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Dr. Anand S.
Professor
Centre for Nanotechnology Research
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Module 1 DC Circuits
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Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v) across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current (i) flowing through the resistor.
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Resistivity
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Conductance
A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
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Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
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Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
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Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
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Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.
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Kirchhoff’s voltage Law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path(or loop) is zero.
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Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find voltages V1 and V2
Solution
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Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in the figure
Solution
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Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the figure
Solution
2
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Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Eqn. 1
4
Substituting v3 and v2 from eqn. 1,
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Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Substituting the Eqns. 3, 5 into Eqn. 2
Eqns. 1 to 5
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Voltage and Current Division
Series resistors and voltage division
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Voltage and Current Division
Parallel resistors and current division
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Equivalent Resistance (Req)
Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
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Equivalent Resistance (Rab)
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
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Delta – Star conversion
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(6)
(4)
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Star – Delta conversion
(8)
(9)
(10)
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Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
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Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
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Node voltage analysis
(1)
(2)
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Node voltage analysis
(3)
(5)
(4)
(6)
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Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.
(1)
(2)
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Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.
Sub. V2 = 20 V in eqn. 1
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Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig.
(1)
(2)
(4)
Adding eqn. 2 and eqn. 3
(5)
From eqn. 3
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Node analysis with voltage sources
(1)
(2)
(3)
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Node analysis with voltage sources
To apply KVL to the super node
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Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages
(1)
(2)
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Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages
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Mesh analysis
Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit, while
mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing
one another; otherwise it is non-planar.
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Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the branch currents using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
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Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the current i0 using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
= 396 – 60 -144
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= 192
Mesh analysis - Numerical
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Mesh analysis with current sources
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Mesh analysis with current sources
Find the current i1 and i4 using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
(3)
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Mesh analysis with current sources
After the substitutions, From eqn. 1 to eqn. 4
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Superposition Theorem
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Superposition - Numerical
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit in Fig.
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Superposition - Numerical
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Superposition - Numerical
Find io in the circuit in Fig. using superposition.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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Superposition - Numerical
Substituting eqn. 2 and 5 in to eqn. 3 and 4, results
(6)
(7)
(8)
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Superposition - Numerical
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
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Superposition - Numerical
(14)
(15)
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Thevenin’s theorem
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Thevenin’s theorem
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Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown, to left the terminals a-b.
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Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
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Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown.
(1)
(2)
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Maximum power transfer theorem
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Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
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Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
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Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
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Reference
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