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Ebook Contemporary Strategy Analysis 10Th Edition Grant Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Contemporary Strategy Analysis 10Th Edition Grant Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Chapter 6
Organization Structure and Management Systems:
The Fundamentals of Strategy Implementation
1. Jack Dorsey, the CEO of Twitter, Inc., has asked for your help in designing a strategic
planning system for the company. Would you recommend a formal strategic planning
system with an annual cycle such as that outlined in “The Strategic Planning System:
Linking Strategy to Action” and Figure 6.1? (Note: Twitter’s strategy is summarized in
Strategy Capsule 1.5 in Chapter 1.)
Twitter is a public platform for sharing messages and other content. At the end of 2017, Twitter
was a company with $2.5 billion in annual revenues, but had yet to make a profit. Moreover,
revenue growth had stagnated during 2015-17.
The speed at which Twitter’s competitive environment changes—including technological
changes and the strategic initiatives of competitors—is not conducive to an annual strategic
planning process. Twitter’s top management team would need to meet far more frequently to
assess Twitter’s strategy in the light of changing circumstances and emerging threats and
opportunities.
Moreover, for a strategic planning system to be effective requires that accesses knowledge that
is relevant to these changing circumstances and emerging threats and opportunities. The
implication is that Twitter’s strategy making should also permit the involvement and
participation of organizational members outside the top management team in strategic decision
making in order to make use of their specialist expertise, access to information, and
perspectives.
To the extent that all large companies require hierarchical structure for their strategic planning
(and Twitter employs about 3,300 people), the standard division between “business units” and
“corporate” is probably not appropriate to Twitter. Any modularization of Twitter’s strategy
making should be based upon problem areas and the types of knowledge relevant to these
areas—e.g. technology, advertising and revenue generation, and external relations (including
privacy issues).
Given Twitter’s international scope and the different competitive and regulatory conditions in
different national markets, country-based strategic plans are also desirable.
For the purposes of strategy formulation therefore, Twitter needs a strategy process that is
more frequent and less formal than that outlined in Chapter 6. However, as the text explains, a
key role of a strategic planning process is not just to formulate strategy but also to implement it.
This implies a close linkage between strategic, financial and operational planning. To this end,
Twitter is likely to require an integrated process of strategic and financial planning that is linked
to both its external calendar of financial reporting (quarterly)and its internal calendar of
financial monitoring and control (probably monthly and quarterly).
5. The examples of Apple Computer and General Motors (see “Functional Structure”
section above) point to the evolution of organizational structures over the industry life-
cycle. During the growth phase, many companies adopt multidivisional structures;
6. Draw an organizational chart for a business school that you are familiar with. Does the
school operate with a matrix structure (for instance, are there functional/discipline-
based departments together with units managing individual programs)? Which
dimension of the matrix is more powerful, and how effectively do the two dimensions
coordinate? How would you reorganize the structure to make the school more efficient
and effective?
An organizational chart may be drawn showing organizational units, or the job titles of the
individuals who hold positions in the organizational structure. To the extent that each
organizational unit is headed by an individual manager/coordinator, the result should be the
same.
Most business schools have some form of matrix organization. For example, the structure of
Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business is shown below. There are two primary
dimensions of the organization: the program structure (represented by three Associate Deans
for programs; then there is the discipline or functional structure (represented by the different
academic areas, each headed by a coordinator). Faculty members are recruited into different
disciplinary areas, then assigned to teach within the different programs.
In terms of decision-making power, the discipline-based part of the structure is primary. This
reflects status (within universities professors have more status than administrators), job
security (most senior professors have tenure), and actual decision-making power. Most
strategic decisions concerning programs are taken by committees—notably the Graduate
Curriculum Committee, the Undergraduate Curriculum Committee, and the MBA Admissions
Committee—these committees are dominated by faculty and chaired by a faculty member.
Coordination between programs and the academic areas occurs in three principal ways:
• Hierarchically through the Dean.
