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of current urban transformation
projects in Istanbul. You can use the Internet to collect information on this topic.

WRITING:
Do some research on your favorite building in the world and write a paragraph of about 120
words describing this building. Include a photograph of this building.

112
 CRISS-CROSS PUZZLE

Across
2. A very tall modern building, usually in a city
3. Materials for making floors
4. The central, innermost, or most essential part of anything
6. Relating to cities and the people who live in them
9. Able to last a long time without becoming damaged
12. A principle or idea
14. The overhead interior surface of a room
15. The place where a building is located
16. To live, have your home, or stay in a place
18. The water pipes and similar systems in a building
19. The work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition

Down
1. To produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines
5. Buildings or objects built from parts that have been made in a factory and can be put together quickly
7. To change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
8. A rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses
10. To provide a person or a place with objects that are necessary for a particular purpose
11. To turn or cause something to turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point
13. A very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and water
15. A strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon, used for making things that need a strong structure

113
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP

1. What are the following photographs about?

(I)

( II )

2. In Istanbul, 14,000 tons of garbage is collected by garbage trucks every night. Do you know
what happens to the garbage? First, make a prediction and then search for an answer using the
Internet.

3. Where do the garbage collectors (you see on photograph II) take the garbage they collect?
What type of garbage do you think they collect? Why?

114
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. Recycling is taking something useful and turning it into something
new instead of _______________.
a) throwing it away b) consuming it

2. All the waste collected by trucks from

garbage bins are taken to landfills which are
usually located __________ the cities.
a) outside b) inside

3. On December 2009, 19 miners died in Zonguldak coal

mine following a methane gas explosion. Methane
explosions occur in mines when methane gas, a
byproduct of coal, ________________ a heat source,
and there is not enough air. In such a case, the gas
explodes.
a) comes into contact with
b) is increased by

4. When something decays, it means it slowly gets ____________ by natural processes.

For example, meat decays if not kept in the fridge, or our teeth decay if we do not brush
them regularly. When dead leaves and plants decay, they become “compost” which is
used as fertilizer (a substance used for improving plants’ growth).
a) harder b) destroyed

5. Sorting means ______________ ; in

other words, it is grouping and
labeling items with similar properties
together.

a) categorizing
b) describing

115
II) Fill in the following blanks with the correct forms of:
a) sustain / sustainable / sustainability.

Today, “__sustainability_____” is a popular

concept, which appeared as a result of major
concerns about the environmental consequences
of rapid population growth and consumption of
our natural resources. The root of the term is “to
_____sustain______”, which means to continue
to live or exist. In our context, it means to
continue to live or exist without harming the
environment or using up natural resources irresponsibly. ___Sustainability___ is
important because we must continue to have water, materials, and resources to
protect human health and the environment. Only this way, a long-term ecological
balance can be __sustained_______. To describe products that are
environmentally friendly, the three terms “green”, “eco-friendly” and
“___sustainable__” are used interchangeably.

b) pollute / pollution / pollutant.

The introduction of harmful substances

or products into the environment is
called __pollution____. For example,
when you throw toxic waste into
water, this means you are
____polluting____ the water. Also,
factories usually ___pollute_______
the air and the rivers nearby. Air
____pollution______ is often caused by the emission of gases such as carbon
monoxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the
major ____pollutants_______ of air. Carbon monoxide ____pollution________
occurs primarily from emissions produced by fossil fuel powered engines. This
__________pollutant_____ is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas.

*** contaminate / contamination / contaminant have very similar meanings with pollute /
pollution / pollutant. But there are slight differences.

116
III) Read the following text and match the words in red with their definitions

In urban areas, household sewage (waste from toilets, baths and kitchens) is
carried to municipal wastewater treatment centers. However in rural areas, there
are no wastewater treatment facilities. Therefore, each house in the rural areas
must install its own septic system to dispose of the sewage. The proper operation
of the septic system is essential to public health and the environment.

A typical septic system has three main components: a system of pipes, a septic
tank and a drain field, where wastewater is drained. The sewage is first carried by
a pipe to a large septic tank buried under the ground. This tank is usually made up
of concrete. After the sewage enters the tank, it stays there for a while and the
waste starts to decompose. Later, this wastewater exits the tank. By a system of
pipes, it is carried to the drain field for
further treatment by the soil. The pipes in
the drain field are perforated pipes (pipes
that have small holes) and they are installed
in channels filled with gravel. The
wastewater entering the drain field from the
perforated pipes is partially absorbed into
the soil and partially evaporated. Microbes in
the soil digest and remove most pollutants
from wastewater before it eventually reaches groundwater.

117
1. a building, service, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose: ….facility.............
2. to break down into smaller pieces: ....decompose...................
3. the upper layer of earth in which plants grow: ..........soil................
4. functioning, running, working: .......operation..........................
5. place in position ready for use ……install……………………….
6. (v) cause the liquid in something to run out, leaving it empty: .......drain............................
(n) a channel that carries off rainwater or liquid waste
7. urban unit of local government: …municipal…………………………..
8. a process by which something is cleaned, protected etc: ....treatment......................
9. throwing away: ..........dispose..................
10. a tube used to bring water, gas, oil..etc.: .........pipe.....................................

IV) COMPLETION: Use your dictionaries to find the meanings of the words in the box. Then,
complete the following paragraph by using these words. There are two extra words.

processing / plant / recreation / generate / rehabilitation / utilized / excess

A byproduct is a secondary product or waste resulting

from the manufacture of a main product. Byproducts
may sometimes be useful, in other words, they can be
___utilized____________ (1). An example is salt.
Although many people believe that salt is
manufactured, it is actually a byproduct of a procedure
called desalination. Desalination means removing the
salt from sea water to make it suitable for drinking. In
this case, drinking water is the main product while salt
is the byproduct.

However, some byproducts are considered waste materials and thrown away. For those
that are considered useful, some are used in its original state, while others need further
_____processing____________ (2).

In every manufacturing or production ___plant____ (3), a decision has to be made.

There are “___excess__________” (4) materials that can either be put to waste or be
put in good use. It is up to the manufacturing company to take advantage of these extra
products to ______generate______________ (5) extra income.

118
C. READING COMPREHENSION

USING THE KWL METHOD

KWL is a reading method that helps you get the most out of a new text. This
method helps you remember what you have already known about the topic as well
as better understand the text .

The letters stand for:

KNOW: Before you read, think about what you know about the topic.
WANT: Before you read, think about what you want to learn.
LEARN: After you read, think about what you have learned.

Apply the “KWL method” to the text. With a partner, answer the questions:
1) Read the title. What do you know about Mamak Landfill? Do you know anything about its
past and present?

2) What do you want to learn about this reading?

Now, read the text. Afterward, tell your partner what you have learned.

119
(1) Since the Industrial Revolution, many cities in industrialized countries have been
struggling with the waste released by factories. In addition to that waste, municipal waste
is creating big problems, especially in highly populated cities. Like all industrialized cities,
Ankara has long suffered from the waste management problem as its population kept
growing. In the past, municipal waste in Ankara was not recycled; instead, it was
disposed of in landfill sites like Mamak, which are not far away from the city center.

(2) Being the largest one in the city, Mamak landfill receives the waste of approximately
3.6 million people. Before a modern waste management plant was developed, Mamak
landfill had been a big trouble for the capital city. Visitors driving into Ankara from the
airport were greeted by a terrible smell, which was caused by the decomposing waste at
the landfill. Decomposing waste creates a harmful greenhouse gas called methane. For
years, there had been an increasing amount of methane in Mamak landfill. Methane gas
contributed to pollution in the air. It also created a serious risk of explosion, threatening
the lives of people living close to the area. Problems caused by the waste in Mamak
landfill were not limited to the release of methane. Another major problem was the
“leachate”. Leachate is the water full of pollutants collected in the garbage, which causes
harm as it enters the surface or ground water. Leachate of Mamak landfill used to join
Imrahor stream, contaminating the water and causing many environmental problems
nearby.

(3) Such serious environmental and safety problems resulted in too many complaints
from the public and the media. Consequently, the local authorities decided to find a
solution. After several years of research, a modern, unique and sustainable waste
management project was developed and the new system started operating in 2006. This
waste management system included two different solutions: the first for the existing
waste, and the second, for the fresh waste, that is; the waste daily entering the landfill.

120
(4) The first solution involved the rehabilitation of the site, where 20 million tons of waste
had been thrown and left uncontrolled in the area for years. The total landfill site was first
covered by a 1 meter-thick layer of soil. This way, the bad smell was considerably
reduced. More importantly, a system called “Landfill Gas (LFG) Collection System” was
installed at the site. This system is a network of pipes beneath the soil, which collects the
methane gas produced by the decaying garbage. This methane is then sent to the
“Landfill Gas (LFG) Utilization Plant”, where it is converted into electrical energy to be
used at homes and factories. While electricity is being generated at the LFG plant, the
excess heat that is given off as a by-product is also utilized. This heat is transported to
the greenhouses built next to the landfill. There, organic tomatoes are grown. While
engineers were rehabilitating the landfill site, they also had to find a way to deal with the
leachate problem. So, they built a system called the “Landfill Leachate Drainage Unit”.
This system collects the leachate of Mamak landfill in underground canals. The water is
then transported to the water treatment center of Ankara, to be cleaned and used as city
water.

(5) The second solution for the waste management problem involved the construction of
two important facilities in order to deal with the fresh waste entering the landfill daily. The
first facility is the “Recycling Center” and the second one is the “Anaerobic Digester
Unit”. The fresh waste collected by the municipalities directly arrives at the Recycling
Center. In Turkey, municipal waste is collected as mixed: half of the waste is organic
waste (such as vegetable, fruit and garden waste) and the other half is inorganic, or
recyclable waste, such as paper, glass, plastics and metals. In the Recycling Center, the
municipal waste is sorted. Then, the inorganic waste is recycled, and the organic waste
is transferred to the “Anaerobic Digestion Unit”. Anaerobic digestion is a series of
processes in which microorganisms decompose in the absence of oxygen. During this
process, compost is obtained and methane gas is extracted. Compost is used in
agriculture and the methane gas is sent to the LFG utilization plant to be converted into
electrical energy.

(6) At present, the majority of the fresh waste arriving at the Mamak landfill is processed
and used. Only a small amount of waste remains unused and thrown at the landfill. As
the area needed for landfill is significantly reduced, the site is now being used for
different purposes. For instance, 4000 trees are planted, creating a nice recreational
area. Furthermore, modern residential buildings--as well as an IKEA store--have been
built in the district. This way, hundreds of job opportunities are created for people.
Mamak Project has completely changed people’s lives in the district and should be taken
as a model for the other landfills in Turkey.

121
A) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
1. When methane gas in a landfill is not collected to be used for the benefit of humans, it causes
several problems. State two of these problems.
a) It contributes to air pollution.
b) It creates a serious risk of explosion, threatening the lives of people living close to
the area.

2. The local authorities decided to take actions for the problems in Mamak landfill site urgently,
because there was an increasing pressure coming from the ...........public.......................... and
the ............media................................. .

3. State the two products obtained from the Anaerobic Digester Unit.
a) ………compost………………………………...…….........................................……………
b) ………methane gas………………………………......................................…………………

B) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the correct answer:

1. Which of the following can be understood from the text?

a) There is no direct relation between the problem of waste management and population growth.
b) The Leachate Water Drainage System in Mamak protects Imrahor stream from getting polluted.
c) The main function of Mamak LFG is to grow organic tomatoes in greenhouses.
d) After being recycled, inorganic wastes in Mamak are used in agriculture.

2. The municipal waste in Mamak Recycling Center has to be sorted because _______.
a) there is oxygen in organic wastes, which should be removed
b) the municipal waste is collected as mixed in Turkey
c) toxic methane gas is produced if waste is not sorted
d) the leachate water mixes with the municipal waste

3. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the Landfill Gas (LFG) Utilization Plant?
a) It provides electricity for residences and factories
b) It helps solve the leachate problem
c) It helps reduce air pollution indirectly by utilizing methane gas
d) It contributes to agriculture by the heat it gives off

4. A smaller landfill area in Mamak resulted in all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) A green area has been created in the district b) New buildings are being constructed
c) Employment opportunities have increased d) Bad smell has totally been eliminated

C. Reference:
1. it (paragraph 1, line 5) ____municipal waste_____
2. it (paragraph 4, line 7) ___the methane gas produced by the decaying garbage__

122
D. Form pairs and try to fill in the following blanks.

I) .....Existing......... II) .....Fresh....waste

waste daily entering the
landfill

collecting leachate with

a system called the
cover the site Landfill Drainage Unit
with a 1 meter that consists of
thick soil underground canals
and sending it to water sorting the organic
treatment and inorganic waste
in the recycling
center.
center.

 collecting methane by the

decaying garbage

 converting methane into

electrical energy in the
LFG Utilization Plant
transferring organic waste
 using the excess heat to to the Anaerobic
grow tomatoes (organic) Digestion Unit where
microorganisms decompose
in the absence of oxygen ,
forming compost and
methane during the
process.

123
POST EXERCISES
A) Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1. Being the largest one in the city, Mamak landfill receives the waste of about 3.6 million people.
Mamak landfill, ..which is the largest one in the city........., ..receives the waste of
about 3.6 million people. (which)
2. Leachate of Mamak landfill used to join Imrahor stream, contaminating the water and causing
many environmental problems nearby.
Because Leachate of Mamak used to join Imrahor stream., it contaminated the water
and caused many environmental problems nearby. (Because)
3. This methane is sent to the “Landfill Gas (LFG) Utilization Plant”, where it is converted into
electrical energy to be used at homes and factories.
After this methane is sent to the LFG Plant., it is converted into electrical energy to
be used at homes and factories.
4. In Turkey, municipal waste is collected as mixed: half of the waste is organic waste, such as
vegetable, fruit, and garden waste; and the other half is inorganic, or recyclable waste, such as
paper, glass, plastics and metals.

a) The municipal waste which is collected as mixed waste consists of two parts which
are organic and inorganic (which)
b) The examples of recyclable waste are paper, glass, plastics and metals, whereas the
other half is organic waste. (whereas)

B) Match the two sections paying attention to the prepositions.

(1) The second solution for the waste

management problem involved the construction (4) at the landfill.
of two important facilities in order to deal .....
(5) into electrical energy.
(2) This system is a network .....
(1) with the fresh waste entering the
(3) Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes landfill daily.
in which microorganisms decompose in the
absence ..... (3) of oxygen.

(4) Only a small amount of waste remains

unused and thrown ....... (2) of pipes beneath the soil.

(5) Compost in used in agriculture and the

methane gas is sent to the LFG utilization plant
to be converted .......

124
C) Make sentences using the correct form of the word(s) in the brackets. Do NOT
change the order of the prompts. Add necessary words.

1. Ankara / suffered / waste management / population / kept growing

Ankara has long suffered from waste management problem as its population kept
growing.
2. Methane / contributed / pollution / air / also created / risk / explosion
Methane contributed to pollution in the air and it has also created a risk of explosion.
3. LFG / network / pipes / soil / collects / methane gas / produced by / decaying garbage
LFG is a netwok of pipes beneath the soil, which collects the methane gas produced by
the decaying garbage.
4. job opportunities / created / people / as / residential buildings / built / district
Job opportunities were created for people as residential buildings were built in the district.

D) Circle the correct option:

1. If waste starts to decompose, this means it begins to ______________.

A) DECAY B) DRAIN

2. If there aren’t enough wastewater treatment facilities in a city, this means there aren’t enough
wastewater treatment ____________.
A) CONTAMINANTS B) CENTERS

3. If drinking water is contaminated, it becomes ___________ .

A) CLEANER B) DIRTIER

4. If something is processed in a facility, this means it gets _________ with chemicals or

machines.
A) TREATED B) DISCARDED

5. If people spend time in a recreational area, they are most likely to____________.
A) HAVE A DIFFICULT TIME B) ENJOY THEMSELVES

6. Electricity is generated at the LFG plant; in other words, it is __________ there.

A) PRODUCED B) CONSUMED

7. A sustainable waste management project suggests that the project can _______ for a long
time.
A) CONTINUE B) NOT CONTINUE

125
E) Read the following paragraph and fill in the blanks using the words in the box.
PLANT CONTAMINATING POLLUTANTS

DECOMPOSING EXPLOSION RECYCLED

Municipal wastes are creating big problems, especially in highly populated cities. Like all
industrialized cities, Ankara has long suffered from the waste management problem as its
population kept growing. In the past, municipal wastes in Ankara were not
(1)
___recycled_______; instead, they were thrown in landfill sites, which are not far from the
city centre. Mamak landfill is only one of them. It is one of the largest in the city; it receives the
waste of more than 3 million people. Before a modern waste management
(2)
_____plant_________ was built, this landfill had been a big trouble for the capital city.
Visitors driving into Ankara from the airport were greeted by a terrible smell, which was caused
(3)
by the ____decomposing____ waste at the landfill alongside the highway. The waste
creates a harmful greenhouse gas called methane. For years, there had been an increasing
amount of methane in Mamak landfill. This gas contributes to pollution in the atmosphere. It
(4)
also creates a serious risk of ____explosion_____, threatening the lives of people living
close to the area. Problems caused by the waste in Mamak landfill were not limited to the
release of methane. Another major problem was the “leachate”. Leachate is the water full of
(5)
____pollutants__________ collected in the garbage, which causes harm as it enters the
surface or ground water. Leachate of Mamak landfill used to join a stream,
(6)
_____contaminating____ the water and causing many environmental problems nearby.

F) SPEAKING:
In developed countries, garbage is not collected by poor, under-aged garbage collectors we
see every day in our streets. How should that problem be handled? Discuss.

126
CRISS – CROSS PUZZLE

127
ACROSS

1. to break down into smaller pieces

3. entertaining, amusing
4. a building, service, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose
7. to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process
9. a place where waste is buried in the ground
12. produce (energy, especially electricity)
16. a substance that makes air,water, soil etc dangerously dirty
17. a process by which something is cleaned, protected etc
20. to group of label items with similar properties together
21. a larger amount of something than is allowed or needed
22. relating to the government of a town or city
23. to get rid of something,especially by throwing it away
24. a large factory where an industrial process occurs

DOWN

2. able to continue over a period of time

5. to use something in an effective way
6. to improve a building or area so that it returns to the good condition it was in before
8. to place something in position and make it ready to use
10. to work, to function
11. the top layer of earth where plants grow
13. a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb
14. to make something dirty or poisonous
15. a long tube where liquid or gas can move through
18. to put used paper, glass, plastic, etc through a process so that it can be used again
19. something that is produced as a result of making something else
23. the process or system by which water or waste liquid flows away
24. a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular resu

128
BEFORE YOU READ

A. WARM – UP

1. The movie “Fantastic Voyage” (1966) tells us the

story of miniature scientists travelling in their
friend’s blood vessels. The scientists try to find a
blood clot (a thick mass in the blood that blocks the
vessel) to save their friend’s life. After about 50
years, do you think science has come close to this
point of advancement?

2. “Nano” is a prefix that is used to define the size of things that are extremely small.

a) Predict how small these things can be. For instance, what do you think would measure 1
nanometer: the diameter of human hair, a bacterium or an atom?

b) Form pairs and fill in the following concept map by finding words that begin with “nano”. You
can use the Internet.

129
B. VOCABULARY
I) Match the words and phrases in the box to their definitions below.

cell to image to identify to dilute external internal to vibrate

1. to find out who someone is or what something is: to identify

2. to move back and forth: to vibrate
3. existing or occurring outside of something: external
4. to make a digital picture of something: to image
5. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism: cell
6. to make a liquid less strong by adding water: to dilute
7. existing or located on the inside of something: internal

II) Complete the sentences using the words in the box. (Synonyms / definitions are
given in brackets)

delivers repair inserted constructed detect

1. The test is used to ……………detect……………….. (discover; notice) whether there is

alcohol in the blood or not.

2. A restaurant in New Zealand regularly …..…delivers…………… (transfers, carries)

pizza to scientists in Antarctica.
3. The doctor ……inserted… (put) a tube in the patient's nose for oxygen.
4. One of the functions of our blood is to …...repair......… (fix) injured tissues in our
bodies.

5. The Bosporus bridge was designed by the British civil engineers in 1970 and was
…………constructed………… (built) within three years.

130
III) WORDS IN CONTEXT: Choose the best answer

1. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that live in the soil, oceans and human body. Some
are ________ like the ones that help our digestion and turn milk to yoghurt.
a) useful b) harmful

2. Currently, the majority of cars are powered by ___________.

a) petrol b) electricity

3. When patients ___________ from medical drugs, doctors have to perform surgeries to
cure their patients.
a) benefit b) cannot benefit

4. Thanks to wireless technology, we can connect to the

Internet __________ using wires attached to our computers.
a) without b) by

5. _________ the invention of the telephone by Graham Bell in

1876, there were too many innovations in the technology, so
we ended up with smartphones today.
a) Before b) After

IV) Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box.

diluted imaging complicated internal side effects

Before the 20th century, it was impossible for

physicians to see the .......internal............... (1)
structures of a person’s body hidden by the skin
and bones, without cutting the body. Fortunately,
today, there are many medical
………imaging……………. (2) techniques used for
diagnosis. For instance, ultrasound waves can
pass through living tissue. Those sound waves are
totally harmless and have no …side effects……… (3) on patients. That is why
they can be safely used on pregnant women. For diagnosis, doctors sometimes
use MRI device, which is also considered very safe. Usually, a special drug is
injected just before a patient enters the MRI machine. This drug is often
………diluted………….. (4) in a solution and becomes weaker before being
injected to patients. Thanks to these new technologies that make diagnosis
simpler, even the most ..…complicated…… (5) cases can now be easily
followed by physicians.

131
V) Complete the text below using the words in the box.

powering bacteria attached vibrate

stage internally applications cells

Scientists have been talking about the possibility of

constructing computers that are smaller than human
(1)……cells…… for a long time. Since then, much
(the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism)

work has been done in the field of nanotechnology, and

medical nanorobots are likely to appear in the near
future. The smallest microrobots that exist today are
about two centimeters in length. However, these
microrobots are still in the testing (2) ……stage…. of development and have not been
used on people.
(a particular point in time during a process)
Nanorobots, on the other hand, will be the size of (3)……bacteria…, a scale much
(microscopic living organisms)

smaller than microrobots. Doctors hope to treat a variety of diseases such as heart
disease and cancer, using these nanorobots. According to scientists and engineers, the
(4)…applications…… of nanorobots are almost unlimited. However, there are some
(particular uses)

problems concerning medical nanorobots. The first issue is about navigation. Doctors
can use MRI devices to navigate nanorobots in the human body. The second issue is
(5).........powering......... the nanorobots. Nanorobots can either be (6)…attached…
(supplying energy to) (connected)

to an external power source, or a nanorobot can power itself (7)……internally……

(within the inside)

A nanorobot can use the patient’s body temperature to create power. However, this is
not easy because a nanorobot would need different body temperatures to work. The
third issue is solving a nanorobot’s movement problem. In order to travel inside the
human body, a nanorobot would need a kind of push system. Scientists looked at the
world of microscopic organisms to solve this problem and designed a tail-like structure
for nanorobots. When powered, this structure would (8)……vibrate….. and push them
(move back and forth)
through blood.

132
C. READING COMPREHENSION
I. Match the topics with the paragraphs:

PARAGRAPH TOPICS

………4……….. the problem of powering the nanorobots

………3……….. the problem of navigating nanorobots

………1………. The invention of nanorobots

the problem of moving the nanorobots in the human

………5………. body

………6………. the promising future of nanorobots

………2……….. the advantages of nanorobots

II) Scan the text and number the ideas (a-h) in the order that they are mentioned in the
text. Write (1-8) next to them.
a. Scientists observed bacteria in order to solve the movement problem of nanorobots. __8__

b. The production of nanorobots will be possible in the near future. _1___

c. MRI devices can be used to navigate nanorobots. _4___

d. The best way to power a nanorobot is to insert a capacitor inside it. _7___

e. Nanorobots will be constructed from carbon atoms. __2__

f. Putting a camera system that can fit inside a nanorobot is very hard. _5___

g. A nanorobot can be powered by attaching it to an external power source with a wire. __6__

h. The application of nanorobots will be more effective than traditional methods. _3___

133
(1) The word 'nanotechnology' was used for the first
time in the 1980s when scientists were talking about
the possibility of constructing computers far smaller
than a human cell. Since then, much work has been
done in the field of nanotechnology and medical
nanorobots are likely to appear in the near future. With
Future robots will be much smaller
medical nanorobots, doctors will be able to treat all than this 2 cm-long microrobot

kinds of diseases from heart disease to cancer. These nanorobots will be the size of
bacteria, a scale much smaller than today's microrobots. The smallest microrobots that exist
today are about two centimeters in length. These small microrobots are still in the testing
stage of development and have not been used on people. The next step will be developing
nanorobots.

