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Visualizing the Lifespan
Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood: Six

to Eleven Years
1. During middle childhood, children shift toward more realistic self-evaluations.

a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Section Ref: Personality Development
Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast key approaches to understanding
personality development during middle and late childhood.
Bloom: Comprehension
2. In middle childhood, advances in the ability to compare oneself to another facilitates

development of a sense of self.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
3. The first elements of self-concept appear in middle childhood.

a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
4. The process of learning about one’s abilities and characteristics by observing how
they compare with those of others is known as social:
a. compensation.
b. comparison.
c. selection.
d. optimization.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
5. ____________refers to a child’s multidimensional understanding of one’s own

personality, attributes, abilities, and attitudes.
a. Self-esteem
b. Self-concept
c. Self-awareness
d. Self–other relatedness
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
6. _______________ refers to the evaluation of one’s beliefs about one’s personality,

attributes, abilities, and attitudes.
a. Self-esteem
b. Self-concept
c. Self-awareness
d. Self–other relatedness
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
7. Culture __________ influence on a child’s self-concept

a. has an
b. has no
c. for boys, has an
d. for girls, has an
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
8. Self-esteem involves the process of children ____________________ about
themselves.
a. making judgments
b. having feelings
c. both of the choices
d. neither of the choices
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
9. Low ________________ is one reason a child may believe he or she is not capable of
doing well in school.
a. self-esteem
b. self-concept of ability
c. self-efficacy
d. all of the choices
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
10. Given one minute to evaluate a child’s self-esteem, a developmentalist is likely to

conclude that a child has high self-esteem if she observes that the child:
a. is doing well in school.
b. has low levels of anxiety.
c. has a number of friends.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
11. In middle childhood, signs of depression and breaking school rules suggest that the
child:
a. has low self-esteem.
b. has not yet developed self-esteem.
c. has too much self-esteem.
d. is confused about his self-esteem.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
12. Elodie’s father often tells her that she is good at math. Her mother was a dancer and
often tells Elodies stories that compare Elodie’s ability with her own ability at Elodie’s
age. These interactions are likely to have the following effect on Elodie’s self-esteem:
a. a positive effect.
b. a negative effect.
c. an unknown effect.
d. contradictory effects, both positive and negative.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
13. Principal Scott, a developmentalist, explained to parents why he was replacing report
cards for elementary school students. To facilitate development of students’ academic
self-concepts, he is replacing grades with:
a. student and teacher evaluations of students’ strengths and weaknesses in each
school subject.
b. rankings of each student compared to their peers.
c. standardized test scores.
d. teacher evaluations of effort and creativity each student demonstrates.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
14. A child’s understanding of differences between right and wrong is a core element of
moral development.
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
15. During middle childhood, moral development is influenced only by peers.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
16. Moral development in infancy and early childhood has no influence on moral
development during middle childhood.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
17. According to Piaget, moral development in middle childhood mirrors:

a. maturation of physical coordination.
b. cognitive development.
c. visual-spatial capacity.
d. auditory-spatial ability.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
18. Moral development in middle childhood is most likely to involve:

a. a lack of understanding of what is right versus wrong.
b. learning that right versus wrong depends on the current situation.
c. increasing adherence to the rules set by authority.
d. decreasing reliance on peer norms.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
19. A strong reliance on heteronomous morality in middle childhood indicates that moral
development is:
a. delayed.
b. overdeveloped.
c. on time.
d. none of the choices
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
20. An 8-year-old child’s use of autonomous morality to explain why another person
behaved as she did suggests that the child’s moral development is:
a. delayed.
b. overdeveloped.
c. on time.
d. none of the choices
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
21. When a child who uses autonomous morality asks, “why did you throw the ball that
hit me in the head?” she is searching for information that will help her understand:
a. if the other child is good.
b. if the other child is bad.
c. the intentions of the other child.
d. how to punish the other child.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
22. Throughout childhood, moral development in girls and boys:

a. proceeds in the same way.
b. proceeds in different ways.
c. may proceed differently; this remains a debate.
d. proceeds in different ways in Western cultures only.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
23. According to Kohlberg, a developmentalist would conclude that a child is operating at

the preconventional level of moral development if she:
a. was focused on what she can “get away with.”
b. behaved according to what was most personally satisfying.
c. tried to avoid punishment and get as many rewards as possible.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
24. According to Kohlberg, the following would be an indicator that an older child was
advancing to a conventional level of moral development: The child:
a. is obedient to authority to avoid punishment.
b. will do something to get a favor in return
c. is concerned with being nice and gaining approval.
d. asks what her reward will be for doing a good deed.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
25. According to Kohlberg, it would be rare to observe a precocious child operating at a

postconvetional level of moral development. However, a sign of such precocity would be
reflected in a child becoming upset when:
a. another child is teased for not celebrating Christmas.
b. she doesn’t get the first-place ribbon when she clearly won the race.
c. her side of the story is different from her friend’s.
d. her parents expect her to set a good example for her younger siblings.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
26. When Martha, a developmentalist, teaches parents how to help scaffold moral
development in school-aged children, she suggests that parents and teachers
encourage their students to:
a. “consider why someone is doing what he or she is doing.”
b. “tell an adult when someone else is bad.”
c. “think about the punishment they’ll get before they act.”
d. “enforce the rules if others don’t.”
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
27. A developmentalist who works from Carol Gilligan’s model would recognize and
emphasize the value of a 9-year-old girl emphasizing the value of
_______________________ when making a decision.
a. preserving a meaningful relationship with another
b. correcting another’s misinformation
c. attending to rules rather than feelings
d. making quick evaluations
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
28. According to Erikson, middle childhood is the developmental stage during which
students are challenged to gain a sense of industry.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
29. According to Erikson, healthy development during middle childhood results in a

sense of competence.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
30. According to Erikson, a child who feels inferior to others is showing the key sign that
he is having difficulty resolving the psychosocial crisis of middle childhood.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
31. In middle childhood, resolving the task of industry versus inferiority results in a child:
a. internalizing a sense of competence.
b. expecting that others will see him as competent.
c. attaining a strong sense of her future self.
d. achieving the foundation of an ideal self.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
34. Sophia is a 9-year-old dancer who is very proud that she has scored very high at
every dance competition she has entered. However, before each competition she voices
a great deal of self-doubt, often worrying that she won’t perform well at all. This is an
indication that:
a. her sense of inferiority dominates her sense of competence.
b. she will not be able to resolve the industry versus Inferiority crisis.
c. unresolved psychosocial crises from her past may be interfering with internalizing a
sense of competence.
d. due to her raw talent, she does not need to resolve the industry versus inferiority
crisis.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
35. Sam could read when he was 4 and could do addition and subtraction by the time he
was 5. By sixth grade, however, he complained that he didn’t understand what the
teachers wanted from him, that he felt he was he “stupid,” and so he refused to go to
middle school. Recognizing his sense of inferiority in the context of knowing Sam’s high
ability led his teacher to consider that Sam:
a. may have had an undiagnosed learning disability undermining his sense of
competence.
b. was angry that his teachers didn’t recognize his competence.
c. wanted easier work to feel more competent like he did when he was younger.
d. did not have the ability to achieve competence.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
36. Parents remain an important influence on children’s development in middle