Dean
Dean’s Office:
CFO, Communications, Special
Executive Council Projects
Deputy Dean
“‘Silver shrines,’ verse 24. The heathens used to carry the images of their gods in
procession from one city to another. This was done in a chariot which was solemnly
consecrated for that employment, and by the Romans styled Thensa, that is, the chariot of
their gods. But besides this, it was placed in a box or shrine, called Ferculum. Accordingly,
when the Romans conferred divine honors on their great men, alive or dead, they had the
Circen games, and in them the Thensa and Ferculum, the chariot and the shrine, bestowed
on them; as it is related of Julius Caesar. This Ferculum among the Romans did not differ
much from the Graecian Ναὸς, a little chapel, representing the form of a temple, with an
image in it, which, being set upon an altar, or any other solemn place, having the doors
opened, the image was seen by the spectators either in a standing or sitting posture. An old
anonymous scholiast upon Aristotle’s Rhetoric, lib. i. c. 15, has these words: Ναοποιοὶ οἱ
τοὺς ναοὺς ποιοῦσι, ἤτοι εἱκονοστάσια, τινα μικρὰ ξύλινα ἅ πωλοῦσι, observing the ναοι here to
be εικονοστάσια, chaplets, with images in them, of wood, or metal, (as here of silver,) which
they made and sold, as in verse 25, they are supposed to do. Athenaeus speaks of the
καδισκος, ‘which,’ says he ‘is a vessel wherein they place their images of Jupiter.’ The
learned Casaubon states, that ‘these images were put in cases, which were made like
chapels. (Deipnos. lib. ii. p. 500.) So St. Chrysostom likens them to ‘little cases, or shrines.’
Dion says of the Roman ensign, that it was a little temple, and in it a golden eagle, (Ρωμαικ,
lib. 40.) And in another place: ‘There was a little chapel of Juno, set upon a table.’ Ρωμαικ,
lib. 39. This is the meaning of the tabernacle of Moloch, Acts vii. 43, where by the σκηνη,
tabernacle, is meant the chaplet, a shrine of that false god. The same was also the סכות דנות
the tabernacle of Benoth, or Venus.” Hammond’s Annotations. [Williams on Pearson, p. 55.]
“Chapter xvi. 10, 11. ‘Now, if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear;
for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do: let no man therefore despise him, but
conduct him forth in peace, that he may come unto me, for I look for him with the brethren.’
“From the passage considered in the preceding number, it appears that Timothy was
sent to Corinth, either with the epistle, or before it: ‘for this cause have I sent unto you
Timotheus.’ From the passage now quoted, we infer that Timothy was not sent with the
epistle; for had he been the bearer of the letter, or accompanied it, would St. Paul in that
letter have said, ‘if Timothy come?’ Nor is the sequel consistent with the supposition of his
carrying the letter; for if Timothy was with the apostle when he wrote the letter, could he say,
as he does, ‘I look for him with the brethren?’ I conclude, therefore, that Timothy had left St.
Paul to proceed upon his journey before the letter was written. Further, the passage before
us seems to imply, that Timothy was not expected by St. Paul to arrive at Corinth, till after
they had received the letter. He gives them directions in the letter how to treat him when he
should arrive: ‘if he come,’ act towards him so and so. Lastly, the whole form of expression
is more naturally applicable to the supposition of Timothy’s coming to Corinth, not directly
from St. Paul, but from some other quarter; and that his instructions had been, when he
should reach Corinth, to return. Now, how stands this matter in the history? Turn to the
nineteenth chapter and twenty-first verse of the Acts, and you will find that Timothy did not,
when sent from Ephesus, where he left St. Paul, and where the present epistle was written,
proceed by a straight course to Corinth, but that he went round through Macedonia. This
clears up everything; for, although Timothy was sent forth upon his journey before the letter
was written, yet he might not reach Corinth till after the letter arrived there; and he would
come to Corinth, when he did come, not directly from St. Paul, at Ephesus, but from some
part of Macedonia. Here therefore is a circumstantial and critical agreement, and
unquestionably without design; for neither of the two passages in the epistle mentions
Timothy’s journey into Macedonia at all, though nothing but a circuit of that kind can explain
and reconcile the expressions which the writer uses.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae, 1
Corinthians No. IV.)
“Chapter v. 7, 8. ‘For even Christ, our passover, is sacrificed for us; therefore let us keep
the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the
unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.’