(2) In order to make nanorobots strong enough to work under great pressures, scientists will
construct them from carbon atoms in a diamond shape. Such nanorobots are expected to
move through the blood, image and identify illnesses. They will also deliver drugs to tumors
and repair organs. These nanorobots will be able to carry only very small amounts of drugs
because of their extremely small sizes. Still, biomedical engineers believe that this method
of delivering drugs will be more effective than traditional methods. Traditionally, when a
doctor applies powerful antibiotics to a patient, the drug becomes diluted while it travels
through his blood. On the other hand, nanorobots will travel to the point of infection directly
and deliver the drug right to the infected area. Similarly, nanorobots will be able to deliver
cancer drugs right to the tumor cells. This way, patients will not suffer serious side effects
from the drugs, because the healthy cells and organs will not be affected by those drugs.

(3) Scientists and engineers believe that nanorobot applications are almost unlimited.
However, there are three main issues they have to consider while designing medical
nanorobots. The first issue is the problem of navigation. A nanorobot’s navigation will be
controlled externally or internally. In order to navigate nanorobots externally, doctors will be
using MRI devices, which can detect the magnetic fields of nanorobots in the human body.
This technique seems advantageous because most hospitals already have MRI machines;
and therefore, there would be no need to pay for other, expensive technologies. Internal
navigation systems may also be an option. For this, a nanorobot should have a tiny
television camera for navigation. However, camera systems are complicated, so creating a
camera system that can fit inside a tiny robot is extremely difficult.

134
(4) The second issue to consider is powering the nanorobots. Again, powering a
nanorobot can be done either externally or internally. External power sources include
systems where a nanorobot is physically attached to an external power source with a wire.
However, it is not so easy for engineers to develop a strong wire that would move through
the human body without causing damage. A nanorobot can also power itself internally. It
can be designed to use the patient’s body heat to create power. However, this is not easy
either, because a nanorobot would need different body temperatures in order to work. So,
the best solution could be inserting a capacitor (a device that stores electricity) inside a
nanorobot to power it. Capacitors are usually preferred over batteries, because batteries
are larger and heavier and they can supply only a small amount of power.

(5) The third issue is solving a nanorobot’s movement problem. A medical nanorobot
would need a kind of push system so that it can travel inside the human body. Scientists
looked at the world of microscopic organisms to find a solution to this problem. They saw
that bacteria moved using their tiny tail-like structures. So, they are thinking of designing
similar structures for nanorobots. When powered, tail-like structures attached to
nanorobots would vibrate and push them further through blood.

(6) When all these problems are solved, nanorobots will become widespread and cure
patients quickly and efficiently. They will definitely be one of the most important medical
innovations of all times.

135
I. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Nanorobots will be much smaller than microrobots

2. Nanorobots can carry large amounts of drugs.

3. A nanorobot can use a patient’s body heat to create power.

4. The method of using MRI devices to detect the magnetic fields of

nanorobots in the human body will cost a lot of money.

5. Batteries can supply only a small amount of power.

II) Answer the following questions:

1. How can engineers make sure that nanorobots do not break down inside the human body?

Scientists will construct them from carbon atoms in a diamond shape in order to make
them strong enough to work under great pressures.

2. Currently, antibiotics are taken orally. What would make them more effective when antibiotics
are delivered by nanorobots?

Nanorobots will travel to the point of infection directly and deliver the drug right to the
infected area.

3. Why are capacitors preferred over batteries?

Because batteries are larger and heavier and they can supply only a small amount of
power.

III) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer.

1. Medical nanorobots will _________.
a) use sound signals to repair organs
b) be commonly used as soon as the problems are solved
c) not be as effective as some traditional methods
d) attach themselves to bacteria that travel in blood

2. Which of the following power sources does NOT seem to create a difficulty?
a) The power system located outside the nanorobot, and connected to it with a wire.
b) A type of device called capacitor.
c) The power system that uses a person’s own body temperature.
d) A set of small batteries.

3. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

a) Nanorobots are expected not only to cure, but also to identify illnesses.
b) It is difficult to design a tiny camera that works properly in a nanorobot.
c) Nanorobots have microscopic tail-like structures to kill tumors.
d) For movement, nanorobots will rely on the principle that bacteria use
136
POST EXERCISES:

USING THE 3-2-1 STRATEGY

3-2-1 is a reading strategy that asks you to write down 3 things you have learned,
2 things that you found interesting and 1 question you have about a text. It is a
useful and fun way to review information from a text you have read.

I) After reading the text, answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with a
partner.
1) What are the three things you have learned about the topic?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2) What two pieces of information did you find most interesting?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) What question do you have about the text?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II) Match the sentence halves:

1. A new hearing aid that’s attached ....c..... a. from a very rare bone disease and has
been in bed for almost two months.
2. Melanie has been suffering ....a...
b. to take three days whereas it has been
already a week and nothing has been done
3. There are many reasons why Samsung
about it.
Galaxy is preferred ........e............
c. to the head by magnets has been life-
4. The repairs in the factory were expected transforming for a lot of people with hearing
problems.
.b...
d. by their parents’ divorce.
5. The children were affected negatively ...d..
e. over iPhone.

137
III) Fill in the following blanks with the correct forms of. You can use those words more
than once.

i) navigation / navigate / navigator.

If you look up in a dictionary, you will see that the term to

_______navigate______ means to sail or travel on a specific
route. ___Navigation_____ is usually made by using
instruments or maps. In the past decades, another use of the
term has entered the dictionaries: “___Navigate_____ the
Internet”. This term means moving around the web, on the
computer. So, in that sense, a __navigator______ can
either be a person who ____navigates_____ on a route
by ship or car; or he can be a person who searches
information on the Internet, using browsers like Internet
Explorer or Firefox. This term also refers to devices that
help people find their routes in traffic. You can see the
picture of a car ____navigator______________ on the right.

ii) vibrate / vibration / vibrating. You can use those words more than once.

A tuning fork is a simple device, usually made of steel,

which is used for tuning musical instruments. When the
fork is hit by an object, the two prongs of the fork
_____vibrate_________. As a result of this
_____vibration_______, sound is created. The tone of
the sound depends on the length and mass of the
prongs.
Amazingly, tuning forks are also used for healing people through a method called
“sound therapy”. Sound therapists say that everything in the universe is made up
of energy __vibrations/vibrating______ at different frequencies or "notes”, and
each of the organs and cells in our bodies ___vibrate______ at their own specific
frequency. Sound therapists believe that, to cure and balance our bodies, the
powerful sound __vibration________ of tuning forks can be used. Scientists
criticize such therapies as they find these kinds of approaches totally unscientific.
They claim that __vibrating_______ prongs cannot cure people and any positive
result from such a therapy should be considered as placebo.

138
IV) a) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words you have just
learned. X indicates there is no form in that category. After you finish, fill in the blanks
with some of the words in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 insertion insert X

2 power power powerful

3 attachment attach attached

4 movement move X

5 application apply applied

1. The students are expected to send their homework as a/an

…………attachment………………………… to their e-mails.

2. Can you show me how to ……………attach………………………… an image into a

Word document?

3. After the surgery, the doctors said it would be almost

impossible for Jane to ……move………………………………… her legs. That is, she
won’t be able to walk again for the rest
of her life.

4. A/an ………powerful…………………………… kick in

football causes the ball to go a long
way.

5. There are many ……applications……………… of

this research in the treatment of several
cancer types.

b) Now, you form sentences using some of the words from the table:

1. ................................................................................................................................................

2. ................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................

4. ................................................................................................................................................

139
V) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Add the necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. medical nanorobots / doctors / treat / kinds of diseases / heart disease / cancer.

With medical nanorobots, doctors will be able to treat all kinds of diseases from heart
disease to cancer.

2. Scientists / construct / nanorobots / carbon atoms / diamond shape/ make / strong enough /
work / great pressures.

Scientists will construct nanorobots from carbon atoms in a diamond shape in order to
make them strong enough to work under great pressures.

3. infectious diseases / smallpox or plague / treatable today / caused / millions of people.

Infectious diseases such as smallpox and plague, which are treatable today, caused
millions of people to die.

4. a doctor / applies / powerful antibiotics / patient / the drug / diluted / it / travel / his blood.

When a doctor applies powerful antibiotics to a patient, the drug becomes diluted while it
travels through his blood.

5. there / three / main issues / they / consider / designing / medical nanorobots.

There are three main issues they have to consider while designing medical nanorobots.

6. not so easy / engineers / develop / strong wire / move / human body / causing damage.

It is not so easy for engineers to develop a strong wire that would move through the
human body without causing damage.

7. using / MRI / detect / magnetic / nanorobots / human body / advantageous.

Using MRI devices, which can detect the magnetic fields of nanorobots in the human body
is advantageous

140
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
3. new idea, method or product
8. to fix something that is damaged
11. to put or place something inside something else
12. existing and occurring outside of something
13. a particular point in time during a process or set of events
14. to bring, carry, transport
15. to find out who someone is or what something is
18. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
19. cause something to move with force, supply energy

Down
1. to build
2. existing or located on the inside of something
4. to move back and forth
5. a long thin piece of metal that carries electric current
6. a particular use that something has
7. to discover, notice
9. microscopic organisms, which can cause diseases
10. to connect one object to another
16. to make a liquid less strong by adding water
17. to make a digital picture of something

141
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP

1. Has anyone in the class visited the Body Worlds exhibition in

Istanbul? Briefly share your impressions with your classmates.

2. How do you think visitors can benefit from such an exhibition?

3. Do you think it is ethical to exhibit dead human bodies? Why /

Why not?

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. Body fluids make up more than half the body weight of a person. They are the ________
parts inside our bodies, such as blood, sweat, breast milk, tears and urine.
a) solid b) liquid

2. Pathology is a branch of medical science, mainly concerning the examination of organs,

tissues, and body fluids in order to __________ a disease.
a) make the diagnosis of b) prevent the spread of

3. As I am on a diet, I eat only a _________ slice of bread for

breakfast.
a) thin b) regular

4. Cooking fruit with sugar is a method of preserving it. This way, we can _________ it for a
much longer time.
a) boil b) keep

5. A dysfunctional lung is a lung that does not function ____________.

a) normally b) abnormally

6. A / An _______ car has to be registered to the traffic before one can drive it.
a) old b) new

7. The company must spend a lot of money on a marketing campaign to _______ sales.
a) increase b) follow

8. We should appreciate the pleasures of life. In other words, we should always be ______.
a) dissatisfied b) grateful

142
II) Vocabulary Study: Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions.

Anatomy and physiology are closely related concepts

that are often studied together. Anatomy studies the
size, shape and location of structures in the body. It
usually involves dissection, where body parts are
carefully dissected, or cut up, so that they can be
analyzed. These body structures are different types
of specimens, which can be used for studying
anatomy. Anatomy can be considered a static study,
Picture 1
while physiology is more dynamic, involving all the
chemical, physical and electrical processes that make
an organism work.

There are many systems in the body, such as the

musculoskeletal and the circulatory systems. The
musculoskeletal system provides an important
function of the body: “movement”. In order for
movement to occur, the muscles, bones, joints,
tendons and ligaments must all work together. A
main part of the musculoskeletal system is the joint.
The word “joint” is used to describe how bones are
Picture 2
connected to other bones and muscles by connective
tissue like tendons and ligaments. (see picture 1)
Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments, on
the other hand, connect the ends of bones.

The circulatory system is responsible for the

circulation of blood. It consists of the heart and a
network of blood vessels. The heart works as a pump
in this system. The blood vessels are mainly
composed of arteries and veins. After the lungs
deliver oxygen to blood, arteries carry it from the
Picture 3
heart to all body cells. Veins, on the other hand,
bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The heart, which collects and pumps
blood, has four chambers. These chambers are separated by heart valves. Heart valves
control the direction of blood flow within the heart and prevent backflow.

143
1) a structure (or a device) which allows the flow of a fluid in one direction only: …valve…
2) methodically cut up (a body or plant) in order to study its internal parts: …dissect…………..
3) the location at which bones connect, allowing movement (except the skull bones) : …joint…
4) identification and description of the structures of living things: …anatomy…………..
5) blood vessel that moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body: …artery…………..
6) blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body to the heart: …vein……
7) the study of the functioning of cells, organs, and tissues: …physiology…………..
8) extensions of muscles that attach them to bones: …tendon…………..
9) tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body:
connective tissue……………..
10) an individual animal, plant, object, etc. used as an example of its species (type) for scientific
study or exhibition: ……specimen………..

A VALVE CAN BE A LIVE TISSUE OR A DEVICE, BUT IT HAS ALWAYS THE SAME FUNCTION:

A valve in a pipe is used for controlling A heart valve controls the flow of blood
the flow of a gas or a liquid. within the heart.

QUESTION:

Why do you think

veins have valves
and arteries don’t?
Predict and then
check the answer
from the Internet.
A valve in the vein controls the flow of
blood that travels back to the heart after
being used by the body cells.

144
C) Fill in the following blanks with: hip / ligament / knee / heart valve / tendon / liver.

tendon

ligament
knee

heart valve liver

hip

145
 : AN EXHIBITION OF HUMAN BODIES
(1) Body Worlds, the only travelling exhibition of human
bodies and organs in the world, has received more than
40 million visitors so far. The exhibition's developer is a
German anatomist named Gunther von Hagens. His
educational exhibition gives visitors an unusual view
inside the human body. Visitors can have a look at the
complex network of muscles, tendons, veins and
arteries. They can learn about anatomy and physiology
through real, complete human bodies in life-like poses
(see picture on the right). Visitors can also look at
healthy and unhealthy organs and 2 mm-thick slices of
Human body specimen in a life-like
body parts. The exhibition shows the body in sickness pose
and perfect health by comparing smokers’ and non-
smokers’ lungs, healthy and unhealthy livers,
dysfunctional and strong hearts, ideal and overweight
bodies. Some of the specimens contain artificial body
parts such as hip joints, knees or heart valves. Visitors
can gain a better understanding of the structure and
Lung and heart specimens of
function of these healthy and unhealthy bodies a non-smoker and a smoker
exhibited side-by-side. This helps them see the effect
that lifestyle choices can have on their health.

(2) To produce specimens for Body Worlds, von Hagens employed 340 people at five
laboratories in four countries. All specimens are preserved by plastination, an
extraordinary method invented by von Hagens to stop the decay of the body and preserve
it after death. It is known that the human body is 70% water. In plastination, the water and
other fluids are removed and they are replaced with a liquid plastic mixture.

(3) In order to obtain slices, several procedures are followed before and after plastination.
First of all, the skin, the connective tissue and fat are all removed, and then the body is
plastinated. After that, a detailed dissection is performed during which the hands, brain,
etc. are sliced. Then, the specimens are hardened using heat, light or gases. One human
body can take up to a year to complete. Von Hagens says that the purpose of plastination
at the beginning was simply to educate medical students. However, the interest that
normal people had in the plastinated specimens encouraged him to think of creating public
exhibitions. This was how the Body Worlds idea came up.

146
 (4) Except for embryos from historical
anatomical collections and some small organs
from hospital pathology programs, all of the
specimens in Body Worlds come from the
Institute for Plastination's Body Donation
Program. So far, more than 9000 people have
agreed to donate their bodies to Body Worlds to
be used in the exhibitions after they
die. According to many donors, avoiding
physical decay is the leading reason for
Slices of hands registering as a donor. For others, donating their
bodies is important because they can help to
educate future generations about health.

(5) Dr. von Hagens’ exhibition has turned “death” into a show. Most importantly, he has
used death to create one of the most educational events ever organized in the scientific
world. In fact, von Hagens is not simply offering people anatomical understanding. He
wants the visitors to understand that black-colored, cancerous lungs and unhealthy livers
are a result of smoking and alcohol. Through the exhibition of these lungs and livers, von
Hagens has persuaded thousands of people to give up smoking and drinking. The
exhibition has proved to be more successful than most government health campaigns. As
von Hagens says, when you understand death, you live a healthier life and appreciate
your life more.

147
1. a) Guess the meaning of the words in red:
i) Paragraph (2): “All specimens are preserved by plastination, an extraordinary method invented
by von Hagens to stop the decay of the body and preserve it after death.”
.................protect, keep...........................................................................................................

ii) Paragraph (5): “Through the exhibition of these lungs and livers, von Hagens has persuaded
thousands of people to give up smoking and drinking.”
...................convince..............................................................................................................

b) Look at the text and find the words that have been defined below.
i) Paragraph (1): not operating properly: …dysfunctional………………………………
ii) Paragraph (3): to cut something: ..............to slice....................................

2. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Not all the specimens are real bodies and organs.

2. In plastination, the fluids and the organs are removed from the body to
stop the decay of the body.

3. It takes almost a year to finish the plastination procedure of a body.

4. Von Hagen’s main aim of developing the method plastination was to

create public exhibitions of human bodies.

5. The only reason why people donate their bodies to Body Worlds is to
help future generation gain a better understanding of health.

6. Van Hagen’s exhibition is the only educational event that has been
organized in the scientific world.

7. Government health campaigns were not as successful as Body Worlds

exhibition.

3. Answer the following questions:

1) What shows that people all around the world are highly interested in Body Worlds Exhibition?
It is the only travelling exhibition of human bodies and organs in the world. It has
received more than 40 million visitors so far.

2) What fact shows that the exhibition has been successful in promoting a healthy lifestyle?

Through the exhibition of lungs and rivers, von Hagens has persuaded thousands of
people to give up smoking and drinking.
148
4. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best alternative.

1) Dr. von Hagens organized the Body Worlds exhibition in order to:
a) employ 340 people in four different counties around the world.
b) make visitors see the effect that lifestyle can have on their health.
c) teach his visitors how to plastinate human bodies.
d) prove that the government health campaigns do not work.

2) Which of the following is NOT a source of specimens for Body Worlds?

a) plastinated bodies kept in hospitals
b) embryos from ancient anatomical collections
c) registered donors
d) hospital pathology programs

3) Put the following “steps to obtain slices” in the correct order:

I) A detailed dissection is carried out.
II) A solution of plastic is applied.
III) The specimen is hardened.
IV) Water and other fluids are removed from the body.

a) I - IV – III - II b) I - IV - II - III c) IV- II - I – d) I) IV – II – III – I

UNDERSTANDING PRONOUN REFERENCES

As you read, it is important to make sure you understand who or what the
pronouns (he, it, their, etc.) in the text refer to.

Example:
“Visitors can have a look at the complex network of muscles, tendons, veins and arteries.
They can learn about anatomy and physiology through real, complete human bodies.”
“They” refers to “visitors”.

Read the following sentence parts, paying attention to the pronouns in bold. Then, find
them in the text, and write what these pronouns refer to.
1. This helps them see the effect that
lifestyle choices can have on their health ... ……………visitors…………………………
(prg 1)

2. ....................... are removed and they are

……… the water and other fluids………..
replaced with a liquid plastic mixture. (prg 2)

3. ................ donating their bodies is

important because they can help to educate ……………donors………………
future generations ...... (prg 4)

149
POST EXERCISES:
1. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
1) All specimens are preserved by plastination, a remarkable method invented by von Hagens to
stop the decay of the body and preserve it after death.

a) Thanks to a remarkable method called plastination , which is invented by von

Hagens, the decay of the body can be stopped.
This is how specimens are preserved.

b) By plastination, which is a remarkable method invented by von Hagens, all

specimens ……are preserved.…………………………………………… .

2) First of all, the skin, the connective tissue and fat are all removed, and then the body is
plastinated.

After the skin, the connective tissue and fat are all removed, the body is plastinated.
3) According to many donors, avoiding physical decay is the leading reason for registering as a
donor.

According to many donors, the leading reason for registering as a donor is avoiding
physical decay.

2. Match the sentence halves paying attention to the prepositions:

1. When I look ……c…… a. with a filling for a short

time.
2. The dentist will replace the missing tooth structure …a…
b. of moving to a small
3. Philosophers seek the purpose …f……… village.
4. One of the reasons …g……… c. at her eyes, I see deep
5. It became so difficult to live in Istanbul, so I’m thinking b sorrow.

6. Ann visited her many times in the hospital, and proved d d. to be a good friend.

7. When my husband got sick, our holiday turned …e… e. into a nightmare for both of
us.
f. of life in their studies..
g. for having a plastic surgery
is to look younger.

150
3. Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words you have just learned.
An X indicates there is no form in that category. After you finish, fill in the blanks of the
sentences that follow with some of the words you have inserted in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 dysfunction X dysfunctional

2 preservative preserve preservational

3 connection connect Connected

4 registration register X

1. The students who want to take the course are required to pay a
………registration…………………… fee before they start.

2. He suffers from an illness called Meibomian Eye

dysfunction…………………… and believed he could not be treated properly.

3. People should know how dangerous the chemicals used in some food
………preservatives…………………………………………… are.

4. The countries Denmark and Sweden are ……connected…………………… by the

Oresund Bridge.

4. Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given below.
Add necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.
1. Body Worlds / only / exhibition / human bodies and organs / the world.
Body Worlds is the only exhibition of human bodies and organs in the world.
2. visitors / gain / understanding / structure / function / healthy / bodies / exhibited.
Visitors can gain a better understanding of the structure and function of the healthy
bodies exhibited.
3. some procedures / followed / before and after plastination / in order to / slices.
Some procedures are followed before and after plastination in order to obtain slices.
4. interest / normal people / specimens / encouraged him / to think / creating / exhibitions.
The interest that the normal people had in the plastinated specimens encouraged him to
think of creating public exhibitions.
5. there / reasons / people / donate / bodies / the exhibition.
There are some reasons why people donate their bodies to the exhibition.
6. Von Hagens / persuaded / give up / smoking / with the help of / exhibition.
Von Hagens has persuaded thousands of people to give up smoking with the help of the
exhibition.

151
 CRISS – CROSS PUZZLE

Across
4. a field of science that deals with the ways that living things function
6. a tube that carries blood to the heart from the other parts of the body
8. to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to
that person and making them believe it
10. to recognize how good someone or something is and to value them
12. the middle joint of the leg that allows the leg to bend
16. the action of cutting something open, especially a dead body or plant, in order to study its
structure
17. something shown or examined as an example
18. a tough piece of tissue in your body that connects a muscle to a bone
19. a vital organ in the body, or this organ from an animal used as meat

Down
1. a branch of medical science that studies the nature, effects, causes and consequences of disease
2. not behaving or working normally
3. a structure in the heart and the veins that controls the flow of blood
5. a thin flat piece cut from something
7. a series of activities designed to produce a particular result
9. one of the thick tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body
10. the scientific study of the body and how its parts are arranged
11. to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record
13. a substance that flows and is not solid
14. a point where two bones meet in the body
15. to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or
destroyed
152
BEFORE YOU READ

A. WARM – UP
1. What kind of precautions can you take to find your pet in
case it is lost?

2. Since 1999, we have been using OGS and HGS on

highways and bridges in Turkey. What do you know about this
mechanism?

B. VOCABULARY
A) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. Digiturk decoders are devices that decode the signals coming
from the satellite so that we can ……………………. all the programs
they broadcast.
a) watch b) pay

2. When a printer is compatible with a PC, that means it

satellite …………..………… problems.
a) fails to work without creating b) works without creating

3. Our tennis club provided us with moisture absorbing T-shirts to keep us …………………
during long tournaments.
a) dry b) wet

4. “Uploading pictures from our camera to our laptop” means ………………. those pictures.
a) erasing b) transferring

5. You should log into your Facebook account in order to ……………… seeing what your
friends are sharing.
a) start b) stop

6. There are several means of …………………. if you want to go to Izmir. I prefer taking the
plane.
a) communication b) transportation

7. Police generally uses the GPS technology to track thieves if they ………... cellphones.
a) carry b) lose

153
B) Read the passage and match the words in red with their definitions:

Silicon is a hard element, which is found in large

amounts on Earth. It has a variety of uses
because it bonds (joins) easily with other
elements, and it is an electrical semiconductor.
Among all, silicon’s most important use is in the
world of electronics. Silicon chips, or sometimes
called “microchips”, are used in all sorts of electronic devices from simple
calculators to computers, mobile phones and other digital home appliances
like washing machines and refrigerators.