childhood.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Section Ref: Social Influences
Learning Objective: 8.2 Evaluate the multifaceted social influences on school-age
children’s socioemotional development.
Bloom: Knowledge
37. A “tween” experiences the world through the lens of both a child and an adolescent.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
38. Parents are challenged to change their strategies to effectively care for and nurture
kids through middle childhood.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
39. Effective parenting in middle childhood involves learning to ________________ less
and ________________more.
a. monitor; direct
b. direct; monitor
c. monitor; punish
d. direct; reward
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
40. Parents who use _____________ are likely to feel more effective in facilitating
healthy development through middle childhood.
a. reasoning
b. suggestions
c. neither of these
d. both of these
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
41. Children whose parents are disengaged in middle childhood are more likely to be
more:
a. irresponsible.
b. immature.
c. less socially skilled.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
42. Poverty influences development in middle childhood via:

a. restricted access to material assets.
b. assaults on personal dignity.
c. lack of social inclusion.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
43. In the United States, the poverty rate for children ages 0 to 18 hovers around:
a. 2%.
b. 5%.
c. 10%.
d. 20%.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
44. It is impossible for children living below the poverty line to meet normal
developmental milestones, achieve developmental tasks, and succeed at the same rate
as their peers who live at or above poverty level.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
45. A developmental systems view of poverty emphasizes the potential for poverty to
indirectly undermine healthy child development by:
a. reducing the chances that a child will eventually drop out of school.
b. increasing risk for homelessness due to foreclosures and evictions.
c. impeding vulnerable groups of people from getting jobs that pay a living wage.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
46. Developmental science research reveals that children raised by same-sex parents
have ___________________ experiences and outcomes as children raised by opposite
sex parents.
a. the same type of
b. different types of
c. more positive
d. more negative
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
47. Parental divorce has long-lasting, negative effects on child development.

A. True
B. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Application
48. Developmental science research findings indicate that interparental conflict has a
strong, undermining effect on child development.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
49. In the United States, divorce rates are declining, making it less likely that
adolescents will experience a parental divorce.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
50. Younger children tend to blame themselves for interparental conflict, whereas
adolescents tend to:
a. become anxious and worried.
b. become aggressive with others.
c. ask adults for help with their feelings.
d. turn to their peers for support.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
51. Maintaining the parent–adolescent relationship with the noncustodial parent:

a. is always associated with better adolescent outcomes.
b. is associated with better adolescent outcomes except when neglect or abuse has
been established.
c. neither choice
d. both choices
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
52. Parents engaged in a high-conflict relationship with one another are more likely to
use __________________ parenting with adolescent children.
a. mild and inconsistent
b. strict and consistent
c. harsh and inconsistent
d. mild and unpredictable
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
53. To reduce the negative impact parental divorce has on adolescents,

_________________ is a new process that results in a divorce while helping parents
limit conflict and focus on positive solutions.
a. collaborative divorce
b. mediation
c. court-ordered separation
d. collaborative
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
54. Parent education programs benefit adolescents by teaching parents:

a. the value of teens having a healthy relationship with each parent.
b. to limit the amount of conflict and stress to which teens are exposed.
c. how to coparent effectively.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
55. When Jess was upset about her parents’ separation and upcoming divorce, the
school counselor recommended that Jess talk to:
a. her father, because fathers are more reasonable during separation and divorce.
b. her mother; because mothers are more reasonable during separation and divorce.
c. a therapist, because parents are often emotionally unavailable during divorce.
d. her brother, because siblings are often supportive during their parents’ separation and
divorce.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
56. For adolescents, relationships with their siblings have the potential to last the longest
across their lifespans.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
57. Sibling rivalry can be a feature of relationships in childhood and through

adolescence.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
58. Over _____ of U.S. adolescents have at least one sibling.