“Dr. Benson tells us, that from this passage, compared with chapter xvi. 8, it has been
conjectured that this epistle was written about the time of the Jewish passover; and to me
the conjecture appears to be very well founded. The passage to which Dr. Benson refers us,
is this: ‘I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost.’ With this passage he ought to have joined
another in the same context: ‘And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you:’ for,
from the two passages laid together, it follows that the epistle was written before Pentecost,
yet after winter; which necessarily determines the date to the part of the year, within which
the passover falls. It was written before Pentecost, because he says, ‘I will tarry at Ephesus
until Pentecost.’ It was written after winter, because he tells them, ‘It may be that I may
abide, yea, and winter with you.’ The winter which the apostle purposed to pass at Corinth,
was undoubtedly the winter next ensuing to the date of the epistle; yet it was a winter
subsequent to the ensuing Pentecost, because he did not intend to set forwards upon his
journey till after the feast. The words, ‘let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with
the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth,’
look very much like words suggested by the season; at least they have, upon that
supposition, a force and significancy which do not belong to them upon any other; and it is
not a little remarkable, that the hints casually dropped in the epistle, concerning particular
parts of the year, should coincide with this supposition.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae. 1
Corinthians. No. XII.)
“Chapter ii. 12, 13. ‘When I came to Troas to preach Christ’s gospel, and a door was
opened unto me of the Lord, I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not Titus my brother;
but taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia.’
“To establish a conformity between this passage and the history, nothing more is
necessary to be presumed, than that St. Paul proceeded from Ephesus to Macedonia, upon
the same course by which he came back from Macedonia to Ephesus, or rather to Miletus
in the neighborhood of Ephesus; in other words, that, in his journey to the peninsula of
Greece, he went and returned the same way. St. Paul is now in Macedonia, where he had
lately arrived from Ephesus. Our quotation imports that in his journey he had stopped at
Troas. Of this, the history says nothing, leaving us only the short account, ‘that Paul
departed from Ephesus, for to go into Macedonia.’ But the history says, that in his return
from Macedonia to Ephesus, ‘Paul sailed from Philippi to Troas; and that, when the disciples
came together on the first day of the week, to break bread, Paul preached unto them all
night; that from Troas he went by land to Assos; from Assos, taking ship and coasting along
the front of Asia Minor, he came by Mitylene to Miletus.’ Which account proves, first, that
Troas lay in the way by which St. Paul passed between Ephesus and Macedonia; secondly,
that he had disciples there. In one journey between these two places, the epistle, and in
another journey between the same places, the history makes him stop at this city. Of the
first journey he is made to say, ‘that a door was in that city opened unto him of the Lord;’ in
the second, we find disciples there collected around him, and the apostle exercising his
ministry, with, what was even in him, more than ordinary zeal and labor. The epistle,
therefore, is in this instance confirmed, if not by the terms, at least by the probability of the
history; a species of confirmation by no means to be despised, because, as far as it
reaches, it is evidently uncontrived.
“Grotius, I know, refers the arrival at Troas, to which the epistle alludes, to a different
period, but I think very improbably; for nothing appears to me more certain, than that the
meeting with Titus, which St. Paul expected at Troas, was the same meeting which took
place in Macedonia, viz. upon Titus’s coming out of Greece. In the quotation before us, he
tells the Corinthians, ‘When I came to Troas, I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not
Titus, my brother; but, taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia.’ Then in
the seventh chapter he writes, ‘When we were come into Macedonia, our flesh had no rest,
but we were troubled on every side; without were fightings, within were fears; nevertheless,
God, that comforteth them that are cast down, comforted us by the coming of Titus.’ These
two passages plainly relate to the same journey of Titus, in meeting with whom St. Paul had
been disappointed at Troas, and rejoiced in Macedonia. And amongst other reasons which
fix the former passage to the coming of Titus out of Greece, is the consideration, that it was
nothing to the Corinthians that St. Paul did not meet with Titus at Troas, were it not that he
was to bring intelligence from Corinth. The mention of the disappointment in this place,
upon any other supposition, is irrelative.” (Paley’s Horae Paulinae. 2 Corinthians No. VIII.)
return to asia.