A silicon chip is actually made of tiny electronic components that enable

electric current flow. Silicon chips are the hidden “brains” inside almost
every electronic device. Electronic devices like computers contain many
different chips, all performing different tasks. The most important chip in
computers is the CPU, which carries out all the instructions of a computer
program. The CPU needs the help of another important chip: the RAM. The
function of the RAM is to store data temporarily. RAM allows very fast
access to instructions and data. When people want to speed up their
computers, they usually add extra RAM to their computers. This way, they
can encode long videos into different formats like mp4 in a short time.

1. to allow, permit; make possible: ……enable……………………………………..

2. anything composed of numbers, or digits; anything that uses numerical values to represent
information (antonym: analog): ……digital…………………………………….

3. a shiny, grey element used in computers and electronic devices:

……silicon……………………….

4. to convert data (like audio, video, image files) by applying an electronic code so that they can
be saved in a more efficient, compressed format: …………encode………………………

5. to reach and obtain the information stored in a computer’s memory; the right to approach or
enter a place: ……access………………………………………….

6. a thin slice of semiconductor material carrying a series of electrical circuits; the basic
component of electronic devices: ………chip………………………………………………………

154
C) Match the following PICTURES, TERMS and the DEFINITIONS with each other:

PICTURES:

A: ................antenna...................... B: ..........consumer............................

C: ...........barcode........................... D: ............tag.........................

TERMS:

BARCODE TAG CONSUMER ANTENNA

DEFINITIONS:
I) a small image of black lines and spaces that contains data about a product, which can be
read by a machine:.……barcode………….
II) a device used for sending and receiving radio waves: ……antenna…………………
III) a label; a piece of information that helps to describe an item: ……tag…………….…………
IV) a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business: ………consumer………

155
D) Use your dictionaries to find the meanings of the words in the box. Then, complete the
following paragraph with the correct word. Do not make any changes.

transmits regulations activate implanted displays

A pet microchip is a small, electronic chip

kept in a glass cylinder that is about the
same size as a grain of rice. The microchip
is injected under a pet’s skin using a special
needle. No surgery or anesthesia is
required; a microchip can be
………implanted…………. (1) during a routine
veterinary clinic visit. The microchip itself
does not have a battery. However, it starts
working when a scanner (a reader) that is passed over the pet’s neck sends radio
waves. Those waves ………activate……….. (2) the chip. This way, the chip sends, or
… transmits………….. (3), the pet’s identification number to the scanner. The
scanner ………displays..………… (4) the number on its screen.

The International Standards Organization (ISO) has set a global standard for
microchips. Pets need to have an ISO microchip before they can enter into
European countries. Pet owners should know that countries differ widely on their
importation rules, including different …….…regulations……… (5) about required
vaccinations and quarantine periods once the animal enters that country.

156
C. READING COMPREHENSION

FINDING DEFINITIONS
If you are unfamiliar with an important word or concept in a text, especially if it
is in the title or appears more than once, scan the text carefully to find whether
it is defined. You will often find an explanation of important words immediately
before or after it.

A) Look at the title of the text, and then scan the text to find answers to the following
questions:

1. What does RFID mean? ……………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What does biocompatible mean? …………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B) Skim the text and write down the number of the paragraph where you can find the
following information:

PARAGRAPH INFORMATION

3 How people may benefit from RFID technology at home

4
Reasons why RFID tags cannot be used widely today

4
Type of information stored on RFID tags in stores

5
RFID technology on highways and bridges

2
Data stored in a pet’s microchip

1
What may happen to a pet when it gets lost

2
EU regulation about a travelling pet

157
(1) Losing a pet is certainly not easy for anyone. Too many healthy pets get lost and die
because their owners cannot find them. As a precaution, pets may carry a collar around
their neck with their name and a phone number written on it. However, many pets lose
their collars after they escape from their homes. So, even if someone finds and brings
them to a shelter, it is usually quite difficult to identify lost pets.
(2) These days, thanks to a new
technology, people can follow their pets
with the help of a small radio frequency
identification chip, which is implanted
under their pets’ skin. Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) is an automatic
identification method, which relies on
storing data digitally. This method uses a
special device called an RFID tag. An
RFID tag is the size of a grain of rice,
which allows it to be implanted under a
pet’s skin very easily and painlessly. It
contains a silicon microchip, an antenna and a capacitor. The pet’s identification number,
which is stored in the microchip, can be read through the pet's skin by a device called an
RFID reader. The reader decodes the data stored in the silicon chip. The identification
number of the pet is read, decoded, and displayed in the reader’s window. These radio
waves use a frequency even much lower than the ones radio stations use, so they are
totally harmless. The chip, antenna, and the capacitor forming the tag are all contained in
a tiny “biocompatible” glass capsule. That is, it is compatible with living cells to avoid
allergic reactions in animals after implantation. The glass capsule is tightly closed to keep
moisture out. Animals’ medical records are also encoded in their tags. According to
regulations, pets without chips are not allowed to enter the EU.

158
(3) Pet owners are not the only people who benefit from
the RFID technology. It seems that it could be useful to
people with poor memories. The chip can be uploaded
with personal information like passwords, and an RFID
reader can automatically detect it. This way, it can allow a
person’s access to anywhere such as his computer or his
front door. A young businessman, Mr. Amal, is one of the
first people to have a chip implanted into his hand. So far,
he is happy with the results. “I just don’t want to be without
access to the things that I need. If I ever lose my keys, I
should still be able to get into my house”, he says. In his
chip, he stored a unique identification number which can
be used to log him into various electronic devices. The RFID readers installed in his
computer, home cinema system and at his front door emit special radio signals. The chip
gets activated when it is within several centimeters of the readers. The reader then can
access the data on the chip and pass it on to the device that requires it.

(4) The data transmitted by an RFID tag may not only provide simple identification
information, but also some information about consumer products as well. It may give
information about the price or color of a product, just like barcodes do. While barcode
technology has historically been the primary means of tracking products, RFID systems
are rapidly becoming the preferred technology as they can store more detailed data.
Currently, RFID tags are not widely used in consumer products because their price is still
too high. However, producers are searching for cheaper manufacturing methods of RFID
tags. If producers manage to reduce costs, RFID tags will be attached to most consumer
products in the next few years. That will enable people to fill their shopping cart with goods
and walk out of a supermarket without waiting on a checkout line.

(5) In fact, RFID tags have already been in use for

electronic toll collection at bridges and highways in

Sentence Insertion
Turkey since 1999. The
tags are usually placed inside the cars, behind the
mirror and they are read remotely as cars pass
through the booths. The system helps speed traffic.

159
 A. Answer the following questions based on the text:

1. Keeping a pet’s information on its collar is not considered a reliable method of finding a lost
pet. State why.

Because many pets lose their collars after they escape from their homes.

2. Why do pet microchips have to be:

a) very small? : because they need to be implanted under a pet’s skin easily and
painlessly
b) biocompatible?:in order to avoid allergic reactions in animals after implantation

3. What does an RFID reader do after decoding the data coming from a chip?

a) It displays the data in the reader’s window.

b) It automatically detects personal information like passwords.

4. What makes RFID technology superior over barcode technology?

a) It provides some information about consumer products.

b) It can store more data.

5. Why haven’t RFID tags replaced barcodes yet?

Their price is still too high.

B. SENTENCE INSERTION: One of the sentences has been removed from parag. (5).
Choose the sentence that fits best:

a) Manufacturing and selling these tags to drivers is too difficult for the government.
b) Before that date, they have been used in cars for passing bridges.
c) In order to cross the bridges over the Bosporus, drivers are using RFID technology.
d) The first solution to the problem of transportation is inserting RFID tags to cars.

160
C. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer:

1. Which of the following does NOT fit in the blank?

“Specific data can be _______________ onto microchips.”

a) uploaded b) written c) decoded d) stored

2. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

a) Only the pets with RFID tags can enter European countries.
b) The radio signals emitted by radio stations are lower than the ones emitted by RFID
chips.
c) Mr. Amal can enter his home without carrying keys thanks to his implant.
d) Moisture should be kept away from an RFID tag.

3. The word “remotely” in parag. (5) is closest in meaning to:

a) from a distance b) incorrectly c) often d) actively

D. Circle the correct word to fill in the following blanks:

An RFID tag contains a/an ……………………………….. (1) microchip which stores

the pet’s identification number. RFID reader ………………………………….. (2) the
stored data and …………………………….. (3) it in the reader’s window. The parts
that form the tag are contained in a capsule which is ………………………………….
(4) with cells and therefore is harmless.

(1) a. harmful b. plastic c. silicon d. rice

(2) a. decodes b. implants c. regulates d. forms
(3) a. implants b. displays c. encodes d. regulates
(4) a. useless b. compatible c. allergic d. glass

E. REFERENCE:

1) it (para 3, line 2): …the RFID technology…….……

2) it (para 3, last line): the data on the chip………
3) their (para 4, line 6): ……RFID tags’…………………………..

161
POST EXERCISES:
A) Match the words and phrases in the boxes to their definitions below.
to display precaution moisture to track to bond
to implant to inject to decode compatible to process

1. to decode : to discover the meaning of information given in a secret or

complicated way.
2. to bond : to hold atoms together in a molecule by a chemical connection.
3. to process : to perform a particular series of operations.
4. …to track……… : to record the progress or development of something over a period
5. …precaution… : an action that is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous
6. …compatible… : able to exist, live together, or work successfully with something or
someone
7. …to inject………: to use a needle to put a liquid such as a drug into a person's body
8. …to display……: to show, exhibit
9. …to implant……: to put an organ, group of cells, or device into the body in a medical
operation
10. moisture……: wetness; water in the form of very small drops, either in the air, in a
substance, or on a surface

B) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

(I) (II) COLLOCATIONS

emit closed emit signals

allergic records allergic reactions

poor products poor memory

electronic toll line electronic toll costs / line /collection

access information access information / memory
medical reactions medical records / costs / data
store signals
store information / data
tightly memory tightly closed
consumer costs consumer collection / products / costs
reduce data
reduce costs

checkout collection checkout line

162
C) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words. An X indicates there is
no form in that category. After you finish, fill in the blanks of the sentences with some
of the words you have inserted in the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 a)..implantation.
...
implant implantable
b)....implant.....

2
tag tag X

3 a)....consumer.....
...
consume consuming
b)....consumption.
...

4
transmission transmit transmitted/transmittable

5
display display X

1. You shouldn’t …………tag……………… your friends’ pictures on Facebook

without asking them first. Some don’t like their photos to be
…………displayed………………… on social media.

2. The doctors had a difficult time during the …implantation………………………

of human embryos to the woman who wants to have babies.

3. Our pets can carry some parasites that are easily

…transmitted…………………………………… to humans, so we must be careful.

4. She always …………displays……………………………… her family photographs on the

walls of her office.

5. The ……………consumption………………………………………… of bacon is extremely low in

Turkey due to religious beliefs.

6. If you are not satisfied with the quality of something you buy, you
can return it. This is a basic ……consumer………………………………… right.

7. Breast cancer patients usually need silicon breast

…implants……………………………… after surgery.

163
D) SENTENCE ANALYSIS: Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets.

1. As many pets lose their collars after they escape from their homes, even if someone finds
and brings them to a shelter, it is usually quite difficult to identify lost pets. (because)
Even if someone finds and brings lost pets to a shelter, it is usually quite difficult
to identify them because many pets lose their collars after they escape from their
homes.

2. These days, thanks to a new technology, people can follow their pets with the help of a small
radio frequency identification chip, implanted under their pets’ skin. (which / helps)
A small radio frequency identification chip ,which is implanted under people’s pets’
skin, is a new technology that helps them follow their pets.

3. The data transmitted by an RFID tag may not only provide simple identification information,
but also some information about consumer products as well. (both / and)

The data transmitted by an RFID tag provides both simple identification

information and some information about consumer products.

4. While barcode technology has historically been the primary means of tracking products, RFID
systems are rapidly becoming the preferred technology as they can store more detailed data.
(despite the fact that)
Because RFID systems can store more detailed data, they are rapidly becoming the
preferred technology despite the fact that barcode technology has historically been
the primary means of tracking products.

5. It seems that RFID technology could be useful to people with poor memories. (benefit)

People with poor memories are likely to / can / could benefit from RFID technology.

6. In order to cross the bridges over the Bosporus, drivers are using RFID technology. (so that)

Drivers are using RFID technology so that they can cross the bridges over the
Bosphorus.

164
E) Fill in the following blanks using some of the words you have studied in this unit.

Long checkout lines at supermarkets are one of the greatest

complaints about the shopping experience. Soon, these lines
could disappear when ………barcodes……………………….. are
replaced by smart labels called RFI tags. Thanks to this new
technology, all products that we put in our shopping carts
will be ………tracked…………………, or followed, more efficiently and rapidly. The
RFID tags will communicate with an electronic device called a/an ……RFID
reader………. which will detect every item in the cart. Then, the data collected
will be sent to the management and the amount of the bill will be paid from your
bank account. RFID tags can store up to 2 kilobytes of data. They are composed
of a/an ……microchip…………………. that keeps the data, a/an
……antenna…………… that sends the data and a small battery called a/an
……capacitor………………. The tag’s components are kept within a capsule, usually
made of glass, plastic, and sometimes ………silicon……………., a commonly found
element on Earth’s crust. Like other wireless devices, RFID tags sends, or
.....transmits...... , signals over a portion of electromagnetic spectrum.

F. MAKING INFERENCES USING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE: In the following list,

barcodes and RFID tags are compared. Fill in the blanks using these two terms.

1. Unlike …… barcodes …………………., …… RFID tags ………. can be read from a very
great distance: they can be read from up to 90 meters. However, …… barcodes …are read
from up to 4 meters only.

2. … RFID tags …………… can be read much faster: read rates of 40 tags per second are
possible. On the other hand, it takes about half a second to read a barcode. …

3. In …… barcode…………………… technology, the tag has to be exposed on the outside of

the product. So, unlike RFID tags …, they are not well protected and they can easily get
damaged.

4. … RFID tags …………….. have no read / write capability; that is, you cannot add to the
information written on a …… barcode ………………………..

5. … RFID tags ….. are typically more expensive than … barcodes ………

HOME-WORK:
You have learned about conductors and insulators previously. Do some research on
semiconductors mentioned in this unit and write a short paragraph explaining the term.

165
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across

4. turn on, start, make something active

10. a thin slice of semiconductor material carrying a series of electrical circuits
11. method, way
12. device for sending and receiving radio waves
15. a measure taken in advance to prevent something undesirable happening, safety measure
17. rule, directive
19. to convert a coded message into a comprehensible language
20. transfer data to a larger computer system
21. the right to approach or enter a place
22. send out an electrical signal or a radio or television program; transfer, pass on

Down

1. anything composed of numbers, or digits

2. a shiny, grey element used for making electrical circuits
3. to show, exhibit
5. person who buys goods or services from a shop or business
6. to convert data by applying an electronic code
7. distant, far away
8. able to exist or be used together without problems or conflict
9. to allow, permit, make possible
13. wetness
14. label
16. follow and find something
18. insert an organ, group of cells, or device into the body in a medical operation

166
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
Read the following extracts and answer the questions below:

http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-05-03/mitsubishi-areva-set-to-sign-turkish-nuclear-plant-deal-today

May, 3, 2013

Ankara, TURKEY, Japan’s Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. and Areva SA of

France signed a $22 billion agreement today to build a nuclear power plant in
Turkey. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his Turkish counterpart Recep
Tayyip Erdogan met in Ankara to oversee the signing of the agreement for the
building of the nuclear plant in Sinop province on the Black Sea coast. This will
be the country's second nuclear power plant after the projected Mersin Akkuyu
Nuclear Power Plant.

Sinop
http://www.climatesceptics.org/location/europe/asia/turkey/sinop
Turkish police on Saturday arrested 29 foreigners and three Turks during a
peaceful protest against plans to build the nuclear power plant near Sinop. The
police broke up the protest in front of the governor’s office and forcibly took the
protesters to a police station, said Niklas Hartmann, Youth for Action, an
environmentalist group.

1) Why do you think the building of a nuclear power plant in Sinop is protested?
Due to its harmful effects on people and environment/ to draw people's attention to the
risks of nuclear power.
2) What might be the reasons why the Turkish government insists on building nuclear power
plants in Turkey?
It is not dependent on expensive foreign gas and oil. / It is an alternative to fossil fuel./
It is cleaner.
3) What might be the reason behind choosing Sinop and Mersin as proper sites for building
nuclear power plants? What is the common characteristic of Sinop and Mersin?
They are near the sea.

167
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1) Strong tsunamis forming after major earthquakes are among the greatest natural
disasters in the world. They _________ great damage and loss of life.
a) cause b) experience

2) In modern societies, people are well educated and therefore they usually __________ an
awareness of environmental protection.
a) have b) lack

3) Turkey’s economic expansion has led to an increase in its oil consumption. ______ very
limited reserves, Turkey has to import nearly all of its oil supplies.
a) With b) Without

4) No one can deny the impact of Atatürk’s reforms on Turkish women. Thanks to these
reforms, women ____________ many rights.
a) lost b) earned
5) Divers _____________ cameras that can operate underwater in order to take photos of
sea creatures.
a) need b) do not need

6) The new prime minister strictly opposes the death penalty: he is __________ the idea of
the execution of criminals by the state.
a) for b) against

7) The surgeon decided to postpone the surgery for a few weeks as the patient _______.
a) was not ready b) was ready

8) All flight attendants _______ a special training in first aid. If a passenger experiences a
heart attack during a flight and no doctor is around, it is their duty to help him.
a) give b) need

9) Infrastructure is all the structures or equipment required for the operation of a society
or a business. For instance, _______ are considered the infrastructure of a city.
a) gardens and forests b) roads and sewage systems

10) It is clear that traditional methods of generating electricity are unsustainable, and we
must find new energy _______ that do not produce as much carbon.
a) sources b) management

11) The teacher split the children in her class into three groups. In other words, she
________ the class and formed three different groups.
a) divided b) joined
168
II) Read the passage below and match the words in red with their definitions:

“Power plants” are plants that generate electricity. Power plants are often classified
into three types: (This classification is based on the sources from which energy is
obtained.)
1) In thermal power plants, heat energy is used to generate electricity. The process is
simple: water is heated and converted to steam (water vapor). The steam is utilized to
produce electricity. In thermal power plants, heat is obtained in two ways. Firstly, it is
obtained through the burning of coal, fuel oil or natural gas. This kind of thermal plant
is called fossil-fuel power plant. Secondly, the heat energy is obtained by a process
called fission in nuclear reactors. This process creates radioactivity that can be
dangerous to human health. So, proper measures have to be taken in a nuclear reactor.
2) The second type of power plant is hydroelectric power plants, which utilize
hydropower. In this type, the energy of falling water in a dam is used to produce
electricity.
3) Thirdly, there are renewable energy power plants, which are considered as the most
environmentally friendly among others. Solar, wind, geothermal and biomass fall into
this category. Renewable energy power plants also include small hydropower plants
that are below 25 megawatt capacity.

1) related to the use of the internal heat of the earth:

................geothermal.......................................................
2) the maximum amount that something can contain or produce:
.................capacity...................................
3) a place where an industrial process takes place: .............plant..................................
4) electricity produced from machines that are run by moving water:
.............hydropower.................................
5) the splitting of the nucleus of a heavy element like uranium resulting in the release of large
amounts of energy: ............ fission...........................................
6) the form of energy that can be produced as quickly as it is used: .........renewable........................
7) a large machine in which atoms are either split or joined in order to produce power: ..reactor..........
8) a wall constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a pool behind: ....dam..................
9) relating to, or caused by heat: ....thermal.........................................
10) the property of some heavy elements (as uranium) emitting high-energy particles:
.....radioactivity.......
11) steps, actions, precautions: …measures………………………

169
C. READING COMPREHENSION
UNDERSTANDING TOPIC SENTENCES
The topic sentence, which is usually the first sentence in a paragraph, is a very
important structure in written language. Authors need to make sure it catches the
readers’ attention and make them want to read more. Remember that the topic sentence
needs to express what the whole paragraph is about. So, clearly understanding the topic
sentence helps you a lot while reading a text.

Below, the topic sentences of paragraph (1) and (4) of the text “Turkish Nuclear
Challenge” are given.
Choose the sentence with the closest meaning to the topic sentence.

1) Despite serious efforts over the last 30 years, Turkey has not succeeded in
building a nuclear power plant. (Parag. 1)
a) After so many efforts made in the last 30 years, building a nuclear power plant has
recently become possible.
b) Although there were attempts to build a nuclear power plant over the last 30 years,
Turkey still does not have one.
c) Over the last 30 years, attempts to build a nuclear power plant were not serious enough
to realize this dream.
d) Although there were serious efforts in the last 30 years, no one actually wanted to build
a nuclear plant in Turkey.

2) Safety and cost are not the only concerns that prevent nuclear power plants from
becoming widespread. (Parag. 4)
a) Because nuclear power plants are not safe and economic, they are not preferred.
b) If the problems concerning safety and cost are solved, there won’t be any difficulties in
constructing nuclear power plants.
c) The only reason why nuclear power plants haven’t been so widespread is that they are
neither safe nor economic.
d) There are other concerns besides safety and cost, which prevent nuclear power
plants from becoming widespread.

170
(1) Despite serious efforts over the last 30 years, Turkey has not succeeded in building a
nuclear power plant. In 2003, immediately after the Turkish government announced its
decision to utilize nuclear power, protests against the decision started. Many activists and
members of environmentalist groups organized protests in order to draw people’s attention
to the risks of nuclear power. In fact, the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 had increased public
awareness about the dangers of nuclear energy all around the world. Nuclear power is
obtained through a process called fission, where the nucleus of a heavy element such as
uranium is split. This is the same method used for building atomic bombs, so it can be
extremely dangerous. Furthermore, radioactive nuclear waste is highly hazardous and its
proper disposal is a growing problem in many countries.
(2) Turkey, however, insists on constructing nuclear power plants for several reasons.
Firstly, Turkish officials consider nuclear energy to be cleaner than energy generated by
fossil fuels. In addition, Turkey has only few petroleum reserves of its own. So, it is
dependent on expensive foreign gas and oil. The Turkish Minister of Energy said they will
start to construct the first nuclear plant soon. He said that Turkey has its own uranium
reserves to supply fuel for the reactor and added that they will properly deal with the
nuclear waste. The government states that generating nuclear energy is extremely
important for Turkey’s energy needs.
(3) A nuclear power plant is basically an improved thermal power plant. However, it
requires higher safety measures, and it is much more costly to build. It is also very
important to choose a proper site in order to minimize the negative impact on the
environment and lower the risk of damage in case of an earthquake. This site should also
be by the seaside, because nuclear power plants need water in order to operate.
Currently, only two locations seem to have all these properties: Mersin Akkuyu and Sinop.
Nuclear power plants have very large construction costs. This is because of safety
regulations and expensive nuclear waste disposal systems.

171
(4) Safety and cost are not the only concerns that prevent nuclear power plants from
becoming widespread. Several countries have opposed the development of nuclear plants
because they fear that nuclear technology can be used for producing nuclear weapons.
For instance, Iran’s recent nuclear program has raised concerns worldwide. Similarly, in
the 1980s, Western countries had concerns about Turkey's nuclear programs and they
tried to prevent the construction of nuclear plants: Turkey could not get funds from any of
the western countries to build its own nuclear plants. Today, experts say that the Turkish
government will have to explain its plans to other countries clearly. Turkey has to convince
western countries that its nuclear capacity will only be used for peaceful purposes.

(5) It is known that Turkey has other energy sources such as coal, or renewable energy
sources such as hydropower, geothermal, wind and solar energy. Of all these, however,
only hydropower and coal have been properly used over the years. Nowadays, Turkey is
trying to utilize other alternative sources as well. However, there have always been some
political and technical difficulties regarding Turkey’s own sources of energy. Arab
countries, for instance, were against the construction of big dams on the Tigris (Dicle) and
Euphrates (Fırat) rivers. They accused Turkey of trying to control their water supply.
Therefore, Arab countries prevented international banks from funding Turkey in building
these dams. For this reason, Turkey had to postpone the construction of dams several
times. Without foreign financial support, Turkey had great difficulty building big dams like
the Atatürk Dam.