a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
59. The quality of adolescents’ relationships with their siblings is influenced primarily by:
a. parent–adolescent interactions.
b. sibling temperament.
c. both choices
d. neither choice
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
60. Sibling rivalry tends to:

a. decrease as adolescents become guides and mentors to younger siblings.
b. increase as adolescents become guides and mentors to younger siblings.
c. remain consistent from childhood through adulthood.
d. fluctuate in adolescence as it does in childhood.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
61. Peer relationships in adolescence tend to be similar in quality to childhood peer

relationships.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
62. Bullying refers to unwanted peer behavior that takes advantage of a power
imbalance and occurs multiple times.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
63. Through middle childhood, children spend less time with peers in groups and spend
more one-on-one time with peers.
a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
64. Sociometric measurement is useful for measuring peer popularity in middle

childhood by:
a. interviewing peers.
b. counting party invitations.
c. recording peer rankings.
d. listening to children’s secrets.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
65. Adolescent peer groups become:

a. larger.
b. more diverse.
c. private (low adult supervision).
d. all of these choices
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
66. Popular children receive:

a. many positive votes; few negative votes.
b. few positive votes; few negative votes.
c. many positive votes.
d. few positive or negative votes.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
67. Rejected peers are those who receive:

a. many negative votes; few positive votes.
b. few negative votes; few positive votes.
c. many negative votes.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
68. Neglected peers are those who receive:

a. many negative votes; few positive votes.
b. few negative votes; few positive votes.
c. many negative votes.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
69. Popular children are more likely to be:

a. friendly.
b. cooperative.
c. sensitive.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
70. Children tend to attract peer rejection if they act ________________________ with
others.
a. assertively
b. aggressively
c. shyly
d. selfishly
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
71. Art, a sixth grader, has been considered a bully for a number of years. From a
developmental perspective we can predict that Art:
a. has been a victim of harsh parenting.
b. wants to be respected and in charge.
c. is disruptive in school.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
72. Self-conscious emotions tend to first appear in middle childhood.

a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Section Ref: Emotional development
Learning Objective: 8.3 Examine the role of emotions in school-age children’s
developing capacity for understanding and resilience.
73. Emotions reach peak complexity by the time children reach school age.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
74. School-aged children have a basic emotion vocabulary that allows them to correctly
identify facial expressions and behaviors.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
75. An example of a self-conscious emotion that a 9-year-old might experience is:

a. envy.
b. embarrassment.
c. pride.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
76. Children who have ____________________ tend to have better emotional

knowledge.
a. mature cognitive abilities
b. strong verbal skills
c. Both of these choices contribute to emotional knowledge.
d. Neither of these choices contributes to emotional knowledge.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
77. Emotions gain complexity when children begin to recognize that their:
a. behaviors are observed by others.
b. behaviors can be judged as good or bad.
c. feelings can be recognized by others.
d. behaviors can be judged as good or bad.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
78. Aiden wanted to spend his time working on his robotics project every day after
school, but he goes to his social skills class to learn how to:
a. express his emotions.
b. reduce the frequency of “meltdowns” he feels when stressed.
c. understand social cues.
d. all of these
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
79. Eleven-year-old Kaitlyn, who is best known for her amazing vocabulary and writing
skills, wanted to __________________ the trophy she won for running in the local 5k,
expecting to feel _______________.
a. show her peers; pride
b. show her peers; envied
c. hide the trophy from her peers; shame
d. hide the trophy from her peers; anger
Answer: A
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
80. In elementary school, Sarah held hands with her mom and kissed her good-bye
before she went into the classroom. Now, in middle school, Sarah is likely to feel:
a. the same love toward her mother.
b. embarrassed that her peers might call her a ”baby.”
c. guilty that she refuses to hold hands with her mom.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Judgment
81. Resilient children demonstrate positive development in the face of adversity.

a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
82. The majority of U.S. children can be described as resilient.

a. True
b. False
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
developing capacity for understanding and resilience
83. A risk factor such as _____________________ has the potential to interfere with
healthy development in children.
a. insecure attachment
b. death of a parent
c. neighborhood violence
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
84. A protective factor, such as ____________________ has the potential to facilitate

healthy child development.
a. high self-efficacy
b. authoritative parenting
c. supportive friends
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
85. Under adverse conditions, the likelihood that a child will demonstrate resilience
depends on the influence of:
a. risk factors.
b. protective factors.
c. both of these choices combined
d. both of these choices independently
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
86. _______________________ is a risk factor that may contribute to childhood

adversity.
a. A difficult temperament
b. Parent psychopathology
c. Living in poverty
d. any of these choices
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
87. _______________________is a protective factor that may contribute to childhood

adversity.
a. Having a higher IQ
b. Having a close relationship with at least one caring adult
c. An effective school
d. any of these choices
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
88. Unhealthy coping includes ______________________coping.