(6) Today, there are new government plans that include alternative energy solutions.
However, these plans are not large-scale. In addition, training a sufficient number of
scientists, technicians, and administrators would take many years. What is more, building
the infrastructure to use these resources properly is very expensive. Nevertheless, Turkey
has to invest more on these alternatives. As for nuclear power, it is clear that even if
Turkey begins to use nuclear energy as an alternative, it will still depend on foreign
sources of energy because of high demands.

172
A. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. SomeTurkish people, who are aware of the dangers of building a nuclear power plant,

protested against the Turkish government’s decision to build one.

2. The energy generated by fossil fuels is believed to be much cleaner than nuclear

energy.

3. Nuclear power plants should definitely be built by the seaside because of the possible

risks they have in case of an earthquake.

4. Unless Turkey gets funds from Western countries to build its own nuclear plants, it will

not be able to construct one because of very high construction costs.

B. Guess the meanings of the words. Circle the correct definitions:

1. “Disposal” underlined in paragraph (1): a) throwing away b) maintenance

2. “Invest” underlined in paragraph (6): a) adjust b) put money / effort

C. Answer the following questions:

1. Write the two reasons why the Turkish government insists on nuclear energy.
a) Turkish officials consider nuclear energy to be cleaner than energy generated by fossil
fuels.
b) Turkey has only few petroleum reserves of its own. So, it is dependent on expensive
foreign gas and oil.

2. State the two reasons for the high construction costs of nuclear plants.
a)safety regulations.
b)expensive nuclear waste disposal systems

3. What was the fear concerning Iran’s nuclear program?

nuclear technology can be used for producing nuclear weapons.

4. Why were Arab countries against the construction of big dams on Dicle and Fırat rivers?

They accused Turkey of trying to control their water supply.

173
D. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the best answer.
1. Which of the following is CORRECT?
a) Thanks to international support, the construction of the Atatürk Dam finished in a short period.
b) Turkey will need to buy uranium from other countries to supply fuel for the nuclear plant.
c) Turkey will be dependent on foreign sources of energy even after it starts operating nuclear
reactors.
d) Environmental groups support the construction of nuclear plants in Turkey.

2. All of the following explain why Mersin and Sinop were chosen as sites for nuclear
plants, EXCEPT:
a) They are located by the sea-side, where water is abundant.
b) They are not the most risky sites as far as earthquakes are concerned.
c) They allow easy disposal of waste materials.
d) Their negative impact on the environment is tolerable.

3. At the moment, Turkey cannot properly use all of its alternative energy sources. Which
of the following is NOT a reason for this situation?
a) The infrastructure which is necessary to use these resources is very expensive to build.
b) There aren’t any large-scale plans about using domestic sources of energy.
c) There is the problem of training a sufficient number of scientists, technicians and
administrators.
d) Government programs do not include alternative energy solutions.

E. REFERENCE:
1. it (Paragraph (1): ………nuclear power……………………………….
2. its (Paragraph (4): ………Turkish government………………………………

174
POST EXERCISES:
A) VOCABULARY RECYCLE: Fill in the following blanks with the words you have studied in
the text “Turkish Nuclear Challenge”. The first letters are given.

Turkey plans to build the first nuclear plant……….…………. in Akkuyu location in

Mersin province about 140 kms west of Mersin. The contract has been signed and
the construction has started at the site. However, most of the residents of Mersin
oppose……………….. the decision. Especially, after the Fukushima nuclear
disaster……………… in Japan, the criticisms sharply increased. As public
awareness………………. has increased about nuclear power and its dangers, more
and more people are joining the protests. On 17 April 2011, a human chain in
Mersin was formed where people held hands to protest the decision. The chain
was 20 km long!

Turkish people heard about the dangers caused by nuclear power after the
Chernobyl accident in 1986. After the accident, radioactive………………………
particles were spread over Turkey’s Black Sea coast. At that time, Turkish officials
announced that there was nothing to fear, and radiation was good for bones!

Today, officials try to calm the protesters by saying that all necessary measures
will be taken to avoid any accidents. However, Greenpeace members say that the
recent accident in Japan showed that nuclear energy can never be truly safe. They
say that leading nuclear energy users like Germany and China are
postponing……………………………… their own programs of building new nuclear
reserves………………………………………. Those countries are planning to invest more on
renewable………………………..…….. energy sources such as wind power.

175
B) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Add the necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. after / Chernobly disaster / public awareness / dangers / nuclear energy / increased / the world.

After the Chernobly disaster, public awareness about the dangers of nuclear energy
increased all around the world.

2. Turkey / dependent / foreign gas and oil / because / only few / petroleum reserves / own.

Turkey is dependent on foreign gas and oil because it has only few petroleum reserves on
its own.

3. a nuclear power plant / requires / measures / it / more costly / build.

A nuclear power plant requires higher safety measures and it is more costly to build.

4. Mersin Akkuyu and Sinop / only / locations / seem / have / properties / be / nuclear power plant
site.

Mersin Akkuyu and Sinop are the only locations which seem to have all the properties to
be a nuclear power plant site.

C) Match the sentence halves:

_d_1. None of the measures taken by the a. from falling down in case of an
Department of Health have succeeded … earthquake.

_e_ 2. Some shops might refuse to give back b. with people’s problems and
your money but you can insist ……. complaints all the time.

_f_ 3. Researchers have found that about 10% c. to have trouble understanding
of the population is dependent ……. what was being explained.

_b_ 4. In order to work in the Customer Service d. in reducing the spread of the
Department, you have to be able to deal ……. disease in the country.

_c_ 5. When I saw Amelia at the meeting, she e. on a refund if you are not
seemed ……. satisfied with the product they sell.

_a_ 6. I took necessary precautions in the f. on some form of drug.

library to prevent my books …….

176
D) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words. An X indicates there is
no form in that category. After you finish, fill in the blanks with some of the words from
the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 operation operate X

2 disaster X disastrous

3 awareness X aware

4 impact impact X

5 training train trained

6 opposition oppose X

7 renewal renew renewable

1. He prepares radio programs to raise public …awareness… on the

dangers of using hazardous detergents at home.

2. My passport runs out next month; I must ……renew……… it.

3. These are ……trained…… dogs; they efficiently help blind people

find their way.

4. Wars are always ………disastrous…… for the people and everything

should be done to avoid them.

5. The poor kid isn’t ……aware…… of what is going on in his family

but he will learn soon.

6. The young girl’s decision to move to a new house alone was met
by a strong ………opposition………… from her parents.

7. After being closed for many years, the geothermal power plant
is finally in ……operation……… and it started supplying
electricity.

8. Amateur pilots need to go through a difficult ……training……………

program before getting a license to fly.

9. Stress during pregnancy can ………impact………… the unborn child.

The child may become stressful after birth.

10. You always ……oppose…… every suggestion I make!

177
E) Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in the brackets.

1) Despite serious efforts over the last 30 years, Turkey has not succeeded in building a nuclear
power plant. (Although)
Although there have been serious efforts over the last 30 years, Turkey has not succeeded
in building a nuclear power plant.

2) Many activists and members of environmentalist groups organized protests in order to draw
people’s attention to the risks of nuclear power. (because)
Many activists and members of environmentalist groups organized protests because they
wanted to draw people’s attention to the risks of nuclear power.

3) Nuclear power plants have very large construction costs. This is because of safety regulations
and expensive nuclear waste disposal systems. (due to)
Nuclear power plants have very large construction costs due to safety regulations and
expensive nuclear waste disposal systems.

F) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. *** Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

Draw measures COLLOCATIONS

Disposal of Costs Draw attention
Safety concerns Disposal of waste
Negative Sources Safety measures
Construction Attention Negative impact
Become purposes Construction costs
Economic weapons Become widespread
Peaceful Waste Economic purposes
Alternative İmpact
Peaceful support
Water Support
Alternative sources
Raise widespread
Water supply
Nuclear Supply
Raise concerns
Nuclear weapons

178
WRITING / SPEAKING:
Do some research on the controversies concerning the use of nuclear energy in Turkey. Try to
understand the pros and cons of the issue. Finally, formulate your own idea, write down your
arguments to discuss them with your classmates.

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179
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
2. electricity produced from machines that are run by moving water hydropower
4. to teach someone how to do something, usually a skill that is needed for a job train
6. a building where electricity is produced to supply a large area powerplant
8. related to the use of internal heat of the earth geothermal
9. a barrier/wall constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir dam
10. to change the date or time of a planned event or action to a later one postpone
13. the central part of an atom or cell nucleus
17. use, make use of utilize
18. influence, effect impact
20. containing harmful radiation radioactive
22. to disagree with a plan or activity and to try to change or stop it oppose

Down
1. to produce energy generate
3. work, perform, or function as a machine does produce
5. the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country or a city infrastructure
7. related to or cause by heat thermal
11. the maximum amount that something can contain or produce capacity
12. something that causes a lot of harm or damage disaster
14. the splitting of the nucleus of a heavy element like uranium resulting in the release of energy fission
15. getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away disposal
16. a supply of something that you keep until it is needed reserve
19. replaceable by natural processes and can be used over and over renewable
21. the mental state of knowing something awareness

180
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1) By looking at the picture on the right, try to
predict the function of the ozone layer in the
Earth’s atmosphere.

2) What problems do you think might occur if

the amount of ozone in the atmosphere
decreases?

3) What might cause a decrease in the amount of ozone? Make some predictions.

4) Analyze the picture below. You see three different types of ultraviolet rays coming from the
Sun. You also see the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. What can you tell about the
characteristic of each of these rays?

181
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1) We watched a war movie in a theater equipped with a surround sound system. As the
bombs exploded all around, the sound was coming from __________ speakers. The sound
surrounded us as it would in real-life.
a) many different b) two

2) There are several methods of filtering tap water at home.

By using these methods, people can ___________
contaminants in water and drink it safely.
a) reproduce b) remove

3) In our body, there is an amazing protection

mechanism called the immune system. It is designed
to __________ us against millions of microbes and
toxins.
a) defend b) stop

4) Planes have to accelerate on the runway

__________ take off. This is what makes them fly.
a) after b) in order to

5) Playing mind games such as bridge and chess can

enhance, or _________, a person’s logical thinking
and intelligence.
a) improve b) reduce

6) Icy roads account for most of the accidents on the roads: they _____________ many
traffic accidents during winter.
a) represent b) are responsible for

7) The problem in her eyes restricts her sight, so she cannot read the book
_____________.
a) at all b) properly

182
II) Match the following PICTURES with the TERMS. Then, using your own words, try to
write the definitions of these terms.

TERMS: DEFINITIONS:

(.C.) CATARACTS: clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to decrease in vision

(.D.) SHELL: the hard or tough thin outer covering of an egg or an animal

(.A.) SOFTWARE: the programs and other operating information used by a

computer
(.B.) BARRIER:
smth. such as a fence or wall that prevents people from moving
easily from one area to another.
183
III) Read the passage below and match the words in red with their definitions:

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs)
Refrigerators from the late 1800s until 1929
worked with some hazardous gases such as
ammonia. Several fatal accidents occurred in the
1920s when those gases were released from the
refrigerators. So, scientists started searching for
less dangerous substances. In 1928, two
scientists came up with “miracle” substances
called CFCs. CFCs are a group of organic
compounds containing the elements carbon,
fluorine and chlorine. These compounds are highly
stable. At the same time, they are colorless, odorless and nonflammable. For these
reasons, they immediately became popular among manufacturers. However, the
heavy use of CFCs in refrigerators as well as spray cans and air conditioning systems
soon started creating a serious environmental threat. During the 1970s, it was
discovered that CFCs had a hazardous effect on the ozone layer, which protects the
Earth from the Sun’s harmful UV radiation. CFCs cause problems after they rise in the
atmosphere and reach the ozone layer. At this altitude, UV rays strike CFC
compounds, and CFCs split apart. When CFCs split
apart, chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules,
resulting in their removal. This is how ozone layer is
depleted, consequently leading to several health
problems. As it was understood that CFS were the
main cause of ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol
was adopted by many nations. This protocol bans
the use of CFCs.

1. excessive reduction in quantity: ……depletion………………..…………….

2. to accept formally and put into effect: ............adopt.......................................
3. to forbid, make illegal: ……ban…………………………….
4. a substance formed from 2 or more elements & chemically united in fixed
proportions:......compound...
5. height, distance above the sea/ground: .........altitude......................
6. not likely to decompose / break down; or enter in a chemical reaction: ………stable………
7. to hit: ……strike…………………

184
IV) Fill in the following blanks with the words below. You can use them more than once.

I) suppress / suppression

When you are trying to lose weight,

you have to find ways to
____suppress______(1)your appetite.
The best way is finding natural ways of
losing weight rather than buying drugs
that help you lose weight. First of all,
you should consume the right food. For
instance, eating apples or grapefruits
will be a healthy choice for appetite ___suppression______ (2). Leafy
greens are high in fiber and they keep your blood sugar from rising too quickly.
This way, they may ____suppress_______ (3) your hunger. Eating slowly,
getting a good night’s sleep and managing stress are other methods of appetite
___suppression_______ (4).

II) severe / severity / severely

Doctors should gather information about the _____severity_______ (1) of an

illness or a medical condition before they can determine a patient’s treatment
options. Using this information, it is possible to place the patient in a minor,
moderate, major, or extreme category. A healthy person who is visiting a doctor
because he is coughing, for instance, probably has a condition that is not so
_____severe_____ (2) and will respond
well to treatment. On the other hand, a
car accident victim with multiple injuries to
the legs and __severe_____ (3) brain
damage has an extreme
___severity____(4)of illness. Apparently,
this patient is considered as
___severely____ (5) injured and would
need special treatment.

185
 (The Ozone Hole)
(1) Life on Earth depends on a thin shell of gaseous ozone, surrounding and protecting our
planet. The ozone layer in the atmosphere is the main barrier between us and the
hazardous ultraviolet radiation that comes toward the Earth from the burning surface of the
Sun. Ozone filters most of the harmful ultraviolet rays of sunlight, while allowing the visible
light and the warm infrared rays to pass through.
(2) The earth's atmosphere is composed of
several layers. The troposphere begins on the
Earth's surface and acts as a source of heat
resulting from absorption of visible sunlight.
Weather phenomena such as thunderstorms and
clouds occur in this layer. From approximately 10
to 50 kilometers above the Earth, a new region
called the stratosphere takes place. Ozone forms
a layer in the stratosphere, at an altitude between 20 and 25 km. This layer is formed when
ultraviolet radiation strikes the stratosphere, splitting oxygen molecules (O2) into oxygen
(O) atoms. The oxygen atoms quickly combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone
(O3). The ozone layer protects our planet by absorbing ultraviolet light UV-B coming from
the Sun and controls the amount of UV rays that penetrate through. So, in case of a
serious loss of ozone, more of this UV-B radiation reaches the surface of the earth,
causing important health problems like skin cancer, cataracts and suppression of the
immune system. So far, many experimental studies on plants and animals as well as
clinical studies on humans and medical reports have shown the harmful effects of
excessive exposure to UV-B radiation.
(3) In 1985, a serious loss of ozone in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica was noticed
for the first time by a research group from the British Antarctic Survey. When first
measurements were taken from the ground watch stations, the drop in ozone levels was
so dramatic that at first, the scientists thought their instruments were faulty. Replacement
instruments were built and sent, which confirmed that the earlier measurements about the
ozone depletion were correct. Ozone levels were also observed from satellites. The
satellite data did not show the dramatic loss of ozone because the software was
programmed to treat very low values of ozone as bad readings! Later analysis of data
confirmed that the loss was rapid and large-scale over Antarctica. The depletion of ozone
was quite significant as the destruction reached up to 70% of the ozone normally found
over Antarctica. Such ozone loss had occurred to a lesser extent also above the Arctic,
which has similar meteorological conditions. Those conditions apparently accelerate and
enhance the depletion.

186
(4) The causes of ozone depletion have been
analyzed in detail. Although natural phenomena
can cause temporary ozone loss, some man-
made compounds are now accepted as the main
cause of this depletion. In the 1930s, private
laboratories had developed compounds of
chlorine, fluorine and carbon (called
chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs). Those compounds
were convenient, non-corroding, non-toxic and
non-flammable, so they found a wide range of
industrial applications, including everyday use in spray cans, refrigerators and air
conditioners. Actually, CFCs are so stable that they react with almost nothing --until they
slowly rise into the sky, climbing to the stratosphere. After a period of years, CFCs are hit
by direct UV radiation from the Sun. This way, they break apart and release hazardous
gases, which react with ozone and destroy it. Today, it is known that emissions of CFCs
account for roughly 80% of ozone depletion.

(5) In fact, it was first suggested by Drs. Molina and

British Antarctic Survey
Rowland in 1974 that these man-made compounds
were likely to be the main source of ozone depletion.
However, this idea was not taken seriously until the
discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica by the
British Antarctic Survey. Since then, researchers
have struggled to understand the nature and
severity of the problem through numerous scientific
studies. Nations from all over the world have come
together and agreed to establish international
industrial regulations. The first global agreement to
restrict CFCs came with the signing of the Montreal
Protocol in 1987. The countries in the European
Union have adopted even stricter measures. As a
result, the use of CFCs was banned in many
industrialized countries. However, because CFCs
remain in the atmosphere for a very long time, the
ozone layer will not fully repair itself until at least the
middle of the 21st century.

187
READING COMPREHENSION
A. Scan the text and find which paragraph answers the following questions:

1. What does CFCs mean? __4__

2. What is the function of the ozone layer? __1__
3. Where was a loss of ozone discovered for the first time? __5__
4. What are the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere? __2__

B. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE

1. The ozone layer filters all of the harmful ultraviolet rays of sunlight.

2. In order to show the harmful effects of too much UV-B radiation,

scientists did experiments on plants and animals only.
3. Man-made compounds are not the only cause of ozone depletion.
4. Most of the ozone depletion is because of emissions of CFCs.
5. All countries in the world signed an agreement to make CFCs illegal.

C. Answer the following questions:

1) The ozone layer in the atmosphere protects the living organisms from the dangerous UV rays
by acting as a/an _____barrier________.

2) By filling in the following chart below, explain in two steps what happens after UV radiation hits
oxygen molecules and CFCs in the stratosphere.

OXYGEN CFCs

I) oxygen molecules are split into oxygen atoms I) they break apart
II) oxygen atoms combine with other oxygen
atoms to form ozone II) they release hazardous
gases which react with ozone and
destroy it
188
3) Why would the number of people suffering from health problems increase when there is a
serious loss of ozone?

Serious loss of ozone causes more of the UV-B radiation to reach the surface of the Earth.

4) a) What two methods were used by scientists to discover the ozone depletion over Antarctica?

Measurements taken from the ground watch stations /

Satellites

b) Which of these two methods did not work? Justify your answer.

Satellites didn’t work because the software was programmed to treat very low values of
ozone as bad readings.

5) Why did CFCs become so popular?

They were convenient, non-corroding, non-toxic and non-flammable.

D) MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1) Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) Clouds are found 50 km above the surface of the Earth.
b) Ozone layer does not let any UVB rays to reach the Earth’s surface.
c) Ozone depletion is affected by the meteorological conditions around.
d) Visible rays cannot pass through the troposphere.

2) “To establish” in paragraph (5) is closest in meaning to:

a) set up b) refine c) evaluate d) verify

E) Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS/NUMBERS.

1. ………Troposphere..…., where thunderstorms and clouds occur, begins on the

Earth’s surface.

2. The stratosphere is located approximately …10-50…… kilometers above the Earth.

3. The ozone layer is at an …..altitude……of 20-25 kilometers above the Earth.

4. The ozone loss over Antarctica reached up to …………70%……………….. of the

ozone normally found there.

189
SCANNING FOR TIME MARKERS
Some texts are arranged in chronological order, telling events in the order they occur.
Time markers help the reader to follow the story.

In the following table, all the dates mentioned in the text are listed. Write down what
happened on these dates. This will help you to clearly see the important events in a
chronological order.

DATES EVENTS

a) 1930s Private laboratories had developed compounds of chlorine, fluorine

and carbon (called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs).

b) 1974 It was first suggested by Drs. Molina and Rowland in 1974 that man-
made compounds were likely to be the main source of ozone
depletion.

c) 1985 A serious loss of ozone in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica

was noticed for the first time by a research group from the British
Antarctic Survey.

The first global agreement to restrict CFCs came with the signing of
d) 1987 the Montreal Protocol.

e) mid 21st c. The ozone layer will not fully repair itself until at least the middle of
the 21st century.

Now, scan the text and underline other time markers that would help you understand
the details in the flow of the events.
EXAMPLE:
“When first measurements were taken from the ground watch stations, the drop in ozone
levels was so dramatic that at first, the scientists thought their instruments were faulty.”

190
POST ACTIVITIES:

A) Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in the brackets:
1) In case of a serious loss of ozone, more of the UV-B radiation reaches the surface of the earth,
causing important health problems like skin cancer, cataracts and suppression of the immune
system. (When / and)
When there is a serious loss of ozone, more of the UV-B radiation reaches the surface of
the earth and cause important health problems like skin cancer, cataracts and
suppression of the immune system.

2) Although natural phenomena can cause temporary ozone loss, some man-made compounds
are now accepted as the main cause of ozone depletion. (While)
While natural phenomena can cause temporary ozone loss, some man-made compounds
are now accepted as the main cause of ozone depletion.

3) CFCs are so stable that they react with almost nothing --until they reach the ozone layer.
(unless)
CFCs are so stable that they react with almost nothing unless they reach the ozone layer.

4) This idea was not taken seriously until the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica by the
British Antarctic Survey. (after)
This idea was taken seriously after the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica by the
British Antarctic Survey.

B) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. *** Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

Weather reports COLLOCATIONS:

Experimental instruments Weather phenomena / conditions

Medical agreements Experimental studies / data

Dramatic phenomena Medical reports / conditions

Replacement measures Dramatic loss /effects

Industrial studies Replacement instruments

Harmful conditions Industrial applications

Excessive loss Harmful effects

Satellite range Excessive exposure / loss

Meteorological applications Satellite data

Wide effects Meteorological conditions / data

Global exposure Wide range

Global agreements
data Strict measures

191
C) Fill in the following blanks with some of the words from the table.

altitudes enhancing compounds accounts for restricts surrounding adopts

The atmosphere of the Earth is a layer of gases

…surrounding…. (1) the planet Earth. The
atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing
ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface
through a mechanism called the greenhouse
effect, and reducing temperature extremes
between day and night. The atmosphere becomes
thinner and thinner at increasing …altitudes…. (2), with no definite boundary between the
atmosphere and outer space. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric
reentry of spacecraft at around 120 km from the surface. Air in the atmosphere is mainly
composed of nitrogen and oxygen, which together constitute the major gases of the
atmosphere. Water vapor …accounts for….. (3) roughly 0.25%. There are also many
other chemical …compounds…….. (4) in the air, but they are in trace amounts.

D) Complete the summary below using the words in the box.

composed excessive immune ozone clinical man-made account for

Although the Sun is a crucial part of life on Earth, …excessive… (1) exposure to UV-B
radiation can harm all living things on Earth. ……Clinical………… (2) studies on
humans, animals, and plants have shown that UV-B radiation can cause health problems
such as skin cancer and cataracts. It can also lead to suppression of the
……immune………(3) system. Luckily, the Earth has an atmosphere which is
………composed………………. (4) of several layers such as the troposphere and the
stratosphere. Life is protected by a thin layer within the stratosphere surrounding the
Earth. This is called the …..ozone…………. (5) layer. However, scientists discovered
that there was a serious loss of ozone over Antarctica. ……Man-made……….. (6)
compounds are now accepted as the main cause of this depletion although natural
phenomena can also cause temporary ozone loss. Indeed, CFCs …account for…...(7)
about 80% of ozone depletion.

192
E) Match the words and phrases in the box to their definitions below.

hazardous clinical study to confirm to absorb altitude

to penetrate immune system to establish phenomena

1. research that explores whether a medical treatment is safe and effective: …clinical study…..
2. the height above the level of the sea: ……altitude..…...……..
3. dangerous, risky…….…hazardous………………………………...……..
4. things that you can observe and study, but are unusual or difficult to
understand:…pheneomena..…...
5. to say or show that something is true or correct: ..…to confirm………..…….
6. organs and processes that protect the body from foreign organisms: ……immune system…
7. to set up or organize: ……to establish………..……..
8. to go through or into something: …to penetrate………………………………..
9. to take in another substance, liquid or energy: ………to absorb…..……………

F) Complete the sentences using the words in the box. (Synonyms / definitions are given
in the brackets)

suppress barrier severity non-flammable

restrict measures compound emission

1. We need to take ………… measures ……… (precautions) to protect ourselves.

2. In chemistry, a/an ……… compound …. (combination) is a substance formed from two or
more elements that are chemically united in fixed proportions.
3. The doctors decided that he should be taken to a bigger hospital because of the
…severity………. (seriousness) of his condition.
4. He struggled to …..suppress……….. (try to stop or end) his feelings of jealousy.
5. Scientists say the main reason for global warming is the ……emission……. (something
sent out or given off) of greenhouse gases resulting from burning of the fossil fuels.
6. Many people believe that new laws to …………restrict…………. (limit) the sale of guns
should be introduced.
7. The furniture in our school is made of ………non-flammable………. (not burning)
material in order to decrease the risk of a fire.
8. The high mountains form a natural ………barrier…… (something that prevents or blocks
movement) between the two countries.

G) Work with a partner. Discuss the questions below.

1. Who do you think should be extra careful about excessive UV-B radiation?
2. What do you do in order to protect yourself from the negative effects of UV-B radiation?

WRITING / SPEAKING: By looking at the text “Ozone Depletion”, can you tell in what ways the
following fields contributed to the study of ozone depletion? Can you name some other fields?
Discuss and then write your findings in a paragraph.
Medicine, Computer Engineering, Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Chemistry, Earth Science
193
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
5. A substance from two or more elements, chemically united in fixed proportions
6. To hit
10. Excessive reduction in quantity
12. Height, distance above the sea/ground
13. Dangerous, risky
14. Not likely to decompose/break down; or enter in a chemical reaction
15. To keep within limits
16. Computer program

Down
1. Anything that prevents passage, access or progress
2. To be around something or someone
3. officially or legally prohibit, forbid, disallow
4. To move or go faster; to increase in speed
7. Any hard outer cover or layer
8. To improve the quality or value of something
9. Serious, critical or dangerous
11. set up, initiate (start)
17. To accept formally and put into effect

194
Text 15: PHARMACOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF HUMANITY

BEFORE YOU READ

A. WARM – UP
1) The primary function of medical drugs is to cure diseases. What other function can you think
of?
to relieve the symptoms of a disease
2) What is the difference between pharmacy and pharmacology? Do some research on the
Internet and share what you have found with your classmates.

Pharmacy = study of how to safely dispense drugs to patients.

Pharmacology = study of drugs (pharmaceuticals). Their history, structure, activity,

metabolism, effects, etc.

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1) The term “Cardiovascular diseases” refers to diseases that involve the
______________, the ______________________ , or both. Those diseases can usually be
life-threatening; in other words, they can be quite ____________.

a) heart / blood vessels / serious b) bones / muscles / unimportant

2) The doctor said my blood pressure is too high and I need to lower it. He said it
should _________ to around 8 / 12 if I want to live a healthier life.

a) raise b) drop

3) When we are excited or frightened, our heart beats _________________.

a) faster b) slower

4) The multiplication of microorganisms such as ____________ bacteria, viruses, and

parasites within the body is known as an infection.

a) harmless b) harmful

195
II) Read the passage below and match the words in red with their definitions:

Throughout history, millions of people have died of diseases such as plague,

which is caused by bacteria; and smallpox, which is caused by viruses. Because
bacteria and viruses cause many of the diseases we are familiar with, people
often confuse these two microbes. Actually, they are completely different from
each other. First of all, bacteria are much larger. They are single-celled, relatively
complex organisms with a rigid cell wall: they have a typical cell structure. For
this reason, they can reproduce on their own. However, viruses cannot reproduce
on their own as their structure is completely different. They cannot even be
considered as a living organism. They are simply genetic material kept under a
protein coat. In order to multiply, they need to attach themselves to a living cell
and inject their genetic material into the cell.

Bacterial and viral infections can be mild, moderate and sometimes severe. Both
bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases with similar symptoms such as
fever. However, the treatments of these infections are different. Treating
bacterial infections is much simpler than treating viral infections. Bacterial
infections can be cured by antibiotics. On the other hand, to deal with viral
infections, doctors usually prescribe drugs that would only relieve the symptoms.
Fighting against viruses is often left to a person’s immune system. Actually, there
are vaccines that might prevent people from catching a viral infection such as
influenza (flu). Pharmacologists need to develop new vaccines every year because
viruses alter their forms and easily adapt to new environments.

1. to become adjusted to new conditions: adapt

2. a bacterial disease that causes high mortality (death rates) in public: plague
3. firmly fixed, not flexible; stiff: rigid
4. not intense or serious: mild
5. a disease likely to spread; transmittable (also called “contagious”): infectious
6. to authorize or advise the use of a medicine: prescribe
7. sign or indication of a disease: symptom
8. a dangerous disease caused by variola virus that causes marks on the skin: smallpox
9. to change in character, appearance, or composition: alter
10. a substance consisting of killed or weakened microbes that is usually injected into a person or
an animal to protect against a particular disease: vaccine
11. a common illness that is caused by a virus and that causes fever, weakness, severe aches:
influenza

196
III) MATCH the medical conditions listed below with the pictures. Discuss among your
classmates what you have heard so far about these conditions.
ASTHMA / NAUSEA / DIABETES / ARTHIRITIS / ECZEMA

B) …DIABETES………………….

A) …NAUSEA…………………….

C) …ASTHMA…………………..

D) ……ECZEMA…………………… E) …ARTHIRITIS…………………..

C. READING COMPREHENSION
Scan the text “Pharmacology in the Service of Humanity” and match the topics with
the paragraphs.
PARAGRAPH TOPICS

………2……….. The use of drugs to cure diseases

Drugs being one of the most important

………4……….. inventions in the world

………1……….. A brief history of the development of effective

drugs
The use of drugs to relieve the symptoms of
........... 3.............. disease

197
Text 15: PHARMACOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF HUMANITY

(1) The practice of using plants to cure diseases or relieve pain dates back to prehistoric
times. Surprisingly, some of the substances used at those times are still in use today. For
example, it is known that, in the 13th century B.C, Ramesses II used to take acetylsalicylic
acid whenever he suffered from pain such as toothache. This drug, which is still commonly
used, is known as aspirin today. Actually, despite their success in identifying some useful
substances, physicians had not been able to develop effective drugs until the mid-19th
century. That is why infectious diseases like smallpox or plague that are treatable today
caused the death of millions for centuries. Starting to study medical drugs in a scientific
manner towards the late 19th century made it possible to design more effective drugs in
the following decades. Medical drugs are chemical substances mainly used for two major
functions: curing diseases and relieving the symptoms of diseases that have no cure.

(2) To cure a disease, several types of drugs are used depending on whether the disease
is infectious or non-infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like
bacteria and viruses and they can be transmitted among people. To treat bacterial
infections, drugs called antibiotics have been used since the beginning of the 20th century.
Antibiotics have enabled doctors to treat many infectious diseases caused by bacteria,
such as tuberculosis or cholera that were once life-threatening. In bacterial infections, the
harmful bacteria live outside the cells of the infected organism. This enables antibiotics to
destroy bacteria without harming the organism’s cells. In some cases, antibiotics also work
by just stopping the bacteria from multiplying. On the other hand, when treating viral
infections, which are caused by viruses, the type of drugs called antiviral drugs are used.
The invention of these drugs is more recent. The first experimental antivirals were
developed in the 1960s. Today, there are many antiviral drugs to deal with dangerous or
even potentially deadly diseases like HIV, hepatitis B and some kinds of influenza (like bird
or swine flu). Unlike bacteria, viruses live within the cells of the infected organism and
reproduce there. This makes it difficult to deal with the virus without also harming the cells
of the organism. That is why antiviral drugs are not designed to destroy viruses but rather
to prevent their growth. When treating viral infections, another challenge is that both
bacteria and viruses have the ability to change and adapt to their environment. That is why
new flu vaccines have to be developed every

198
year to be able to fight the altered microbes. For treating non-infectious diseases such as
diabetes, eczema and cardiovascular diseases, scientists have also developed several
medications. For instance, to treat cardiovascular diseases, medications that improve the
functioning of the heart are prescribed. These drugs, which typically lower cholesterol levels
and control the beating of the heart, have been in use for almost 100 years.

(3) The second function of medical drugs is to relieve the symptoms of a disease.
Symptomatic treatment drugs, including pain relievers, are typically used in diseases which
do not have a definite cure. In those cases, symptom relief is the only option. Parkinson’s
disease is an example of such diseases. Today, there are no medical drugs available that
can cure Parkinson’s disease. This disease causes muscles to become so rigid that patients
lose muscular capacity. For Parkinson patients, doctors prescribe a drug that suppresses
the symptoms and helps the patient stand up and walk. Arthritis, asthma and Alzheimer’s
are some other examples of diseases that do not have a cure yet. In some other diseases,
the disease has a cure. However, the side effects of drugs can be so disturbing that the
doctor does not want to prescribe any medication to cure the disease. Seasonal flu, which is
a mild viral disease, is a good example of such diseases. Although it can be cured by
antiviral drugs, because of their side-effects like muscle pain, headache, nausea and loss of
appetite, doctors do not prefer to prescribe antiviral medications for seasonal flu. Those
drugs are prescribed only for more severe cases of flu. In the case of seasonal flu, drugs
that suppress the symptoms are often prescribed.

(4) Throughout centuries, medical drugs have always saved people’s lives and relieved their
sufferings. Therefore, everyone would agree that they are one of the greatest inventions of
mankind.

199
UNDERSTANDING RHETORICAL MODES
Texts often use specific rhetorical modes, or ways of organizing ideas. Some of these
modes are:

description (describing a person, place, or thing)

definition (defining a concept or topic)
narration (telling a story)
comparison and contrast (showing similarities and differences)
cause-and-effect analysis (explaining the relationship between two ideas)
persuasion (trying to get someone to believe something)
process analysis (explaining how to do something)

With a partner, check the rhetorical modes you think are used in the text. Compare your
answers with other classmates.

A) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Using plants to cure diseases is a new approach in medicine.

2. Both bacteria and viruses can pass from people to people.

3. As hepatitis B and swine flu are life-threatening diseases, there are

no drugs to help the patients who suffer from those diseases.

4. The viruses causing viral infections are subject to change every year.

5. In all cases of flu, doctors only prescribe drugs to suppress the

symptoms of the disease.

200
B) Answer the following questions:

1. State why effective drugs had not been developed until the 20th century.

Because starting to study medical drugs in a scientific manner towards the late 19th
century made it possible to design more effective drugs in the following decades

2. What difference between viruses and bacteria is mentioned in the text?

a. To treat bacterial infections, drugs called antibiotics have been used. On the other hand,
when treating viral infections, which are caused by viruses, the type of drugs called
antiviral drugs are used.

b. In bacterial infections, the harmful bacteria live outside the cells of the infected
organism. Unlike bacteria, viruses live within the cells of the infected organism and
reproduce there.

3. State the similarity between antiviral drugs and some antibiotics in the way they fight against
microorganisms.

antiviral drugs and some antibiotics prevent microorganisms /viruses' growth.

4. Many doctors claim that compared to bacterial infections, viral infections are harder to deal
with. What might be the reason for that claim?
Viruses live within the cells of the infected organism and reproduce there.

5. As it can be seen in the case of Parkinson’s disease, ………symptom relief………. can be as

important as treating a disease to help the patient carry on with his/her life.

C) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer.

1. All of the following can be understood from the text EXCEPT:

a. The severity of symptoms can seriously affect the quality of a patient’s life.

b. Thanks to developments in drug research, it is now possible to cure all diseases.

c. Medical practice relies heavily on drugs.
d. Antibiotics were invented before antivirals.

2. _________ are one of the oldest medications; they have been in use for many centuries.

a. Pain relievers b. Heart medications c. Antiviral drugs d. Antibiotics

3. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT according to the text?

a. Cholesterol pills are used for treating some cardiovascular diseases.
b. Antivirals prescribed for bird and swine flu have several side effects.
c. A person suffering from eczema can infect the people around him.
d. Drug developers have to work on different flu vaccines frequently.

201
D) REFERENCE:
1. they Paragraph (II): ………infectious diseases ………………………………………..
2. their Paragraph (II): ………bacteria and viruses………………………………………..
3. it Paragraph (III): …………seasonal flu…………………………..……………..

POST EXERCISES:
A) Rewrite the following sentences:

1) In the 13th century B.C, Ramesses II used to take acetylsalicylic acid whenever he suffered
from some sort of pain.

Every time Ramesses II suffered from some sort of pain in the 13th century B.C , he used
to take acetylsalicylic acid.
2) Despite their success in identifying some useful substances, physicians had not been able to
develop effective drugs until the mid-19th century.

Although physicians succeeded in identifying some useful substances, they had not
been able to develop effective drugs until the mid-19th century.

3) Several types of drugs are used depending on whether the disease is infectious or non-
infectious.

The types of drug which are used depend on whether the disease is infectious or non-
infectious.

4) Antiviral drugs are not designed to destroy viruses causing the disease but prevent their
growth instead.
Antiviral drugs are designed to prevent the growth of viruses
rather than destroy them.
5) The side effects of certain drugs can be so disturbing that the doctor does not want to
prescribe any medication to cure the disease.
The reason why the doctor does not want to prescribe any medication to cure the disease
is that the side effects of certain drugs can be so disturbing.

B) Decide which of the words in brackets would fit in the blanks:

Commonly known as non-communicable diseases ( NCDs), ……non-

infectious………… (infectious / non-infectious) diseases are those that are caused
by factors such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle, and not by disease-causing
organisms. NCDs ………do not pass……. (pass / do not pass) on from one person to
another. According to WHO reports, the most common NCDs that affect people
worldwide are cardiovascular diseases, …………………diabetes………. (HIV /
diabetes), various cancers and chronic respiratory problems.

202
C) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. *** Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.
COLLOCATIONS

prehistoric times

effective practice

deadly diseases

medical drugs

muscular capacity

chemical substances

viral infection

cholestrol levels

symptom relief

scientific manner

D) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given
below. Add necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.
1. infectious diseases / smallpox or plague / treatable today / caused / millions of people.
Infectious diseases like smallpox or plague which are treatable today caused the death
of millions of people.

2. antibiotics / enabled / treat / infectious / tuberculosis or cholera / life threatening.

Antibiotics have enabled doctors to treat infectious diseases such as tuberculosis or
cholera that were once life-threatening.

3. antiviral drugs / designed / not to destroy / virus / prevent / growth / instead.

Antiviral drugs are designed not to destroy viruses but to prevent their growth instead.
4. Parkinson’s disease / muscles / become / rigid / patients / muscular capacity.
Parkinson’s disease causes muscles to become so rigid that patients lose muscular
capacity.
5. doctors / not want to prescribe / medication / cure seasonal flu / the side effects of drugs.
Doctors do not want to prescribe antiviral medication to cure seasonal flu due to the
side effects of drugs.
203
E) Fill in the following table with the correct forms of the words. An X indicates there is
no form in that category. After you finish, fill in the blanks with some of the words from
the table. Make necessary changes.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

1 prescription prescribe X

2 development develop developed

3 infection infect infectious

4 alteration alter alterable

5 harm harm harmful/harmless

1. Drug ………development…………… is a long process and it includes

many different steps.

2. If you're sick, you should stay at home to avoid

…infecting………………… other people in the office.

3. You should always read carefully what is written in the

…………prescription………………… before using a drug.

4. Eating sweets is proven to be ……………………harmful………… to people

with diabetes.

5. If you want to be happier, you must take radical decisions

and completely ……………alter………………… your lifestyle.

F) Match the sentence halves.

__ 1. The doctor’s decision on prescribing a. to the beginning of humankind.

your medication depends ......c...
b. with the loss of a family member.
__ 2. You should be patient and have a rest
at home as some symptoms ....d...
c. on whether the flu you have is severe
__ 3. The use of plants for healing dates back or not.
........a............
d. of flu may last several days.
__ 4. Some studies show that dogs as well as
humans suffer ....e....
e. from post-traumatic stress disorder.
__ 5. In general, humans aren’t good at
dealing .........b........

204
WRITING / SPEAKING:

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE

In 1347, an Italian merchant ship arrives in Sicily, bringing an extremely
dangerous disease from China: The “Bubonic Plague”, also known as the
“Black Death”. In five years, 25 million were dead: one-third of Europe's
people!
Many aspects of the European society changed following the disease. (There
were major changes in the social system, living standards of people, art..etc.)
Do some research on the Bubonic Plague epidemic in Europe. Write your findings in a
paragraph and discuss them with your class-mates.

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE EPIDEMIC IN EUROPE

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….…

205
 CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across

3. to increase in number by reproducing multiply

6. to authorize or advise the use of a medicine prescribe
8. a substance consisting of killed or weakened microbes that is usually injected into a
person or an animal to protect against a particular disease vaccine
10. sign or indication of a disease symptom

Down

1. to prevent something from growing or developing suppress

2. a disease likely to spread infectious
4. medicine or drugs medication
5. to pass something from one person or place to another transmit
7. to reduce someone’s pain or unpleasant feelings relieve
9. to change in character, appearance or composition alter
11. not intense or serious mild

206
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1) In 1997, for the first time in history, Scottish scientists succeeded in “cloning” a sheep. They
named it Dolly. How would you define the term “cloning” using your own words?

2) Search for “Dolly and cloning” on www.youtube.com. Watch one of the short videos that
explain the cloning of Dolly.

Then analyze the picture below that shows the cloning process.

By looking at this picture, can you predict the meanings of “to fuse” and “”surrogate mother”?

a) to fuse: ………………………………………………………………..

b) surrogate mother: ……………………………………………………

207
3) Form pairs. By looking at the picture with hints, try to write down the step-by-step procedure of
cloning of Dolly.

……………………………………..……………

………………………………....….……………

……………………….……………….…………

……………………………..………………….

…………………………..……….……………

…………………………….…..……………….

…………………….…………..…....…………

………………………..…….…..…………….

………………………………………..…………

………………………..…….………………….

…………………………………………………

……………………………………………….…………………..………………….…………………..

……………………………………………….……………..…………………………….……………..

…………………………………………………….……………..…………………….………………..

………………………………………………….…………..………………………….………………..

……………………………………….…………………………..…………………….………………..

………………………………………..……………………..…………………………………………..

………………………………………………….…………..………………………….………………..

……………………………………….…………………………..…………………….………………..

………………………………………..……………………..…………………………………………..

208
B. VOCABULARY
A) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1) Conflicts arouse when people ____________ each other’s rights.
a) do not respect b) respect

2) You want to proceed with this treatment, so this means you are ___________ from it.
Well, I see you are recovering fast!
a) benefiting b) not benefiting

3) Certain cells in a living organism help reproduction, dividing or fusing during the
reproductive process. Somatic cells are all of the other cells in that organism, such as the
ones that make up _____________.
a) bones, blood and organs b) sperm and egg

4) An enucleated cell is a cell that does not have a ________________.

a) cell wall b) nucleus

5) DNA is the genetic material in a cell. It contains the

genetic instructions used in the ______________ of all living
organisms and many viruses.
a) development and functioning
b) destruction and elimination

6) _____________ many attempts to break a world record in swimming, she failed.

a) Thanks to b) Despite

7) Too much exposure to the sun can cause the premature aging of our skin. In other
words, our skin ages _____________ than usual.
a) earlier b) slower

8) People with a sharp intellect have the ability to think in a/an _______________ way; they
have strong mental powers.
a) irresponsible b) logical

9) Dolly was the result of 277 previously _________ attempts. This is an example showing
that the method used for its cloning is inefficient, or not productive enough.
a) successful b) failed

209
B) Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions below:

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ESCs)

Nowadays, many
scientists are doing
research on embryonic
stem cells (ESCs). ESCs
are found in human
embryos. These are
“unspecialized” cells,
which have the ability to
turn into any of the adult
cell types in the human
body. In other words, as
embryos grow, ESCs turn
into different “specialized”
adult cells, such as blood, nerve, or heart cells.

ESCs are of great interest to scientists because they believe that, if properly
manipulated, these cells might be used to replace diseased tissues in the human
body. This means, many serious medical conditions might be successfully treated
with ESCs. Scientists also believe that ESCs might be used to grow organs like
hearts and kidneys, which can be transplanted into patients with defective organs.
So, each day, more and more scientists experiment on ESCs in order to develop
medical treatments.

However, if clinical studies prove that the use of ESCs in patients is unsafe and
ineffective, and that they lead to serious complications, the use of ESCs in medical
treatments will be banned.

1. handled skillfully; controlled: ........manipulated.................................

2. officially prohibit, prevent: ...............ban..............................
3. imperfect, faulty, malfunctioning: ..........defective.............................
4. an unspecialized cell found in fetuses, embryos and some adult body tissues that has the
potential to develop into a specialized cell, such as a blood or muscle cell: .....stem cell..........
5. problems that come up as a result of a medical procedure, treatment, or illness:
…..complications.......

210
C. READING COMPREHENSION

READING ALOUD

When you face a difficult text, try reading parts of the text aloud. This can help you to
determine the main idea of the text. When you read, divide the sentences into “thought
groups” of a few words each and pause between the thought groups.

Read paragraph (1) aloud, dividing the sentences into “thought groups”.

EXAMPLE:

When Scottish scientists created the famous sheep "Dolly" in 1996 /

the possibility of human cloning / arouse worldwide interest and concern /
because of its scientific and ethical consequences.

Now, read the whole text. When you have difficulty understanding any part of it, divide it
into thought groups and read aloud.

211
(1) When Scottish scientists created the famous sheep "Dolly" in 1996, the possibility of
human cloning aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical
consequences. Dolly was created by a technology called “reproductive cloning”, one of the
two types of cloning; the other one being “therapeutic cloning”. When the media report on
cloning in the news, they are usually talking about “reproductive cloning”.

(2) Reproductive cloning can simply be defined as the process of producing the genetic twin
of an organism. If human reproductive cloning ever proceeds, the primary method scientists
will likely use is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which is the same procedure that was
used to create Dolly. Doctors will take an egg cell from a female donor and remove its
nucleus, creating an enucleated egg with no DNA. At the same time, a normal cell that
contains DNA will be taken from the person who is being cloned. Then, by using electricity,
the enucleated egg will be fused together with that person’s cell. This will create an embryo,
which will be implanted into a surrogate mother (a woman who carries an embryo for
someone else). If the procedure is successful, then the surrogate mother will give birth to a
healthy baby. The success rate for this type of procedure is low, working in only one or two
out of every 100 embryos. After all, Dolly was the result of 277 previously failed attempts.

212
(3) There is another type of cloning called “therapeutic cloning”, which is not commonly
known in public. Sentence Insertion The goal of this process is not to create cloned
animals or humans, but rather to collect stem cells, which can be used to treat diseases.
In therapeutic cloning, the first step is more or less the same as in reproductive cloning.
Only, in that case, an enucleated donor egg and a “sick” person’s cell containing DNA are
fused together to form an embryo. However, instead of inserting this embryo into a
surrogate mother, the stem cells are extracted from the embryo, completely destroying it.
Stem cells are pluripotent; which means, they can develop into every type of cell, tissue
and organ in the body. For instance, they could be used to grow replacement organs, such
as hearts, livers and skin; or they could
be used to grow nerve cells to cure
people suffering from Alzheimer's and
Parkinson's. And since the stem cells
would come from an embryo that is
formed using a patient’s own DNA,
his/her body would accept these cells
without any problem. But before
scientists can use stem cells for medical
purposes, they must first learn how they
work. Scientists cannot treat diseases
with stem cells until they learn how to
manipulate them so that those cells can
be developed into specific tissues or
organs.

(4) Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning (98% of cloning efforts end in failure) and the
lack of understanding of reproductive cloning, many scientists strongly believe that it
would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Most attempts to clone mammals fail,
and about 30% of clones are born with physical health defects. For example, several
cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications. The
same problems would be expected in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know
how cloning could affect mental development. While factors such as intellect and state of
mind may not be as important for a sheep or a mouse, they are very important for the
development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive
cloning, attempting to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and
ethically irresponsible. More than 50 countries have legally banned research efforts on
reproductive human cloning. In 2005, the United Nations attempted to pass a global ban
on human cloning, but was unsuccessful due to disagreements over whether therapeutic
cloning should be included.

213
A. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. The press always focuses on one type of cloning and pays less
attention to the other.

2. Scientists would use a method called SCNT to produce the genetic

twin of a human.