a. aggressive
b. denial
c. ruminative
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
89. A child who uses active coping to deal with peer bullying will:
a. try to solve the problem.
b. seek help from others.
c. either of these choices
d. neither of these choices
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Application
90. An example of an unhealthy coping strategy a child can use when he feels rejected
by a peer is:
a. asking for help from others.
b. pretending not to care.
c. problem solving.
d. seeking support.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
developing capacity for understanding and resilience
Bloom: Application
91. Risk and protective factors influence childhood adjustment primarily through:
a. individual characteristics.
b. family features.
c. community factors.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
92. As children get older, they get better at distinguishing between
_____________________ stressors, which makes them better able to apply effective
coping strategies.
a. authoritative and authoritarian
b. controllable and uncontrollable stressors
c. active and passive
d. ruminative and punitive
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Analysis
93. When Grayson made the transition from sixth to seventh grade, he felt like his world
had crashed: Middle school was more challenging, his parents divorced, and he didn’t
make the basketball team. Knowing these facts, we can conclude that Grayson:
a. will be resilient in the face of adversity.
b. had many protective factors in his life.
c. experienced additional risk factors.
d. would benefit from protective factors.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Hard
Bloom: Synthesis
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood: Six

1. During middle childhood, children shift toward more realistic self-evaluations.

2. In middle childhood, advances in the ability to compare oneself to another facilitates

3. The first elements of self-concept appear in middle childhood.

5. ____________refers to a child’s multidimensional understanding of one’s own

6. _______________ refers to the evaluation of one’s beliefs about one’s personality,

7. Culture __________ influence on a child’s self-concept

10. Given one minute to evaluate a child’s self-esteem, a developmentalist is likely to

17. According to Piaget, moral development in middle childhood mirrors:

18. Moral development in middle childhood is most likely to involve:

22. Throughout childhood, moral development in girls and boys:

23. According to Kohlberg, a developmentalist would conclude that a child is operating at

25. According to Kohlberg, it would be rare to observe a precocious child operating at a

29. According to Erikson, healthy development during middle childhood results in a

36. Parents remain an important influence on children’s development in middle

42. Poverty influences development in middle childhood via:

47. Parental divorce has long-lasting, negative effects on child development.

51. Maintaining the parent–adolescent relationship with the noncustodial parent:

53. To reduce the negative impact parental divorce has on adolescents,

54. Parent education programs benefit adolescents by teaching parents:

57. Sibling rivalry can be a feature of relationships in childhood and through

58. Over _____ of U.S. adolescents have at least one sibling.

60. Sibling rivalry tends to:

61. Peer relationships in adolescence tend to be similar in quality to childhood peer

64. Sociometric measurement is useful for measuring peer popularity in middle

65. Adolescent peer groups become:

66. Popular children receive:

67. Rejected peers are those who receive:

68. Neglected peers are those who receive:

69. Popular children are more likely to be:

72. Self-conscious emotions tend to first appear in middle childhood.

75. An example of a self-conscious emotion that a 9-year-old might experience is:

76. Children who have ____________________ tend to have better emotional

81. Resilient children demonstrate positive development in the face of adversity.

82. The majority of U.S. children can be described as resilient.

84. A protective factor, such as ____________________ has the potential to facilitate

86. _______________________ is a risk factor that may contribute to childhood

87. _______________________is a protective factor that may contribute to childhood

88. Unhealthy coping includes ______________________coping.

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