3. For cloning, an enucleated cell is taken from the person to be cloned.

4. In therapeutic cloning, there is a need for a surrogate mother.

5. Currently, scientists are using stem cells to successfully treat Parkinson’s disease.

6. Pluripotency of a cell means its ability to transform into different cell types.

B. SENTENCE INSERTION: One of the sentences has been removed from Paragraph (3).
Choose the sentence that fits best:
a) However, reproductive cloning is known in public.
b) Therapeutic cloning is perhaps the most promising medical advancement ever.
c) Media should not spread the news on reproductive cloning anymore.
d) Researchers claim that unlike other types, therapeutic cloning has too many different goals.

C. Answer the following questions based on the text:

1. Dolly’s cloning worried people worldwide because they ____________.
a) could not understand how this happened
b) are always scared of technological advancements
c) thought the next step would be human cloning
d) thought cloning is against religious beliefs and ethics

2. State the reason why scientists would prefer to use a patient’s own cells in order to grow a
replacement organ for him.

His /Her body would accept these cells without any problem.

3. What two different types of health problems could human clones suffer from?
a) ..........infections /physical health defects......................................................................................
b) ..........problems with mental development..................................................................................

4. The United Nations could not ban human cloning because some people are in favor of human
cloning for ...............medical........................ purposes.

D. REFERENCE:
1) its Paragraph (2): ………egg cell……………………………….
2) it Paragraph (3): …………embryo…………………………….
3) they Paragraph (4): ………factors such as intellect and state of mind………………
214
POST EXERCISES

A) Circle the alternative which is closest in meaning to the words in red.

1) Fusion is the process that powers the sun and the

stars. It is the reaction in which two atoms of hydrogen
fuse to form an atom of helium.
a) hold b) stay c) combine d) leave

2) His strange behavior aroused his neighbor’s suspicion.

a)occurred b) caused c) eliminated d) prevented

3) While experimenting on plants, students manipulated light and temperature to see their
effects on the plants.
a) exposed b) controlled c) prevented d) limited

4) The use of cell phones is banned in LYS exams.

a) allowed b) prohibited c) punished d) disregarded

5) After finishing the Multiple Choice questions, you are expected to proceed with Writing.
a) start b) end c) stop d) continue

5) He was born with a heart defect: his heart only works with the
help of a pacemaker.

a) ache b) weakness
c) formation d) swelling
A pacemaker is used for
regulating heartbeats

6) He suffered from many complications after the eye surgery such as headaches and
bleeding.
a) secondary problems b) minor medical conditions
c) different forms of pain d) life-threatening symptoms

7) Although she attempted to commit suicide several times, fortunately, she never
succeeded.
a) wished b) tried c) hoped d) dreamed

215
B) PARAPHRASE the following sentences by completing the given sentence halves:

1. If human reproductive cloning ever proceeds, the primary method scientists will likely
use is SCNT, which is the same procedure that was used to create Dolly.
SCNT, the method used for creating Dolly will likely be used by scientists as the
primary method if human reproductive cloning ever proceeds.

2. The goal of the process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to collect stem
cells that can be used to treat diseases.
The aim of the process is to collect stem cells that can be used to treat diseases
instead of creating cloned human beings.

3. In therapeutic cloning, instead of inserting an embryo into a surrogate mother, the stem
cells are extracted from the embryo, completely destroying it.
In therapeutic cloning, scientists do not insert an embryo into surrogate mother.
Instead, the stem cells are extracted from the embryo, completely destroying it.

4. Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning and the lack of understanding of reproductive
cloning, many scientists strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone
humans.
Many scientists strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone
humans because they think that animal cloning is inefficient and there is a lack
of understanding of reproductive cloning.

5. While factors such as intellect and state of mind may not be as important for a sheep or
a mouse, they are very important for the development of healthy humans.
Intellect and state of mind are very important for the development of healthy
humans whereas they may not be as important for a sheep or a mouse.

216
C) COLLOCATIONS
I) Without looking at the text, decide which of the words below make collocations with
the word “cell”. Circle the ones that are used with “cell”.

Stem Egg Replacement Nerve Medical Mental

Somatic Normal Surrogate Pluripotent Global

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

II) Match the words that commonly co-occur.

***Some can co-occur with more than one word from the second column.

(I) (II) COLLOCATIONS

worldwide consequences worldwide interest
physical egg
physical transfer
replacement rate
replacement method /organs
global mother
global concern /consequences / ban / health
mental interest
mental health
enucleated health
enucleated cell
scientific advancements
scientific method / development
health concern health advancements / defects
replacement method surrogate mother
surrogate defects
medical advancements
medical transfer
success rate
success development
ethical concern / consequences
ethical organs
nuclear transfer
nuclear ban

217
WRITING:
Using the Internet, try to find answers to the following questions. Then, write your answers in
short paragraphs and discuss your findings with your classmates.

 What happened to Dolly? How did she spend her life?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 Which animals were cloned after Dolly; and who cloned them?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 Are there currently any scientists working on human cloning?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 Today, how far have the studies on stem cells developed?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

218
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

ACROSS
2. A woman who has a baby for
another woman who is unable to
pregnant
4. To remove or take out
7. Occurring, coming or done too soon
8. To try, make an effort
10. To put something in place
11. To come into being, originate, appear
12. To handle, to control
14. Mental capacity
15. A person who agrees to give an organ to
help someone else
17. Difficulty, problem; a secondary medical
condition worsening an already existing one
DOWN
1. Imperfect, faulty, malfunctioning
get 3. To remove the nucleus
5. Having a healing effect; curative
6. To become united, blended
9. Capable of differentiating into one of many
cell types
13. To carry on, continue an action or a process
16. Prevented, prohibited
219
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. What kind of teeth problems have you heard of? Which of them is the most common?
tooth decay, darkened tooth, periodontitic, teeth grindy, chipped tooth

2. What sorts of food do you think are considered harmful to our teeth?
foods that contain sugar like sweets, chocolate or starches.

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1) A _______ diet affects patients’ health negatively and worsens their medical conditions.

a) well-programmed b) poor

2) There is a considerable decline in the number of polar bears as a result of climate

change. These animals rely on ice to feed and live on. However, as ice ________ rapidly
each year, the number of polar bears declines considerably.

a) melts b) reforms

3) _________ daily is an important part of good dental hygiene. This way, you can keep
your teeth clean.

a) Brushing your teeth

b) Visiting your dentist’s clinic

4) In tooth fillings, mainly two types of ______________ are used: Alloys and Composites.
Alloys combine two or more “metals” whereas composites combine different substances
such as plastic, organic polymer and glass.

a) elements b) mixtures

5) The medication called Talcid neutralizes stomach acids. A few minutes after it is
swallowed, the acids stop ____________ the stomach.

a) harming b) restoring

6) Although there is _______________ that microwaved food is detrimental to our health,

many people still avoid using microwave ovens for heating their food.
a) evidence b) no evidence

7) You mustn’t exceed the recommended dose of a drug. For example, if your doctor
allows you to take three pills a day, you shouldn’t take __________.

a) two b) four

220
B) Read the passage below and match the words in red with their definitions.

Bacteria are normally found in our mouth and feed on food that we consume.
When we eat food high in sugar and starch, bacteria multiply more, forming a
sticky substance called plaque. Actually, only within 20 minutes after eating,
plaque begins to build up on teeth. Plaque produces acid that slowly destroys the
enamel of the tooth. If plaque is not removed, cavities will start to form and our
teeth will slowly decay.

Tooth decay is more common in people who do not regularly brush or floss their
teeth. Also, people who do not have enough saliva in their mouth are more likely
to suffer from tooth decay. This is because saliva washes away food and harmful
sugars. This way, it helps protect our teeth from decay. It is known that a
substance called fluoride also fights against tooth decay. For this reason, it is
added to most public water supplies and toothpastes.

Because nerve fibers are not present in tooth enamel, pain is not felt at the
beginning of a tooth decay. Left untreated, tooth decay progresses and affects the
dentin and the pulp as well. Only then people start feeling the pain, but it may be
too late. If tooth decay reaches the pulp, a specialist called endodontist performs
a therapy called root canal treatment to save the tooth.

1) the innermost portion of the tooth that consists of tiny blood vessels and nerves:
…pulp…………

2) an odorless, tasteless carbohydrate which is obtained mainly from cereals and potatoes:
…starch

3) the anatomic space within the root of a tooth: … root canal ………
……………………………………….

4) an empty space or a hole within a solid object / a decayed part of a tooth:

……cavity………………

5) the outer layer of the tooth, which is the hardest substance in the body consisting of minerals:
……enamel………………………………………..

6) clear watery liquid in the mouth:

…………………saliva…………………………………………………

7) the largest section of the tooth, which is similar in composition to bone: …… dentin …
……………..

8) layer of bacteria accumulated on the teeth: ……plaque…………………………

221
9) cleaning one’s teeth with dental threads: ………floss…………………………..
C) Fill in the blanks with the verbs control, produce and locate. Make necessary
changes.

GLANDS are ………located……………….. througout various parts of the human body. Their
function is to …………produce……………………… fluids such as hormones, breast milk,
saliva…etc. They also ………control………………. the flow of these fluids.

Various Glands Salivary Glands

D) CARTOONS: Fill in the blanks of the following cartoons with two terms used for describing
oral hygiene.

222
READING COMPREHENSION
RETELLING TO CHECK UNDERSTANDING

Retelling a text is a way for readers to check their understanding. To retell, follow these
steps: (1) read a part of a text; (2) without looking at the text, tell another person what
you have read, using your own words.

EXAMPLE: The following part is taken from the second paragraph of the text “Dental Cavities”.
Read it and then try to retell it to your classmate using your own words.

“Dental cavities cannot be considered a disease specific to modern ages,

because they have caused trouble for mankind for thousands of years. Fossilized
remains of people from the Iron Age show that people suffered from cavities even
thousands of years ago. However, the situation then was not as bad as it is today,
as the fossils show a cavity rate of only 8%. Today; however, studies show that 90%
of adults suffer from dental cavities at some point in their lives.”

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
223
TEXT 17: DENTAL CAVITIES
(1) Dental cavity, also known as tooth decay, can be defined as an infection that destroys
the tooth by a process called demineralization. Demineralization is the reduction or removal
of minerals from the hard tissues of the tooth; the enamel, dentin and cementum. Dental
cavities may also destroy the organic matter of the tooth called the pulp.

(2) Dental cavities cannot be considered a disease specific to modern ages, because they
have caused trouble for mankind for thousands of years. Fossilized remains of people from
the Iron Age show that people suffered from cavities even thousands of years ago.
However, the situation then was not as bad as it is today, as the fossils show a cavity rate
of only 8%. Today, however, studies show that 90% of adults suffer from dental cavities at
some point in their lives. The problem of cavities has been regularly worsening for the last
four centuries, especially in developed countries. Today, there has been a recent decline in
the number of people suffering from cavities, because many people maintain proper oral
hygiene. However, cavities are still a common problem.

(3) Several factors lead to the formation of cavities. However, among these factors, a
person’s diet is the major cause of cavities. If a person has a diet containing “simple
carbohydrates” like sweets and starches, the naturally occurring bacteria in the mouth
starts to multiply. This is because bacteria feed on sugar, which is highly found in simple
carbohydrates. As bacteria multiply, they form a sticky substance called plaque. Plaque
produces acid. This acid destroys the hard enamel by dissolving the minerals that give the
enamel its hardness. As a result of this process called demineralization, the enamel starts
having tiny holes, which later become cavities.

(4) There are in fact, several ways of preventing cavities. The human body itself,
specifically the salivary glands, is the first weapon against dental cavities. Salivary glands
produce saliva. One of the functions of saliva is to neutralize the acid in the mouth and
restore and return the lost minerals to the tooth enamel. This process of repairing the tooth
by the help of saliva is known as remineralization. Remineralization, as the name suggests,
is the process of replacing the essential minerals lost from the teeth. However, this process
is effective only to a certain extent. Tooth decay will still occur if the speed of
demineralization exceeds the speed of remineralization. Therefore, additional help from
outside is required to prevent cavities. That help mainly comes from proper oral hygiene.
Studies show that

224
when proper oral hygiene is maintained, cavity formation decreases considerably. Oral
hygiene is maintained by brushing the teeth and flossing regularly. Brushing the teeth is
especially of major importance. This is because most toothpastes contain a mineral called
fluoride, which is essential for preventing cavities. Fluoride helps control decay by speeding
up remineralization. It also reduces bacterial activity, which, as a result, reduces
demineralization. Of course, another way to prevent cavities is making some dietary
changes. Although avoiding eating simple carbohydrates seems to be the obvious
precaution, this is practically impossible. Therefore, dentists suggest another way to make
simple carbohydrates less detrimental to the teeth. Evidence shows that combining simple
carbohydrates with other kinds of food helps neutralize acids. For example, when eating
crackers, it is better to eat them with cheese. Another suggestion would be eating sweets
after meals rather than eating them between meals.

(5) Despite all these efforts, dental cavities might still occur. In such a case, one should visit
a dentist. When only the hard tissues of the tooth are damaged, dentists recommend a
“filling” procedure. In this procedure, dentists first remove the decayed portion. Then, they
rebuild the missing tooth structure with a filling material such as an alloy called amalgam,
gold or composite. Filling is a relatively easy and cheap form of treatment. However, if the
infection reaches the pulp, then dentists have to perform a costly root canal procedure. In
this procedure, they make an opening along the tooth, remove the infected part of the pulp
and the damaged nerve tissue. Then, they fill the canals with an elastic material and
complete the procedure by filling the rest of the tooth. However, sometimes, it may be too
late to perform these two procedures. Because a large majority of cavities are completely
painless, they may not be detected in time. In that case, a cavity may destroy the tooth and
kill the nerves at its center. When that happens, dentists will not be able to treat the tooth
but will recommend a tooth extraction, where patients lose the tooth.

(6) Perhaps it is best to brush our teeth regularly and make some changes in our diet in

225
 order not to worry about cavities. However, apparently, it is easier said than done.

A) Write where you can find answers to the following questions.

PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS

………3…….. How does plaque on teeth form?

………1……….. What is a tooth made up of?

What are the methods of treating tooth decay?

………5………..
Do modern people still suffer from dental
………2……….. cavities?
How do our bodies fight against dental
………4……….. cavities?

B) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. Pulp is the living part of the tooth.

2. Tooth decay is a modern day disease.

3. Cavities occur when remineralization process is faster than

demineralization.

4. Acid in our mouth is harmful to our teeth.

5. Root canal procedure is the only option for a patient who has a tooth
decay on its enamel and dentin.

C) Answer the following questions.

1) What makes simple carbohydrates specifically detrimental to our teeth?

sugar which is highly found in simple carbohydrates.

2) What precaution is recommended in the text concerning the consumption of simple

carbohydrates?

Combining simple carbohydrates with other kinds of food helps neutralize acids. For
example, when eating crackers, it is better to eat them with cheese. Another suggestion
would be eating sweets after meals rather than eating them between meals.

226
3) What characteristic of most tooth decays makes their diagnosis difficult?
being completely painless

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the best answer.

1) The term “extraction” in paragraph (5) means:
a) obtaining
b) pulling out
c) releasing
d) locating

2) Which of the following statements about remineralization is INCORRECT?

a) It is partly achieved by saliva.
b) It causes a decline in the amount of minerals in the tooth.
c) It speeds up when a sufficient amount of fluoride is used.
d) It is essential for the fight against cavities.

3) Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to the text?

a) Demineralization is a process that cannot be stopped.
b) Fluoride use increases bacterial activity.
c) Eating too much simple carbohydrates is one of the major causes of tooth decay.
d) The number of people suffering from cavities has been decreasing since prehistoric times.

4) All of the following can be inferred from the text, EXCEPT:

a) A person whose cavity has not reached the pulp of the tooth can be considered luckier than
the one whose pulp is infected.
b) Using toothpaste without fluoride will be less effective in fighting against cavities.
c) People with little saliva production have to be more careful with their regular oral care.
d) People who live in underdeveloped countries suffer more from dental cavities.

5) Which of the following is NOT a similarity between filling procedure and root canal
treatment?
a) In both procedures, a part of the tooth is removed.
b) Both procedures aim to prevent the extraction of the tooth.
c) Repairing nerve damage is a part of both procedures.
d) In both procedures, the damaged part of the tooth is restored by replacing it with various kinds
of materials.

227
POST EXERCISES
A) PARAPHRASE the following sentences by completing the given sentence halves:

1. Today, there has been a recent decline in the number of people suffering from cavities
because many people maintain proper oral hygiene.
Thanks to proper oral hygiene, there has been a recent decline in the number of people
suffering from cavities today.

2. The process of repairing the tooth by the help of saliva is a part of the process called
remineralization.
The process called remineralization has several parts, one of which is repairing the
tooth by the help of saliva.

3. Perhaps it is best to brush our teeth regularly and make some changes in our diet in
order not to worry about cavities.

If one does not want to worry about cavities, he/she should brush his/her teeth regularly.

B) VOCABULARY RECYCLE:

Write a paragraph using the following words:

detrimental hygiene tooth decay plaque saliva

Tooth decay is known to be a common problem which people have been

suffering for thousands of years. It occurs due to many reasons. One of the reasons of
dental cavity is eating simple carbohydrates like sweets and starches. These form plague
that produces acid.
However, there are many ways to reduce detrimental effects. One of them is the
salivary glands which produce saliva. This helps remineralization. The second way to
decrease the cavity formation is to be careful with oral hygiene.

228
C) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. *** Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

Organic matter carbohydrates COLLOCATIONS

Oral hygiene minerals

Simple hygiene

carbohydrates

Salivary changes

glands

Essential procedure

minerals

Bacterial matter

activity

Dietary tissue

changes

Tooth glands

extraction

Root canal extraction

procedure

Nerve tissue activity

D) WRITING / SPEAKING:

Suppose your dentist will perform a filling procedure after he/she removes the
decayed portion of your tooth. Your dentist asks you to choose between three types
of filling material: gold, amalgam or composite.

Do some research on those materials. Write down the pros and cons of each material
and make your decision. Then, discuss your choice with your class-mates.

229
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE - DENTAL CAVITIES

Across
3. A solid material which is composed of two or more substances having different physical
characteristics composite
5. A metal made by melting and mixing two or more metals together alloy
6. The largest section of the tooth, which is in composition to bone dentin
8. Conditions or practices (like cleanliness) beneficial to health hygiene
9. A cell, group of cells or organ producing a secretion gland
10. Layer of bacteria on the teeth plaque
11. Cleaning one's teeth with dental threads floss
13. Causing damage or injury detrimental
14. An odorless, tasteless carbohydrate which is obtained mainly from cereals and potatoes
starch
Down
1. To become worse worsen
2. To cause (a chemical) to be neither an acid nor a base neutrialize
3. An empty space or a hole within a solid object/ or a decayed part of a tooth cavity
4. The innermost portion of the tooth that consists of tiny blood vessels and nerves pulp

230
7. The outer layer of the tooth, which is the hardest substance in the body consisting of minerals
enamel
12. Clear watery liquid in the mouth saliva

BEFORE YOU READ

A. WARM – UP
1. a) Name some common physical and mental disorders:

PHYSICAL DISORDERS MENTAL DISORDERS

b) What do you think the difference between them is?

2. From time to time, everybody may worry about a loved one’s death or have fears of catching a
fatal disease. When do you think such worries/fears become considered as a medical condition?

231
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1) My dog has a serious itching problem. Small wounds are developing as a result of
excessive scratching. I think the reason behind his problem is either _________ or
_____________.
a) allergy / insect bites b) flu / trauma

2) Susan has been sick for 12 weeks. She has been persistently suffering from headaches,
fever and fatigue. In other words, these symptoms _________.
a) seem to lessen b) are still present

3) The 1999 Izmit earthquake originated, or ____________, at a depth of 17 km.

a) stopped b) began

4) The TV show was interrupted because of an urgent announcement from the

government. ______________ the announcement, the show went on.
a) After b) Before

5) A diet deficient in calcium may lead to ________

bones. To avoid this problem, one should regularly
consume dairy products.
a) strong b) weak

6) The doctor _________ a pain reliever as she believed

my pain was tolerable.
a) prescribed b) did not prescribe

232
B) Read the text below and match the words in red with their definitions.

Psychological distress is a general term that

is used to describe unpleasant feelings or
emotions that impact your functioning. In
other words, it is psychological discomfort
that interferes with your activities of daily
life. Traumatic incidents such as the death of
a loved person, losing your job or divorce are
usually the causes of psychological distress. While some people may have no
difficulty dealing with these problems, others may find it hard to cope with them.
Such incidents may trigger unpleasant feelings that make it impossible for
people to carry on with daily activities.

Experts describe some mental and physical signs that may indicate emotional
stress. These signs may vary from person to person. Some suffer from sleeping
problems, while others experience changes in eating patterns. Some have
difficulty managing anger and cannot control their temper. Also, in cases of
emotional stress, some suffer from obsessive/compulsive behaviors. For
instance, they are obsessed with the idea that their hands are dirty. So, they feel
a compulsion to wash their hands over and over. Those people usually cannot
leave their home easily even if they are ready to go, as they spend considerable
time on rituals like checking the locks, the oven or the iron over and over.

When people cannot find ways to deal with distress, they have to visit a doctor.
Doctors usually prescribe antidepressants to help these people.

1) an irresistible need to behave in a certain way: ……..…compulsion…………………

2) medication used for relieving depression: ………antidepressants………………….
3) to prevent something from happening or developing in the correct way: …interfere with……
4) an event or occurrence: ………incident……………………….
5) extreme anxiety, sorrow or pain: ……………distress……………………
6) to be abnormally preoccupied with something; constantly worried about
something:..…obsessed with………
7) change, differ: …………vary………………………………………………………………

233
8) show, demonstrate, point out: ………………indicate………………………………
9) cause to happen; initiate, activate: …………trigger……………………………………………
10) series of acts done in a particular situation and in the same way each time: …rituals……
C) THREE IMPORTANT MEDICAL TERMS
Enzyme, Serotonin and Antibody are three important medical terms. Below you will find
explanations of these terms. Try to match the terms with their explanations and check your
answers using the Internet.

I) ……… Antibody …….

It is a protein produced by the body's immune system
when it detects harmful substances called antigens.
(Antigens can be bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses,
and toxic chemicals)

II) … Enzyme ……

It has extremely interesting

properties that make it a
little chemical-reaction
machine. (shown in color
pink in the picture)

Its purpose in a cell is to

allow the cell to carry out
chemical reactions very
quickly.
Sugar maltose is made from two glucose molecules
bonded together. (shown in color white). The maltase Some types break molecules
(shown in pink) is shaped in such a way that it can apart (as seen in the example
break the bond and free the two glucose pieces. on the left) and some types
put molecules together.

234
 III) ……… Serotonin ………
It is one of the chemical messengers
(neurotransmitters) in the brain. It is a
chemical that helps send information
from a nerve cell (neuron) to other
cells.
It is believed that it plays a role in
learning, sleep, aggression, eating and
depression.
Scientists suspect that there are some
biochemical bases for depression. They
have been able to measure the drop in
the levels of this chemical in the
bloodstreams of depressed people.
C. READING COMPREHENSION:

ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Good readers are those who constantly try to make sense out of what they read by
seeing how it fits with what they already know. When you make connections to the
text you are reading, your comprehension level increases.

Before reading the text “Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)”, fill in the following concept
map that would activate your prior knowledge about the disorder.

SYMPTOMS OF OCD

washes his
hands so
frequently
that he develops
dermatitis

An OCD Patient

235
While reading the text, check how many of the symptoms you know and inserted in the chart
are mentioned.

returns home
over and over to
check if the
oven is turned
off

236
(1) Some people wipe off the door handles
in their homes each time someone touches
them. Some try to avoid stepping on cracks
in the sidewalk, while some wash their
hands so often that they eventually develop
dermatitis, a disease of the skin that causes
swelling, redness and itching. Feeling a
need to perform such rituals over and over
may indicate that those people have
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

(2) The patients with OCD have troubling, unwanted thoughts that do not make sense to
them. These thoughts keep coming back despite their efforts to ignore them. The disturbing
thoughts vary from person to person. Some people may repeatedly have doubts about
whether they have turned the oven off before leaving home, so they return and check it over
and over. Some may have constant worries about the health of loved ones, while some are
crazy about symmetry, and persistently arrange things in a certain order. These repeated,
persistent, unwanted ideas and thoughts are called obsessions. The rituals people develop
to relieve the anxiety that these thoughts create are called compulsions. For instance, if
someone persistently feels that his hands are dirty, this is an obsession. When this person
spends hours washing his hands each day, this is a compulsion. The focus on hand
washing may be so great that the person can do little else and such incidents may literally
take over his life.

(3) OCD patients usually try to hide their condition from friends and colleagues for fear of
being labeled "crazy". In fact, the unwanted thoughts and worries themselves are not
unusual; after all, everybody may find himself occasionally worrying about whether or not he
turned the oven off. However, what makes these thoughts “obsessions” is that they occur
over and over, interfering with one’s everyday life. OCD needs clinical attention only when
symptoms persist, make no sense, cause much distress or interfere with daily life.

(4) What causes obsessive-compulsive disorder is not fully understood. There are several
theories. Some researchers believe that OCD is a result of changes in the body's own
natural chemistry. Another theory suggests that OCD originates from habits that people
learn over

237
time. According to some other researchers, an
insufficient level of serotonin, one of the brain's
chemical messengers, may contribute to
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indeed, many
studies have shown that people with OCD who
take medications that increase the action of
serotonin often have fewer symptoms. There are
also researchers who report that some children
develop OCD after infection with strep throat, a
bacterial infection of the throat and tonsils. (see
picture) According to them, an antibody against
strep throat bacteria sometimes mistakenly acts like a brain enzyme, which interrupts
communication between nerve cells in the brain. This triggers OCD. However, these reports
are still questioned and more evidence is needed before strep throat can be blamed.

(5) Left untreated, obsessive-compulsive disorder can make one’s life very unpleasant. The
treatment, on the other hand, can sometimes be difficult, and it may not offer a cure.
However, it can help patients bring symptoms under control so that they do not rule their
daily lives. OCD treatment has two main components: behavior therapy and medication.

(6) Behavior therapy helps people learn to change their thoughts and feelings by first
changing their behavior. One approach in particular is called “exposure and response
prevention”. This therapy involves gradually exposing patients to a feared object or
obsession, such as dirt, and teaching them healthy
ways to deal with it. Learning the techniques and
new thought patterns needs a lot of effort and
practice, but it is worth it. Most people with
obsessive-compulsive disorder show improvement
with behavior therapy. Medications such as
antidepressants may also be helpful for OCD
patients because they may help increase levels of
serotonin, which may be deficient in these patients.
All of these medications have side effects and
safety concerns, and patients may need to try
several medications before finding one that is both
effective and tolerable.

238
A. Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE
1. OCD patients try hard to get rid of the thoughts that disturb them.

2. Arranging things in symmetry is not considered a disorder unless

it interferes with a person’s life.

3. The reason why OCD patients usually do not inform anybody about
their condition is because they don’t believe in the treatment.

4. There are five theories mentioned in the text that explain the cause
of OCD.

5. There is too much serotonin in the brains of OCD patients.

6. Although some drugs may be beneficial in the treatment of OCD,

It is known that they still have side effects.

B. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text:

a) demonstrate (paragraph 1): ………indicate…………………………

b) pay no attention, disregard (paragraph 2): ……ignore……………………….

c) described, categorized as (paragraph 3): ……labeled……………………….

d) play a part in, cause (paragraph 4): ………contribute…………………….

e) control (paragraph 5): …………rule………………….

f) answer, reply (paragraph 6): ……response……………………….

239
C. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
1. What example is given in the text showing that OCD may damage people not only
psychologically but “physically” as well.

Many people with OCD wash their hands so often that they eventually develop dermatitis,
a disease of the skin that causes swelling, redness and itching.

2. Apart from failing to offer a cure, what other difficulties are mentioned in the text, involving the
two different treatments of OCD?
a) Learning the techniques and new thought patterns of behavior theraphy needs a lot of
effort and practice.
b) Medications have side effects and safety concerns and patients may need to try several
medications before finding one that is both effective and tolerable.

D. MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. Which of the following is an obsession, but not a compulsion?

a) avoiding stepping on cracks while walking
b) repeatedly washing hands
c) always arranging things in a certain order to be sure that they are in symmetry
d) exaggerated worry about the health of loved ones

2. The term “to take over one’s life” at the end of paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to:
a) to control one’s life in a way that he can hardly do anything else
b) to kill a person eventually
c) to allow a person spend considerable time on an activity
d) to show up in a person’s life unexpectedly

E. REFERENCE:
1) them (parag 1): ………door handles…………...

2) them (parag 2): ………the patients with OCD……………

3) it (parag 6): ……………a feared object or obsession………………………….

240
POST EXERCISES
A) Choose the sentence with the closest meaning to the given sentence.

1) What makes these thoughts “obsessions” is that they occur over and over,
interfering with everyday life.

a) When such behaviors occur repeatedly, and start affecting people’s daily lives, they are
regarded as obsessions.

b) Only if obsessions occur over and over, they may affect people’s daily lives.

c) Unless obsessive behaviors occur repeatedly, they do not affect a person’s daily life.

2) People with OCD who take medications that increase the action of serotonin
often have fewer symptoms.

a) OCD patients should take medications that decrease the action of serotonin so that
they suffer less from symptoms.

b) OCD patients will not suffer from symptoms as much if they take medications that
increase the action of serotonin.

c) All medications increase the action of serotonin, so if OCD patients want to suffer less
from symptoms, they have to take medications.

3) An antibody against strep throat bacteria sometimes mistakenly acts like a brain
enzyme, which interrupts communication between nerve cells in the brain.

a) Strep throat bacteria occasionally forms an antibody that may act like a brain enzyme
as it prevents communication between neurons in the brain.

b) In order to stop the communication between neurons in the brain, an antibody against
strep throat sometimes acts as a brain enzyme.

c) When an antibody against strep throat accidentally acts like a brain enzyme, it stops
communication between neurons in the brain.

241
B) VOCABULARY RECYCLE:

Look at the text and find the words that have been defined below:

1) an uncomfortable sensation or condition that causes a desire to scratch the skin (parag 1):
………………itching……………………………

2) over and over (parag 2): …………repeated…………………………………..

3) began, started, came from (parag 4): ……originate…………………..

4) a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, sleep, appetite, learning and memory (parag 4) :
…………serotonin………………………………

5) protein molecules that speed up all chemical processes in a cell (parag 4): …enzyme……….

6) protein in the blood which reacts to infectious agents (parag 4): ………antibody………….….

7) insufficient, lacking (parag 6): ……deficient………………………………

C) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. *** Some can co-occur with
more than one word from the second column.

Clinical thoughts
Clinical attention
Insufficient therapy
Insufficient levels

Behavior levels Behavior theraphy

Troubling thoughts / concerns /worries

Troubling rituals
Safety concerns / worries

Safety infection Constant worries / concerns / thoughts

Chemical messengers
Constant concerns
Bacterial infection

Chemical attention Perform rituals / a theraphy

Bacterial worries

Perform messengers

242
D) Analyze the cartoon below and answer the following questions.

1) What abbreviation is used for “drug” in the cartoon?

2) State what might disturb a typical OCD patient like Steven.

3) Write the two options given to Steven by his doctor.

a) ………………………………….………………………………………………………

b) …………………………………………….…………………………………………….

243
E) WRITING / SPEAKING:
Do some research on common psychological disorders. Choose
one that you find interesting. Briefly explain it in a text and present
it to your class-mates.

…………………………………………….…………………………………

…………………………………………….…………………………………

…………………………………………….…………………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………
……………………………………………….……………………………….……………………………

244
CRISS CROSS PUZZLE

Across
2. A very strong feeling of wanting to do something repeatedly that is difficult to control
5. Unpleasant but bearable, acceptable
6. Event, happening, occurrence
12. To stop something from happening for a short period
14. A protein produced in the blood that fights diseases by attacking and killing harmful
bacteria
17. To show, point
18. A drug used to reduce feelings of sadness and worry

Down
1. To change, differ, go up and down
3. To cause something to happen, initiate
4. A neurotransmitter (a chemical in the brain) that helps you feel relaxed and happy
7. Lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of
8. Any of a group of chemical substances that are produced by living cells and cause
particular chemical reactions to happen
9. Not having enough of
10. A set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a
ceremony
11. To involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or helpful
13. To think and talk about someone or something too much
15. A feeling of extreme worry, sadness, or pain
16. To cause something to function
17. An uncomfortable feeling on the skin that makes you want to rub it with your nails

245
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. Form pairs and find the definitions of “natural selection” from online dictionaries and other
websites. Then, write down what you understand from the term “natural selection” using your own
words.

the process by which plants and animals that can adapt to changes in their environment
are able to survive and reproduce while those that cannot adapt do not survive

2. Which of the following descriptions do you think best explains the term “fit” in the phrase
“survival of the fittest”?

“FIT”
refers to???

organism
which has
the fastest, the ability to
OR
strongest, “fit” to its
or smartest environment
organism better and
reproduce

246
B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.
1. Unfortunately, when farmers use pesticides for harmful insects, all insects including bees
__________ too.
a) die b) survive

2. The pace of progress in the field of nanotechnology is incredible and it doesn’t seem to
__________ at all.
a) increase b) slow down

3. When something like a book or a movie is controversial, this means it _________ a lot of
argument and disagreement.
a) puts a stop to b) causes

4. Some government officials proposed investing more on Alzheimer’s research, but the
minister of Health said cancer research is ______ important and needs urgent funding.
a) more b) less

5. Bacteria may quickly acquire tolerance to antibiotics and the drug becomes ___________.
a) effective b) ineffective

6. I am _____________ that the doctor’s secretary called me to confirm my appointment for

tomorrow, which I had totally forgotten!
a) glad b) sorry

7. New business opportunities will emerge ___________ advances in technology.

a) unless there are b) as a result of

8. Bob disputed his parents’ decision to send him to Cambridge ___________ most of his
friends would go to Oxford.

a) although b) since
247
TWO THEORIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE GIRAFFE

Which of the following theories do

you think is correct? Why?

Theory 2

THEORY 1: In the beginning, giraffes had short necks and they used to eat leaves from short trees.
Then, trees started to grow taller and taller and giraffes couldn’t reach the leaves. So giraffes had to
stretch their necks to try to reach them to eat. They acquired a trait (that is, having longer and longer
necks because of stretching) and they passed this trait on to their offspring. This is how they evolved
from short to long necks over time.
THEORY 2: Long necked giraffes and short necked giraffes existed together. When trees started to
grow taller and taller, short necked giraffes slowly disappeared because they were very hungry and
they couldn’t reach the leaves from the trees, so they died out; but long necked giraffes survived.
This is why we only see giraffes with long necks nowadays.

248
249
II) Read the text and match the words in red with their definitions on the next page.

For centuries, humans have been dealing with plant

and animal breeding. For example, farmers choose
cows with beneficial traits, such as a larger size or
producing more milk, and make them reproduce
more. Although these farmers know nothing about
the science of genetics, they are aware that
beneficial traits could be heritable because they see
how animals pass on their traits to their young.

Observing how man bred plants and animals, the famous scientist Charles Darwin thought,
perhaps nature could do the same. Indeed, during his trips, he witnessed that nature
selected the organisms with favorable traits that could survive and reproduce more than
others. This was how he started forming his theory called natural selection. Before forming
his theory, Darwin was also influenced by Thomas Malthus, who was interested in the
growth of human populations and wrote about factors such as diseases and limited food that
would prevent the overgrowth of their populations. His ideas were crucial in Darwin's
realization that most natural populations produced more offspring than their environments
could support. Naturally, only a few of the offspring could survive and reproduce, and the
survivors were the fittest.

On his trip to the Galapagos islands, Darwin observed how each bird species was well-
suited to its environment and role. Although all these birds were very similar to each other
and probably had a common ancestor, they diversified into many different species on each
island. For instance, species that ate large seeds tended to have large, tough beaks, while
those that ate insects had thin, sharp beaks. On different islands, Darwin thought, these
birds might have gradually adapted to local conditions over many generations and long
periods of time. On the other hand, the ones that could not adapt would become extinct.

150 years after Darwin, thanks to a great

deal of new evidence, the theory of
evolution has been improved. The theory
is actually surprisingly simple: With
advancements in genetics, we learned
that it is possible for the DNA of an
organism to occasionally undergo a
mutation. The change as a result of a
mutation is either beneficial, harmful or
neutral. If the change is beneficial, then it
is likely that the offspring will adapt better
than others, so it will reproduce more. As
mutations occur and spread over long periods of time, they cause new species to form. Over
the course of many millions of years, the processes of mutation as well as natural selection
have created every species of life that we see 250
in the world today, from the simplest bacteria
to humans and everything in between.
1. a person's child or children, or the young of an animal: offspring
2. a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can
breed with each other: species
3. to become adjusted to new conditions: adapt
4. to go through, to face or experience: undergo
5. genetically determined characteristics: traits
6. the process that results in the continued existence of only the types of animals and plants that are
best able to survive in their environment: natural selection
7. the way in which genes change and produce permanent differences: mutation
8. an early type of animal or plant from which others have evolved: ancestor
9. to start to include more different types, to give variety to: diversify
10. capable of being passed from one generation to the next: heritable
11. having no living members: extinct
12. to make more, either by having babies or creating copies: reproduce

251
III) WORD FORMS:
Fill in the following table with the correct word forms. Some categories can have more than one
word. Use a dictionary if necessary. An X indicates you are not required to fill in that part. After
you finish, fill in the blanks in the sentences with some of the words from the table.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

reproduction reproduce reproductive
mutation mutate Mutated / mutational
adaptation adapt adaptive
selection select selective
controversy X controversial
proposal propose X
X inherit heritable
dispute dispute disputable / disputed
diversification diversify diverse / diversified
acquisition acquire acquired
emergence emerge emerging

1. Adaptive behavior is defined as the collection of social and practical skills learned by people
to enable them to function in their everyday lives.

2. The selection of players for the university football team was not easy as there were too
many candidates.

3. There is a never-ending dispute /controversy between Greece and Turkey over some small
Aegean islands.

4. Surprisingly, my mother inherited a large fortune when one of her distant relatives died.

5. The emergence of small Japanese cars in the 1970s challenged the US and European
manufacturers.

6. Tobacco smoke and exposure to radiation may lead to mutational changes and DNA
deformations.

7. One must follow a balanced and diverse /diversified diet: at least 5 portion of fruit and
vegetables every day, bread, dairy products and meat or fish.

8. The administration proposed a logical solution to the problems that workers face.

9. In the meeting, the ministers arrived at a consensus on all disputed / controversial points.

10. As you know, I am a keen art collector; would you like to see my latest acquisition , a
famous Russian painter’s drawing?

11. The reproduction and growth of cancerous cells can be suppressed by radiotherapy.

252
C. READING COMPREHENSION:

ASKING RHETORICAL QUESTIONS

Sometimes authors ask “rhetorical questions”, questions that do not expect an answer
but trigger an internal response for the reader. A good rhetorical question will make the
reader realize something that they weren't aware of. It will make them think and gain
some insight. This will interest them enough to keep reading.

Quickly scan the text and highlight the rhetorical

questions. Then, form pairs and try to answer the following questions:

 Do these questions make you think about an answer?

Answers may vary.

 Do they trigger more interest in the text?

Answers may vary.

 Do you think all of these questions will be answered by the author?

Answers may vary.

 * Did you have internal answers to these questions? Answers may vary.

* If so, did they match with the author’s? Answers may vary.

253
Outside the scientific field, the word “theory” is used to refer to assumptions that have not
been tested. However, scientifically, a theory is the explanation of a phenomenon
supported by evidence, which is obtained by using the scientific method. Scientific
theories can be modified and refined as new data is obtained. Few people have doubts
about Newton’s gravitational theory (which has later been modified by Einstein); however,
some people believe that the theory of evolution is simply a hypothesis and has no
evidence to support it. Actually, with new scientific advances, this theory has been
improved and detailed; and more than 150 years later, nobody has been able to prove it
wrong.

254
 THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
(1) Have you ever wondered why scientists
have to develop new antibiotics, flu vaccines or
pesticides every year; what is wrong with the
old ones? Well, the answer is easy for those
who know the theory of evolution, which shows
that all living things change, or evolve over
time. The traits of all organisms are subject to
change over generations. These changes
usually happen very slowly, within the course
of millions of years, like in the evolution of
humans. On the other hand, they may happen in a much shorter time, especially among simple,
fast-reproducing organisms like bacteria. No matter how these changes occur, slowly or quickly, if
they are beneficial to an organism, they help it to survive in its environment; and vice versa. To
demonstrate the effects of a quick, beneficial change in an organism, scientists give the example
of bacteria. When an antibiotic is applied to bacteria, most of them are killed. However, among
all, there are usually one or two bacteria that have undergone a mutation, leaving them with a
different trait. And thanks to this mutation, they survive the damaging effect of the drug and stay
alive. Here, “natural selection” is at work, which is “survival of the fittest” in a particular
environment. Now, these bacteria which have survived start reproducing at an incredible pace,
creating millions of copies of themselves that are all resistant to that antibiotic. This is how
bacteria quickly evolve into a new species. To fight against this new species, scientists have to
develop a new antibiotic.

(2) As can be seen in this bacteria example, the two mechanisms of evolution are “mutation” and
“natural selection”. Simply put, mutations occur in all organisms, and those who undergo
beneficial mutations adapt to their environment better. And, as a result of this mechanism called
“natural selection”, the better adapting organisms survive, live longer, and have more offspring.
The ones that cannot survive become extinct.

(3) When we think of evolution, we are likely to link this idea with one specific person: the British
naturalist Charles Darwin. In the 1850s, Darwin wrote an influential and controversial book called
On the Origin of Species. In his book, he proposed that species share a common ancestor from
which they evolved into different species. Based on direct observations from his travels around the
globe, he was the first to suggest that the mechanism behind evolution was natural selection.
(4) Actually, Darwin was not the first to come up with the idea of evolution. Even some ancient
Greek philosophers had evolutionary ideas hundreds of years before Darwin wrote his book. In the
early 19th century, the famous French naturalist Lamarck published a book, suggesting a
mechanism by which evolution might occur. He proposed that acquired traits during an organism’s

255
 lifetime could be inherited by its offspring, and this leads to a change in a species. For instance, he
suggested that giraffes have long necks because some of them stretched their necks during their
lifetimes to reach the branches and their necks became longer. Then they passed this acquired
trait on to their offspring. Today, we know that this mechanism for evolutionary change is not
correct: acquired traits cannot be inherited. On the other hand, Darwin’s “natural selection” works:
The giraffes who had longer necks had no difficulty reaching the high branches to feed themselves,
so they were better adapted to their environment and survived more, creating more offspring,
while giraffes with short necks slowly became extinct.

(5) Was Darwin the one and only scientist of his era who came up with a
correct explanation of evolution? Actually, there was someone else.
Another scientist, Alfred Russel Wallace, independently reached
conclusions very similar to Darwin's at roughly the same time. This is not
an uncommon thing in science. Often, two people or group of researchers
reach an important conclusion at nearly the same time. This type of "co-
discovery" is important and beneficial, because it confirms that the
conclusions reached by different groups of researchers are well-supported
Alfred Russel Wallace
and likely to be correct.

(6) __A__ All scientists, including Lamarck, Darwin and Wallace contributed to the understanding of
evolution. __B__ In our century, as the science of genetics has emerged and advanced, new
evidence for evolution has become available. __C__ Today, evidence for evolution comes from
many different areas of biology, such as anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography and fossil
records. __D__ Also, thanks to the advancements in technology, we can directly observe small-scale
evolution in organisms with short lifecycles (e.g. bacteria and pesticide-resistant insects).

(7) If the theory of evolution is that clear, respected by the scientific community and forms the basis
of modern biology, what makes it still so widely disputed? The answer lies in the fact that this theory
tries to answer one of the most basic human questions: “Where did life and human beings come
from?” Actually, the theory does not tell us exactly how life began on Earth, but it helps us
understand how life, once it came into existence, diversified into the many incredible forms we see
today.

256
I) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

1. The process of evolution is longer in complex organisms than in simple ones. True
2. If a mutation is not beneficial to an organism, it won’t help its survival. True
3. “Being resistant to an antibiotic” is a trait some bacteria acquire as a result
of mutation. True
4. According to Darwin, a butterfly and an elephant are not related. False
5. The theory of evolution successfully answers the question how life began. False

II) Answer the following questions based on the text:

1. The term “assumptions” underlined in the first line of the text refers to:
a) modifications b) improvements c) reproductions d) beliefs

2. Why would scientists need to develop new pesticides each year?

Because of the theory of evolution, which shows that all living things change, or evolve over
time.
3. What does “this mechanism” underlined in paragraph (4) refer to?
a mechanism by which evolution might occur.

4. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a) Wallace actually had formed his theory of evolution many years before Darwin did.
b) Lamarck was the first to explain the mechanism behind evolution correctly.
th
c) Until the 19 century, the mechanisms of evolution had been unknown, but the concept of
evolution was there.
d) Both Darwin and Wallace believed that organisms can pass the traits they acquire during their
lifetime to their offspring.

5. “Darwin and Wallace had independently arrived at the same conclusions at roughly the
same time.” What does this fact demonstrate to us?
This shows that scientists do their best to confirm that the conclusions reached by different
groups of researchers are well-supported and likely to be correct.

6. The sentence: “At their times, genetic mutations were, of course, unknown.” is removed from
paragraph (6). Where would it be placed?
a) A b) B c) C d) D

257
7. Fill in the following blanks using the information you have learned from the text:
Adaptation to the environment is crucial for a species to survive; otherwise, it can become extinct (1). As
environments change, in order to adapt, the organisms have to change, too. The ones that have favorable
traits adapt better. These organisms produce more offspring (2), which inherit (3) the genes from their
parents that would help them survive in their environment.

POST READING EXERCISES:

A) Fill in the blanks of the following text, using the words from the table. Do not change the
forms of the words. There are 3 extra.

diversity reproduction adaptation ancestor heritable

controversy natural selection disputed organisms proposed

In biology, evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population from generation to
generation. These traits are passed on to offspring via genes during reproduction (1).
Mutations in these genes can produce new or altered traits, resulting in differences between
organisms (2). Evolution occurs when these heritable (3) differences become more
common or rare in a population. When favorable traits become more common and harmful
traits become rare, the process is called “Natural Selection”.

The similarities between species suggest that all are descended from a common
ancestor (4) through the process of gradual divergence (separation). The theory of
evolution by natural selection was proposed (5) roughly simultaneously by both C. Darwin
and A. Wallace, and set out in detail in Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species. In the
1930s, Darwin’s idea of adaptation (6) was combined with Mendel’s findings to form the
modern evolutionary synthesis. Mendel discovered the existence of genes for the first time
in history. With Mendel’s discovery, this powerful theory has become the main principle of
modern biology, providing a unifying explanation for the diversity (7) of life on Earth.

258
B) Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

1. When an antibiotic is applied to bacteria, most of them are killed. (IF)

Most bacteria are killed if an antibiotic is applied to them.

2. According to Lamarck, giraffes have long necks because some of them stretched their necks
during their lifetimes to reach the branches. (THEREFORE)

According to Lamarck, some of the giraffes stretched their necks during their
lifetimes to reach the branches. Therefore, they have long necks.

3. Few people have doubts about Newton’s gravitational theory; however, some people believe
that the theory of evolution is simply a hypothesis and has no evidence to support it.
(ALTHOUGH)

Although few people have doubts about Newton’s gravitational theory, some people
believe that the theory of evolution is simply a hypothesis and has no evidence to
support it.

4. Although farmers know nothing about genes, they are aware that beneficial traits can be
heritable. (HOWEVER)

Farmers know nothing about genes. However, they are aware that beneficial traits
can be heritable.
259
5. Although all these birds were very similar to each
other and probably had a common ancestor, they were
diversified into many different species on each island.
(DESPITE)

Despite being very similar to each other and

having a common ancestor, all these birds were
diversified into many different species on each
island.
C) Make meaningful and grammatically correct
sentences using the prompts given below. Add necessary words. Do not change the order
of the prompts.

1. Thanks / mutation / bacteria / survive / damaging / effect / antibiotic / stay / alive

Thanks to mutation, bacteria can survive the damaging effect of the antibiotic and stay
alive.

2. Often / two / people / group / researchers / reach / important / conclusion / nearly / same / time

Often, two people or group of researchers reach an important conclusion at nearly the
same time.

3. With / advancements / genetics / learned / it / possible / DNA / organism / occasionally /

undergo / mutation

With advancements in genetics, we learned that it is possible for the DNA of an organism
to occasionally undergo a mutation.

4. Mutations / occur / all / organisms / and those / undergo / beneficial / mutations / adapt / their /
environment / better

Mutations occur in all organisms, and those who undergo beneficial mutations adapt to
their environment better.

5. Darwin / proposed / species / share / common / ancestor / which / they / evolved / different /
species

Darwin proposed that species share a common ancestor from which they evolved into
different species.
260
D) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur with more
than one word from the second column.

COLLOCATIONS

direct book direct observation

evolutionary effect evolutionary change

influential mutations influential book
acquired resistant acquired traits
fossil pace fossil records
damaging ancestor damaging effect
short supported short life cycle
correct observation correct explanation
molecular reproducing molecular biology
beneficial biology beneficial effect
common explanation common traits / ideas
incredible ideas incredible ideas / book / explanation
fast records fast reproducing
gravitational field gravitational field
well traits well supported
scientific life cycle scientific theory / explanation
pesticide resistant
pesticide theory

E) Match the sentence halves:

1. If you are a shop assistant, you must have a. on traits from parents to their offspring.
the ability to deal c
b. into new fields.
2. The new campaign aims at making people
more aware f
c. with people kindly.
3. Heredity means passing a
4. Make sure you visit Istanbul Modern in its d. about their own experiences.
new place if you're interested e
e. in modern art.
5. I prefer novels where the authors write d
6. After the economic crisis, many f. of environmental issues.
construction companies decided to diversify
b

261
F) SENTENCE ANALYSIS:
Decide if the following rewordings are TRUE or FALSE. Correct if FALSE.

OR

1. Scientifically, a theory is the explanation of a phenomenon supported by evidence, which

is obtained by using the scientific method.
“Evidence is collected by using a method called scientific method, and with the help of the
evidence gathered, a theory is formed in order to explain a phenomenon.”
TRUE or FALSE?

True

2.The giraffes who had longer necks had no difficulty reaching the high branches to feed
themselves, so they were better adapted to their environment and survived more, creating
more offspring, while giraffes with short necks slowly became extinct.
“The reason why giraffes with short necks no longer exist is that they could not adapt to their
environment as they had difficulty reaching the high branches to feed themselves, and thus could
not survive and reproduce as much as long-necked giraffes.”
TRUE or FALSE?

True

3. This type of "co-discovery" is important and beneficial because it confirms that the
conclusions reached by a group of researchers are well-supported and likely to be correct.
“If a finding is reached by just a single group of researchers, the conclusions become more
reliable and well-supported.”
TRUE or FALSE?

False- A finding has to be researched by more than one group of researchers so that they
will have a better chance of confirming a theory.

4. Actually, the theory does not tell us exactly how life began on earth, but it helps us
understand how life, once it came into existence, diversified into the many incredible forms
we see today.
“In reality, what the theory shows us is all about the beginning of life on earth rather than the
mechanisms behind the variations of living organisms we see on earth today.”
TRUE or FALSE?

False- The theory fails to explain how life began. However, it can help us understand how
many different life forms emerged.

262
WRITING:

Do some research on “Human Evolution” and write about your findings. Try to find related
photos and a timeline to bring to class.

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263
EVOLUTION - CRISS-CROSS PUZZLE

Across

1. a suggestion for a possible plan or action proposal

4. to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change undergo
6. a disagreement or argument dispute
8. a characteristic of an organism that is passed from parent to child trait
10. a person's child or children or the young of an animal offspring
11. to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something emerge
12. to obtain or begin to have something acquire

Down

2. the process of having babies, producing young, or producing new plants reproduction
3. to show or agree that something is true confirm
5. a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects and small animals pesticide
7. the speed at which something happens or is done pace
9. capable of being passed from one generation to the next heritable
264
BEFORE YOU READ
A. WARM – UP
1. Suppose you are on holiday, and you realize that you left both your smartphone and tablet at
home (which must be the end of the world for you!). Now, you are using the PC that belongs to
your hotel.

a) List some of the things you can do using a computer other than yours:

 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) List some of the things you wouldn’t do on someone else’s computer:

 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Millions of people worldwide save their photographs and videos on websites like YouTube,
Instagram and Facebook. Do you know where they are kept? Make a guess.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..……

B. VOCABULARY
I) Words in Context: Choose the best answer.

1. The physical components of a computer that you can see and touch, such as
_______________ , are called the hardware of a computer.
a) monitors and speakers b) Word and Excel

2. An input device is a piece of computer equipment such as a ______________ , which

enables you to put information into a computer.

a) keyboard b) printer
265
 3. The processing power of a computer (specifically the CPU) is the amount of data it can
comfortably process; and therefore, it refers to how ________________ your computer
system is.
a) complicated b) fast and powerful

4. All the computers in our office are linked to each other: we ______________ access
each other’s data.
a) can b) can’t

5. The opposition party leader complained that the distribution of wealth among the
citizens was ______________.
a) unfair b) fair

6. Fortunately, recent conservation policies worldwide help ______________ animals that

are at the risk of extinction.
a) kill b) save

7. If you follow your friends’ Facebook accounts, you can receive their updates, and this is
how you can _____________ information about them.
a) obtain b) supply

8. ____________ terrorist attacks and a reduction in the number of tourists, Turkey hasn’t
slowed down its plans to build a gigantic airport in Istanbul, which will be fully operational
by the end of next year.
a) Due to b) Despite

II) COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY: Check your background knowledge.

1) Match the photos with the following computer terms. There are TWO extras:

MOUSE SERVER KEYBOARD

CPU (Central Processing Unit) HARD DRIVE MONITOR

a) CPU b) keyboard c) hard drive d) mouse

266
2) A/an __________ (i) is a device that enables you to communicate with a larger computer.
Generally, it is a combination of minimum _______ (ii) such as a keyboard and a monitor.

a) computer / application b) terminal / hardware c) terminal / software d) computer / data

3) A ……………..……….. main purpose is to store website files and transfer them over
the Internet for visitors to see on their web browsers. Basically, it is simply a
powerful computer that stores and transmits data via the Internet.

a) terminal’s b) hardware’s c) server’s d) computer’s

267
4) Read the definitions of hard disk and hard drive and fill in the blanks of the picture:

“The hard drive is what stores all your data. It includes the hard disk, where all your files
and folders are physically located. The hard disk spins (turns) extremely fast so that
data can be accessed immediately from anywhere on the hard drive.”

III) Read the text and match the words in red with their definitions on the next page.

How do technology giants like Amazon, Google and Microsoft store the world’s data?

Imagine this scenario: you

create a social network
platform such as Facebook
or Instagram, which allows
millions of users to upload
millions of photographs,
modify these photos, tag
them and share them. Such
a social network platform is
typically accessed via a web
browser or mobile application on your smartphone. As a creator of such a platform, you
need incredible amounts of storage space. Also, you have to make sure that your website
or application never slows down or freezes; otherwise, you may soon lose all of your users.

268
 One of the greatest innovations over the past decade has been the growth of a huge
infrastructure of a system called “Cloud Computing”. Thanks to this system, a simple
application can service millions of users, without the need for spending a fortune on
servers, and technicians to maintain them, not to mention the enormous space to keep
them in. In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and
software over the Internet instead of your computer’s hard drive. That is; you don’t store
data or run programs using your hard drive, but rather, you need the Internet (the “cloud”) to
access your data and programs. For instance, when you use Gmail, Google Drive,
Dropbox, and watch online movies or play games on your computer or smartphone, it is
likely that cloud computing is making it all possible--behind the scenes.

Today, Amazon, Google and Microsoft are the three most important cloud providers in the
world. They own and operate huge servers and data centers. Actually, these technology
giants work just like electric utilities that give service to their clients. For instance, both
Instagram and Pinterest installed their software on Amazon’s ‘cloud’ computing platform,
and make payments depending on the hours they use. Pinterest pays about $52 an hour to
Amazon during peak hours of the day, and about $15 at night when traffic on the app is
less. “The cloud has enabled us to be more efficient, to try out new experiments at a very
low cost, and to grow the site dramatically while maintaining a very small team,” Pinterest
operations engineer Ryan Park said.

1. computer programs, the instructions that control what a computer does: …software…
2. working productively with minimum wasted effort or expense: efficient
3. place or fix in position ready for use: install
4. a computer program that performs specific tasks for an end-user, i.e. Whatsapp, Firefox, and
computer games: application
5. a group or system of interconnected people or things (computers, machines, etc): network
6. to operate, carry out: run
7. transfer data to a larger computer system: upload
8. the use of a computer to process data or perform calculations: computing
9. a public service such as telephone, railroad, street-electric system: utility
10. a central computer from which other computers get information: server
11. a magnetic disk on which a large amount of information can be stored and used by a
computer: hard drive

269
III) WORD FORMS:
Fill in the following table with the correct word forms. Some categories can have more than one
word. Use a dictionary if necessary. An X indicates you are not required to fill in that part. After
you finish, fill in the blanks in the sentences with some of the words from the table, making
necessary changes.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

computer compute computable
installation install X
process process X
link link X
distribution distribute X
conservation conserve (well-) conserved
operation operate operational

1. ……Conservation……. of natural resources is essential for a better world;

unfortunately, we are quickly destroying them.
2. A chain is only as strong as its weakest ………link………….
3. Before you ……operate………………. the new microwave oven, please read the
instructions carefully.
4. Learning a foreign language is usually a long ……process………… .
5. Any orders you place with e-Bay are …processed…...... quickly and sent to
your address within two days.
6. Our office is equipped with high-tech ……computers….. capable of performing
a billion calculations a second.
7. After the theft incidents at our neighborhood, we decided to ……install…………
an alarm system in our house.
8. It is not permitted to ………distribute…….. brochures at the university campus.

270
C. READING COMPREHENSION:

METACOGNITION
Metacognition can be defined as "thinking about thinking." Good readers use
metacognitive strategies to think about and have control over their reading. Before
reading, they might clarify their purpose for reading and preview the text. During reading,
they might check their understanding, adjust their reading speed to fit the difficulty of the
text and "fix" any comprehension problems they have. After reading, they might check their
understanding of what they have read.

Students may use several comprehension check strategies:

 Identify where the difficulty occurs:

* I don't understand the second sentence of paragraph 2 on page 267."

 Identify what the difficulty is:

* I don't get what the author means when she says: “Actually, these technology giants
work just like electric utilities that give service to their clients.”

 Look back through the text:

“Today, Amazon, Google and Microsoft are the three most important cloud providers in the
world. They own and operate huge servers and data centers.”

 Look forward in the text for information that might help them to resolve the
difficulty:

"For instance, both Instagram and Pinterest installed their software on Amazon’s ‘cloud’
computing platform, and make payments depending on the hours they use.”

 Restate the difficult sentence or passage in their own words:

"Big technology companies work similar to electric companies, which provide electricity to
their customers.”

271
(1) A quiet revolution in computing has recently taken place. This revolution, called cloud
computing, has changed everything we know about computers. It has changed the way we
work, socialize and function. Cloud computing is based on the idea that the Internet is
becoming a huge computer itself. In this system, all the data and applications exist on remote
Web servers. Users are able to run programs on this "World Wide Computer" even if those
programs are not actually installed in their personal computers. What is more amazing is that
users do not even need to have an expensive computer with complicated hardware in order
to run those programs.

(2) Cloud computing promises cheap, but powerful and reliable computers for everyone.
Because personal computers no longer have to run every program, users do not need to buy
the fastest and the most expensive computer with the largest memory. SENTENCE
INSERTION – See Q. 2 These cheap computers are called terminals and they only include a
monitor, input devices like a keyboard and a mouse, and just enough processing power
(CPU) to run the cloud computing system's software. This way, users can benefit from the
processing power of the entire network with minimum hardware. In other words, they can use
a supercomputer with incredible processing speed and run all the programs they need, but
that supercomputer is at a remote location, not on their desks. As users upload and store all
their information on a remote computer, they do not need a large hard drive either. This
means that they are able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time,
using any computer linked to the Internet. It also means that their data is safe and secure.
Because it is stored on a remote computer, nobody will be able to access it without
permission. The system also offers complete protection against computer viruses because no
virus can get through the defenses of the remote servers and cause data loss.

272
(3) Cloud computing is also environmentally friendly. This is because it allows users to use
just enough hardware and software resources they need. From this point of view, the
development of cloud computing is very similar to the efficient production and distribution of
electricity. For centuries, electricity had only been known as a natural phenomenon. Then, it
was discovered that it could also be produced and used as an energy source. However,
anyone who wanted to use this energy source had to build his own local power plant to
produce electricity. This was inefficient and environmentally unfriendly as unused electricity
was wasted. Then, in the late 19th century, people like Tesla and Edison built a network of
wires and power-generation facilities, and transformed electricity into a utility that everybody
could use. This meant that people who wanted to use electricity just had to buy the exact
amount of electricity they needed to use, instead of having their own power plants. Similarly,
today, many companies have their own local servers and storage rooms, which is very
inefficient and environmentally unfriendly. However, companies that use cloud computing
services do not need to have their own local servers and data storage facilities any more.
This saves a great deal of energy because those huge servers and storage rooms require
advanced cooling systems to keep them running. Energy conservation is so huge that many
companies in the Unites States have closed down their local servers and begun to use cloud
servers since 2012.

(4) Amazingly, some less developed countries

started using this system before the U.S. For
example, the Ministry of Education in Ethiopia has
been using it for almost a decade. The
government of Ethiopia decided to use Microsoft’s
cloud computing platform called Azure in 2010,
and gave 250.000 laptops to its school-teachers
nationwide, all running on Azure. The cheap
laptops allow teachers to download lessons, and
securely transfer student data and academic
records throughout the education system. With the
help of Azure, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education
can send automatic software updates, clean out
viruses and know the location of each laptop. If a laptop is lost or stolen, its hard drive can be
erased remotely. If the government of Ethiopia had tried to build a nationwide network
instead of using Azure, it would have taken at least 5 years to complete and cost more than 5
million dollars. However, it took them only 6 months to make Azure fully operational, and they
pay 10.000 dollars to Microsoft every year for the service.

(5) Organizations that fail to accept cloud computing as part of a new way of working may not
be able to survive beyond the next decade. Cloud computing will change our consumption
habits and our expectations from computers. In less than 20 years, computer hardware and
software will no longer be sold as products; they will be sold as services.

273
I) Read each statement. Decide if it is True or False. Justify your answer if it is False.

or
TRUE FALSE

1. In order to run computer programs, we must always install them on our PCs.

2. A terminal is a computer that does not require complex, costly components.

3. Thanks to cloud computing technology, users now need relatively low storage
spaces on their computers.

4. Local servers are safer than remote servers in terms of data protection.

5. The Ethiopian Ministry of Education can access their teachers’ laptops for updates.

6. Cloud computing system may disappear within a few decades if necessary safety
precautions are not taken immediately.

II) Answer the following questions based on the text:

1. Which of the following BEST defines cloud computing?

a) A computer that has the ability to process data at high speeds
b) A system that allows people to store and process data on remote servers
c) A network of computers and local servers belonging to a company
d) A computer that will be used by the people for socializing and functioning

2. SENTENCE INSERTION: One of the sentences has been removed from Paragraph (2).
Choose the sentence that fits best:
a) This system will allow people to buy computers with complicated hardware.
b) However, expensive computers have more capabilities than inexpensive ones.
c) Instead, all they need to buy is a basic and inexpensive computer with Internet access.
d) For this reason, people will always prefer computers which can store large amounts of data.

3. Fill in the following blanks:

Storing data at a remote location is ideal for data protection because this way, our computers
would be free of dangerous …viruses /software / apps…….………. (a) that can cause us to lose
valuable data. What is more, people would not be able to easily ……access……….. (b) our
computers unless we allow them to.
4. The term “defenses” underlined in paragraph (2) is closest in meaning to:
a) protective measures b) unsafe systems
c) security loss d) permission

274
5. What does “This” in paragraph 3 refer to? building (one’s) own power plant (to produce
electricity)

6. In the beginning of the 19th century, people couldn’t use electricity as an energy source,
because it was ______.
a) completely unknown
b) not distributed as a service for every user
c) environmentally unfriendly
d) an unreliable source of energy

7. Why do local servers and data storage facilities waste energy?

They require advanced cooling systems ( to keep them running).

8. Which of the following is INCORRECT about Azure?

a) It helps the Ethiopian government to find lost laptops.
b) It is designed to use and share educational material.
c) It requires minimum hardware and software to operate.
d) It is controlled by no one except the teachers.

9. SENTENCE ANALYSIS: Which of the following is closest in meaning to:

“If the government of Ethiopia had tried to build a nationwide network instead of using
Azure, it would have taken at least 5 years to complete and cost more than 5 million
dollars.”
a) As the government of Ethiopia did not want to use Azure, they spent 5 years and 5 million
dollars to build a nationwide network.
b) The government of Ethiopia spent 5 years and 5 million dollars on Azure rather than building a
nationwide network.
c) The government of Ethiopia did not spend 5 years and 5 million dollars to develop a
nationwide network, but they preferred to use Azure.
d) Although developing a nationwide network rather than buying Azure seemed more practical, the
Ethiopian government decided not to spend time and money on this system.

10. Browse the text and find the words that are defined below:
a) faraway, distant (para. 1): remote
b) obtain, get (para 2): buy, access
c) occurrence, event, happening (para 3): phenomenon
d) uneconomical, wasteful (para 3): inefficient

275
POST READING EXERCISES:
A) Fill in the blanks of the following text, using the words from the table. Do not change
the forms of the words. There are 2 extra.

linked defense record accessing hardware

server application networks installed hard drives

COMPANIES ARE INCREASINGLY MOVING TO CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is a system that

allows storing and …accessing… (1)
data and programs online rather than
physically on company computer
……hard....drives....… (2). Before
cloud-computing, companies had to
build their own .......servers..............
(3) and buy expensive computers at
their offices. However, recently, this
has started to change. Roughly 74% of large companies in the U.S. use cloud
computing or are actively considering the cloud.

Cloud computing has both advantages and risks for companies. One of the most
important advantages is that companies spend less money on ..…hardware…… (4),
software, updates, licensing fees and security measures. As long as their employees
are ……linked……. (5) to a relevant website like Dropbox, they can obtain the data
they need when they need it, allowing for a more mobile work lifestyle. This way,
companies may free the time of their IT workforce for other projects more directly
related to their mission.

However, there are some risks as well. When companies use cloud computing, they
give control of a vast amount of their data – and their security – to the cloud service
provider. Because of their size and significance, cloud ………networks…… (6) are
favorite targets of hackers. Companies should be sure that their provider has necessary
…………defense….. (7) mechanisms to protect their data from viruses and hackers.
Also, they must ask their provider what control systems are ……installed….. (8) to
ensure there’s no loss of Internet connectivity. Losing connection, even for a short time,
can interrupt productivity and disrupt the business.

276
B) Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

1. Pinterest pays about $52 an hour to Amazon during peak hours of the day, and about $15 at
night when traffic on the app is less. (While)

While Pinterest pays about $52 an hour to Amazon during peak hours of the day, it pays
about $15 at night when traffic on the app is less.

2. They can use a supercomputer with incredible processing speed and run all the programs they
need, but that supercomputer is at a remote location, not on their desks. (Even though)

They can use a supercomputer with incredible processing speed and run all the programs
they need even though that supercomputer is at a remote location, not on their desks.

3. You don’t store data or run programs using your hard drive, but rather, you need the Internet
(the “cloud”) to access your data and programs. (Instead of)

Instead of storing data or run programs using your hard drive, you need the Internet (the
“cloud”) to access your data and programs.

4. Because personal computers no longer have to run every program, users do not need to buy
the fastest and the most expensive computer with the largest memory. (not necessary...... since)

It is not neccessary for users to buy the fastest and the most expensive computer with the
largest memory since personal computers no longer have to run every program.

5. The cloud has enabled us to be more efficient, to try out new experiments at a very low cost,
and to grow the site dramatically while maintaining a very small team. (not only.... but also)

The cloud has not only enabled us to be more efficient, to try out new experiments at a
very low cost but also to grow the site dramatically while maintaining a very small team.

277
C) Make meaningful and grammatically correct sentences using the prompts given below.
Add necessary words. Do not change the order of the prompts.

1. cheap laptops / allow / download / lessons / transfer / data / records / throughout / education
system

The cheap laptops allow teachers to download lessons, and securely transfer student data
and academic records throughout the education system.

2. system / offers / protection / computer viruses / because / virus / get through / remote / servers
/ cause / loss

The system also offers complete protection against computer viruses because no virus
can get through the defenses of the remote servers and cause data loss.

3. Users / run / programs / World Wide Computer / even if / programs / actually / installed / their /
personal / computers

Users are able to run programs on this "World Wide Computer" even if those programs
are not actually installed in their personal computers.

4. Then / people / Tesla and Edison / build / network / wires / power-generation / facility /
transform / electricity / utility / everybody / use

Then, in the late 19th century, people like Tesla and Edison built a network of wires and
power-generation facilities, and transformed electricity into a utility that everybody could
use.

5. Companies / use / cloud computing / not / need / have / own / servers / data storage / facilities /
anymore

Companies that use cloud computing services do not need to have their own local servers
and data storage facilities any more.

278
 D) Match the sentence halves.

_e_ 1. Online education allows rural
schoolchildren
_a_ 2. You can access your files
_c_ 3. Computerization can enable us
_f_ 4. Advances in medicine have made it
_b_ 5. Whether or not we go to Bodrum for our
holiday depends
_d_ 6. Her books are often based
a. via the Internet with cloud computing.
b. on the cost.
c. to cut production costs by half.
d. on real life experiences.
e. to receive education by teachers
hundreds of miles away.
f. possible for people to live longer.

E) COLLOCATIONS: Match the words that commonly co-occur. ***Some can co-occur with more
than one word from the second column.
COLLOCATIONS
personal computer
personal plant
computing platform
computing place
low storage / cost
low device
grow plant / dramatically
grow speed
take place
take storage
run a program
run power
input device
input source
processing speed / power
processing cost
high speed
high habits
remote server / computer
remote computer
local server
local program
energy source
energy computer
power source /plant
power server
data storage
data dramatically
consumption habits
consumption platform

279
F) SENTENCE ANALYSIS: Which of the sentences is the correct rewording of the main sentence?

1. Organizations that fail to accept cloud computing as part of a new way of working may
not be able to survive beyond the next decade.

a) Organizations that will survive in the next decade will be those that will accept cloud
computing as a new way of working.
b) Organizations that are not able to survive beyond the next decade will accept cloud computing
as part of a new way of working.
c) The survival of an organization beyond the next decade depends on its failure to accept cloud
computing.

2. Thanks to this system, a simple application can service millions of users, without the
need for spending a fortune on servers, and technicians to maintain them, not to mention
the enormous space to keep them in.
a) This system will allow the usage of small applications that will serve millions of people without
the need to pay a lot to servers and technicians; however storage will be problematic.
b) This system will allow millions of users to benefit from applications, which do not require
a lot of money for storage, maintenance and servicing.
c) Thanks to this system, servers that provide huge space for millions of users and technicians that
provide maintenance will earn a fortune.

G) SELF-ASSESSMENT: What have you learned from this text? What did you know about Cloud
Computing, Amazon, Google and Microsoft as cloud providers? What do you know now?

What did you know? What do you know now?

Cloud Computing

Amazon

Google

Microsoft

Pinterest

Data Centers

280
WRITING / SPEAKING:
1) Analyze the following chart and write a paragraph about it, using phrases such as:
as many as / less than / the most / the least / more … than / less …. than …..etc.

The Most Popular Social Mobile Applications

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Cloud computing services are widely used by banks. This practice brings along the issue of
safety. How safe is it to access bank accounts through the Internet? Who is responsible for bank
fraud? Do some research on the topic and discuss.

3. Social media has become indispensable for most people. Millions of photos are uploaded to
Instagram or Facebook every day. Once uploaded to the social media, who is the owner of these
photos? Do you think they can be used by everyone who sees them?

281
 CRISS-CROSS PUZZLE

Across

1. the physical and electronic parts of a computer rather than the instructions it follows
3. the action of protecting something
4. to copy or move programs or information to a larger computer system or to the Internet
7. a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected together to allow
movement or communication between the parts
8. working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
9. working, functioning or ready for use
10. a piece of equipment consisting of a keyboard and screen, used for communicating with
the part of a computer system that deals with information

Down

2. the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something
5. to put in place and make ready for use
6. the usefulness of something, especially in a practical way

282
283